Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Foreword i H.C. STACKPOLE Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps, Retired President, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies China has been a prominent feature of the Asia-Pacific region’s security SPECIAL ASSESSMENT landscape in a variety of forms. Now, however, its rapid economic growth—especially trade—diplomatic activism, and military moderniza- DECEMBER 2003 tion are developments that have significant implications for the entire region, including the United States. The Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies teaching and research faculty, in an effort to better understand Asia’s China how countries in the region are thinking about and dealing with China, Debate and to share the results of its findings with the wider government and analytic community, has produced this Special Assessment entitled Asia’s China Debate. This is the second issue of our Special Assessment series. As might be expected from a range of analyses that address ten country perspectives concerning China and issues such as China’s historical rela- tions with the region, its multilateral participation, economic growth and regional integration and its emerging regional road and rail links, Asia’s China debate differs in texture and intensity across these topics and coun- tries. Still, some common themes about Asia’s China debate do emerge from these analyses. One is that China is a relative newcomer to regional prominence and countries in the region are still working out what China’s growing weight means to their economies, societies and security. A corol- lary is that the United States continues to be regarded as the single most important country to the region’s peace and prosperity. These two conclu- sions are connected. Asia’s future China debate will certainly hinge to a great deal on developments in and decisions by China, but the role and relations of the United States in the region will also shape it. Two other major premises of Asia’s China debate are that U.S.-China tensions are unwelcome and pressures by either to “choose sides” even worse. H.C. “Hank” Stackpole is President of the Asia-Pacific I am pleased to present this publication with the hope that it will advance Center for Security Studies. discussion and inform policy about Asia-Pacific security issues not only He has extensive military and private sector experience in among the military and civilian leaders who attend our College of Asia including as Commander Security Studies executive and senior executive courses, but also among of Marine Forces Pacific and the government and policy analysis communities on both sides of the President of Loral Asia-Pacific. He holds degrees from Princeton, Pacific. It is by contributing to such discussions that the Asia-Pacific The George Washington Center for Security Studies meets its mission to complement Pacific University, and Stanford and is Command’s (PACOM’s) theater security cooperation strategy of main- a graduate of the National War College and Naval Command taining positive security relationships with nations in the region as well as and Staff College. to enhance cooperation, and build relationships for a secure Asia-Pacific. ii SPECIAL ASSESSMENT: ASIA’S CHINA DEBATE Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Editor’s Note iii SATU P. LIMAYE Director of Research Asia’s China Debate is the second publication in the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Special Assessment series. It follows a March 2003 SPECIAL ASSESSMENT Special Assessment entitled Asia-Pacific Responses to U.S. Security DECEMBER 2003 Policies, which examined how regional countries were reacting to U.S. security policies in the context of 9/11 and the release of official docu- ments such as the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) and National Asia’s China Security Strategy (NSS), in the lead-up to Operation Iraqi Freedom, and amidst debate about North Korea’s nuclear provocations. Asia’s China Debate Debate constitutes part of an ongoing examination of key features of the Asia-Pacific security environment. It is generally acknowledged that next to the United States, China is today the most significant economic, polit- ical and military power in the region. Much attention is being paid to China’s changing regional diplomacy and more generally its rise in the Asia-Pacific and the implications of these developments—including for the United States. Less attention has been paid to the related topic of how Asian countries regard China and the meaning of Asia’s responses for U.S. interests. While the majority of papers in this Special Assessment deal with individual country debates about China, other papers address issues such as China’s historical role in the region and the likely weight of that past on Asia’s China debate today, regional responses to China as the center of economic growth and inte- gration, China’s cooperation with neighbors on road and rail links, and its participation in multilateral organizations. Asia’s China Debate thus com- prises both country and functional issue approaches to understanding China’s evolving place in the region. However, not every country or every issue relevant to Asia’s China debate has been examined. Given the range of countries and issues, a single template for each analy- Satu P. Limaye is Director of sis was deliberately avoided. However, each analysis addresses some Research at the Asia-Pacific common questions. First, what are the principal drivers or considerations Center for Security Studies. He specializes in U.S. relations (e.g., economic, security, ethnicity, history, border or territorial disputes) with Asia. He received his B.S. shaping policies and attitudes toward China? What are the relative from the School of Foreign weights of these drivers and how have they changed in a particular coun- Service, Georgetown University and his Ph.D. from Magdalen try or on a specific issue? Second, who are the main stakeholders or College, Oxford University where he was a Marshall Scholar. iv SPECIAL ASSESSMENT: ASIA’S CHINA DEBATE players (e.g., foreign ministry, defense ministry/military, business community, public opinion) in a country’s debate about China? Third, what are the main schools of thought regarding China in a particular country or on an issue? Finally, what are the implications for the United States of specific debates about China? By offering a framework within which to analyze individual country or issue debates about China, but avoiding a template straitjacket, it was felt that the tone and content of the debate about China could be more accurately assessed. These analyses are the contribution of an APCSS teaching and research faculty with keen insights, expertise and experience on Asia-Pacific security issues. We hope this and other APCSS publications will inform the deliberations of policy- makers and the analytical community on both sides of the Pacific. v SPECIAL ASSESSMENT: ASIA’S CHINA DEBATE Contents Foreword H.C. STACKPOLE Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps, Retired President, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Editor’s Note SATU P. LIMAYE chapter 1 The Weight of the Past East Asia’s China Debate JOHN MILLER chapter 2 Welcome in Asia: China’s Multilateral Presence JIM ROLFE chapter 3 Mixed Feelings: East Asia’s Debate about China’s Growth and Regional Integration YOICHIRO SATO chapter 4 Paved with Good Intentions? China’s Regional Road and Rail Connections CHRISTOPHER JASPARRO chapter 5 Banking on a Constructive China: Australia’s China Debate ANTHONY L. SMITH chapter 6 Eyeing the Dragon: India’s China Debate MOHAN MALIK chapter 7 From Latent Threat to Possible Partner: Indonesia’s China Debate ANTHONY L. SMITH chapter 8 History as a Mirror, the Future as a Window: Japan’s China Debate DAVID FOUSE chapter 9 Giving Lip Service with an Attitude: North Korea’s China Debate ALEXANDRE Y. MANSOUROV chapter 10 “The Enemy of My Enemy”: Pakistan’s China Debate ROBERT G. WIRSING chapter 11 The Optimists Have the Lead, for Now: Russia’s China Debate ROUBEN AZIZIAN vi SPECIAL ASSESSMENT: ASIA’S CHINA DEBATE Contents (cont.) chapter 12 Tilting toward the Dragon: South Korea’s China Debate SEONGHO SHEEN chapter 13 Returning Home or Selling Out? Taiwan’s China Debate DENNY ROY chapter 14 Bangkok’s Fine Balance: Thailand’s China Debate BRADLEY MATHEWS chapter 15 A Paper Tiger No More? The U.S. Debate over China’s Military Modernization RICHARD A. BITZINGER chapter 16 Weighting for China, Counting on the United States: Asia’s China Debate and U.S. Interests SATU P. LIMAYE Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies The Weight of the Past: 1 - 1 East Asia’s China Debate JOHN H. MILLER Executive Summary SPECIAL ASSESSMENT • How might China’s East Asian neighbors react to a bid by Beijing DECEMBER 2003 to reassert its historical dominance it in the region? • Each views China through a distinctive national prism based largely Asia’s China on its historical experience with China. Debate • The Japanese, accustomed to viewing their country as East Asia’s pacesetter and model, would probably balk at subordination to China. • The Koreans (North and South), conditioned to look to China as a mentor and protector, might find Chinese dominance acceptable. • The Vietnamese, predisposed to emulate China but fiercely protec- tive of their independence, would likely resist Chinese hegemony. • The Thai and Burmese, both willing in the past to accept Chinese suzerainty, might again “bend with the wind” blowing from a strong China. • The Malaysians and Indonesians, whose posture toward China is influenced by the legacy of the Chinese diaspora, would be wary. • These predispositions are not determinative; other variables also shape the interaction of East Asian countries with China. Associate Professor John H. Miller • None of these variables is more important than the influence of the joined the Asia-Pacific Center for United States, which remains the region’s dominant power.