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Home , Advocaat, Anaphrodisiac, Androstenol, Aphrodisiac, Kipper, Lecithin

APPENDIX 1: LIST OF

Throughout this book, vast numbers of animal, vegetable and substances have been considered as potential aphrodisiacs on the basis of their historical or mythical reputations. Although the large majority of purported aphrodisiacs can be immediately refuted as totally spurious, the enduring credulity of mankind is amply illustrated by the following list of the potential aphrodisiacs referred to in the principal references quoted in the text. The sheer number and variety of sub• stances should be sufficient to induce a healthy scepticism in the reader:

Absinthe Arris Acarus calamus (sweet flag) Arrowroot Adrenaline Artemisia (wormwood) Adrenochrome Artichoke (globe) Advocaat Asparagus Affion (Chinese opium) Aubergine Agate (precious stone) Avocado pear Alchone () shoots (in all forms) Banisteria caapi ( source of Almonds harmine ) Almond soup Banyan Aloes (bitter essence) Barbel Alpine gentian (sweet herb) Amanita muscaria (toxic fungus Bathing containing ) Beans Amaranth (love-lies-bleeding) Beef Ambergris Anacyclus pyrethrum Beetroot Analeptics ( ) Belladonna (deadly nightshade, Anchovy source of ) Angel water (an early ) Benedictine (source of aniseed) Ants (substitute for cantharides) Bhang () Anvalli (tropical nut) Bhuya-Kokali (plant of the 'Aphrodisin' (proprietary remedy Solanaceae family; contains containing ) alkaloids) Apium petroselinum () Bird's-nest soup Apple Birthwort Apricot Blood Aquamarine (precious stone) Bois Bande (West Indian ) Areca palm (betel-nut tree) Bones (of peacock or hyena) Borax Brains 257 258 Appendix 1: List of Aphrodisiacs

Brandy Co d liver oil Brassica eruca (rocket) Cod's Brewer's Cointreau Broad-bean soup Cola drinks Broccoli Cola nuts Colewort Burgundy Buttermilk baths Cow wheat B- Crab Cabbage Crab apples Cactus (hallucinogenic peyote) Crayfish Calabash (gourd) Calamint Creme de menthe Calcium Cress Calisia (Peruvian tree bark) Crocodile tail Camel bone Crocodile teeth Camel's Cubeb (pepper ) Camel's milk Cucumber Cannabis Curry Cannelloni Cuttle-fish Cantharides Cyclamen root Caperberry Damiana (plant extracts) (pepper plant) Dandelion wine Darnel (a species of grass) Cardamon Dates Cardoon (artichoke-like plant) Deer antlers Carrot Deer sperm Castor oil Diasatyrion (plant root) Celaton CH3 plus (procaine) Dog-stones (orchid root) Cevadille (spurge plant) Dove brains Dragon's blood (plant ) Champagne Chartreuse Drepang (sea slug) Cheese Dried frog Cherries Dried liver Duck (Peking) Chestnuts Du[z (perfume) Chick peas Dumplings Chicken Eels Chillies Eggs Egg-plant (aubergine) Elderberry wine Endive Eryngo Cinchona Euphorbium E-vitarnin Civet Falernia Clams Figs Fish bread Fleawort Cockles Frangipane (Olibanum) Appendix 1: List of Aphrodisiacs 259

French Onion Soup Isinglass Frogs' bones Italian soup (calves' heel, crayfish, Frogs' legs carrots, celery and shallots) Jasmine Galanga (plant root) Julep Galantine Julienne (soup) Gall Juniper Kahawi (fish) Karengro (plant) Gentian Kasurika (Indian fruit) Ghee Gillyflower Kedgeree Keitafo banlon (contemporary quack remedy from Hong Kong) Glucose Kelp Goats' eyes Goat suet Kidney bean Goats' Kipper Goose Kite (dead flesh of) Gopalika (plant) Kshirika (plant) Gossypion Kuili (Hindu remedy) Goulash Kummel Grape juice Kyphi (Egyptian remedy) Green pepper Lamb Guduchi (Indian plant) Lamprey Guinea fowl Lard Haddock Lavender Lecithin Halibut Lentils Hallucinogenic drugs Lion fat Ham Hare soup Liver Haricot beans Lizard Harmine () Hashish Lotus Hedysarum gangeticum Lycopodium (root) Hellebore Mackerel Hemlock Henbane Maerua arenaria (Indian herb) Ma·Fu·Shuan (Chinese remedy) Maidenhair Herissah (dish of mutton and pepper) Maize Mallow Hippomanes Mandrake Mango Marijuana Hydrocotyle Hydromel (honey and water) Marrow (vegetable) Hyssop Marzipan Ibogene resin Indian Intestines Meadow sweet (Filipendula ulmaria) Meat Melon 260 Appendix 1: List ofAphrodisiacs

Membrum virile Parsley Mescaline Parsnip Milk Partes genitales Mineral waters Partridge Mint Pastries Moh tree (source of arrack) Peaches Molasses Pears Molluscs Peas Moly (wild garlic) Pellitory Pennyroyal Mulberry Pepper Muscat (wine) Musk Periwinkle Mutton Pheasant Myosotis (forget-me-not) Pigeon Myrtle Pimento Nail parings Pine nuts Navelwort Pineapple Necks of snails Pizza ururdu Nectar Plaice Nectarine Plantain (tropical fruit) Nedde (Arab perfume) Plovers' eggs Negus () Plums Nepenthe (opium) Polignonia (mediaeval herb) Nettles Poonac ( extract) Pork in milk Ninjin (Japanese plant root) Nuoc-Man (Chinese remedy including Potatoes decayed fish and ) Poteen Prawns Nuts Premna spinosa (Hindu remedy) Nux vomica (strychnine) Prune Nymphaea (water lily: Hindu Pumpkin seed remedy) Punch Oatmeal Pyrethrum (pellitory) Octopus Quail Oils Quassia (South American tree) Ointments Queen apple Olibanum Quince Ololuigui Onion Rabbit pie Onion seed Radish Opium Radix chinae Orchid Rakta-Bol (Hindu name for myrrh) Origanum (marjoram) Orris Rauwolfia (source of resperine) Ray Papaw Red pepper Reptiles Appendix 1: List of Aphrodisiacs 261

Rhubarb So uthernwood Riboflavin (B-group ) Soya bean Rice Spanish flies Rice oil (extract of ) Sparrows Rocket (vegetable) Sperm Rook heart Spikenard (aromatic extract of oriental plant) Rubber Spinach Rue Spurges Rum Storgethron (Greek plant, probably Safflower the leek) Stramonium ( plant) Sage Salads Salep (prepared from orchid ) Surag (plant root) Swallow's nest soup Samphire Swans' genitals Sandalwood Sweet flag Scandix cerepolium Sweet potato Sansevieria (plant included in a Hindu recipe) Tallow Santonin (extracted from Artemisia) Taro plant Sapodilla Tarpon Sarsaparilla Sassafras Testes Satyrion (unidentified plant used in Thorn-apple () Roman times) Tokay Sauterne wine Tomatoes Savory Tonka (extract from tonquin beans) Tripe Scammony Sea-slug Turnips - drugs Uchchata (Indian plant) Semen Udders Unicorn Sex glands of animals Urid seeds (Indian chick peas) Shallot Sheeps'trotters Vatodbhranta (plant included in a Hindu recipe) Shimyaan (South African drink) Veal Shlakshnaparni (Indian plant) Venison Shrimps Vermicelli Shvadaustra (Hindu recipe) Skink Vinegar Skirret Vitamins Sloe Snails Vulva of the sow Snuff Weasel ashes Sole Well water Soups Wheatgerm 262 Appendix 1: List ofAphrodisiacs

Whiting Woodruff Wild poppy Wormwood Wild rue Yam Wine Yarrow Winged ants Yeast Winkles Yellow- Witch-hazel Yoghurt Woodcock Yohimbine APPENDIX 2: EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

In order to understand how drugs exert their effects it is necessary to understand something of the functioning of the nervous system. Sexual function is dependent upon the activity of both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system (eNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord. The electrical conducti9n of impulses along nerves provides the body with a very rapid means of communicating information. Where nerves form junctions, or synapses, a chemica! neurotransmitter is released which acts like a highly local hormone and enables the impulse signal to be transmitted to the next nerve. Junctions between nerves in the periphery are called ganglia. In addi• tion to communicating with each other, nerves, or neurones as they are termed, can transmit signals to other tissues such as the muscles or glands. Different nerves use different chemical transmitters, the best known probably being noradrenaline, the transmitter responsible for stimulating the heart and blood vessels. Virtually all the drugs which act through the nervous system either potentiate or antagonize some aspect of the function of the rieuro• transmitters. Several clinically used drugs have been found to have unexpected effects on sexual functioning, usually as a result of some interaction with a neurotransmitter in an unrelated part of the nervous system. The drugs which are abused are all active in the eNS and tend to be taken precisely for the effects which would be regarded as un• desirable in a clinical situation. The main divisions of the nervous system are set out in Table A.2.1. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory nerves which receive information from the environment, motor nerves which control the voluntary muscles, and the autonomic nerves over which we have little conscious control and which are divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Normal sexual activity requires the intact functioning of all these different nerve types, and the eNS neuro• transmitters are important in the regulation of mood, alertness and the .

263 264 Appendix 2

Table A.2.1: Main Divisions of the Nervous System

System Transmitter Sites of Action Peripheral ganglia, motor nerves to voluntary muscles, peripheral para• sympathetic nerves and throughout the CNS

Adrenergic Noradrenaline Peripheral sympathetic nerves and throughout the CNS

Dopaminergic Dopamine Nigrostriatal pathway and limbic areas of brain

Serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine Striatal area of brain and some specific pathways BIBLIOGRAPHY

This list is by no means exhaustive; I have attempted to keep the text references to a minimum while, at the same time, including some specific references to which the reader may wish to refer for further detailed information. The list below contains, for each chapter, some general sources of background information together with the specific references indicated by superscripts in the text.

Chapter 1

Chapman, H.E. The Law Relating to the Marketing and Sale of Medicines (Henry Burt & Son, Bedford, 1942) Davenport, J. Aphrodisiacs and (Luxor Press, London, 1965) Harrison, P. and Harrison, M. Aphrodisiacs (Jupiter Books, (London) Ltd, 1979) Kinsey, A.C. et al. Sexual Behaviour in the Female (Saunders, Phila- delphia, 1953) Lydiate, P.W.H. The Law Relating to the Misuse of Drugs (Butterworths, London, 1977) Polson, C.J. and Tattersall, R.N. Clinical Toxicology (English Universities Press, London, 1959) Stark, R. (1981) Aphrodisiacs (Stein & Day, New York, 1981) Wedeck, H.E. Dictionary of Aphrodisiacs (Peter Owen, London, 1961) Young, J.H. The Toadstool Millionaires (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1961)

1. Gawin, F.H. (1978)J. Sex. Res. 14,107 2. Kaplan, H.S. The New (Brunner/Mazel, New York, 1974) 3. Brown, P.S. (1977) Med. Hist. 21,291

Chapter 2

The Perfumed Garden, by Shaykh Nefzawi, trans!. by Sir Richard Burton (Gran• ada Publishing, St Albans, Herts, 1963) The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana, trans!. by Sir Richard Burton and F.F. Arbuthnot (Granada Publishing, St Albans, Herts, 1963) 'Galen's On the Secrets of Women and on the Secrets of Men', Levey, M. and Souryal, S.S. (1969) Janus LV, 208-19 Keys, J.D. Chinese Herbs. Their Botany, Chemistry and Pharmacodynamics (C.E. Tuttle, Rutland, Vermont, 1977) Merck's Manual of the Materia Medica (Merck, Darmstadt, 1899) Ovid (Naso Ovidius Publius), Ars Amatoria, trans!. by B.P. Moore (Folio Society, London, 1965) Pliny, The Natural History, trans!. by H. Rackham (Loeb Classics Library, Heine• mann, New York, 1942) 265 266 Bibliography

1. Bowers, J.Z. and Carrubba, R.W. (1978)J. Hist. Med. 33, 318 2. Tacquin, J. (1917) Brit. Med. J. i, 384

Chapter 3

Frazer, Sir J.G. The Golden Bough, abridged Edn (Macmillan, London, 1980) Hughes, P. Witchcraft (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1965) Leyel, C.F. The Magic of Herbs and Modern Book of Secrets (Jonathan Cape, London, 1955) McDaniel, W.B. (1948) 'The Medical and Magical Significance in Ancient Medicine of Things connected with Reproduction and its Organs', J. Hist. Med. 3, 525 Thompson, C.J.S. Mysteries and Secrets of Magic (Bodley Head, London, 1927)

1. Robertson, W.A.A. (1928) Ann. Med. Hist. 8,240

Chapter 4

Acton, W. The Function and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs in Childhood, Youth, Adult Age and Advanced Life Considered in their Physiological, Social, and Moral Relations (Churchill, London, 1865) Anderson, F.J. An fllustrated History of Herbals (Columbia University Press, New York,1977) British Medical Association. Secret Remedies; What they Cost and what they Contain (British Medical Association, London, 1909) Culpepper, N. The Complete Herbal, new edition (Imperial Chemical (Pharma• ceuticals), London, 1953) Fernie, W.T. Animal Simples Approved for Modern Uses of Cure (John Wright, Bristol, 1899) Fulder, S. About Ginseng (Thorsons, London, 1976) Holbrook, S. The Golden Age of Quackery (Random House, New York, 1959) Lucas, R. Ginseng: The Chinese 'Wonder Root' (Spokane, , R & M Books, 1972) Popov, I.M. and Goldwag, W.J. (1973) 'A Review of the Properties and Clinical Effects of Ginseng', Amer. J. Chinese Med. 1,263 Rohde, E.S. The Old English Herbals (Minerva Press, London, 1972) Thomas, R.E. (1981) 'The Use of Procaine in Geriatrics: A Survey of the Litera• ture',Aust. J. Pharm. Sci. 10,89 Thompson, J.A. Free Phosphorus in Medicine with Special Reference to its Use in Neuralgia: a Contribution to Materia Medica and Therapeutics (Lewis, London, 1874) Walsh, D. Quacks, False Remedies and the Public Health (Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, London, 1909)

1. Cockayne, O. Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England, Long• man Green, London (1864) 2. Pif reO ~e men35 peper p:eb on hIre me'Ce 1j pone lJICb5. Y heo pam prepneb man pe leoFJle fIb . frer'Ce heo . 11l. pm';;ep. Bibliography 267

In translation this proves to be less than scandalous: 'If a woman mixes pepper seed in her food and thereby hopes to be the more attractive to a man, let her fast for three years.' It is, in fact, a penance. 3.Medvedev, M.A. quoted by Popov and Goldwag (see above) 4.Kim, C. et al. (1976) Amer. J. Clin. Med. 4, 163 5. Siegel R.K. (1979) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 241,1614 6.Anon (1905) A Post Office Exposure: Fraudulent use of the U.S. Mails, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1391 7. Asian, A. (1956) Therapiewoche, 7,14 8. Bailey, H. Will it Keep You Younger Longer? (Bantam Books, New York, 1977) 9. Berryman, J.A.W. et al. (1961) Brit. Med. J. ii, 1683 10.Fee, S. and Clark, A. (1961) Brit. Med. J. ii, 1680 1 1. Hirsch, J. (1961) Brit. Med. J. ii, 1684 12.Anon (1957) 'Bureau ofInvestigation Report',J. Am. Med. Assoc. 165,695 13. Danowski, D. et al. (1960) Endocrinology 66, 788 14. Brearley, R.L. and Forsythe, A.M. (1978) Brit. Med. J. ii, 1748 15.Czajka, P. et al. (1978) J. Tennessee Med. Assoc. 71,747 16.Presto, A.J. and Muecke, E.C. (1970) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 214,591

Chapter 5

Ritchie, J.M. The aliphatic . in: The Pharmacological Basis of Thera• peutics, A.G. Gilman, L.S. Goodman & A. Gilman, eds, 6th Edn, p. 376 (Macmillan, New York, 1980) Robertson, J. (1806) A Practical Treatise on the Powers of Cantharides (Mundell, Doig & Stevenson, Edinburgh) Russell, J.F. (1973) 'Methaqualones " for Lovers"', Miss. State Med. Assoc. 14, 496 Thompson, C.J.S. The Mystic Mandrake (Rider, London, 1934)

1. Tardieu, A. L 'Empoisonnement (Paris, 1875) 2. Duhren, E. Der Marquis de Sade und Seine Zeit (Zauf!, Berlin, 1906) 3. Ewart, W.B. et al. (1978) Can. Med. Assoc. J. 118, 1199 4.Chen Ruiting et al. (1980) Med. J. 93,183 5. Lecutier, M.A. (1954) Brit. Med. J. ii, 1399 6.Meynier, J. (1893) Arch. Med. Pharm. Milit. 22,53 7. Craven, J.D. and Polak, A. (1954) Brit. Med. J. ii, 1386 8.Inaba, D.S. et at. (1973) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 224,1505 9. Matthew, H. et al. (1968) Brit. Med. J. ii, 101 10.Pacht, A.R. and Cowden, J.E. (1974) Crim Justice & Behav. 1, 13 11. Taberner, P.V. (1980) Psychopharmacology 70, 283 12.Masters, W.H. and Johnston, V. Human Sexual Response (Little, Brown, Boston, Mass., 1966) 13. Beckman, L.J. (1979) J. Stud. . 40, 272 14. Rubin, H.B. and Henson, D.E. (1976) Psychopharmacology 47,123 15. Ylikahri, R. et al. (1974) J. Biochem 5,655 16.Kinsey, B.A. The Female Alcoholic: A Social Psychological Study (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 1966) 17.ICCA 30th International Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Alco• holism, Athens (1984) 268 Bibliography

Chapter 6

Clinical Neuroendocrinology, L. Martini & G.M. Besser, eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1977) Haire, N. Rejuvenation (George Allen & Unwin, London, 1924) Kinsey, A.C. et al. Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male (Saunders, Philadelphia, 1948) Kinsey, A.C. et al. Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female (Saunders, Phila• delphia,1953) Perry, J .S. (Ed) Effects of Pharmacologically Active Substances on Sexual Func• tion: Proceedings of the Second Symposium of the Society for the Study of Fertility, Exeter, July 1967. J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl. 4 (1968) Sandler, M. and Gessa, G.L. Sexual Behaviour, and Biochemistry (Raven Press, New York, 1975) Sigell, L.T. (1978) 'Popping and Snorting Volatile Nitrites: A Current Fad for Getting High', Am. J. Psychiat. 135, 1216

1. Brown-Sequard, C.E. (1889) Lancet II, 105 2.Kolodny, R.C. etal. (1971)NewEngl. Med. J. 285, 1170 3.Cooper, A.J. et al. (1970) Brit. Med. 1. iii, 17 4. Salmon U.J. et al. (1943) J. Clin. Endocrinol. 3,235 5.Bommer, J. et al. (1979) Lancet ii, 496 6.Cooper, A.J. et al. (1972) Brit. J. Psychiat. 120,59 7. Malamud , W. and Sands, S.L. (1947) Am. J. Psychiat. 104,231 8.Henson, D.E. and Rubin, H.B. (1978) Behav. Res. Ther. 16,143 9. Griffit, W. (1975) Arch. Sex. Behav. 5, 403 10. 'I will please the lord in the land of the living'. Psalms 116:9 l1.Haas, H. et al. (1963) Psychopharmac. Servo Cent. Bull. 2, 1 12.Forsberg, L. et al. (1979) Fert. Steril. 31,,589 13.Frank, E. et al. (1978) New Engl. J. Med.299, 111 14.Levin, R.J. and Wagner, G. (1980) J. Physio/. (Lond.) 302, 22p 15.Persky, H. et al. (1978) Arch. Sex. Behav. 7,',157 16. Bancroft, J. et al. (1983) Psychosom. Med. 45,,509 17.Schreiner-Engel, P. et al. In: Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Sexo· logy Hoch, Z. and Leif, H.I. (eds) (Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1981)

Chapter 7

Barnes, T.R.E. et al. (1979) 'Psychotropic Drugs and Sexual Behaviour', Brit. J. Hosp. Med. 21,594 Buffum, 1. (1982) 'Pharmacosexology: The Effects of Drugs on Sexual Function', J. Psychoactive Drugs 14, 5 Gay, G.R. et al. (1981) 'Love and Haight: The Sensuous Hippie Revisited', J. Psychoactive Drugs 14, 111 Grinspoon, L. & Bakalar, LB. Cocaine. A and Its Social Evolution (Basic Books, New York, 1976) Halikas, J. et al. (1982) 'Effects of Regular Marijuana Use on Sexual Perform• ance', J. Psychoactive Drugs 14, 59 Hollister, L.E. (1975) 'Drugs and Sexual Behaviour in Man', Life Sciences 17, 661 Jones, E. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, L. Trilling and S. Marcus, eds, Chapter 6 (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1961) Lewin, L. Phantastica. Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs: their Use and Abuse (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1931) Bibliography 269

Stafford, P. Psychedelics Encyclopedia (And/Or Press, Berkeley, California, 1977) Sykes, W.S. Essays on the First Hundred Years of Anaesthesia (Livingstone, Edin- burgh,1960)

1. Parr, D. (1976) Brit. J. Addict. 71,261 2. Bell, D.S. and Trethowan, W.H. (1961) Arch. gen. Psychiat. 4, 74 3. Shader, N.!. (Ed.) Psychiatric Complications of Medical Drugs (Raven Press, New York, 1972) 4.Jones, R.T. (1971)Pharmacol. Rev. 23,359 5.Moreau, J.-J. Hashish and Mental fllness, H. Peters and G.G. Nahas, eds (Raven Press, New York, 1973) 6. Kolodny, R.C. etal. (1974) New Engl. J. Med. 290,872 7. Kolansky, H. etal. (1971)J. Am. Med. Assoc. 216,486 8.Goode, E. (1972) Am. J. Psychiat. 128,1272 9. Wesson, D.R. (1982) J. Psychoactive Drugs 14, 75 10. Siegel, R.K. (1982) J. Psychoactive Drugs 14,71 l1.d'Orta, G. (1563) Coloquios dos simples, e drogas he cousas medicinas de India, quoted by Guerra (see below) 12.Guerra, F. (1974) Brit. J. Addict. 69,269 13. Cushman, P. (1972) NY State J. Med. 72,1261 14. Parr, D. (1976) Brit. J. Addict. 71,261 15. Israelstam, G. et al. (1978) Brit. J. Addict. 73,319 16.Mudd, J.W. (1977) Am. J. Psychiat. 134,922 17.Gay, G.R. et al. (1982) J. Psychoactive Drugs 14, 111 18. Green, R.C. (1959) Am. J. Med. Assoc. 171,1342 19. UN Bulletin on Narcotics, XXXII (3) (1980)

Chapter 8

Buffum, J. (1982) "The Effects of Drugs on Sexual Function. A Review', J. Psychoactive Drugs 14, 5 Cooper, A.J. (1972) 'Diagnosis and Management of Endocrine Impotence', Brit. Med. J. ii, 34 Mann, T. (1968) 'Effects of Pharmacological Agents on Male Sexual Functions', J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl. 4,101

1. Holmberg, G. and Gershon, S. (1961) PsychopharmacoZogia 2,93 2.Margolis, R. and Leslie, C.H. (1966) Curr. Ther. Res. 8,280 3.Margolis, R. et aZ. (1967) Curro Ther. Res. 9,213 4. Miller, W.W. (1968) Curro Ther. Res. 10,354 5. Sobotka, J.J. (1969) Curro Ther. Res. 11,87 6.Cooper, A.J. et al. (1973)lrish J. Med. Sci. 142,155 7. Mortimer, C.H. et aZ. (1974) Brit. Med. J. iv, 617 8. Benkert, O. et al. (1975) Neuropsychobiology 1, 203 9. Ambrosi, B. et al. (1977) Clin. Endocrinol. 7,417 10.Jenkins, R.B. et al. (1970) Lancet ii, 177 l1.Bowers, M.B. et al. (1971) Am. J. Psychiat. 127,1691 12.Brown. E. etal. (1978) Am. J. Psychiat. 135,1552 13. Goodwin, F .K. et al. (1970) Lancet i, 908 14. Korten, J.J. et al. (1973) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 226, 355 15. Laver, M.C. (1974) Aust. New Zeal. J. Med. 4, 29 16.A1exander, W.D. and Evans, J.1. (1975) Brit. Med. J. ii, 501 17.Smith, B. and Prockop, D.J. (1962) New Engl. J. Med. 267, 1338 270 Bibliography

18. Oswald, 1. (1966) Brit. J. Psychiat. 112,391 19.Doust, J. et al. (1972) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 155,261 20. Sicuteri, F. and Del Bene, E. (1975) Acta. vito enzymol. 29, 100 21.Cremata, V.Y. (1966) Clin. Pharm. Ther. 7,768 22. Feldman, J.M. et al. (1977) Horm. Metab. Res. 9,156 23. Benkert, O. et al. (1976) Arzneim. Forsch. 26, 1369 24. Beaumont, G. (1973) J. Int. Med. Res. 1,469 25. Eaton, H. (1973) J. Int. Med. Res. 1,432 26. Freed, E. (1983) Med. J. Aust. i, 551 27.Zacest, R. et al. (1983) Lancet i, 1221 28. Rubin, H.B. et al. (1979) Behav. Res. Ther. 17, 305 29.Barbeau, A. (1969) Can. Med. Assoc. J. 101,59

Chapter 9

Comfort, A. (1971) 'Likelihood of Human ', Nature (Lond.) 230, 432 King, J. (1983) 'Have the Scents to Relax', World Medicine 19, 29 Rogel, M.J. (1978) 'A Critical Evaluation of the Possibility of Higher Primate Reproductive and Sexual Pheromones', Psychol. Bull. 85, 810

l.Curtis, R.F. et al. (1971) Nature (Lond.) 232, 396 2. Waltman, R. et at. (1973) Lancet ii, 496 3.Morris, N.M. and Udry, J.R. (1978) J. Biosoc. Sci. 10,147 4.Perfumery (Creative Leisure Series, International Publications Service, New York, 1975) 5.Black, S.L. and Biron, C. (1982) Behav. Neural. BioI. 34,326 6.The Role of Pleasure in Behaviour, R.G. Heath, ed. (Harper & Row, London, 1964), p. 219 INDEX

Absinthe 64; see also wormwood as 223; traditional basis for 21; Aconite 25 see also tonics Acosta, Cristobal, on opium use 197 Aphrodite 1 Advertising 11-14; legislation of 15 ; Arab traditions: Galen and 37; testimonials in 14 recipes belonging to 37-8 Advertising Standards Authority 248-9 17; British Code of Practice and Arsenic 94-5; 1851 Arsenic Act 7; 18 see also heavy metals Afrodex, clinical trial of 219-20 Arum Lily (A. maculatum) 63 Alcohol see Aspermia 240 Alcoholism, sexual problems of 137; incidence of 138 Bald, Leech Book of 58 American Doctors 76 Baldness: sex hormones and 163-4; Amfium see opium treatment with cantharidin 174, 177-80, 186, 110-11 191; chemical structure 177; Banana skins 170 effects on sexual function 178-9; 174, 211; laws relating law relating to 9 to use of 9 Amyl nitrite 202; use by homo• Bath, newspaper advertising in City sexuals 203 of 12; spa waters of 75 Anaphrodisiacs 2, 5, 35, 87, 144-5; Beckman, studies on alcohol use alcohol as 135; cocaine as 193-4; 132-3 dopamine antagonists as 232; Belladonna () drug side-effects and 239-40; 58,59,80 nicotine as 201; opium as 198-9; 174, 211 sex hormones as 162-4 Blistering, use of cantharides in Androcur see cyproterone 106-7 : antagonists of 242; in Blossom, Mrs Violet 11; sales pitch treatment of frigidity 157-60; of 76-8 side effects of 159; see also Bodily secretions 249-50 Brain stimulation: direct electrical 251-2 253-5; effects on libido 254; Animal simples 35, 86 subliminal 255-6 Anti-androgens 242 Brodum, Dr, nervous cordial of Anti- drugs 239 12-13 Anunga Runga, the 21 Bromocriptine, in impotence 225-6; recipes 22-4, 27-8, and prolactin release 160-1; and 37,39 sexual function 161 Aphrodisiacs: adult magazines and Bryony, White 114 96-8;.advertising of 17-18; clinical Burton, Sir Richard 21 trials of 219-22; cocaine as Burton, Robert 61 192-3; constituents of 98; Buttonsnake root 62 definition of 3; L-DOPA as 231; Butyl nitrite 203 drugs as 238-9; importance of appearance of 171; laws relating Caffeine 214, 221 to use of 6-9; of the future Cannabis 9, 174, 175,180-6,208; 243-4; opium as 196-8; scientific active constituents of 183; laws assessment of 164-7; strychnine relating to use of 9-11; sexual 271 272 index

behaviour and 185-6 bromocriptine Cantharides 8, 57,79,85,99, Dopamine antagonists, 102-11,172,223; allopathic use properties of 232 of 106; as cure for baldness Double-blind clinical trials 169-70 110-11; cases of poisoning with Dragon's blood 47 109-10; homoeopathic use of Drawing Down the Moon, ceremony 108 of 31-2 Cantharidin: cases of poisoning with Drug abuse 1 73-5; laws relating to 107; chemical structure of 103; 9-11; preferences of users 175; properties of 103 see also , cannabis, Cathinone, chemical structure of, cocaine, ethanol, nicotine, nitrites, 213; see also khat nutmeg,opium,ipsychedelic Celestial Bed, the 75-6 drugs Charms 30, 31-2, 35-6; see also love charms Ejaculation 146-7; premature 145 China and the Far East: prescriptions Endocrinology of sexual function for impotence from 27-8; 139-43; history of 139-40 traditions of 25 Endralazine 239 , use in midwifery 211 Epilepsy, erotic phenomena and 4 p-Chlorophenylalanine see PCP A Erection of penis 146-7; measure- Chrysocolla 39 ment of 217 Chung Yao Chih 25 Erotic films 165, 217 238 Eryngo see Sea Holly see cocaine Ethanol 3,120-38,173,174,175, Cocaine 174, 175, 179, 187-95, 183,210,223; as anaphrodisiac 208; anaphrodisiac properties 135; chronic drinking of 137; of 193-5; aphrodisiac properties history of the use of 120; investi• of 192-3; Freud and 190-1 ; gating effects of 131-4; local growth of export of 191; history anaesthetic effect of 134; nature of use of 187-9; laws relating to of drinks containing 122; pharma• use of 9-11; toxic effects of cological properties of 125-6; 191-2, 194 from potato 61; presence in Cockle Bread 46 absinthe 65; sex differences in Code of Advertising Practice, aphro- effects of 129-30; sexual function disiacs in 18 and 124; why people drink Conditioning 4; Pavlovian 4, 248 123-4 Contagion, magical law of 42 Exaltolide 246; clinical trial of Contraceptives, frigidity and 251-3 161-2;loraI143,152 Copulin 250 Fanny Hill 105 Culpeper, Nicholas 56,57,65 Fernie, Dr W.T., animal simples of 162-3,242 86 Fertility, magic charms and 41 Dangerous Drugs Act 9 Food and Drug Act (1906) 10 Delayed ejaculation, amphetamine Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and 178 (1938) 10, 16 Digitalis 58 Freud, Sigmund, and use of cocaine Doctrine of Signatures 42, 56, 59, 190-1 63,67 Frigidity 157-60; oral contraceptives L-DOPA 224, 227-31; effect on and 161-2 libido 229 Dopamine 238, 253, 264; sexual Gerovital17, 87-92; clinical use of function and 224-5 89; nature of 88; pharmacology Dopamine 227; see also of 88-90; rejuvenating properties Index 273

of 90-2 Kinsey, Dr B.A.: reports on sexual Ginseng: in early Chinese medicine inadequacy 144, 148; sexual 25; comparison with mandrake dysfunction and alcohol 137 116; current use of 72-3; Kola nuts 213-14; extracts in soft properties of 69-70; sex and drinks 214 70-2 Globe artichoke 62 Labelling of food regulations (1970) Glyceryl trinitrate 203-4 17 Gonadorelin see LHRH Laws, affecting aphrodisiac use Gonadotrophins 141-3 6-11; arsenic act 6; dangerous Graham, Dr James, celestial bed of drugs act 9; food and drug act 75-6 10; food, drug and cosmetic act Greece, magic traditions of 31-2 10,16; labelling of food regula• Guy's tonic 81 tions 17; medicines act 17; offences against the person act Haight-Ashbury: drug use in 175; 7 -8; sexual offences act 8; free medical clinic in 208 uniform narcotic drug act 9-10; Hashish see cannabis United Kingdom laws 6-9; United Heavy metals, presence in aphro• States constitution 10; United disiacs 94-6 States laws 10-11 Henbane 58, 59 Leary, Timothy 208 Herbalism: and the church 59; LHRH: in male impotence 216; in current practice of 73-4; treatment of impotence 223-4 principles of 56-7; see also Liver, as aphrodisiac 44 Doctrine of Signatures Love charms 43-4, 52-4, 57, Herbal simples 58, 60, 61-3, 65; Babylonian 29; Greek 31-2; Saxon use of 57-8 Hebrew 30; magical 49-53; Heroin 174, 175; anaphrodisiac Mediaeval 46-8; Roman 45 effects of 198-9; laws relating Love-in-idleness, use in magic charms to use of 9; see also opium 49 Hindu traditions 21 LSD 170,175,206-9 Hippomanes 46 releasing Homoeopathy 74; use of cantharides hormone see LHRH in 108 Lysergic acid diethylamide see LSD Homosexuals: testosterone and 156; use of nitrites by 202-3 Magic: historical significance of 41 ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine see serotonin law of contact 42; law of and 210-12 similarity 42 Hypogonadism 155,223-4 Magic charms: as aphrodisiacs 43-54; charm rings 50; cockle bread Impotence 144-5, 148-9; bromocrip• 46-7; dead strip 49; dragon's tine in 225-6; endocrinological blood 47-8; hippomanes 46; John disorders and 216-17; frequency the Conqueror root 47-8; love-in• of 149; glyceryl trinitrate in 204; idleness 49; oriental examples of treatment of 150 52-4; use of apples in 52; use of Invigorants see tonics names in 51 Mallow 33 Jimson weed 116 Mandragora officinarum 117-18 John the Conqueror root 43, 47-8, Mandrake 56,99, 111-17; magical 70 use of 114-15; use as soporific 117-18 Kama Sutra, the 21-2,23 Madrax 99, 111, 118-20, 174, 175, Kava 212 193, 211; pharmacological Khat 212-13 properties of 119; reputation as 274 Index

aphrodisiac 119-20 Oestrogens 140 Marijuana see cannabis Offences against the Person Act Martin, Dr Edward, on strychnine (1861) 7-8 223 Olfactory sensitivity 251 Masters and Johnson 131; on sexual Opium 25, 195-9, 208; laws relating inadequacy 144, 145 to use of 9-11 ; as anaphrodisiac Materia Medica, aphrodisiacs quoted 198-9; as aphrodisiac 196-8 in 85-7 Oral contraceptives 161-2 MDA (methylenedioxyamphetamine) Ovid 33, 46;Ars Amatoria of 33 175,208,209; derivatives in nutmeg 205 Panax ginseng see ginseng Medicinal waters 75 Parkinsonism 227; effects of L-DOPA Medicines Act (1968) 17 in 229-31 Medvedev, studies on gingeng of 70 Parr, on sexual performance of , hormone suppres- heroin addicts 199 sion of 141; libido during 5,158, Parsnip, wild, properties of 33 160; plasma hormone levels PCPA 72; clinical use of 237-8 during 158 Pega Palo 60,92-4; discovery of Menstruation, anaphrodisiac effect of 93; recommended use of 93 45 Perfumed Garden, the 36, 38 Merck's manual of the Materia Perfumes 246-8 Medica 55, 86 Periwinkle (Vinca minor) 65 Mescaline 206, 209 Pheromones 244-6; presence in 175, 195, 199 perfumes 246 see mandrax Phosferine 81 219, 221; see also Phosphorus 83-5; aphrodisiac testosterone properties of 84-5; treatment of Monkey glands 150-4 impotence and 84 Moon, drawing down the 31; 167-9; as aphrodisiacs influence of 23 171-2; in double-blind crossover Moreau, Dr, on the effects of trials 169-70; and drug abuse cannabis 181-2 170-1 Morocco, use of aphrodisiacs in 40 Plant aphrodisiacs 25-7,33-5,37, 174, 195; laws relating to 60-5 use of 9-11 Pliny 33, 35, 36,45,46,47,63 Myristicin, in nutmeg 205 Podophyllum peltatum (American mandrake) 117 Near East, Assyrian, Babylonian and Poisons, legal definitions of 7 Egyptian traditions of 29 Potato 61 Nerve tonics: Guy's tonic 81; phos• Potensan 215; clinical trials of 221-2 ferine 81; vitae-ore 82 Premature ejaculation 145; amphet- Nettles, aphrodisiac uses of 34 and 178; clomipramine Nicotine 174, 199-201,210; as and 238-9; cocaine and 193; anaphrodisiac 201; see also incidence of 149 Procaine 88-9 Nitrites 175, 202-3; as aphrodisiacs 141 203 Prolactin 160 Nomifensine 239 Proprietary Association of Great Nutmeg 204-5; abuse of 204; as Britain 17 abortefacient 205 Psychedelic drugs 206-10; see also Nux vomica see strychnine LSD d'Obsonville, Foucher, on tartar Quaalude see mandrax practices 28-9 Quackery: defmition of 55; Index 275

practitioners of 12, 74-6,78,82 Sexual inequality 4 Quack remedies: dragon's blood 47; Sexual Offences Act (1956) 8 Dr Brodum's 12-13; Dr Raphael's Shen Nung, pharmacopoeia of 25 14; for baldness 164; gerovital Solvent abuse 210 87-92; Guy's tonic 81; heavy Spanish Flies see cantharides metals in 95-6; Kaviraj Keshab Stallion penis, use by Tartars 28-9 Lall Roy's 16-17; pega palo Strychnine 16, 79, 220, 221-2; use 92-4; phosferine 81; rhinoceros as aphrodisiac 223 horn 99-102; Robusto 78-9; Sundew 65 Sequarine 82; Tiger fat 11; Superstition,! belief in aphrodisiacs Vigoroids 16; Vitae-Ore 82; and 58-9 Vital Sparks 76-8; Vitamin H 87 Testicles, transplants of 150-4 Quince 62 Testimonial~, use in advertising 14-15 Ragwort 65 Testoserone 141; in frigidity 157-9; Raphael, Dr, his cordial invigorant 14 homosexuals and 156; and the Rauwolfia see libido 216-17; in male impotence Reserpine 232 155-7; in menstrual cycle 160; Restoratives see tonics preparations with yohimbine Rhinoceros horn 46, 60, 99-102; 218-21; replacement therapy constituents of 101 3,215, 216; therapeutic role of Robusto 79-80; advertising copy 155-7 for 80; Chicago Cure Co. and 79 Tetra-hydrocannabinol, chemical Roman traditions 33-6 structure of 183 Roy, Kaviraj Keshab Lall, quack Thorn apple (Datura stramonium) remedies of 16-17 116 Tiger fat 11 de Sade, Marquis 105 Tobacco 183, 187 Sea Holly (Eryngium maritimum) Tomato 60 61-2 Tonics 78, 81-2, 84, 86-7 Secret remedies 81 L-Tryptophan 234-6; clinical trials of Sedative drugs 210-12 235 Serotonin 238; and sexual function 233-7 Unicorn 46; identification with Sex attractants see pheromones rhinoceros 99-100 Sex hormones 140-3; clinical applica• tions of 143; control of release Vaginal secretions, in of, 141-3; oestrogens, 140; 249-50; in rhesus monkey 250 progesterone, 141; testosterone, Vatsyayana, the Kama Sutra of 141; use as anaphrodisiacs 162-3 21-3 , during menstrual Vigoroids 16 cycle 160; methods for estimating Vikonon 221 164-5,217 Virgil, on hippo manes 46 Sexual conditioning 4 Vitae-Ore 82 see sexual Vital Sparks, the story of 76-8 inadequacy Vitamin H 17,89-90, presence in Sexual feelings, assessment of 165-6 gerovital 87; see also procaine Sexual inadequacy frequency of Vitamins 221; megavitamins as (both sexes) 149; forms of 144-5; aphrodisiacs 171 in the male 148; treatment. of Voronoff, Dr, testicular transplants male 150; see also aspermia, and 153-4 frigidity, hypogonadism, impotence, premature ejaculation Wiley, Howard, Food and Drug Act 276 Index

and 16 absinthe 64-5 Witchcraft and the church 57-9 Witch cult of 50 Yohimbine 179, 215; importation Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), into Morocco 40; pharmacology as vermifuge 63-4; mythical of 217-18; preparations with properties of 64; presence in testosterone 218-22