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SELECTA LATINE,
HISTORICIS, PHILOSOPHIS, ET CRITICIS;//- QUIBUS ACCEDUNT NOTAE,
INDEX HISTORICUS ET GEOGRAPHICUS. Studio JACOBI GRAY.
IN USUM SCHOLARUM. 3 IDITIO ALTERA, PRIORE ADCTIOR ET EMENDATIOR.
EDINBURGI: PROSTANT APUD OLIVER ET BOYD; ET LONDINI, APUD G. ET W. B. WHITTAKER. 1823. ',-Ms .. ' __ ,j~
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5 ii-i’Apf: %\3V5^ , ^A- O’*-' TABLE OF CONTENTS.
SELECTA Page Ex Caesare.De Moribus Britannorum 1 , De Galliae Germaniaeque Moribus 2 Ex Sallustio.De Bello Catilinario 9 Ex Livio. Tarquinius Superbus Exactus. 33 Coriolanus Exsulatum abit 37 Fabii Caesi ad unum omnes 42 Cincinnatus Dictator dicitur 44 Roma capta a Gallis 47 De Alexandro Magno 60 Pugna Cannensis 63 Scipionis Res Gestae in Africa 73 Ex Tacito. Seditio Pannonicarum Legionum Ill GermanicusConjuratio in Neronem.y. 116143 Ex Cicerone. Cato Major, seu de Senectute .j 153 De Contemnenda Morte 175 De Natura Deorum 191 Pro Aulo Licinio Arcbia Poeta Oratio 205 Ex M. Quinctiliano.De Institutione Oratoria 214 NOTES On Caesar 1 Sallust 2 Livy 9 Tacitus 31 Cicero, De Senectute 42 De Contemnenda Morte 47 De Natura Deorum 51 Pro Archia Poeta 57 Quinctilian...... 61 Index 71
ADVERTISEMENT.
The Compiler of the little volume now presented to the Public, was led to the task of preparing it, from observing that several Authors, which might be perused with ad- vantage in our Schools, were excluded from them by their size and high price, and he has aimed chiefly at uniting variety with selection. In this new edition, he has ex- tended the explanatory notes to the whole volume, and has bestowed much care on improving the work in other re- spects. As it may fall into the hands of students for whom it may be inconvenient to purchase large treatises on Biography, Antiquities, and Geography, he has thrown into a General Index as much information on these sub- jects as possible.
SELECT A LATIN E EX HISTOKICIS.
EX CjESARE. DE MORIBUS BRITANNORUM. I. Britannia pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos in in- sula ipsa, memoria proditum dicunt. Maritima pars ab iis, qui, praedee ac belli inferendi causa, ex Belgis transierant, qui omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus orti ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt, et bello illato ibi remanserunt, at- que agros colere coeperunt. Hominum est infinita multitudo, creberrimaque a;dificia fere Gallicis consimilia ; j»ecorurn mag- nus numerus. UtuntUr aut sei'e, aut taleis frrreis ad certum pondus examinatis, pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plumbum al- bum in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed ejus exigua est copia: «ere utuntur importato. Materia cujusque generis, ut in Gallia, est, praeter fagum atque abietem. Le- iwrem, et gallinam, et auserem gustare, fas non putant: bsec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt tempera- tiora, quam in Gallia, remissioribus frigoribus. II. Insula natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam. Hujus lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem So- lem ; inferior ad Meridiem spectat. Hoc latus tenet circiter millia passuum n. Alterum vergit ad Hispaniam, atque occi- dentem Solem : qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor, ut sestimatur,ex Gallia, estquam in Britanniam.Britannia; sedIn parispatio hoc medio transmissus, cursu est insula, atque quae appellatur Mona: complures praeterea minores objectae insulae existimantur; de quibus insulis nonnulli scripserunt, dies continuos xxx sub bruma esse noctem: nos nihil de eo 2 SELECTA LATINE percunctationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua mensuris, breviores esse, quam in continenti, noctes videbamus. Hujus est longitude lateris, ut fert illorum opinio, dcc millium.r Tertium est contra Septemtriones, cui parti nulla est objecta terra; sed ejus angulus lateris maxime ad Germaniain spec- tat. Huic millia passuum dccc in longitudinem esse, existi-1■ matur. Ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centum millium passuum. III. Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui Cantium incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis; neque multum a ■ Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interiores plerique frumenta non serunt; sed lacte et carne vivunt; pellibusque sunt ves- titi. Omnes vero se Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem ; atque hoc horridiore sunt in pugna aspectu ; capilloque sunt promisso; atque omni parte corporis rasa, praeter caput, et labrum superius. Uxores habent deni duo- denique inter se communes, et maxime fratres cum fratribus, ’ parentesque cum liberis: sed, si qui sunt ex his nati, eorum ; habentur liberi, quo primum virgo quaeque deducta est.
DE GALLIC GERMANLEQUE MORIBUS. IV. Quoniam ad hunc locum perventum est, non alienum esse videtur de Galliae Germaniaeque moribus, et quo differ ant liae nationes inter sese, proponere. In Gallia non solum in omnibus civitatibus, atque in omnibus pagis, partibusque, sed paene etiam in singulis domibus, factiones sunt: earumque factionum principes sunt, qui summam auctoritatem eorum judicio habere existimantur, quorum ad arbitrium judicium- que summa omnium rerum consiliorumque redeat; idque ejus rei causa antiquitus institutum videtur, ne quis ex plebe con- circumveniri,tra potentiorem non auxilii patitur; egeret: neque, sues aliter enim siquisque faciant, opprimi, ullam in- et ter sues habent auctoritatem. Haec eadem ratio est in summa totius Galliae: namque omnes civitates in partes divisae sunt duas. V. Quum Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius factionis prin- cipes erant A5dui, alterius Sequani. Hi, quum per se minus valerent, quod summa auctoritas antiquitus erat in ASduis, magnaeque eorum erant clientelae, Germanos atque Ariovistum sibi adjunxerant, eosque ad se magnis jacturis pollicitationi- busque perduxerant. Proeliis vero compluribus factis secundis. EX CiESARE. S atque omni nobilitate yEduorum interfecta, tantum potentiS antecesserant, ut magnam partem clientium ab iEduis ad se transducerent, obsidesque ab iis prihcipum filios acciperent, et publice jurare cogerent, nihil se contra Sequanos consilii ini- turos; et partem tinitimi agri per vim occupatam possiderent, Galliaeque totius principatum obtinerent: qua necessitate ad- ductus Divitiacus, auxilii petendi causa Romam ad Senatuni profectus, infecta re redierat. Adventu Caesaris facta commu- tatione rerum, obsidibus Aiduis redditis, veteribus clientelis restitutis, novisper Csesarem comparatis, quod hi, qui se ad eo- rum amicitiam aggregaverant, meliore conditione atque sequi- ore imperio se uti videbant, reliquis rebus, eorum gratia, dig- nitate amplificata, Sequani principatum dimiserant. In eo- rum locum Remi successerant, quos quod adaequare apud Cae- sarem gratia intelligebatur, ii, qui propter veteres inimicitias nullo modo cum Aiduis conjungi poterant, se Remis in clien- telam dicabant. Hos illi diligenter tuebantur. Ita, et novam et repente collectam auctoritatem tenebant. Eo turn statu res erat, ut longe principes haberentur JEdui, secundum locum dignitatisVi. In Remiomni obtinerent.Gallia eorum hominum, qui aliquo sunt nu- mero atque honore, genera sunt duo. Nam plebes psene ser- vorum habetur loco, quae per se nihil audet, et nullo adhibe- tur consilio. Plerique, quum aut sere alieno, aut magnitudine tributorum, aut iniuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servi- tutem dicant nobiltyms. In hos eadem omnia sunt jura, quae dominis in servos. Sed de his duobus generibus alterum est Druidum, alterum Equitum. Illi rebus divinis intersunt, sa- crificia publica ac privata procurant, religiones interpretantur. Ad hos magnus adolescentium numerus disciplinae causa con- currit; magnoque ii sunt apud eos honore: nam fere de om- nibus controversiis, publicis privatisque, constituunt; et, si 3uod est admissum facinus, si caedes facta, si de hereditate, si e finibus controversia est, iidem decernunt; praemia poenas- que constituunt: si qui, aut privatus, aut publicus, eorum de- creto non stetit, sacrificiis interdicunt. Haec poena apud eos est gravissima. Quibus ita est interdictum, ii numero impio- rum ac sceleratorum habentur; iis omnes decedunt, aditum eorum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex contagione incom- modi accipiant: neque iis petentibus jus redditur, neque ho- nos ullus communicatur. His autem omnibus Druidibus pri- est unus, qui summam inter eos habet auctoritatem. Hoc suntmortuo, plures si quipares, ex suffragioreliquis excellitDruidum dignitate, adlegitur; succedit: nonnunquam at, si etiam amis de principatu contendunt. Hi certo anni tern- 4- SELECTA LATINE pore in finibus Carnutum, quae regio totius Galliae media ha- betur, considunt, in loco consecrato. Hue omnes undique, ,■ qui controversies habent, conveniunt, eorumque decretis judi- - ciisque parent. Disciplina in Britannia reperta, atque inde in i Galliam translate esse, existimatur; et nunc, qui diligentius I earn rem cognoscerc volunt, plerumque illo, discendi causa, proficiscuntur. VII. Druides a bello abesse consuerunt, neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt; militia’ vacationem, omniumque re- rum habent immunitatem. Tantis excitati prsemiis, et sua sponte multi in disciplinam conveniunt, et a parentibus pro- piuquisque mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum versunm edis- ! cere dicuntur. Itaque annos nonnulli vicenos in discrplina permanent; neque fas esse existimant, ea literis mandare i quum in reliquis fere rebus, publicis privatisque rationibus,T Gra;cis utantur literis. Id mihi duabus de causis instituisse videntur; quod neque in vulgum disciplinam efferri veliut, neque eos, qui discant, literis eonfisos, minus memoriae studere, quod fere plerisque accidit, ut, praesidio literarum, diligentiam in perdiscendo, ac memoriam remittant. In primis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animas, sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad alios; atque hoc maxime ad virtutem excitare pu- tant, metu mortis neglecto. Multa praeterea de sideribus, at- que eorum motu, de mundi ac terrarum magnitudine, de re- rum natura, de deorum immortalium vi ac potestate disputant, et juventuti tradunt. VIII. Alterum genus est Equitum. Hi, quum est usus, atque aliquod bellum incidit (quod ante Caesaris adventum fere quotannis accidere solebat, uti aut ipsi injurias inferrent, aut illatas propulsarent,) omnes in hello versantur; atque, eo- ruin ut quisque est genere copiisque amplissimus, ita plurimos circum se ambactos clientesque habent. Hanc unam gratiam potentianique noverunt. IX. Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita religioni- bus; atque ob earn causam, qui sunt affecti gravioribus mor- bis, quique in preeliis periculisque versantur, aut pro yictimis homines immolant, aut se immolaturos vovent, administris- que ad ea sacrificia Druidibus utuntur; quod, pro vita homi- nis, nisi hominis vita reddatur, non posse aliter deorum im- mortalium numen placari, arbitrantur: publieeque ejusdem generis habent instituta sacrificia. Alii immani magnitudine simulacra habent, quorum contexta viminibus membra vivis hominibus complent; quibus succensis, circumventi flamma exanimantur homines. Supplicia eorum, qui in furto, aut in latrocinio, aut aliqua noxa, s!nt comprehensi, gratiora diis im-. EX CiESARE. 5 mortalibus esse arbitrantur; sed, quum ejus generis copia de- ficit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendant. X. Deum maxime Mercurium colunt; hujus sunt plurima simulacra; hunc omnium inventorem artium ferunt; bunc viarum atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad quaestus pecuniae mer- Caturasque habere vim maximam, arbitrantur. Post hunc, Apollinem, et Martem, et Jovem, et Minervam. De his ean- dem fere, quam reliquae gentes, habent opinionem : Apollinem morbos depellere; Minervam operum atque artificiorum ini- tia tradere; Jovem imperium coelestium tenere; Martem bel- la regere. Huic, quum prcelio dimicare constituerunt, ea, quae bello ceperint, plerumque devovent. Quae superaverint, animalia capta immolant: reliquas res in unum locum confe- runt. Multis in civitatibus harum rerum exstructos tumulos locis consecratis conspicari licet. Ncque saepe accidit, ut ne- glecta quispiam religione, aut capta apud seoccultare, aut po- sita tollere, auderet; gravissimumque ei rei supplicium cum cruciatu constitutum est. XI. Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos praedicant; id- que ab Druidibus proditum dicunt. Ob earn causam, spatia omnis temporis, non numero dierum, sed noctium, finiunt; dies natales, et mensium et annorum initia sic observant, ut noctem dies subsequatur. In reliquis vitae institutis hoc fere ab reliquis differunt, quod suos liberos, nisi quum adoleverint, ut munus militiae sustinere possint, palam ad se adire non pa- tiuntur; filiumque puerili aetate, in publico, in conspectu pa- tris adsistere, turpe ducunt. XII. Viri, quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis nomine ac- ceperunt, taut as ex suis bonis, aestimatione facta, cum dotibus communicant.tur, fructusque servantur.Hujus omnis liter pecuniae eorum conjuuctimvita superarit, ratio ad habe- cum pars utriusque cum fructibus superiorum temporum pervenit. Viri in uxores, sicuti in liberos, vitae necisque habent potesta- tem ; et, quum paterfamiliae illustriore loco natus decessit, ejus propinqui conveniunt; et de morte, si res in suspicionem venit, de uxoribus in servilem modum quaestionemhabent; et, si compertum est, igni atque omnibus tormentis excruciatas in- terficiunt. Funera sunt pro cultu Gallorum magnifica, et ignemsumptuosa, inferunt, omniaque, etiam animalia:quae vivis accordi paullo fuisse supra arbitrantur, hanc memo- in riam servi et clientes, quos ab iis dilectos esse constabat, justis funeribus confectis, una cremabantur. XIII. Quae civitates commodius suam rempublicam admi- nistrare existimantur, habent legibus sanctum, si quis quid de republica a finitimis nunore ac fama acceperit, uti ad magis- A 2 6 SELECTA LATINE tratum deferat, neve cum quo alio communicet: quod saepe homines temerarios atque imperitos falsis rumoribus terreri, et ad facinus impelli, et de summis rebus consilium capere, cog- nition est. Magistratus, quae visa sunt, occultant; quaeque esse ex usu judicaverint, multitudini produnt. De republica, nisi per concilium, loqui non conceditur. XIV. Germani multum ab hac consuetudine differunt. Nam neque Druides habent, qui rebus divinis praesint; neque sacrificiis student. Deorum numero eos solos ducuut, quos cernunt, et quorum aperte opibus juvantur, Solem, et Vulca- num, et Lunam : reliquos ne fama quidem acceperunt. Vita omnis in venationibus, atque in studiis rei, militaris, consistit: ab parvulis labori ac duritiae student. XV. Agriculturae non student; majorque pars victus eo- rum in lacte, caseo, came consistit; neque quisquam agri mo- dum certum, aut fines habet proprios; sed magistratus ac principes in annos singulos gentibus cognationibusque homi- num, qui una coierint, quantum, et quo loco visum est, agri attribuunt, atque anno post alio transire cogunt. Ejus rei multas afferunt causas ; ne, assidua consuetudine capti, stu- dium belli gerendi agricultura commutent; ne latos fines pa- rare studeant, potentioresque humiliores possessionibus expel- lant; ne accuratius, ad frigora atque sestus vitandos, aedificent; ne qua oriatur pecuniae cupiditas, qua ex re factiones dissenti- onesque nascuntur; ut animi aequitate plcbem contineant, quum suas quisque opes cum potentissimis aequari videat. XVI. Civitatibus maxima laus est, quam latissimas circum se vastatis finibus solitudines habere. Hoc proprium virtutis existimant, expulsos agris finitimos cedere, neque quemquam prope audere consistere : simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur, repentinae incursionis timore sublato. Quum helium civitas aut illatum defendit, aut infert; magistratus, qui ei bello praesint, ut vitae necisque habeant potestatem, deliguntur. In pace, nullus est communis magistratus; sed principes regionum at- que pagorum inter suos jus dicunt, controversiasque minuunt. Latrocinia nullam habent infamiam, quae extra fines cujusquc civitatis fiunt; atque ea, juventutis exercendae, ac desidiae mi- nuendae causa, fieri praedicant: atque, ubi quis ex principibus in concilio dixit se ducem fore, qui sequi velint, profiteantur; auxiliumconsurgunt pollicentur, ii, qui et causamatque ab et multitudine hominem probant,collaudantur: suumque qui ex iis secuti non sunt, in desertorum ac proditorum numero ducuntur; omniumque iis rerum posteafides derogatur. Hos- EX CiESARE. 7 pites violare, fas non putant; qui, quaque de causa, ad eos ve- nerint, ab injuria prohibent, sanctosque habent: iis omnium domus patent, victusque communicatur. XVII. Ac fiiit antea tempos, quum Germanos Galli vir- tute superarent, ultro bellainferrent, propter hominum multi- tudinem, agrique inopiam, trans Rhenum colonias mitterent. Itaque ea, quae fertilissima sunt, Germania; loca circum Her- cyniam silvam, quam Eratostheni et quibusdam Graecis fama notam esse video, quam illi Orcyniam appellant, Volcae Tecto- sages occupaverunt, atque ibi conscderunt. Quae gens ad hoc tempus iis sedibus sese continet, summamque habet justitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem: nunc quoque in eadem inopia, eges- tate, patientia, qua Germani, permanent, eodem victu et cultu corporis utuntur. Gallis autem provinciae propinquitas, et transmarinarum rerum notitia, multa ad copiam atque usus largitur. Paullatim adsuefacti superari, multisque victi proe- liis, ne se quidem ipsi cum illis virtute comparant. XVIII. Hujus Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demonstrata est, latitudo ix dierum iter expedite patet: non enim aliter finiri potest, neque mensuras itinerum noverunt. Oritur ab Helve- tiorum, et Nemetum, et Rauracorum finibus, rectaque flumi- nis Danubii regione pertinet ad fines Dacorum, et Anartium: bine se flectit sinistrorsus, diversis ab flumine regionibus, mul- tarumque gentium fines propter magnitudinem attingit. Ne- que quisquam est hujus Germaniae, qui se aut adisse ad ini- tium ejus silvae dicat, quum dierum iter lx processerit, aut, quo ex loco oriatur, acceperit. Multa in ea genera ferarum nasci, constat, quae reliquis in locis visa non sint: ex quibus, quae maxime dilferant ab ceteris, et memoriae prodenda vide- antur, haec sunt. XIX. Est bos, cervi figura, cujus a media fronte inter aures unum cornu exsistit, excelsius, magisque directum his, qua; nobis nota sunt, cornibus. Ab ejussummo, sicut palmae, rami guam late diffunduntur. Eadem est feminae marisque natura, eadem forma magnitudoque cornuum. XX. Sunt item, quae appellantur Alces. Harum est consi- milis capris figura, et varietas pellium ; sed magnitudine paul- lo antecedunt, mutilaeque sunt cornibus, et crura sine nod is articulisque habent; neque quietis causa procumbunt, neque, si quoafflictae casu conciderint, erigere sese, aut sublevare pos- sunt. His sunt arbores pro cubilibus ; ad eas se applicant, at- que ita paullum modo reclinatae quietem capiunt; quarum ex vestigiis quum est animadversum a venatoribus, quo se recipere consuerint, omnes eo loco, aut ab radicibus subruunt, aut acci- dunt arbores tantum, ut summa species earum stantium relin- 8 SELECTA LATINE EX C^SARE. quatur. Hue quum se consuetudine reclinaverint, infirmas arbores pondere affligunt, atque una ipsse concidunt. XXI. Tertium est genus eoruni, qui Uri appellantur. Hi sunt magnitudine paullo infra elephantos; specie, et colore, et figura tauri. Magna vis eorum, et magna velocitas: neque homini, neque ferae, quam conspexerint, parcunt. Hos studi- ose foveis captos interficiunt. Hoc se labore durant homines adolescentes, atque hoc genere venationes exercent; et, qui plurimos ex his interfecerunt, relatis in publicum cornibus, quae sint testimonio, magnam ferunt laudem. Sed adsuescere ad homines, et mansuefieri, ne parvuli quidem excepti possunt. Amplitude cornuum, et figura, et species, multum a nostro- rum bourn cornibus differt. Haecstudiose conquisita ab labris argento circumcludunt, atque in amplissimis epulis pro pocu- lis utuntur. SELECTA EX SALLUSTIO.
DE BELLO CATILINARIO. I. Lucius Catilina, nobili genere natus, magna vi et animi et corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic ab adolescentia bella intestina, caedes, rapinae, discordia civilis, grata fuere; ibique juventutem suam exercuit. Corpus patiens inediae, vi- giliae, algoris, supra quam cuique credibilc est: animus audax, subdolus, varius, cujus rei libet simulator ac dissimulator: ali- eni appetens, sui profusus, ardens in cupiditatibus: satis lo- quentiae, sapicntiae parum. Vastus animus immoderata, incre- dibilia, nimis alta, semper cupiebat. Hunc, post dominatio- nem Lucii Sullae, lubido maxuma invaserat reipublicae capiun- dae; neque id quibus modis adsequeretur, dum sibi regnum pararet, quidquam pensi babebat. Agitabatur magis magis- que in dies auimus ferox inopia rei familiaris, et conscientia scelerum. II. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate, Catilina, id quod factu facillimum erat, omnium flagitiorum atque facinorum circum se, tamquara stipatorum, catervas habebat. Nam, qui- ! cumquenus redimeret; alienum praeterea, aes grande omnes conflaverat, undique quo parricidae, flagitium sacrilegi,aut faci- i convicti judiciis, aut pro factis judicium timentes ; ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat; postremo, omnes, quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus exa- gitebat; ii Catilinae proxumi familiaresque erant. Quod si quis etiam a culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, quoti- diano usu atque illecebris facile par similisque ceteris efficieba- tur. Sed maxume adolescentium familiaritates adpetebat; eorum animi molles, et aetate fluxi, dolis baud difliculter capi- ebantur. lo consulibus,III. Igitur primocirciter singulos Kalendas adpellare; Junias, L.hortari Caesare alios, et aliosC. Figu- ten- tare : opes suas, imparatam rempublicam, magna praemia con- jurationis docere. Ubi satis explorata sunt, quae voluit, in uuum omnis convocat, quibus maxuma necessitudo, et pluri- mum audaciae. Eo convenere, senatorii ordinis, P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cassius Longinus, C. Cetbegus, P. et Servius Sullae, Servii filii, L. Vargunteius, Q. Annius, M. Por- 10 SELECTA LATINE tius Lffica, L. Bestia, Q. Curius: praeterea, ex equestri ordine, M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, C. Cornelius: ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi nobiles. Erant praeterea complures paullo occultius consilii hujusce par- ticipes nobiles, quos magis dominationis spes hortabatur, quam inopia, aut alia necessitudo. Ceterum juventus pleraque, sed maxime nobilium, Catilinae inceptis favebat: quibus in otio vel magniiice, vel molliter, vivere copia erat, incerta pro certis, bellum, quam pacem, malebant. Fuere item ea tempestate, qui crederent M. Licinium Crassum non ignarum ejus consilii fuisse; quia Cn. Pomgeius, invisus ipsi, magnum exercitum ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse contra illius potentiam crescere; simul confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, facile apud illos princi- pem se fore. IV. Sed antea item conjuravere pauci contra rempublicam, in quibus Catilina: de qua, quam verissume potero, dicam. L. Tullo, M. Lepido consulibus, P. Autronius et P. Sulla, legibus ambitus interrogati, poenas dederant. Post paullo Catilina, pecuniarum repetundarum reus, prohibitus erat con- sulatum petere, quod intra legitimos dies profiteri nequiverit. Erat eodem tempore Cn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, summae audaciae, egens, factiosus, quern ad perturbandam rempubli- cam inopia atque mali mores stimulabant. Cum hoc, Catilina et Autronius, consilio communicate, parabant in Capitolio Kalendis Januariis L. Cottam et L. Torquatum consules in- terficere; ipsi, fascibus correptis, Pisonem cum exercitu ad obtinendas duas Hispanias mittere. Ea re cognita, rursus in Nonas Februarias consilium caedis transtulerant. Jam turn non consulibus modo, sed plerisque senatoribus, perniciem ma- chinabantur. Quod ni Catilina maturasset pro curia signum sociis dare, eo die post conditam urbem Romanam pessumum facinus patratum foret. Quia nondum frequentes armati con- venerant, ea res consilium diremit. V. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam quaestor pro prae- tore missus est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum infestum inimicum Cn. Pompeio cognoverat. Neque tamen senatus provinciam "invitus dederat: quippe fcedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat: simul, quia boni quam plures praesidium in eo putabant: et jam turn potentia Cn. Pompeii formidolosa erat. Sed is Piso, in provinciam, ab equitibus Hispanis, quos in exercitu ductabat, iter faciens, occisus est. Sunt qui ita di- cunt, imperia ejus injusta, superba, crudelia, barbaros nequi- visse pati: alii autem, equites illos, Cn. Pompeii veteres fidos- que clientes, voluntate ejus Pisonem adgressos; numquam Hispanos praeterea tale facinus fecisse, sed imperia saeva multa EX SALLUSTIO. 11 antea perpessos. Nos cam rein in medio relinquemus. De superiore fconjuratione satis dictum. VI. Catilina ubi eos, quos paullo ante niemoravi, convenisse ! videt; tametsi cum singulis multa saepe egerat, tamen in rem f fore credens universes adpellare et coliortari, in abditam par- : tern adium secedit; atque ibi, omnibus arbitris procul amotis, I orationem hujuscemodi habuit. “ Ni virtus fidesque vestra | spectata mihi forent, nequidquam opportuna res cecidisset; i spes magna, dominatio, in manibus frustra fuissent: neque !1 ego per ignaviam, aut vana ingenia, incerta pro certis capta- rein. Sed, quia multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi fortes fidosque mihi, eo animus ausus maxumum atque pul- cherrumum facinus incipere: simul, quia vobis, eadem mihi, bona malaquc intellexi; nam idem velle atque nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est. Sed, ego quae mente agitavi, omnes jam antea diversi audistis. Ceterum mihi in dies magis animus accenditur, cum consider©, quae conditio vitae futura sit, nisi nosmet ipsi vindicamus in libertatem. Nam, postquam res- publica in paucorum jus atque ditionem concessit, semper illis reges, tetrarchae vectigales esse; populi, nationes stipendia pen- dere ; ceteri omnes, strenui, boni, nobiles atque ignobiles, vul- gus fuimus, sine gratia, sine auctoritate, his obnoxii, quibus, si respublica valeret, formidini essemus. Itaque omnis gratia, potentia, honos, divitiae apud illos sunt, aut ubi illi volunt: repulsas nobis reliquere, pericula, judicia, egestatem. Quae quousquevirtutem praestat,tandem quampatiemini, vitam fortissumi miseram viriatque ? Nonneinhonestam, emori ubiper alienee superbiae ludibrio fueris, per dedecus amittere ? Verum enim vero, pro deum atque hominum fidem ! victoria nobis in manu: viget aetas, animus valet; contra, illis, annis atque divitiis, omnia consenuerunt. Tantummodo incepto opus est: cetera res expediet. Etenim quis mortalium, cui virile inge- nium, tolerare potest, illis divitias superare, quas profundant in exstruendo mari et montibus coaequandis ; nobis rem fami- liarem etiam ad necessaria deesse ? illos binas, aut amplius, domos continuare; nobis larem familiarem nusquam ullum esse ? Cum tabulas, signa, toreumata, emunt; nova diruunt, alia aedificant; postremo omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant: tamen summa lubidine divitias viucere nequeunt. At nobis domi inopia, foris aes alienum : mala res, spes multo asperior: denique, quid reliqui ha^iemus praeter miseram ani- | mam ? Quin igitur expergiscimim ? En ilia, ilia, quam saepe optastis, libertas, praeterea divitiae, decus, gloria, in oculis sita sunt! Fortuna omnia victoribus praemia posuit. Res, tern- pus, pcricula, egestas, belli spolia magnifica magis, quam oratio, 12 SELECTA LATINE hortentur. Vel imperatore, vel milite, me utimini: neque animus, neque corpus a vobis aberit. Heec ipsa, ut spero, vobiscum consul again, nisi forte animus fallit, et vos servire,- quam imperare, parati estis.” VII. Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala abunde' omnia erant, sed neque res, neque spes bona ulla; tamen etsi illis quieta movere magna merces videbatur, tamen postulare plerique, uti proponeret, quae conditio belli foret; quae praemia armis peterent; quid ubique opis aut spei haberent. Turn Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia, rapinas, alia omnia quae bellum atque lubido victorum fert. Praeterea, esse in Hispania citeriore Pi- sonem, in Mauritania cum exercitu P. Sittium Nucerinum, consilii sui participes : petere consulatum C. Antonium, quern sibi collegam fore speraret, hominem et familiarem, et omnibus necessitudiuibus circumventum: eo consulem initium agendi facturum. Ad hoc, maledictis increpat omnis bonos: suorum unumquemque nominans laudare : admonebat alium egestatis, alium cupiditatis suae, complures periculi aut ignominiae, mul- tos victoriae Sullanae, quibus ea praedae fuerat. Postquam om- nium animos alacris videt; cohortatus, ut petitionem suam curae haberent, conventum dimisit. VIII. Fuere ea tempestate, qui dicerent, Catilinam, ora- tione habita, cum ad jusjurandum popularis sceleris sui adige- ret, human! corporis sanguinem, vino permixtum, in pateris circumtulisse; inde, cum post exsecrationem omnes degusta- vissent, sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fieri consuevit, aperuisse consilium suum, atque eo dictitare fecisse, quo inter se fidi magis forent, alius alii tanti facinoris conscii. Nonnulli ficta haec, multa praeterea, existumabant ab iis, qui Ciceronis invi- diam, quae postea orta est, leniri credebant atrocitate sceleris eorum, qui pcenas dederant. Nobis ea res pro magnitudine parum comperta est. IX. Sed in ea conventione fiiit Q. Curius, natus baud ob- scure loco, flagitiis atque facinoribus coopertus; quem censores senatu probri gratia amoverant. Huic homini non minor vanitas, quam audacia: neque reticere, quae audierat, neque suamet ipse scelera occultare: prorsus neque dicere, neque fa- cere, quidquam pensi habebat. Erat ei cum Fulvia, muliere nobili, vetus consuetude, cui cum minus gratus esset, quia inopia minus largiri poterat, repente glorians maria montesque polliceri coepit; minari interdum ferro, nisi obnoxia foret; postremo ferocius agitare, quam solitus erat. At Fulvia, inso- lentiae Curii causa cognita, tale perieulum reipublicae baud occultum habuit; sed, sublato auctore, de Catilinse conjura- EX SALLUSTIO. 13 tione quae quoque modo audierat, compluribus narravit. Ea res imprimis stadia hominum accendit ad consulatum man- dandum M. Tullio Ciceroni. Namque antea pleraque nobili- tas invidia aestuabat, et quasi pollui consulatum credebant, si eum, quamvis egregius, homo novus adeptus foret. Sed, ubi periculum advenit, invidia atque superbia post fuere. X. Igitur, comitiis habitis, consules declarantur M. Tullius et C. Antonius ; quod factum primo popularis conjurationis concusserat. Neque tamen Catilinae furor minuebatur: sed in dies plura agitare; arma per Italiam locis opportunis parare ; pecuniam, sua aut amicorum fide sumtam mutuam, Faesulas ad Manlium quemdam portare, qui postea princeps fuit belli faciundi. Ea tempestate plurimos cujusque generis homines adscivisse dicitur; mulieres etiam aliquot, quae aes alienum grande conflaverant: per eas se Catilina credebat posse servitia urbana sollicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum vel adjungere sibi, vel interficere. XI. Sed in bis erat Sempronia, quae multa saepe virilis au- daciae facinora commiserat. Haec mulier genere atque forma, praeterea viro, liberis satis fortunata: litteris Graecis atque La- tinis docta, psallere, saltare elegantius, quam necesse est pro- semperbae: multa omnia, alia, quam quae decus instrumenta atque pudicitia luxuriae. fuit: Sed pecuniae ei cariora an famae minus parceret, baud facile decerneres. Sed ea saepe antehac fidem prodiderat, creditum abjuraverat, caedis conscia fuerat, luxuria atque inopia praeceps abierat. Verum ingeni- um ejus baud absurdum : posse versus facere, jocum movere, sermonefacetiae, multusqueuti vel modesto, lepos velinerat. molli, vel procaci: prorsus multa* XII. His rebus comparatis, Catilina nihilo minus in proxu- mum annum consulatum petebat; sperans, si designatus foret, facile se ex voluntate Antonio usurum. Neque interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis insidias parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad cavendum dolus aut astutiae deerant. Namque, a principio consulates sui, multa pollicendo per Fulviam effece- rat, ut Q. Curius, de quo paullo ante memoravi, coosilia Ca- tilinae sibi proderet. Ad hoc, collegam suum Antonium pac- tione provinciae perpulerat, ne contra rempublicam sentiret; circum se praesidia amicorum atque clientium occulte habebat. Postquam dies comitiomm venit, et Catilinae neque petitio, neque insidiae, quas consulibus in campo fecerat, prospere ces- sere; constituit bellum facere, et extrema omnia experiri, quoniam quae occulte tentaverat aspera foedaque evenerant. XIII. Igitur C. Manlium Faesulas atque in earn partem Etruriae, Septimium quemdam, Camertem, in agrum Picenum, 14 SELECTA LATINE C. Julium in Apuliara dimisit; prseterea alium alio, quem ubique opportunum credebat. Interea Romae multa simul inoliri: consuli insidias tendere, parare incendia, opportuna * loca armatis hominibus obsidere: ipse cum telo esse, item alios jubere: bortari, uti semper intenti paratique essent: dies noc- tesque festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis neque labore fatigari. Postremo, ubi multa agitanti nihil procedit, rursus intempesta nocte conjurationis principes convocat per M. Porcium La> cam : ibique, multa de ignavia eorum questus, docet se Man- lium praemisisse ad earn multitudinem, quam ad capiunda arma paraverat; item alios in alia loca opportuna, qui initium belli facerent; seque ad exercitum proficisci cupere, si prius Cice- ronem oppressisset: eum suis consiliis multum obficere. XIV. Igitur, perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, C. Cornelius, eques Romanus, operam suam pollicitus, et cum eo L. Vargun- teius, senator, constituere ea nocte paullo post cum armatis bominibus, sicuti salutatum, introire ad Ciceronem, ac de im- proviso domi Suae imparatum confodere. Curius, ubi intelle- ; git quantum periculi consuli impendeat, propere per Fulviam dolum, qui parabatur, enunciat. Ita illi, janua prohibiti, tan- tum facinus frustra susceperant. Interea Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, egestate simul ac dolore injurice novarum rerum cupidam, quod Sullae dominatione agros bonaque omnia amiserat; prseterea latrones cujusque generis, quorum in ea : regione magna copia erat; nonnullos ex Sudanis colonis, qui- bus lubido atque luxuria ex magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fece- rant.XV. Ea cum Ciceroni nunciarentur, ancipiti malo permotus, quod neque urbem ab insidiis private consilio longius tueri j poterat, neque exercitus Manlii quantus, aut quo consilio foret, satis compertum habebat, rem ad senatum refert, jam antea volgi rumoribus exagitatam. Itaque, quod plerumque in atroci negotio solet, senatus decrevit, dauent operam con- potestasSOLES, perNE senatum,QUID RESPUBLICA more Romano, DETRIMENTI magistratui CAPERET. maxuma per-Ea mittitur; exercitum parare, bellum gerere, coercere omnibus i modis socios atque civis; domi militiseque imperium atque judicium summum habere: aliter, sine populi jussu, nulli earum rerum consuli jus est. XVI. Post paucos dies L. Samius, senator, in senatu litteras | recitavit, quas Fcesulis adlatas sibi dicebat, in quibus scriptum erat, C. Manlium arma cepisse, cum magna multitudine, ante aliidiem portenta vi Kalendas atque Novembris. prodigia nunciabant; Simul, id quodalii conventusin tali re solet,fieri, ami a portari, Capuse atque in Apulia servile bellum moveri. EX SALLUSTIO. 15 Igitur senati decreto Q. Marcius Rex Faesulas, Q. Metellus Creticus in Apuliam circumque loca, missi: ii utrique ad urbem imperatores erant, impediti, ne triumpharent, calumnia paucorum, quibus omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos erat. Sed praetores, Q. Pompeius Rufus Capuam, Q. Metel- lus Celer in agrum Picenum; iisque permissum, uti pro tern* pore atque periculo exercitum compararent: ad hoc, si quis indicavisset de conjuratione, quae contra rempublicam facta erat, praemium servo libertatem, et sestertia centum ; libero impu- nitatem ejus rei, et sestertia ducenta: item [jlecrevere], uti gladiatoriae familiae Capuam et in cetera municipia distribue- rentur pro cujusque opibus: Romae per totam urbem vigiliae haberentur,XVII. Quibus iisque rebus minores permota magistratus civitas, praeessent. atque immutata urbis facies: ex summa laetitia atque lascivia, quae diuturna quies pepererat, repente omnis tristitia invasit: festinare, trepidare; neque loco nec homini cuiquam satis credere; neque bellum gerere, neque pacem habere; suo quisque metu pericula metiri. Ad hoc, mulieres, quibus reipublicae magnitudine belli timor insolitus, adflictare sese, man*f supplices ad ccelum tendere; miserari parvus liberos; rogitare, omnia pavere; superbia atque deliciis omissis, sibi patrheque diffidere. At Catilinae crudplis animus eadem ilia movebat, tamen etsi prae- sidia parabantur, et ipse lege Plautia interrogatus ab L. Paulk). Postremo dissimulandi causa, atque sui expurgandi, sicuti jurgio lacessitus foret, in senatum venit. Turn M. Tullius consul, sive praesentiam ejus timens, seu ira commotus, ora- tionem habuit luculentam, atque utilem reipublicae, quam postea scriptam edidit. Sed, ubi ille adsedit, Catilina, ut erat paratus ad dissimulanda omnia, demisso voltu, voce supplici eapostulare, familia ortum,Patres itaconscripti ab adolescentia ne quid vitam de se instituisse, temere credercnt: ut omnia bona in spe haberet: ne sestumarent, sibi, patricio homini, cujus ipsius atque majorum plurima beneticia in plebem Ro- manamM. Tullius, essent, inquilinus perdita civisrepublica urbis opus Roma;. esse, Adcum hoc earn maledicta scrvaret alia cum adderet; obstrepere omnes, hostem atque parricidam vocare. Turn ille furibundus: “ Quoniam quidem circum- ventus," inquit, “ ab inimicis praeceps agor, incendium meum ruina reetinguam." XVIII. Dein se ex curia domum proripuit: ibi multa sccuin ipse volvens; quod neque insidise consuli procedcbant, et ab incendio intellegebat urbem vigiliis munitam, optumum | factum credens exercitum augere, ac prius, quam legioues scriberentur, antecapere quae bello usui forent; nocte intern- 16 SELECTA LATINE pesta cum paucis in Manliana castra profectus est. Sed Ce- thego atque Lentulo, ceterisque, quorum cognoverat promptam : audaciam, mandat, quibus rebus possent, opes factionis con- . firment, insidias consul! maturent, caedem, incendia, aliaque belli facinora parent: sese prope diem cum magno exercitu ad urbem accessurum. Dum hsec Romaegeruntur, C. Manlius ex suo numero ad Marcium Regem mittit, cum mandatis hu- juscemodi: XIX. “ Decs hominesque testamur, imperator, nos arma neoue contra patriam cepisse, neque quo periculum homini faceremus, sed uti corpora nostra ab injuria tuta forent; qui, miseri, egentes, violentia atque crudelitate foeneratorum, ple- rique patriae, sed omnes fama atque fortunis, expertes sumus: neque cuiquam nostrum licuit more majorum, lege uti, neque, amisso patrimonio, liberum corpus habere: tanta saevitia fcene- ratorum atque praetoris fuit. Saepe majores vestrum, miseriti plebis Romanae, decretis suie inopiae opitulati sunt: ac novis- sume memoria nostra, propter magnitudinem aeris alieni, vo- lentibus omnibus bonis, argentum aere solutum est. Saepe ipsa plebes, aut dominandi studio permota, aut superbia magistra- tuum, armata a patribus secessit. At nos non imperium neque divitias petimus, quarum rerum causa, bella atque certamina omnia inter mortalis sunt; sed libertatem, quam nemo bonus, nisi cum anima simul, amittit. Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis miseris civibus; legis praesidium, quod iniquitas prsetoris eripuit, restituatis; neve earn necessitudinem impo- natis, ut quan-amus, quonam modo ulti maxume sanguinem nostrum pereamus.” XX. Ad haec Q. Marcius: Si quid ab senatu petere vel- lent, ab armis discedant, Romam supplices proficiscantur : ea mansuetudine atque misericordia senatum populumque Roma- num semper fuisse, ut nemo unquam ab eo frustra auxilium petiverit. At Catilina, ex itinere, plerisque consularibus, prse- terea optumo cuique, litteras mittit: Se, falsis criminibus cir- cumventum, quoniam faction! inimicorum resistere nequiverit, fortunse cedere, Massiliam in exsilium proficisci; non quo sibi tanti sceleris conscius, sed uti respublica quieta foret, neve ex sua contentione seditio oriretur. Ab his longe diversas £lit- teras|3 Q. Catulus in senatu recitavit, quas sibi nomine Cati- linse redditas dicebat: earum exemplum infra scriptum. cognita,XXL gratam“ L. Catilinain magnis Q. periculisCatulo S.fiduciam Egregia commendationi tua tides re meae tribuit. Quamobrem defensionem in novo consilio non statui parare; satisfactionem ex nulla conscientia de culpa proponere decrevi, quam, me dius fidius, veram licet cognos- . EX SALLUSTIO. 17 cas. Injuriis contumeliisque concitatus, quod, fructu laboris industriaeque meae priratus, statum dignitatis non obtinebam, publicum miserorum causam pro inea consuetudine suscepi: non quin aes alienum meis nominibus ex possessionibus solvere possem, cum alienis nominibus liberalitas Orestillae suis filiae- que copiis persolveret: sed quod non dignos homines honore nonestatos videbam, meque falsa suspicione alienatum sentie- bam. Hoc nomine satis honestas pro meo casu spes reliquae dignitatis conservandae sum secutus. Plura cum scribere vel- lem, nunciatum est, vim mihi parari. Nunc Orestillam com- mendo, tuaeque fidei trado: earn ab injuria defendas, per li- beros tuos rogatus. Haveto.” XXII. Sed ipse, paucos dies commoratus apud C. Flami- nium Flammam in Agro Arretino, dum vicinitatem, antea sol- licitatam, armis exornat, cum fascibus atque aliis imperii in- signibus in castra ad Manlium contendit. Ha:c ubi Romae comperta, senatus Catilinam et Manlium hostes judicat; ce- tera multitudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude liceret ab armis discedere, prater rerum capitalium condemnatis. Praterea decernit, uti consules dilectum habeant; Antonius cum exercitu Catilinam persequi maturet; Cicero urbi pra- sidio sit. Ea tempestate mihi imperium populi Romani mul- to maxume miserabile visum: cui cum, ad occasum ab ortu solis, omnia domita armis paterent, domi otium. atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant, adfluerent; fuere tamen cives, qui seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent. Namque, duobus senati decretis, ex tanta multitudine neque Catilinaepramio inductus quisquam conjurationem omnium discesserat: patefecerat, tanta neque vis morbi, ex castris uti jtabes, plerosque civium animos invaserat. XXIII. Neque solum illis aliena mens erat, qui conscii con- jurationis; sed omnino cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta probabat. Id adeo more suo videbatur fa- cere. Nam semper in civitate, quis opes nullai sunt, bonis in- cident, malbs extollunt; cetera odere, nova exop tan t; odio suarum rerum mutari omnia student; turba atque seditioni- bus sine cura aluntur, quoniam egestas facile habetur sine damno. Sed urbana plebes, ea vero praeceps ierat multis de causis. Primum omnium, qui ubique probro atque pctulan- tia maxume prastabant; item alii per dedecora patrimoniis amissis ; postremo omnes quos flagitium aut facinus domo ex- multipulerat: memores ii Romani, Sullanae sicuti victoriae, in sentinam, quod confluxerant.ex gregariis inilitibusDeinde, alios senatores videbant, alios ita divites, uti regio victu atque cultu aetatem agerent, sibi quisque, si in armis forent, ex vic- B 2 ! ' ■ 18 SELECTA LATINE toria talia sperabant. Prseterea, juventus, quae in agris ma- nuum mercedc inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque publicis lar- gitionibus excita, urbanum otium ingrato labori praetulerant. Eos atque alios omnis malum publicum alebat. Quo minus . mirandum, homines egentis, malls moribus, maxuma spe, rei- publicae juxta ac sibi consuluisse. Praeterea, quorum, victoria Sullae, parentes proscripti, bona erepta, jus libertatis imminu- tum erat, baud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant. Ad hoc, quicumque aliarum atque senati partium erant, con- turbari rempublicam, quam minus valere ipsi, malebant. Id adeo malum multos post annos in civitatem reverterat. XXIV. Nam, postquam, Cn. Pompeio et M. Crasso consu- libus, tribunicia potestas restituta, homines adolescentes, sum- mam potestatem nacti, quibus a;tas animusque ferox, coepere, senatum criminando, plebem exagitare; dein, largiundo atque pollicitando, magis incendere ; ita ipsi clari potentesque fieri. Contra eos summa ope nitebatur pleraque nobilitas, senati specie, pro sua magnitudine. Namque, uti paucis absolvam, per ilia tempora quicumque rempublicam agitavere, honestis nominibus, alii, sicuti populi jura defenderent, pars, quo se- nati auctoritas maxuma foret; bonum publicum simulantes, pro sua quisque potentia certabant: neque modestia, neque modus contentionis erat: utrique victoriam crudeliter exerce- banb XXV. Sed, postquam Cn. Pompeius ad bellum maritimum atque Mithridaticum missus; plebis opes imrninutae, pauco- rum potentia crevit. Hi magistratus, provincias, aliaque om- nia tenere: ipsi innoxii, florentes, sine metu a:tatem agere; ceteros judiciis terrere, quo plebem in magistratu placidius tractarent. Sed, ubi primum dubiis rebus novandis spes ob- lata, vetus certamen animos eorum arrexit. Quod si primo proelio Catilina superior, aut aeqUa manu, discessisset; pro- fecto magna clades atque calamitas rempublicam oppressisset, neque illis, qui victoriam adepti, diutius ea uti licuisset, quin defessis et exsanguibus, qui plus posset, imperium atque liber- tatem extorqueret. Fuere tamen extra conjurationem com- plures, qui ad Catilinam initio profecti sunt: in his A. Ful- vius, senatoris films; quern, retractum ex itinere, parens ne- cari jussit. lisdem temporibus Romse Lentulus, sicuti Cati- lina praeceperat, quoscumque moribus aut fortuna novis rebus idoneoe credebat, aut per se, aut per alios, sollicitabat; neque solum cives, sed cujusquemodi genus hominum, quod mode [bello^XXVI. usui Igitur foret. P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti lega- •tos Allobrogum requirat, cosque, si possit, impellat ad societa- EX SALLUSTIO. 19 -tem belli; existumans, publiee privatimque aere alieno oppres- ses, praeterea, quod natura pens Gallica bellicosa esset, facile eos ad tale consilium adduci posse. Umbrenus, quod in Gal- lia negotiates, plerisque principibus notus erat, atque eos nove- rat: itaque sine mora, ubi primum legatos in foro conspexit, percunctatus pauca de statu civitatis, et quasi dolens ejus casum, requirere ccepit, quern exiturn tantis malis spera- rent ? Postquam illos videt queri de avaritia magistratuum, accusare senatum, quod in eo auxilii nihil esset; miseriis suis remedium mortem exspectare : At ego, inquit, vobis, si modo viri esse voltis, rationem ostendam, qua tanta ista mala effugi- atis. Msec ubi dixit, Allobroges, in maxumam spem adducti, Umbrenum orare, uti sui misereretur : nihil tarn asperum, ne- que tarn difficile, quin cupidissume facturi cssent, dum ea res civitatern sere alieno liberaret. Ille eos in domum D. Bruti perducit, quod foro propinqua, neque aliena consilii propter Semproniam : nam turn Brutus ab Roma aberat. Praeterea Gabinium arcessit, quo major auctoritas sermoni inesset: eo praesente, conjurationem aperit, noniinat socios; praeterea mul- tos cujusque generis innoxios, quo legatis animus amplior es- set XXVII.: dein eos, Sed pollicitos Allobroges operam diu suam,in incerto dimittit. habuere, quidnam consilii caperent. In altera parte erat aes alienum, studium belli, magna merces in spe victoriae: at in altera majores opes, tuta consilia, pro incerta spe certa praemia. Haec illis volven- tibus, tandem vicit fortuna reipublicae. Itaque Q. Fabio San- gae, cujus patrocinio civitas plurimum utebatur, rem omnem, uti cognoverant, aperiunt. Cicero, per Sangam consilio cog- nito, legatis prsecepit, studium conjurationis vehementer simu- lant, ceteros adeant, bene polliceantur; dentque operam, uti eos quam maxume manifestos habeant. XXVIII. Isdem fere temporibus in Gallia citeriore atque ulteriore, item in agro Piceno, Bruttio, Apulia, motus erat. Namque illi, quos antea Catilina dimiserat, inconsulte ac ve- luti per dementiam Qcuncta simul] agere : nocturnis consiliis, armorum atque telorum portationibus, festinando, agitando omnia, plus timoris quam periculi effecerant. Ex eo numero complures Q. Metellus Celer praetor ex senati consultu, causa cognita, in vincula conjecerat; item in ulteriore Gallia C. Murcna, qui ei provinciae legatus praeerat. XXIX. At Romse Leutulus cum ceteris, qui principes con- jurationis erant, paratis, ut videbantur, magnis copiis, consti- tuerant, uti, Catilina in agrum Fsesulanum cum venisset, L. busBestia, Ciceronis, tribunus belliquc plcbis, concionegravissumi habita, invidiam quereretur optumo de actioni-consuli SO SELECTA LATINE imponeret; eo signo, proxuma nocte cetera multitude conju- rationis suum quisque negotium exsequerentur. Sed ea divisa hoc modo dicebantur: Statilius, Gabinius uti cum magna manu duodecim simul opportuna loca urbis incenderent, quo tumultu facilior aditus ad consulem, ceteros, quibus insidiae. parabantur, fieret: Cethegus Ciceronis januam obsideret, eum vi adgrederetur, alius autem ahum : sed filii familiarum, quo- rum ex nobilitate maxuma pars, parentes interficerent; simul, csede et inceudio perculsis omnibus, ad Catilinam erumperent Inter haec parata atque decreta, Cethegus semper querebatur de ignavia sociorum: illos dubitando, et dies prolatando, mag- nas opportunitates corrumpere; facto, non consulto, in tali pe- riculo opus esse; seque, si pauci adjuvarent, lauguentibus aliis, impetum in curiam facturum. Natura ferox, vehemens, manu promptus, maxumum bonum in celeritate putabat. XXX. Sed Allobroges, ex praecepto Ciceronis, per Gabi- nium ceteros conveniunt; ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio, item Cassio, postulant jusjurandum, quod signatum ad civis perfe- rant: aliter baud facile eos ad tantum negotium impelli posse.' Ceteri, nihil suspicantes, dant: Cassius semet eo brevi ventu- rum pollicetur, ac paullo ante legates ex urbe proficiscitur. Lentulus Qcum his] T. Volturcium quemdam, Crotoniensem, mittit, uti Allobroges prius, quam domum pergerent, cum Ca- tiliua, data et accepta fide, societatem confirmarent. Ipse Volturcio litteras ad Catilinam dat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum : “ Quis sim ex eo, tjuem ad te misi, cognosces. Fac cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et memineris te virum; con- siders, quid tuae rationes postulent; auxilium petas ab omni- bus, etiam ab infimis.” Ad hoc, mandata verbis dat: Cum ab senatu hostis judicatus sit, quo consilio servitia repudiet? in urbe parata esse, quae jusserit: ne cunctetur ipse propius accedere. XXXI. His rebus ita actis, constitute riocte, qua proficisce- rentur, Cicero, per legates cuncta edoctus, L. Valerio Flacco et C. Pomtino, praetoribus, imperat, uti in ponte Mulvio per iusidias Allobrogum comitatus deprehendant: rem omnem aperit, cujus gratia mittebantur: cetera, uti facto opus sit, ita agant, permittit. Homines militares, sine tumultu praesidiis collocatis, sicuti praeceptum erat, occulte pontem obsidunt. Postquam ad id loci legati cum Volturcio venere, et simul morautrimque praetoribus clamor seexortus tradunt: est; VolturciusGalli, cite' primo, cognito cohortatus consilio, sinece- teros, gladio se a multitudine defendit; dein, ubi a legatis de- sertus est, multa prius de salute sua Pomtinum obtestatus. EX SALLUSTIO. 21 r quod ei notus erat, postremo timidus, ac vitae diffidens, veluti phostibus, sese praetoribus dedit. | XXXII. Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per nuncio# jconsuli declarantur. At ilium ingens cura atque laetitia simul Joccupavere. Nam laetabatur, conjuratione patefacta, civita- 'tem periculis ereptam esse: porro autem anxius erat, in maxu- imo scelere tantis civibus deprehensis, quid facto opus ; pcenam Hllorum sibi oneri, impunitatem perdundae reipublicae, crede- ;bat. Igitur, confirmato animo, vocari ad sese jubet Lentulum, iCethegum, Statilium, Gabinium; item Q. Coeparium quem- idam, Terracinensem, qui in Apuliam ad concitanda servitia !proficisci parabat. Ceteri sine mora veniunt: Cceparius, paullo ante domo egressus, cognito indicio, [ex urbe] profuge- 9rat. Consul Lentulum, quod praetor erat, ipse maim tenens, perducit; reliquos cum custodibus in aedem Concordiae venire jubet. Eo senatum advocat, magnaque frequentia ejus ordi- nis Volturcium cum legatis introducit: Flaccum praetorem iscrinium cum litteris, quas a legatis acceperat, eodem adferre jubet. XXXIII. Volturcius, interrogatus de itinere, de litteris, postremo quid, aut qua de caussa, consilii habuisset? primo nngere alia, dissimulare de conjuratione; post, ubi fide publica dicere jussus est, omnia, uti gesta erant, aperit: Paucis ante diebus a Gabinio et Coepario socium adscitum, nihil amplius :scire, quam legates: tantummodo audire solitum ex Gabinio, P. Autronium, Servium Sullam, L. Vargunteium, multos praeterea in ea conjuratione esse. Eadem Galli fatentur; ac Lentulum dissimulantem coarguunt, praeter litteras, sermoni- bus, quos habere solitus: ex libris Sibyllinis regnum Romae j tribus Corneliis portendi: Cinnam atque Sullam antea; se tertium, cui fatum foret urbis potiri: praeterea ab incenso Ca- pitolio ilium esse vigesimum annum, quern saepe ex prodigiis haruspices respondissent bello civili cruentum fore. Igitur, perlectis litteris, cum prius omnes signa sua cognovissent, se- natus decernit, Uti, abdicatus magistratu, Lentulus, item ce- teri in liberis custodiis habereutur. Itaque Lentulus P. Len- tulo Spintheri, qui turn aedilis, Cethegus Q. Cornificio, Stati- lius C. Caesari, Gabinius M. Crasso, Cceparius (nam is paullo ante ex fuga retractus) Cn. Terentio, senatori, traduntur. I XXXIV. Interea plebes, conjuratione patefacta, quae primo, cupida rerum novarum, nimis bello favebat, mutata mente, Catilinaeluti ex servituteconsilia exsecrari, erepta, gaudium Ciceronem atque ad laetitiamccelum tollere; agitabant. ve- Namque alia belli facinora praedae magis, quam detrimento; 22 SELECTA LATINE incendium vero crudele, immoderatum, ac sibi maxume cala- mitosum, putabat; quippe cui omnes copiae in usu quotidians et cultu corporis erant. Post eum diem, quidam L. Tarqui- nius ad senatum adductus erat, quern, ad Catilinam proficis- centein, ex itinere retractum aiebant. Is cum se diceret indi-' caturum de conjuratione, si tides publica data esset; jussus a consule, quae sciret edicere, eadem fere, quae Volturcius, de paratis inccndiis, de caede bonorum, de itinere hostium, sena- tum edocet: praeterea se missum a M. Crasso, qui Catilinse nunciaret, ne Lentulus, Cethegus, alii ex conjuratione depre- hensi terrerent; eoque magis properaret ad urbem accedere, quo et ceterorum animos reficeret, et illi facilius e periculo eri- perentur. Sed, ubi Tarquinius Crassum nominavit, hominem nobilem, maxumis divitiis, summa potentia; alii, rem incre- dibilem rati; pars tamen etsi verum existumabant, tamen, quia in tali tempore tanta vis hominis leniunda, quam exagi-1! tanda, videbatur, plerique Crasso ex negotiis privatis obnoxii, conclamant, indicem falsum ; deque ea re postulant uti refera- tur. Itaque, consulente Cicerone, trequens. senatus decernit, Tarquinii indicium falsum videri; eumque in vinculis reti- nendum, neque amplius potestatem faciundam, nisi de eo indicaret, cujus consilio tantam rem mentitus esset. Erant eo tempore, qui sestumarent, illud a P. Autronio machinatum, : quo facilius, adpellato Crasso, per societatem periculi reliquos illius potentia tegeret. Alii Tarquinium a Cicerone immis- sum aiebant, ne Crassus, more suo suscepto malorum patrocl- nio, rempublicam conturbaret. Ipsum Crassum ego postea praedicantem audivi, tantam illam contumeliam sibi ab Cice- rone impositam. XXXV. Sed isdem temporibus Q. Catulus et C. Piso neque gratia, neque precibus, neque pretio, Ciceronem impcllere po- tuere, uti per Allobroges, aut alium indicem, C. Caesar falso nominaretur. Nam uterque cum illo gravis inimicitias exer- cebant; Piso, obpugnatus in judicio repetundarum propter cujusdam Transpadani supplicium injustum ; Catulus, ex pe- titione pontificates odio incensus, quod extrema aetate, maxu- mis honoribus usus, ab adolescentulo Caesare victus discesserat. Res autem opportuna videbatur; quod privatim egregia libe- ralitate, publice maxumis muneribus, grandem pecuniam de- bebat. Sed, ubi consulem ad tan turn facinus impellere ne- queunt, ipsi singulatim circumeundo, atque ementiundo, quae seilli exinvidiam Volturcio, conflaverant; aut Allobrogibus, usque eo,audisse ut nonnulli dicercnt, equites magnam Ro- mani, qui praesidii causa cum telis erant circum Concordiae, seu periculi magnitudine seu animi nobilitate impulsi, quo EX SALLUSTIO. 23 studium suum in rempublicam clarius esset^ egredienti ex ■senatu Caesari gladio minitarentur. XXXVI. Dum haec in senatu aguntur, et dum legatis Al- lobrogum et Tito Volturcio, comprobato eorum indicio, prae- mia decernuntur, liberti et pauci ex clientibus Lentuli, diver- ts itineribus, opitices atque servitia in vicis adeum eripiendum sollicitabantj partim exquirebant duces multitudinum, qui pre- itio rempublicam vexare soliti; Cethegus autem per nuncios .familiam atque libertos suos, exercitatos in audaciam, orabat, (grege facto, cum telis ad sese irrumperent. Consul, ubi ea Eparari cognovit, dispositis prsesidiis, ut res atque tempus mone- tcustodiambat, convocato traditi senatu, erant. refert. Sed Quid eos, paullode his ante,fieri placeat,frequens qui sena-. iu ;tus judicaverat contra rempublicam fecisse. Tunc D. Junius iSilanus, primus sententiam rogatus, quod eo tempore consul jjdesignatus erat, de his qui in custodiis tenebantur, praeterea jde L. Cassio, P. Furio, P. Umbreno, Q. Annio, si deprehensi Jforent, supplicium sumendum decreverat: isque postea, per- imotus oratione C. Caesaris, pedibus in sententiam Tib. Neronis liturum se dixerat; quod de ea re, praesidiis additis, referun- sdum censuerat. Sed Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum, rogatus sen- itentiam a consule, hujuscemodi verba locutus est: I XXXVII. “ Omnis homines, Patres conscripti, qui de rebus idubiis consultant, ab odio, amicitia, ira atque misericordia, gvacuos esse decet. Haud facile animus verum providet, ubi |illa obficiunt; neque quisquam omnium lubidini simul et usui Ifparuit. Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet: si lubido possidet, pea dominatur, animus nihil valet. Magna mihi copia memo- irandi, P. C. qui reges atque populi, ira aut misericordia im- |>ulsi, male consuluerint: sed ea malo dicere, quae majores nostri, contra lubidinem animi, recte atque ordine fecere. Bello Macedonico, quod cum rege Perse gessimus, Rhodiorum civitas magna atque magnifica, qua; populi Romani opibus Icreverat, infida atque advorsa nobis fuit; sed, postquam, hello Bconfecto, de Rhodiis consultum est, majores nostri, ne quis divi- tiarum magis, quam injuria;, causa bellum inceptum diceret, impunitos dimisere. Item bellis Punicis omnibus, cum saepe noraCathaginienses fecissent, numquamet in pace, ipsi et per inducias,occasionem multa talia nefariafecere; faci-ma- jgis, quid se dignum foret, quam quid in illis jure fieri posset, meIquaerebant. plus valeat Hoc apud idem vos P.providendum Lentuli et ceterorumest, Patres scelus, conscripti, quam vestrasi digna dignitas poena ; proneu factis magis eorum irse, quam reperitur, famae, consulatis.novum consilium Nam, iadprobo: sin magnitudo sceleris omnium ingenia exsuperat. 24 SELECTA LATINE eorum,iis utendum qui ante censeo, me sententiasquae legibus dixerunt, comparata composite sunt. atque Plerique mag- nifice casum reipublicae miserati sunt: quae belli saevitia, quae victis acciderent, enumeravere; divelli liberos a parentium complexu; fana atque domos exspoliari; caedem, incendia fieri: postremo armis, cadaveribus, cruore atque luctu, omnia compleri. Sed, per deos immortalis! quo ilia oratio pertinuit ? an, uti vos infestos conjurationi faceret ? Scilicet, quern res tanta atque tam atrox non permovit, eum oratio accen- det. Non ita est: neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae suae parvae videntur: multi eas gravius aequo habuere. Sed aliis alia licentia, Patres conscripti. Qui demissi in obscuro vitam habent, si quid iracundia deliquere, pauci sciunt; fama atque fortuna pares sunt: qui, magno imperio praediti, in excelso aetatem agunt, eomm facta cuncti mortales novere. Ita in maxuma fortuna minuma licentia est: neque studere, neque odisse, sed minume irasci decet: quae apud alios iracun- dia dicitur, in imperio superbia atque crudelitas adpellatur. Equidem ego sic aestumo, Patres conscripti, omnis cruciatus minores, quam facinora illorum, esse: sed plerique mortales postrema meminere, et in hominibus impiis, sceleris obliti, de poena disserunt, si ea paullo severior fuit. D. Silanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certe scio, quae dixerit, studio reipub- licae dixisse, neque ilium in tanta re gratiam aut inimicitias exercere: eos mores, earn modestiam viri cognovi. Verum sententia non mihi crudelis, quid enim in talis homines cru- dele fieri potest ? sed aliena a republica nostra videtur. Nam Srofecto aut metus, aut injuria te subegit. Silane, consulem esignatum, genus poenae novum decernere. De timore super- vacaneum est disserere, cum, praesenti diligentia clarissumi viri, consulis, tanta praesidia sint in armis. De poena possu- mus equidem dicere id, quod res habet : in luctu atque mise- - riis mortem aerumnarum requiem, non cruciatum, esse; earn cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere; ultra neque curae neque gaudio locum esse. Sed, per deos immortalis! quamobrem in sententiam non addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos animad- verteretur ! an, quia lex Portia vetat ? at aliae leges item con- demnatis civibus animam non eripi, sed in exsilium permitti jubent. An, quia gravius est verberari, quam necari? quid autem acerbum, aut grave nimis in homines tanti facinoris convictos? sin, quia levius; qui convenit in minore negotio legem timere, cum earn in majore neglexeris? At enim quis reprehendet, quod in parricidas reipublicae decretum erit ? Tempus, dies, fortuna, cujus lubido gentibus moderatur. Illis merito accidit, quidquid evenerit; ceterum vos, Patres con- EX SALLUSTIO. 25 scripti, quid in alios statuatis, considerate. Omnia mala ex- empla ex bonis orta sunt: sed, ubi imperium ad ignaros aut minus bonos pervenit, novum illud [exemplum] ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos et non idoneos transfertur. Lacedsemonii, devictis Atheniensibus, triginta viros imposuere, qui rempub- licam eorum tractarent. Hi primo coepere pessumum quemque, et omnibus invismn, indemnatum necare: ea populus lactari et merito dicere fieri. Post, ubi paullatim licentia crevit, juxta i bonos et malos lubidinose interficere, ceteros metu terrere. Ita civitas, servitute oppressa, stultse laetitiae gravis pcenas | dedit. Nostra memoria, victor Sulla cum Damasippum ct : alios hujusmodi, qui malo reipublicai creverant, jugulari jussit, quis non factum ejus laudabat ? homines scelestos, factiosos, qui seditionibus rempublicam exagitaverant, merito necatos Saiebant. Sed ea res magnae initium cladis fuit. Nam, uti p quisque domum, aut villam, postremo aut vas, aut vestimen- i*) turnnumero alicujus esset. concupiverat, Ita, qui bus dabat Damasippi operam, morsuti in laetitiaeproscriptorum fuerat, ipost paullo ipsi trahebantur ; neque prius finis jugulandi fuit, guam Sulla omnis suos divitiis explevit. Atque ego haec, non nin M. Tullio, neque his temporibus, vereor: sed in magna Icivitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. Potest alio tempore, alio Iconsule, cui item exercitus in manu, falsum aliquid pro vero icredi: ubi hoc exemplo, per senati decretum, consul gladium oeduxerit, quis finem statuet, aut quis moderabitur? Majores ijnostn, Patres conscripti, neque consilii neque audaciae umqu'am jjeguere: neque superbia obstabat, quo minus aliena instituta, BSamnitibus,I si modo proba, insignia imitarentur. magistratuum Arma ab atqueTuscis tela pleraque militaria sumse- ab [jrunt: postremo, quod ubique apud socios, aut hostis, idoneum videbatur, cum summo studio-domi exsequebantur: imitari, Kuam invidere bonis, malebant. Sed eodem illo tempore, iraeciae morem imitati, verberibus animadvertebant in civis, de condemnatis summum supplicium sumebant. Postquam icumvenirirespublica adolevit,innocentes, et multitudinealia hujuscemodi civium fieri factiones coepere; valuere, turn cir-lex Porcia aliaeque paratae, quibus legibus exsilium damnatis per- missum. Hanc ego causam, Patres conscripti, quo minus imovum
TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS EXACTUS. jl. In Us stativis, ut fit longo niagis quam acri hello, satis li- iberi commeatus erant: primoribus tamen raagis quam militi- Jbus. Regii quidem juveues interdum otium coimviis com- hnissationibusque inter se terebant: forte potantibus his apud Sextum Tarquinium, ubi et Collatinus coenabat Tarquinius, Egerii filius, incidit de uxoribus mentio: suam quisque lau- dare miris modis: inde certamine accenso, Collatinus negat, “ verbis opus esse: paucis id quidem horis posse sciri, quan- tum caeteris praestet Lucretia sua. Quin, si vigor juventae in- est, conscendimus equos, invisimusque praesentes nostrarum in- genia? Id cuique spectatissimum sit, quod, necopiuato viri adventu, occurrerit oculis." Incaluerant vino: “ Age sane,” omnes: citatis equis advolant Romam. Quo cum, primis se intendentibus tenebris, pervenissent, pergunt inde Collatiam ; ubi Lucretiam, haudquaquam ut regias nurus, quas in convi- vio luxuque cum aequalibus viderant tempus terentes, sed nocte sera deditam lanae inter lucubrantes ancillas in medio aedium sedentem inveniunt. Muliebris certaminis laus penes Lucretiam fuit. Adveniens vir Tarquiniique excepti benigne: victor maritus comiter invitat regies juvenes. Ibi Sex. Tar- Eminium mala libido Lucretiae per vim stuprandae capit: turn brma, turn spectata castitas incitat. Et turn quidem ab noc- turne juvenili ludo in castra redeunt. I II. Paucis inteijectis diebus. Sex. Tarquinius, inscioColla- tino, cum comite uno Collatiam venit: ubi exceptus benigne ab ignaris consilii, cum post ccenam in hospitale cubiculum iieductus esset, amore ardens, postquam satis tuta circa, sopi- tique omnes videbantur, stricto gladio ad dormientem Lucre- tiam venit, sinistraque manu mulieris pectore oppresso, “ Tace, jULucretia,” inquit: “ Sex. Tarquinius sum ; ferrum in manu “:st: moriere, si emiseris vocem.” Cum pavida ex somno mu- ter nullam opem, prope mortem imminentem, videret; turn "arquinius fateri amorem, orare, miscere precibus minas, ver- tre in omnes partes muliebrem animum. Ubi obstinatam vi- lebat, et ne mortis quidem metu inclinari, addit ad metum ledecus: cum mortua jugulatum servum nudum positurum. 34. SELECTA EX LIVIO ait, ut in sordido adulterio necata dicatur. Quo terrore cum vicisset obstinatam pudicitiam velut victrix libido, profectus- que inde Tarquinius, ferox expugnato decore muliebri, esset, Lucretia, mcesta tanto malo, nuhtium Romam eumdejn ad patrem, Ardeamque ad virum mittit, ut cum singulis fidelii bus amicis veniant: ita facto maturatoque opus esse; rem atrocem incidisse. Sp. Lucretius cum P. Valerio Volesi filio, Collatinus cum L. Junio Bruto venit; cum quo forte Romam rediens ab nuntio uxoris erat conventus. Lucretiam sedentem moestam in cubiculo inveniunt: adventu suorum lacrymae obortse: quaerentique viro, “ Sati’n’ salvae “ Minime,” in- quit ; “ quid enim salvi est mulieri, amissa pudicitia ? Vesti- gia viri alieni, Collatine, in lecto sunt tuo. Caeterum corpus est tantum violatum, animus insons: mors testis erit. Sed date dextras fidemque, baud impune adultero fore. Sextus est Tarquinius, qui, hostis pro hospite, priore nocte vi, arma- tus, mihi (sibique, si vos viri estis) pestiferum bine abstulit gaudium." Dant ordine omnes ndem: consolantur aegram animi, avertendo noxam ab coacta in auctorem delicti: men- tem peccare, non corpus: et, unde consiliumabfuerit, culpam abesse. “ Vos,” inquit, “ videritis, quid illi debeatur: ego! me, etsi peccato absolve, supplicio non libero: nec ulla deinde impudica Lucretise exemplo vivet.” Cultrum, quem sub veste abditum habebat, eum m corde defigit: prolapsaque in. vulnus, moribunda cecidit. Conclamant vir paterque. III. Brutus, illis luctu occupatis, cultrum, ex vulnere Lu- cretiae extractum, manantem cruore prae se tenens, “ Per hunc,” inquit, “ castissimum ante regiam injuriam sanguinem juro, vosque, Dii, testes facio, me L. Tarquinium Superbum, cum scelerata conjuge et omni liberorum stirpe, ferro, igni, quacumque dehinc vi possim, exsecuturum; nec illos, nec alium quemquam regnare Romae passurum.” Cultrum deinde Collatino tradit; inde Lucretio ac Valerio, stupentibus mira- ceptumculo rei, erat, unde jurant: novum totiquein Bruti ab pectoreluctu versi ingenium. in iram, Brutum,Ut prae- jam inde ad expugnandum regnum vocantem, sequuntur du- cem. Elatum domo Lucretiae corpus in forum deferunt, con- cientque miraculo (ut fit) rei novae atque indignitate homi- nes : pro se quisque scelus regium ac vim queruntur. Movet turn patris mcestitia, turn Brutus, castigator lacrymarum at- que inertium querelarum, auctorque (quod viros, quod Roma- nos deceret) arma capiendi adversus hostilia ausos. Ferocissi- mus quisque juvenum cum armis voluntarius adest: sequitur et caetera juventus. Inde, pari praesidio relicto Collatiae ad portas, custodibusque datis ne quis eum motum regibus nun- TARQUINIUS stPERBUS. 35 tiaret, caeteri armati, duce Bruto, Romam profecti. Ubi ed ventum est, quacumque incedit, armata multitude pavorem ac tumultum facit: rursus, ubi anteire pH mores civitatis vident, quidquid sit, baud temere esse rentur. Nec minorem motum animorum Romae tam atrox res Facit, quam Collatiae fecerat. Ergo ex omnibus locis urbis in forum curritur. Quo simul ventum est, praeco ad tribunum Celerum, in quo turn magis- tratu forte Brutus erat, populum advocavit. Ibi oratio ha- bita, nequaquam ejus pectoris ingeniique, quod simulatum ad earn diem fuerat, de vi ac libidine Sex. Tarquinii, de stupro infando Lucretiae, et miserabili caede, de orbitate Tricipitini, cui morte filiae causa mortis indignior ac miserabilior esset. Addita superbia ipsius regis, miseriaeque et labores plebis, in fossas cloacasque exhauriendas demersae: Romanos homines, victores omnium circa populorum, opifices ac lapicidas pro bel- latoribus factos. Indigna Ser. Tullii regis memorata caedes, et invecta corpori patris nefando vehiculo filia; invocatique ultores parentum Dii. His atrocioribusque, credo, aliis (quae praesens rerum indignitas, haudquaquam relatu scriptoribus facilia, subjicit) memoratis, incensam multitudinem perpulit, ut imperium regi abrogaret, exsulesque esse juberet L. Tar- quinium cum conjuge ac liberis. Ipse, junioribus, qui ultro nomina dabant, lectis armatisque, ad concitandum inde adver- sus regem exercitum Ardeam in castra est profectus: impe- rium in Urbe, Lucretio, praefecto Urbis jam ante ab rege in- stituto, relinquit. Inter hunc tumultum Tullia dome profu- git, exsecrantibus, quacumque incedebat, invocantibusque pa- rentum Furias viris mulierxbusque. IV. Harum rerum nuntiis in castra perlatis, cum re nova trepidus rex pergeret Romam ad comprimendos motus, flexit viam Brutus, (senserat enim adventum) ne obvius fieret; eo- demque fere tempore, diversis itineribus, Brutus Ardeam, Tarquinius Romam, venerunt. Tarquinio clausae portae, ex- siliumque indictum : liberatorem Urbis laeta castra accepere ; exactique inde liberi regis. Duo patrem secuti sunt, qui ex- sulatum Caere in Etruscos ierunt. Sex. Tarquinius, Gabios, tamquam in suum regnum, profectus, ab ultoribus veterum si- multatuin, quas sibi ipse caedibus rapinisque conciverat, est in- ter fectus. L. Tarquinius Superbus regnavit an nos quinque et viginti. Regnatum Romae, ab condita Urbe ad liberatam, an- j nos ducentos quadraginta quatuor. Duo consules inde comi- tiis centuriatis a praefecto Urbis, ex commentariis Ser. Tullii crcatiV. Cumsunt, baudL. Junius cuiquam Brutus in dubioet L. Tarquiniusesset, helium Collatinus. ab Tarqui- | niis imminere, id quidem spe omnium serius fuit: caeterum, 36 SELECTA EX LIVIO. id quod non timebant, per dolum ac proditionem prope liber- tas amissa est. Erant in Romana juventute adolescentes ali- quot, nec ii tenui loco orti, quorum in regno libido solutioi merat, sequales sodalesque adolescentium Tarquiniorum, as- suetilicentiam more qua;rentes, regio vivere. libertatem Earn aliorumturn, aequato in suam jure vertisse omniumj sew vitutem inter se conquerebantur. “ Regem hominem esse, a quo impetres, ubi jus, ubi injuria opus sit: esse gratise locum, esseinimicum beneficio; discrimen et irasci nosse. et ignoscere Leges posse:rem surdam, inter amicum inexorabilem atque esse, salubriorem melioremque inopi, quam potent!: nihil lax- amenti nec veniae habere, si modum excesseris: periculosum esse, in tot humanis erroribus, sola innocentia vivere.” Ita jam sua sponte aegris animis, legati ab regibus superveniunt, sine mentione reditus, bona tantum repetentes. Eorum verba posfcpiam in senatu audita sunt, per aliquot dies ea consultatio tenuit; ne non reddita, belli causa ; reddita, belli materia et adjumentum essent. Interim legati alii alia moliri; apertei bona repetentes, clam recuperaudi regni consilia struere: et, tamquam ad id, quod agi videbatur, ambientes nobilium ado- lescentium animos pertentant; a quibus placide oratio acceptai est, his literas ab Tarquiniis reddunt, et de accipiendis dami nocteVI. inVitelliis urbem regibusAquilliisque colloquuntur. fratribus primo commissa res est. Vitelliorum soror consuli nupta Bruto erat; jamque ex eoi matrimonio adolescentes erant liberi, Titus Tiberiusque. Eos aue in societatem consilii avunculi assumunt: pneterea et: es aliquot adolescentes conscii assumti, quorum vetustate! memoria abiit. Interim cum in senatu vicisset sententia, quse censebat reddenda bona; eamqueipsam causam morse in urbe haberent legati, quod spatium ad vehicula comparanda a con- sulibus sumsissent, quibus regum asportarent res; omne id tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt, evincuntque, instando, ut literse sibi ad Tarquinios darentur: nam aliter qui credituros eos, non vana ab legatis super rebus tantis affer- ri ? Datse literse, ut pignus fidei essent, manifestum facinus fecerunt: nam cum, pridie quam legati ad Tarquinios proficis- : cerentur, et coenatum forte apud ViteUios esset, conjuratique ibi, remotis arbitris, multa inter se de novo (ut fit) consilio egissent; sermonem eorum ex servis unus excepit, qui jam antea id jenserat agi: sed earn occasionem, ut literse legatis; darentur, quoe deprehensse rem coarguere possent, exspectabat: postquam datas sensit, rem ad consules detulit. Consules, ad deprehendendos legates conjuratosque profecti domo, sine tu« multu rem omnem oppressere: literarum imprimis habita cure, CORIOLANUS. 3.7 ne interciderent. Proditoribus extemplo in vincula conjecti*, de legatis paululum addubitatum est; et quamquam visi sunt commisisse, ut bostium loco essent, jus tamen gentium valuit. VII. De bonis regiis, quaereddi ante censuerant, res integra frefertur ad Patres: illi victi ira vetuere reddi, vetuere in pub* i licum redigi. Diripienda plebi sunt data; ut, contacta regia praeda, spem in perpetuum cum bis pacis amitteret. Ager ! Tarquiniorum, qui inter urbem ac Tiberim fuit, consecratus Marti, Martius deinde Campus fuit. Forte ibi turn seges farris dicitur fuisse matura messi: quern campi fructum quia tfeligiosum erat consumere, desectam cum stramento segetem magna vis bominum simul immissa corbibus fudere in Tibe- ■rim, tenui fluentem aqua, ut mediis caloribus solet: ita in va- dis haesitantis frumenti acervos sedisse illitos limo: insulam inde paulatim, et aliis, quae fert temere flumen, eodem invec- tis, factam: postea credo additas moles, manuque adjutum, ut tarn eminens area, firmaque templis quoque ac porticibus sus- tinendis esset. Direptis bonis regum, damnati proditores, sumtumque supplicium, conspectius eo, quod pcenae capienda; ministerium patri de liberis corisulatus imposuit; et, qui spec- tator erat amovendus, eum ipsum fortuna exactorem supplicii dedit. Stabant deligati ad palum nobilissimi juvenes : sed a •caeteris, velut ab ignotis capitibus, consulis liberi omnium in #e averterant oculos ; miserebatque non poena; magis homines, quam sceleris, quo poenam meriti essent; illos, eo potissimum anno patriam liberatam, patrem liberatorem, consulatum or- tum ex domo Junia, Patres, plebem, quidquid Deorum homi- quondamnumque Romanorum regi, turn infestoesset, induxisseexsuli, proderent.in animum, Consules ut superbo in sedem processere suam, missique lictores ad sumendum sup- plicium nudatos virgis caedunt, securique feriunt; cum inter omne tempus pater, vultusque et os ejus, spectaculo esset, emi- nente animo patrio inter publicae poena; ministerium. CORIOLANUS EXSULATUM ABIT. ijdomig| VIII. sanata Eo anno,discordia, cum aliudet foris multo quieta gravius omnia malum a bello civitatemessent, et WblebisIJinvasit: agris; caritas fames primum deinde, annonse, qualis ex clausis incultis solet: per secessionemventumque nd interitum servitiorum utique et plebis esset, ni consules Wrovidissent,n Etruriam dimissismodo dextrispassim adab frumentumOstia litoribus, coemendum, laevoque nonper iVblscos mari usque ad Cumas, sed qu?esitum in Siciliam quo- 38 SELECTA EX LIVIO que: adeo finitimorum odia longinquis coegerant indigerfi auxiliis. Frunientum Cumis cum coemtum esset, naves, prof bonis Tarquiniorum, ab Aristodemo tyranno, qui haeres erat, retentae sunt: in Volscis Pomptinoque ne emi quidem potuit: periculum quoque ab impetu hominum ipsis frumentatoribus fuit. Ex Tuscis frumentum Tiberi venit: eo sustentata est plebs. Incommode bello in tam arctis commeatibus vexati forent, ni Volscos, jam moventes anna, pestilentia ingens in- vasisset. Ea clade conterritis hostium animis, ut etiam, ubi ea remisisset, terrore aliquo tenerentur, et Velitris auxere numenim colonorum Romani, et Norbse in monies no vans coloniam, quae arx in Pomptino esset, miserunt. M. Minucio deinde et A. Sempronio consulibus, magna vis frumenti ex Sicilia advecta: agitatumque in senatu, quanti plebi daretur. Multi venisse tempus premendae plebis putabant, recuperandi- que jura, quae extorta secessione ac vi Patribus essent. In primis Marcius Coriolanus, hostis tribuniciae potestatis, “ Si annonam,” inquit, “ veterem volunt, jus pristinum reddant Patribus. Cur ego plebeios magistratus, cur Sicinium poten- tem video, sub jugum missus, tamquam a latronibus redem- tus? Egone has indignitates diutius patiar, quam necesse est? Tarquinium regem qui non tulerim, Sicinium feram ? Sece- dat nunc ; avocet plebem : patet via in Sacrum montem, ali- osque colles. Rapiant frumenta ex agris nostris, quemadmo- dum tertio anno rapuere. Utantur annona, quam furore sue fecere. Audeo dicere, hoc malo domitos, ipsos potius cultores agrorum fore, quam ut armati per secessionem coli prohibeant" Haud tam facile dictu est, faciendumne fuerit, quam potuisse arbitror fieri, ut, conditionibus laxandi annonam, et tribu- niciam potestatem, et omnia invitis jura imposita Patres deme* rent sibi. f IX. Et senatui nimis atrox visa sententia est, et plebeiui ira prope armavit. “ Fame se jam, sicut hostes, peti; cibt victuque fraudari; peregrinum frumentum, quee sola alimente ex insperato fortuna dederit, ab ore rapi, nisi C. Marcio vinc- ti dedantur tribuni, nisi dc tergo plebis Romanic satisfiat Eum sibi carnificem novum exortum, qui aut mori aut ser- vireperopportune jubeat.” tribuniIn exeuntem 'diem dixissent. e curia impetusIbi ira factus est suppressa esset, n se judicem quisque, se dominum vitae necisque inimici factunr! videbat. Contemptim primb Marcius audiebat minas tribuni* cias: auxilii, non pcenae, jus datum illi potestati; plebisque non Patrum, tribunes esse. Sed adeo infensa erat coortl plebs, ut unius poena defungendum esset Patribus.. Restite runt tamen, adversa invidia; usique sunt, qua suis quisque CORIOLANUS. 39 t qua totius ordinis viribus. Ac primo tentata res est, si, dis- positis clientibus, absterrendo singnlos a coitionibus conciliis- que, disjicere rem possent. Universi deinde processere, (quid- quid erat Patram, reos diceres) precibus plebem exposcentes; “ unum sibi civem, unum senatorem, si innocentem absolvere 1 nollent, pro nocente donarent.” Ipse cum die dicta non ades- iset, perseveratum in ira est. Damnatus absens in Volscos exsulatum abiit, mini tans patriae, hostilesque jam turn spiritus gerens. Venientem Volsci benigne excepere ; benigniusquc in dies colebant, quo major ira in suos eminebat, crebraeque nunc querelae, nunc minae percipiebantur. Hospitio utebatur Attii Tulli. Longe is turn princeps Volsci nominis erat, Ro- manisque semper infestus: ita, cum alterum vetus odium, al- terum ira recens stimularet, consilia conferunt de Romano bello. Hand facile credebant, plebem suam impelli posse, ut | toties infeliciter tentata arma caperent. Multis saepe bellis, pestilentia postremb, amissa juventute, fractos spiritus esse: arte agendum in exoleto jam vetustate odio, ut recenti aliqua ira exacerbarentur animi. X. Ludi forte ex instauratione magni Romae parabantur. Ludi quam amplissimi ut fierent, senatus decrevit. Ad eos ludos, auctore Attio Tullo, vis magna Volscorum venit. Prius- quam coqjmitterentur ludi, Tullus, ut domi compositum cum Marcio fuerat, ad consules venit: dicit esse, quae secreto agere de republica velit. Arbitris remotis, “ Invitus," inquit, missum“ quod sequiusquidquam sit, abde iismeis criminatum civibus loquor. venio, sedNon cautum, tamen ad-ne mobilia.admittant. Multis Nimio id cladibusplus, quam sensimus velim, : nostrorumquippe qui ingenia non nostro sunt merito, sed vestra patientia, incolumes simus. Magna hie nunc Volscorum multitudo est: ludi sunt: spectaculo intenta I orumcivitas juventute erit. Memini, in hac quidurbe percommissum eamdem occasionemsit. Horret ab animus, Sabin- ne quid inconsulte ac temere fiat. Haec, nostra vestraque | causa, prius dicenda vobis, consules, ratus sum. Quod ad me attinet, extemplo hinc domum abire in animo est, ne cujus , factiConsules dictive cum contagione ad Patres reinprsesens dubiam violer.” sub auctoreHsec locutuscerto detulis- abiit. sent, auctor magis, (ut fit) quam res, ad praecavendum vel ex supervacuo rnovit; factoque senatus-consulto, ut urbem cxce- derent Volsci, praecones dimittuntur, qui omnes eos proficisci anteua noctem juberent. Ingens pavor primo discurrentes ad 8P indignatio^ s res tollendas oborta: in “ hospitia Se, ut consceleratosperculit. Proficiscentibus contaminatosque, deinde ab 40 SELECTA EX LIVIO ludis, festis diebus, ccetu quodammodo hominum Deorumque, abactos esse.” “ XI. Cum prope continuato agmine irent, praegressus Tullus ad caput Ferentinum, ut quisque veniret, prim ores eorum ex- cipiens, querendo indignandoque, et eos ipsos seduld audientes secunda irae verba, et per eos multitudinem aliam in subjectum viae campum deduxit. Ibi in concionis moduni orationem ex- orsus, “ Vetercs populi Romani injurias, cladesque gentis Volscorum, ut omnia,” inquit, “ obliviscamini alia, bodier- nam banc contumeliam quo tandem animo fertis, qua per nostram ignominiam ludos commisere ? An non seusistis, trium- phatum hodie de vobis esse ? vos omnibus, civibus, peregrinis, tot finitimis populis, spectaculo abeuutes fuisse ? vestras con- jugcs, vestros liberos traductos per ora hominum ? Quid eos, qui audivere vocem praeconis ? quid, qui vos videre abeuntes ? quid eos, qui huic-ignominioso agmini fuere obvii, existimasse putatis? nisi aliquod profecto nefas esse, quo, si intersimus spectaculo, violaturi simus ludos, piaculumque merituri: ideo nos ab sede piorum, ccetu, concilioque abigi. Quid, deinde ? illud non succurrit, vivere nos, quod maturarimus proficisci ? si hoc profectio, et non fuga est. Et banc urbera vos non bostium ducitis, ubi, si unum diem morati essetis, moriendum omnibus fuit ? Bellurn vobis indictum est; magno eorum malo, qui indixerC, si viri estis.” Ita et sua sponte irarum pleni, et incitati, domos inde digressi sunt; instigandoque subs quisque populos, effecere, ut omne Volscum nomen defi- ceret. XII. Imperatores ad id bellum de omnium populorum sen- tentia lecti Attius Tullus et C. Marcius exsul Romanus, in quo aliquanto plus spei repositum. Quam spem nequaquam fefellit: ut facile appareret, ducibus validiorem, quam exerci- tu, rem Romanam esse. Circeios profectus, primum colonos inde Romanos expulit, liberamque earn urbem Volscis tradidit. Inde, in Latinam viam transversis tramitibus transgressus, Satricum, Longulam, Poluscam, Coriolos, (novella haec Ro- manis oppida) ademit. Inde Lavinium recepit: tunc dein- ceps Corbionem, Vitelliam, Trebiam, Lavicos, Pedum cepit. Postremum ad Urbem a Pedo ducit; et, ad fossas Cluilias, quinque ab Urbe millia passuum, castris positis, populatur quiinde patriciorum agrum Romanum agros intactos; custodibus servarent; inter populatoressive infensus missis, plebi magis, sive ut discordia inde inter Patres plebemque oriretur. Quse profecto orta esset, adeo tribuni jam ferocem per se ple- bem criminando in primores civitatis instigabant: sed exter- CORIOLANUS. 41 nus timer, maximum concordiae vinculum, quamvis suspectos infensosque inter se jungebat animos. Id modo non convenie- bat; quod senatus consulesque nusquam alibi spem, quam in armis, ponebant: plebes omnia, quam bellum, malebat. Sp. Nautius jam et Sex. Furius consules erant. Eos, recensentes legjones, praesidia per muros aliaque, in quibus stationes vi- giliasque esse placuerat, loca distribuentes, multitude ingens pacem poscentium primum seditioso clamore conterruit: deinde vocare senatum, referre de legatis ad C. Marcium mittendis coegit. Acceperunt relationem Patres; postquam apparuit labare plebis animos; missique de pace ad Marcium oratores atrox responsum retulerunt: “ Si Volscis ager redderctur, posse agi de pace: si praeda belli per otium frui velint, me- morem se et civium injuriae, et hospitum beneficii, adnisurum, ut appareat, exsilio sibi irritates, non fractos, animos esse." Iterum deinde iidem missi non recipiuntur in castra. Sacer- dotes quoque, suis insignibus velatos, isse supplices ad castra hostium, traditum est; nibilo magis quam legates flexisse animum. XIII. Turn matronae ad Veturiam, matrem Coriolani, Vo- lumniamque uxorem, frequentes coeunt: id publicum consi- lium, an muliebris timer fuerit, parum invenio. Pervicere certe, ut et Veturia, magno natu mulier, et Volumnia, duos parvos ex Marcio ferens filios, secum in castra hostium irent j et, quam armis viri defendere urbem non possent, mulieres precibus lacrymisque defenderent. Ubi ad castra ventum est, Snuntiatumqueri mo (ut qui Coriolano,nec publica adesse majestate ingens in mulierumlegatis, nec agmen, in sacer- in otibus tanta offusa oculis animoque religione motus esset) multo obstinatior adversus lacrymas muliebres erat. Dein fa- miliarium quidam, qui insignem moestitia inter caeteras cogno- verat Veturiam, inter nurum nepotesque stantem, “ Nisi me frustrantur,” inquit, “ oculi, mater tibi conjuxque et liberi adsunt." Coriolanus, prope ut amens consternatus, ab sede sua cum ferret matri obviae complexum, mulier in iram ex precibus versa, “ Sine, priusquam complexum accipio, sciam,” inquit, “ ad hostem, an ad filium, venerim : captiva mater-ne in castris tuis sim ? In hoc me longa vita et infelix senecta traxit, ut exsulem te, deinde hostem viderem ? Potuisti popu- lari hanc terram, quae te genuit atque aluit ? Non tibi, quam- vis infesto animo et minaci perveneras, ingredienti fines ira ce- eidit ? non, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit, intra ilia moeniaErgo, egodomus nisi ac peperissem,penates mei Romasunt, mater,non oppugnaretur; conjux, liberique nisi ? filium haberem, libera in libera patria mortua essem. Sed 42 SELECTA EX LIVIO ego uihil jam pati, nec tibi turpius quam mihi rniserius, pos-H sum : nec, ut sim miserrima, diu futura sum. De his videris quos, si pergis, aut immatura mors, aut longa servitus manet." Uxor deinde ac liberi amplexi: fletusque ab omni turba mu- lierum ortus, et comploratio sui patriaeque, fregere tandem virum : complexus inde suos dimittit: ipse retro ab Urbe cas-' tra movit. Abductis deinde legionibus ex agro Romano, iu- vidia rei oppressum periisse tradunt; alii alio leto. Apud Fabium, longe antiquissimum auctorem, usque ad senectutem ; vixisse eumdem invenio. FABI1 C^SI AD UNUM OMNES. XIV. At a Veiente hoste clades accepta temeritate alterius consulis, actumque de exercitu foret, ni Caeso Fabius in tem- pore subsidio venisset. Ex eo tempore neque pax neque hel- ium cum Veientibus fuit; res proxime formam latrocinii ve- nerat. Legionibus Romanis cedebant in urbem ; ubi abductas senserant legiones, agros iijcursabant, bellum quiete, quietem hello, invicem eludentes. Ita neque omitti tota res, nec perfici poterat; et alia bella aut praesentia instabant, ut ab iEquis Volscisque, non diutius quam recens dolor proximae cladis transiret, quiescentibus; aut mox moturos se apparebat Sa- biuos, semper infestos, Etruriamque omnem. Sed Veiens hos- tis, assiduus magis quam gravis, contumeliis saepius, quam periculo, animos agitabat: quod nullo tempore negligi poterat, aut averti alio sinebat. Turn Fabia gens senatum adiit: con- sul pro gente loquitur: “ Assiduo magis, quam magno, prse- sidio, ut scitis, Patres conscripti, bellum Veiens eget. Vos alia bella curate: Fabios hostes Veientibus date. Auctores sumus, tutam ibi majestatem Romani nominis fore. Nostrum id nobis velut familiare bellum private sumtu gerere in animo est. Respublica et milite illic et pecunia vacet.” Gratia; in- gentes actae. Consul e curia egressus, comitante Fabiorum agmine, qui in vestibule curiae, senatus-consultum exspectan- tes, steterant, domum rediit. Jussi armati postero die ad li- men consulis adesse, domos inde discedunt. XV. Manat tota urbe rumor: Fabios ad ccelum laudibus ferunt: “ Familiam unam subisse civitatis onus: Veiens bel- lum in privatam curam, in privata arma versum. Si sint duae roboris ejusdem in urbe gentes? deposcant, haec Volscos sibi, ilia iEquos: populo Romano tranquillam pacem agente, omnes finitimos subigi populos posse.” Fabii postero die arma capi- unt: quo jussi erant, conveniunt. Consul, paludatus egre- diens, in vestibule gentem omnem suam instructo agmine videt: FABII. 43 iscccptus in medium, signa ferri jubet. Nunquam exercitus neque minor numero, neque clarior fama et admiratione ho- iminum, per urbem incessit. Sex et trecenti milites, omnes ipatricii, omnes unius gentis, quorum neminem ducem sperne- ret egregius quibuslibet temporibus senatus, ibant, unius fami- lise viribus Veienti populo pestem minitantes. Sequebatur turba, propria alia cognatorum sodaliumque, nihil medium, i nee spem nee curam, sed immensa omnia volventium animo; ipens;alia publica, “ ire sollicitudinefortes, ire felices,” excitata, jubent; favore et“ admirationeinceptis eventus stu- ipares reddere: consulatus inde ac triumphos, omnia prsemia lab se, omnes honores sperare.’’ Praetereuntibus Capitolium larcemque et alia templa, quidquid Deorum oculis, quidquid janimo occurrit, precantur, ut illud agmen faustum atque felix (mittant, sospites brevi in patriam ad parentes restituant. (Incassum missae preces. Infelici via dextro Jano portae Car- imentalis profecti, ad Cremeram flumen perveniuut: is oppor- jjtunus visus locus communiendo praesidio. L. ^Emilius hide et 1C. Seryilius consules facti: et, donee nihil aliud quam in po- (pulationibus res fuit, non ad praesidium modo tutandum Fabii tsatis erant, sed tota regione, qua Tuscus ager Romano adjacet, :sua tuta omnia, infesta hostium, vagantes per utrumque finem, ffecere. Intervallum deinde hand magnum populationibus (fuit: dum et Veientes, accito ex Etruria exercitu, praesidium JCremerae oppugnant; et Romanae legiones, ab L. JLmilio con- pule adductae, cominus cum Etruscis dimicant acie: quam- fquam vix dirigendi aciem spatium Veientibus fuit: adeo inter primam trepidationem, dum post signa ordines introeunt, subsidiaque locant, invecta subito ab latere Romana equitum ala, non pugnae modo incipiendae, sed consistendi, ademit locum. Ita, fusi retro ad Saxa Rubra, (tbi castra habebant) pacem supplices petunt: cujus impetratae, ab insita animis ftuit.levitate, ante deductum Cremera Romanum praesidium, poeni- I XVI. Rursus cum Fabiis erat Veienti populo, sine ullo imajoris belli apparatu, certamen: nec erant incursiones modo |in agros, aut subiti impetus incursantium, sed aliquoties aequo iicampo collatisque signis certatum : gensque una populi Roma- j|ni saepe ex opulentissima (ut turn res erant) Etrusca civitate metoriam tulit. Id primo acerbum indignumque Veientibus Kisum: inde consilium ex re natum insidiis ferecem hostem (captandi: gaudere etiam, multo successu Fabiis audaciam 'crescere. Itaque et pecora praedantibus aliquoties, velut casu lincidissent, obviam acta: et agrestium fuga vasti relicti agri: P subsidia armatorum, ad arcendas populationes missa, saepius u SELECTA EX LIVIO simulato, quarn vero pavore refugerunt. Jamque Fabii ade contemserant hostem, ut sua invicta arma neque loco neqt tempore ullo crederent sustineri posse. Haec spes provexii ut ad conspecta procul a Cremera magno campi interval! pecora (quamquam rara hostium apparebant arma) decurre rent: et cum improvidi efFuso cursu insidias circa ipsum ite locatas superasseut, palatique passim vaga (ut fit, pavore in jecto) raperent pecora, subito ex insidiis consurgitur, et ad vorsi et undique hostes erant. Prime clamor circumlatr exterruit; dein tela ab omni parte accidebant; coeun tibusque Etruscis, jam continenti agmine armatorum sept' quo magis se hostis inferebat, cogebantur breviore spatio e ipsi orbem colligere: quae res et paucitatem eorum insignem et multitudinem Etrascorum multiplicatis in arcto ordinibus faciebat. Turn omissapugna, quam in omnes partes parem in tenderant,in unum locum se omnes inclinant: eo nisi corporibu armisque, ruperecuneo viam. Duxitvia in editum lenitercol lem: inde primo restitere : mox, ut respirandi superior locu spatium dedit, recipiendique a pavore tanto animum, pepuler cummissusVeiensinverticemetiam subeuntes: vincebatque collis auxilio evasisset: loci paucitas, ita superior ni jugocir rursu hostis factus. Fabii csesi ad unum omnes, praesidiumque ex pugnatum. Trecentos sex perisse satis convenit: unum prop< puberem aetate relictum, stirpem genti Fabiae, dubiisque rebu populi Romani saepe domi bellique vel maximum futurum au- xilium. CINCINNATUS DICTATOR DICITUR. XVII. Vis Sabinorum ingens prope ad mcenia Urbis infests populatione venit. Fcedatiagri, terror injectusUrbi est. Tun plebs benigne armacepit: reclamantibusfrustratribunis, mag ni duo exercitus script!: alterum Nautius contra Sabinos dux it; castrisque ad Eretum positis, per expeditiones parvas pie rumque nocturnis incursionibus, tantam vastitatem in Sabins agro reddidit, ut comparati ad earn, prope intacti bello line Romani viderentur. Minucio neque fortuna nec vis anim eadem in gerendo negotio fuit: nam, cum baud procul al boste castra posuisset, nulla magnopere clade accepta, castris ss pavidus tenebat. Quod ubi senserant hostes, crevit ex meti alieno (ut fit) audacia; et, nocte adorti castra, postquam pa- rum vis aperta profecerat, munitiones postero die circumdant, quae priusquam undique vallo object© clauderent exitus, quin. que equites, inter stationes hostium emissi, Romam pertulere. eonsulem exercitumque obsideri. Nihil nec tarn inopinatum; CINCINNATUS. 45 jec tarn insperatum accidere potuit. Itaque tantus pavor, anta trepidatio fuit, quanta, si Urbem, non castra, hostes ob- iderent. Nautium consulem arcessunt: in quo cum parum mesidii videretur, dictatoremque dici placeret, qui rem per- juisam restitueret, L. Quintius Cincinnatus consensu omnium Bcitur. Operae pretium est audire, qui omnia prae divitiis hu- nana spernunt, neque honori maguo locum neque virtuti pu- ant esse, nisi ubi effuse affluant opes. Spes unica imperii po- mli Romani, L. Quintius trans Tiberim, contra eum ipsum locum, ubi nunc navalia sunt, quatuor jugerum colebat agrum, [uae Praia Quintia vocantur. Ibi ab legatis, seu fossam fodi- ®is palae innisus, seu cum araret; operi certe (id quod constat) tgresti intentus; salute data invicem redditaque, rogatus, ut, F quod bene vcrteret ipsi reique public®, togatus mandata se- iatus audiret,” admiratus, rogitansque, “ sati’n’ salva essent tmnia ?” togam propere e tugurio proferre uxorem Raciliam Ebet. Qua simul, absterso pulvere ac sudore, velatus proces- ;, dictatorem eum legati gratulantes consalutant: in Urbem icant: qui terror sit in exercitu, exponunt. Navis Quintio jiublice parata fuit, transvectumque tres obviam egressi tilii ex- (jipiunt; inde alii propinqui atque amici; turn Patrum major tars. Ea frequentia stipatus, antecedentibus lictoribus, deduc- |us est domum; et plebis concursus ingens fuit: sed ea nequa- ;uam tarn laeta Quintium vidit, et imperii nimium, et virum ipso imperio vehementiorem rata. Et ilia quidem nocte iiil pr®terquam vigilatum est in Urbe. XVIII. Postero die dictator, cum ante lucem in forum ve- ikset, magistrum equitum dicit L. Tarquitium, patricite gen- p, sed qui, cum stipendia pedibus propter paupertatem fecis- |)t, bello tamen primus longe Roman® juventutis habitus es- it. Cum magistro equitum in concionem venit; justitium Micit; claudi tabernas tota urbe jubet; vetat quemquam pri- Iktap quidquam rei agere. Turn, quicumque ®tate militari assent, armati, cum cibariis in dies quinque coctis, vallisque ttodenis, ante solis occasum Martio in Campo adessent: qui- ius ®tas ad militandum gravior esset, vicino militi, dum is ittna pararet, vallumque peteret, cibaria coquere jussit. Sic pventus discurrit ad vallum petendum. Sumsere, unde cui- 'Hed edictum proximum dictatoris fuit: prohibituspr®sto fuere. nemo Indeest: compositoimpigreque agmine, omnes ton itineri magis apti, quam proelio, si res ita tulisset, legiones fase dictator, magister equitum sues equites ducit. In utroque igmine, quas tempus ipsum poscebat, adhortationes erant: i adderent gradum; maturate opus esse, ut nocte ad hostem ^rvenire possent: consulem exercitumque Romanum obsideri : 46 SELECTA EX LIVIO tertium diem jam clauses esse: quid quaeque nox aut dui ferat, incertum esse: puncto ssepe temporis maximarum rerim momenta verti.” “ Accelera, signifer,” “ sequere, miles," il ter se quoque, gratificantes ducibus, clamabant. Media nod? in Algidum perveniunt: et, ut sensere se jam prope hosth esse, signa constituunt. XIX. Ibi dictator, quantum nocte prospici poterat, eqi circumvectus, contemplatusque, qui tractus castrorum, quaeqi forma esset, tribunis militum imperavit, ut sarcinas in unit conjici jubeant; militem cum arm is Valloque redire in ordim suos. Facta, quae imperavit. Turn, quo fuerant ordine : via, exercitum omnem longo agmine circumdat hostium castri et, ubi signum datum sit, clamorem omnes tollere jubet: cl; more sublato, ante se quemque ducere fossam, et jacere vallur Edito imperio, signum secutum est : jussa miles exsequitui clamor hostes circumsonat: superat inde castra hostium, et i castra consulis venit: alibi pavorem, alibi gaudium ingens ft cit. Romani, “ civilem esse clamorem, atque auxilium adesse; inter se gratulantes, ultro ex stationibus ac vigiliis territai hostem. Consul differendum negat. “ Illo clamore non at ventum modo significari, sed rem ab suis coeptam : mirumqt esse, ne jam exteriore parte castra hostium oppugnentur Itaque arma suos capere, et se subsequi jubet. Nocte initm preelium est a legionibus: dictator! clamore significant, ab « quoque parte rem in discrimine esse. Jam se ad prohibend circumdari opera ASqui parabant, cum, ab interiore hoste pra lio coepto, ne per media sua castra fieret eruptio, a munient: bus ad pugnantes introrsum versi, vacuam noctem operi ded< re: pugnatumque cum consule ad lucem est. Luce prim jam circumvallati ab dictatore erant, et vix adversus unut exercitum pugnam sustinebant. Turn a Quintiano exerciM qui confestim a perfecto opere ad arma rediit, invaditur vai lum. Hie instabat nova pugna: ilia nihil remiserat prio Turn, ancipiti malo urgente, a proelio ad preces versi, hincdin tatorem, hinc consulem orare, ne in occidione victoriam pom rent, ut inermes se inde abire sinerent. Ab consule ad diets torem ire jussis ignominiam infensus addidit. Gracchui Clcelium ducera, principesque alios, vinctos ad se adduci jube oppido Corbione decedi; “ Sanguinis se iEquorum non egere licere abire: sed, ut exprimatur tandem confessio, subacta* domitamque esse gen tern, sub jugum abituros.” Tribus hast jugum fit, humi fixis duabus, superque eas transversa una dt Jigata: sub hoc jugo dictator ASquos misit. XX. Castris hostium receptis, plenis omnium rerum, (nude enim emiserat) praedam omnem suo tantum militi dedit: con ROMA CAPTA. 47 sjjularem exercitum ipsumque consulem increpans, Carebis/’ I’inquit, “ praedee parte, miles, ex eo hoste, cui prope prajdae IFuisti: et tu, L. Minuci, donee consularem animum incipias ha- ■(t)ere, legatus his legionibus praeeris.” Ita se Minucius abdicat tbonsulatu,■ jussusque ad exercitum manet. _ Sed adeo turn im- iserio meliori animus mansuete obediens erat, ut beneficii ma- ps, quam ignominiae, hie cxercitus memor, et coronam auream jjiictatori libram pondo decreverit, et proficiscentem eum patro- ftium salutaverit. Romae a Q. Fabio, praefecto urbis, senatus ■“bitus triumphantem Quintium, quo veniebat agmine, urbem -edi jussit. Ducti ante currum hostium duces; militaria i praelata; secutus exercitus praeda onustus. Epulae in- ictae dicuntur fuisse ante omnium domes; epulantesque i car mint triumpbali et solennibus jocis, comissantium lo, currum secuti sunt. Quintius sexto decimo die dicta- in sex menses accepta, se abdicavit. ROMA CAPTA A GALLIS. !XI. Expulso cive,, quo manente, si quidquam bumanorum est, capi Roma non potuerat; adventante fatali urbe cla- egati ab Clusinis veniunt, auxilium adversus Gallos peten- Eam gentem traditur fama, dulcedine frugum, maxime- rini nova turn voluptate, captam, Alpes transisse, agrosque itruscis ante cultos possedisse ; et invexisse in Galliam vi- isilliciendse ab Lucumone, gentis cuicausa tutor Aruntem is fuerat Clusinum, ipse, pnepotente ira corruptae juve- ent:!t a quohunc expeti transeuntibus poena;, nisi Alpes externa ducem, vis auctoremquequsesita esset, Clu- ne- ios oppugnandi ab Arunte, fuisse.seu quo EquidemahoClusino, baud adductos: abnuerim, sed Clusiumeos, qui ignaverint Clusium, non fuisse, qui primi Alpes transierint, constat: ducentis quippe annis ante, quam Clusium op- sarent, urbemque Romam caperent, in Italiam Galli tran- derunt: nec cum his primum Etruscorum, sed multo ante jcitus iis,Gallici qui interpugnavere. Apenninum Tuscorum, Alpesque ante incolebant, Romanum saepe imperi- exer- mm, late terra marique opes patuere: mari Supero Inferoque, quibus Italia insulae modo cingitur, quantum potuerint, nomi- ina sunt argumento; quod alterum Tuscum communi vocabulo ’gentis, alterum Adriaticum mare, ab Adria Tuscorum colonia, vocavere Italic® gentes. Graeci eadem Tyrrhenum atquc lAdriaticum vocant. li in utrumque mare vergentes incoluere Ilurbibus mare, postea duodenis trans terras;Apenninum, prius totidem,cis Apenninum quot capita ad Inferumoriginis SELECTA EX LIVIO erantj coloniis missis ; quae trans Padum omnia loca, except! Venetorum angulo, qui sinum circumcolunt maria, usque a'| Alpes tenuere. Alpinis quoque ea gentibus baud dubie origj est, maxime Rbaetis; quos loca ipsa efferarunt, ne quid ex ani tiquo, praeter sonum linguae, nec eum incorruptum, retinerenw XXII. De transitu in Italiam Gallorum beec accepimusji Frisco Tarquinio Romae regnante, Celtarum (quae pars Gallirf tertia est) penes Bituriges summa imperii fait: ii regem Celtii co dabant. Ambigatus is fuit, virtute fortunaque cum sual turn publica, praepollens, quod imperio ejus Gallia adeo fruguM hominumque fertilis fuit, ut abundans multitude vix regi vide! retur posse. Hie magno natu ipse jam, exonerare praegravantd turba regnum cupiens, Bellovesum ac Sigovesum, sororis filiosi impigros juvenes, missurum se esse, in quas Dii dedissent au- guriis sedes, ostendit. Quantum ipsi vellent numerum homi- num, excirent, ne qua gens arcere advenientes posset. Tuir Sigoveso sortibus dati Hercynii saltus: Belloveso baud paubj laetiorem in Italiam viam Dii dabant. Is, quod ejus ex popu- lis abundabat, Bituriges, Arvernos, Senones, yEduos, Ambar- ros, Carnutes, Aulercos, excivit. Profectus ingentibus peditum equitumque copiis, in Tricastinos venit. Alpes inde opposite erant; quas inexsuperabiles visas baud equidem miror, nulls dum via (quod quidem continens mempria sit, nisi de Hercule fabulis credere libet) superatas. Ibi cum velut septos monti- um altitude teneret Gallos, circumspectarentque, quanam per juncta coelo juga in alium orbem terrarum transirent, religio; etiam tenuit, quod allatum est, advenas quaerentes agrum abi Salyum gente oppugnari. Massilienses erant hi, navibus a|| Phocaea profecti. Id Galli fortunae suae omen rati, adjuvere, ut, quem primum in terram egressi occupaverant, locum pa- tentibus silvis communirent. Ipsi per Taurinos saltusque in- rios Alpes transcenderunt: fusisque acie Tuscis baud procul Ticino flumine, cum, in quo consederant, agrum Insubrium appellari audissent cognominem Insubribus pago iEduorum > ibi, omen sequentes loci, condidere urbem: Mediolanum appel- lanint. XXIII. Alia subinde manus Cenomanorum, Elitovio duce, vestigia priorum secuta, eodem saltu, favente Belloveso, cum transcendisset Alpes, ubi nunc Brixia ac Verona urbes sunt, (locos tenuere Libui) considunt. Post bos Salluvii, prope an- tiquam gentem Laevos Ligures, incolentes circa Ticinum am- nem. Penino deindc Boii Lingonesque transgress!, cum jam inter Padum atque Alpes omnia tenerentur, Pado ratibus tra- jecto, non Etruscos modo, sed etiam Umbros, agro pellunt: intra Apenninum tamen sese tenuere. Turn Senones, recen- ROMA CAPTA. 49 f tissimi advenarum, ab Utente flumine usque ad Aisim lines habutre. Hanc gentem Clusium, Romamque inde, venisse comperio: kl parum certum est, solamne, an ab omnibus Cis- alpinorum Gallorum populis adjutam. Clusini, novo bello exterriti, cum multitudinem, cum formas hominum invisitatas cernerentj et genus armomm: audirentque, sa:pe ab iis, cis Padum ultraque, legiones Etruscorum fusas, quamquam ad- versus Romanos nullum eis jus societatis amicitiseve crat, nisi Juod Veientes consanguineos adversus populum Romanum non efendissent, legatos Romani, qui auxilium ab senatu pete- rent, misere. De auxilio nihil impetratum: legati tres, M. Fabii Ambusti lilii, missi, qui senatus populique Romani no- mine agerent cum Gallis, ne, a quibus nullam injuriam acce- pissent, socios populi Romani atque amicos oppugnarcnt. Ro- manis eos bello qubque, si res cogat, tuendos esse : sed melius Tisum, helium ipsum amoveri, si posset; et Gallos, novam gentem, pace potius cognosci, quam armis. XXIV. Mitis legatio, ni praiferoces legatos, Gallisque ma- gis quam Romanis similes, babuisset: quibus, postquam man- data ediderunt in concilio Gallorum, datur responsum : Etsi novum nomen audiant Romanorum, tamen credere viros fortes esse, quorum auxilium a Clusinis in re trepida sit implora- Btura: et, quoniam legationc adversus se maluerint, quam ar- nmis, tueri socios, ne se quidem pacem, quam illi afferant, ad- Uspernari, si Gallis, egentibus agro, quern latius possideant, quam Bcolant, Clusini, partem finium concedant: aliter pacem impe- il trari non posse: et responsum coram Romanis accipere velle: Jjet, si negetur ager, coram iisdem Romanis dimicaturos, ut j|talesllnunciare praestarent. domum possent,“ Quodnam quantum id jus Galli esset, virtute agrum caetferos a possesso- mor- ribus pctere, aut minari arma Romanis quserentibus, ct, ■ quid in Etruria rei Gallis esset ?” cum illi se in armis jus tiferre,lisis utrimque et omnia animis fortium ad armavirorum discurritur, esse, ferociter et prcelium diccrent, conseri- accen- fntranrtur. jus Ibi, gentium jam urgentibusanna capiunt: Romanam nec id urbem clam essefatis, potuit, legati con-cum lilante signa Etruscorum tres nobilissimi fortissimique Romanae ijnuvcntutis pugnarent: tantum eminebat peregrina virtus. WQuin etiam, Q. Fabius, evectus extra aciem equo, ducem Gal- 'idorum, ferociter in ipsa signa Etruscorum incursantem, per Hjlatus transfixum hasta, occidit: spoliaque ejus legentem Galli mnumS’jagnovere, datum perque est/ totamOmissa aciem, inde inRomanum Clusinos legatumir&, receptui esse, sig-ca- annunt, minantes Romanis. Erant, qui extemplo Romam eun- imdum ccuserent: vicere seniores, ut legati priiis mitterentur 50 SELECTA EX LIVIO questum injurias, postulatemque, ut, pro jure gentium violato, Fabii dederentur. Legati Gallorum cum ea, sicut erant man- data, exposuissent, senatui nec factum placebat Fabiorum, ef jus postulare barbari videbantur: sed, ne id, quod placebat/ decerneret in tantae nobilitatis viris, ambitio obstabat. Itaque,. ne penes ipsos culpa esset cladis forte Gallico bello acceptac, cognitionem de postulatis Gallorum ad populum rejiciunt ; ubi tanto plus gratia atque opes valuere, ut, quorum de poena agebatur, tribuni militum consulari potestate in insequentem annum crearentur. Quo facto, baud secus quam dignum erat, infensi Galli, bellum propalam minantes, ad suos redeunt. Tribuni militum cum tribus Fabiis creati Q. Sulpicius Longus/ Q. Servilius quartum, Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis. XXV. Cum tanta moles mali instaret, (adeo obcaecat ani- mos fortuna, ubi rim suam ingruentem refringi non vult) ci- vitas, quae adversus Fidenatem ac Veientem hostem aliosque finitimos populos, ultima experiens auxilia, dictatorem mul-, tis tempestatibus dixisset; ea tunc, invisitato atque inaudito hoste ab Oceano terrainrnque ultimis oris bellum ciente, nihil extraordinarii imperii aut auxilii quaesivit. Tribuni, quorum | temeritate bellum contractum erat, siimmse rerum praeerant: delectumque nihilo accuratiorem, quam ad media bella haberi solitus erat, (extenuantes etiam famam belli) habebant. Inte- rim Galli, postquam accepere, ultro honorem habitum viola- toribus juris humani, elusamque legationem suam esse, tia- grantes ira, cujus impotens cst gens, confestim signis convulsis, citato agmine iter iugrediuntur. Ad quorum praetereuntium; raptim tumultum cum exterritse urbes ad arma cbncurrerent, fugaque agrestium fieret, Romam se ire, magno clamore signi- licabant; quacumque ibant, equis virisque, longe ac late fuso agmine, immensum obtinentes loci. Sed, antecedente fama nuntiisque Clusinorum, deinceps inde aliorum populorum, plurimum terroris Romam celeritas hostium tulit; quippe qui- bus, velut tumultuario exercitu raptim ducto, aigre ad un- decimum lapidem occursum est, qua flumen Allia, Crustumi- nis montibus prsealto defluens alveo, baud multum infra viani Tiberino amni miscetur. Jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant; et nata in vanos tumultus gens, truci cantu cla- moribusque variis, horrendo cuncta compleverant sono. XXVI. Ibi tribuni militum, non loco castris ante capto, non praemunito vallo, quo receptus esset, non Deorum saltern, si .non hominum, memores, nec auspicato, nec litato, instruunt aciem diductam in cornua, ne circumveniri multitudine hos- tium possent, nec tamen axjuari frontes poterant, cum exte- nuando intirmam et vix cohserentem mediam aciem haberent. ROMA CAPTA. 51 1 Paulum erat ab dextra edit! loci, quem subsidiarlis repleri placuit; eaque res, ut initium pavoris ac fugae, siq una salus rugientibus fuit; nam Brennu«, regulus Gallorum, in pauci- tate hostium artem maxime timens, raiu» ad ul captutn supe- 1 riorem locum, ut, ubi Galli cum acie legionum recta fronte ; concucurrissent, subsidia in aversos transversosque impetum darent, ad subsidiarios sigua convertit; si eos loco depulisset, baud dubius, facilem in aequo campi tantum superanti multi- I tudini victoriam fore; adeo non fortuna modo, sed ratio etiani, I cum barbaris stabat. In altera acie nihil simile Romanis, non i1 apud duces, non apud milites, erat; pavor fugaque occupave- rat animos, et tanta hominum oblivio, ut multo major pars kVeios, in hostium urbem, cum Tiberis arceret, quam recto iti- i nere Romam ad conjuges ac liberos fugerent. Parumper sub- sidiaries tutatus est locus: in reliqua acie simul est clamor, I1 proximis ab latere, ultimis ab tergo, auditus, ignotum hostem priits paene quam viderent, non modo non tentato certamine, f sed ne clamore quidem reddito, integri intactique fugerunt. Nec ulla caedes pugnantium fuit: terga caesa suomet ipsorum certamine in turba impedientium fugam. Circa ripam Tibe- ris, quo armis abjectis totum sinistrum cornu defugit, magna strages facta est: multosque, imperitos nandi aut invalidos, graves loricis aliisque tegminibus, hausere gurgites. Maxima tamen pars incolumis Veios perfugit; unde non modo praesidii quidquam, sed ne nuntius quidem cladis, Romam est missus. Ab dextro cornu, quod procul a fiumine et magis sub monte .urbis,steterat, in arcemRomam confugerunt. omnes petiere, et, ne clausis quidem portis XXVII. Gallos quoque velut obstupefactos miraculum vic- torias tam repentinae tenuit • et ipsi pavore defixi primum ste- terunt, velut ignari, quid accidisset; deinde insidias vereri; pofitremo caesorum spolia legere, armorumque cumulos, ut mos eis es(^ coacervare. Turn demum, postquam nihil usquam hostile cernebatur, viam ingressi, baud multo ante solis occa- sum ad urbem Romam perveniunt; ubi cum praegressi equi- . tes, non portas clausas, non stationem pro portis excubare, non annatos esse in muris, retulissent; aliud priori simile miracu- lum eos sustinuit; noctemque veriti et ignotae situm urbis, in- ter Romara atque Anienem consedere, exploratoribus missis ! circa mqenia aliasque portas, quaenam hostibus in perdita re consilia essent. Romani, cum pars major ex acie Veios petis- set, nemo superesse quemquam praeter eos, qui Romam refu- gerant, crederet, complorati omnes, pariter vivi mortuique, ! I luctustotam stupefecitprope urbem publicus lamentis pavor, impleverunt. postquam hostes Privates adesse deinde nun- 52 SELECTA EX LIVIO tiatum est: mox ululatus cantusque dissonos, vagantibus circa moenia turmatim barbaris, audiebant Omne inde tempus suspenses ita tenuit animos usque ad lucem alteram, ut iden-; ventu,tidem jamquo inaccesserant urbem futurus ad urbem videretur (mansuros impetus; enim primead Alliam ad- fuisse, nisi hoc consilii foret) ; deinde sub occasum solis, quia: haud multum diei supererat, ante noctem rati se invasuros; turn in noctem dilatum consilium esse, quo plus pavoris infer- rent. Postremo lux appropinquans exanimare; timorique perpetuo ipsum malum continens fuit, cum signa infesta por- tis sunt illata. Nequaquam tamen ea nocte, neque insequenti die, similis illi, quae ad Alliam tarn pavide fugerat, civitas fuit. Nam cum defendi urbem posse, tam parva relicta manu, spes nulla esset, placuit, cum conjugibus ac liberis, juventutem mi- litarem senatusque robur in arcem Capitoliumque concedere; armisque et frument© collatis, ex loco inde munito Decs ho- minesque et Romanutn nomen defendere; Flaminem sacerdo- tesque Vestales sacra publica a caede, ab incendiis, procul au- ferre; nec ante deseri cultum eoram, quam non superessent, qui colerent. Si arx Capitoliumque, sedes Deorum, si sena- tus, caput puWici consilii, si miiitaris juventus superfuerit im- minenti ruinee ui-bis, facilem jacturam esse seniorum, relictae in urbe utique periturae turbae ; et, quo id aequiore animo de plebe multitude ferret, senes triumphales consularesquc simul se cum illis palam dicere obituros; nec his corporibus, quibus non arma ferre, non tueri patriam possent, oneraturos inopiam . armatorum. XXVIII. Haec inter seniores morti destinatos jactata sola- Capitoliumtia. Versae atqueinde adhortationes in arcem prosequebantur, ad agmen juvenum, commendantes quos in virtuti eorum juventaeque, urbis per trecentos sexaginta annos omnibus bellis victricis, quaecumque reliqua esset, fortunam. Digredientibus, qui spem omnem atque opem secum ferebant, ab iis, qui captae urbis non superesse statuerant exitio; cum ipsa res speciesque miserabilis erat, turn muliebris fletus et con- cursatio incerta, nunc hos nunc illos sequentium, rogitantium- que viros natosque, cui se fato darent, nihil, quod humanis su- peresset malis, relinquebant. Magna pars tamen earum in arcem suos prosecutae sunt, nec prohibente ullo, nec vocante ; quia, quod utile obsessis ad minuendam imbellem multitudi- nem, id parum humanum erat. Alia, maxime plebis, turba, quam nec capere tam exiguus collis, nec alere in tanta inopia frumenti poterat, ex urbe effusa, velut agmine jam uno, petiit Janiculum, inde pars per agros dilapsi, pars urbes petunt lini- timas, sine ullo duce aut consensu, suam quisque spem, sua ROMA CAPTA, 53 consilia, communibus deplorati*, exsequentes. Flamen inte- rim Quirinalis virginesque Vestale«, omissa rerum suarum cura, qu
L 70 SELECTA EX LIVIO strage media cruenti, quos stricta matutino frigore excitaveraffi vulnera, ab hoste oppress! sunt. Quosdam et jacentes viv* succisis feminibus poplitibusque invenerunt, nudantes cervicef/ jugulumque, et reliquum sanguinem jubentes haurire. Invecnii sunt quidam mersis in effossam terram capitibus, quos sibi ipi sos fecisse foveas, obruentesque ora superjecta humo interclu sisse spiritum apparebat. Praecipue convertit omnes substraa tus Nurnida mortuo superincubanti Romano virus, naso aurit busque laceratis; cum, manibus ad capiendum telum inutiUi bus, in rabiem ira versus, laniando dentibus hostem exspij rasset. LI. Spoliis ad multum diei lectis, Hannibal ad minora dvi cit castra oppugnanda; et omnium primum, brachio objectd flumine eos excludit. Caeterum ab omnibus, labore, vigiliia vulneribus etiam, fessis, maturior ipsius spe deditio est facta Pact!, ut arma atque equos traderent, in capita Romana trecej nis nummis quadrigatis, in socios ducenis, in servos centenisj et ut, eo pretio persoluto, cum singulis abirent vestimentis, id casty-a hostes acceperunt; traditique in custodiam omnes suntJ ■seorsum cives' sociique. Dum ibi tempus teritur, interea cunj ex majoribus castris, quibus satis virium aut animi fuit, aci: quatuor millia hominum et ducenti equites, alii agmine, ali palati passim per agros, quod baud minus tutum erat, Canusi- um perfugissent, castra ipsa ab sauciis timidisque eadem con« ditione, qua altera, tradita hosti. Praeda ingens parta est: etj praeter equos virosque, et si quid argenti (quod plurimum in phaleris equorum erat; nam ad vescendum facto perexiguo, utique militantes, utebantur), omnis caetera praeda diripienda data est. Turn sepeliendi causa conferri in unum corpora su- orum jussit. Ad octo millia fuisse dicuntur fortissimorum vi« rorum. Consulem qUoque Romanum conquisitum sepultum- que, quidam auctores sunt. Eos, qui Canusium perfugerant, mulier Apula, nomine Busa, genere clara ac divitiis, moenibus tantum tectisque a Canusinis acceptos, frumento, veste, viatico etiam juvit; pro qua ei munificentia postea, bello perfecto, ab senatu honores habiti sunt. LI I. Caeterum, cum ibi tribuni militum quatuor essent. Fa- bius Maximus de legione prima, cujus pater priore anno dic- tator fuerat, et de legione secunda L. Publicius Bibulus et P. Cornelius Scipio, et de legione tertia Ap. Claudius Fulcher, qui proxime aedilis fuerat; omnium consensu ad P. Scipionem, admodum adolescentem, et ad Ap. Claudium, summa imperii delata est: quibus consul tantibus inter pan cos de summa re- rum nuntiat P. Furius Pbilus, consularis viri filius, “ Nequid- quam eos perditam spent fovere: desperatam comploratamque PUGNA CANNENSIS. 71 rem esse publicam : nobiles juvenes quosdam, quorum princi- pem L. Caecilium Metellum, mare ac naves spectare, ut, deser- -ta Italia, ad regem aliquem transfugiant." Quod malum, pra> terquam atrox sujier tot clades, etiam novum, cum stupore ac miraculo torpidos defixisset, et, qui aderant, consilium advo- candum de eo censerent; negat consilii rem esse Scipio juve- ] nis, fatalis dux hujusce belli. “ Audendum atque agendum, I non consultandum,” ait, “ in tanto malo esse. Irent secum extemplo armati, qui rempublicam salram vellent: nusquam veriiis, quam ubi ea cogitentur, hostium castra esse.” Pergit ire, sequentibus paucis, in hospitium Metelli: et, cum concili- um ibi juvenum, de quibus allatum erat, invenisset, stricto super capita consultautium gladio, “ Ex mei animi sententia,” inquit, “ ut ego rempublicam populi Romani non deseram, neque alium civem Romanum deserere patiar. Si sciens fallo, turn me, Jupiter Optime Maxime, domum, familiam, remque meam pessimo leto afficias! In haec verba, L. Caecili, jures, postulo, caeterique, qui adestis: qui non juraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum esse sciat.” Haud secus pavidi, quam si victorem Hannibalem cernerent, jurant omnes; custodiendos- que s met ipsos Scipioni traduut. LI1I. Eo tempore, quo haec Canusii agebantur, Venusiam ad consulem ad quatuor millia peditum equitumque, qui spar- si fuga per agros fuerant, pervenere. Eos omnes Venusini per familias benigne accipiendos curandosque cum divisissent, in singulos equites togas et tunicas et quadrigatos nummos quinos vicenos, et peditibus denos, et arma, quibus deerant, dederunt: cajteraque publice ac privatim hospitaliter facta ; certatumque, ne a muliere Canusina populus Venusinus officiis vinceretur. Sed gravius onus Busae multitudo faciebat, et jam ad decern millia hominum erant. Appiusque et Scipio, postquam inco- lumem esse alteram consulem acceperunt, nuntium extemplo Imittunt, quanta; secum peditum equitumque copiae essent: sciscitatumque simul, utrum Venusiam adduci exercitum, an manere juberet Canusii ? Varro ipse Canusium copias tra- duxit: et jam aliqua species consularis exercitus erat; moeni- busque se certe, si non armis, ab lioste videbantur defensuri. Romam, ne has quidem reliquias superesse civium sociorum- que, sed occidione occisos cum duobus exercitibus consules, de- letasque omnes copias, allatum fuerat. Nunquam, salva Urbe, tantum pavoris tumultusque intra moenia Romana fuit: ita~ que succumbam oneri, neque aggrediar narrare, quae edisser- I tando minora vero fecero. Consule exercituque ad Trasime- I num priore anno amisso, non vulnus super vulnus, sed multi- || plex clades, cum duobus consulibus duo consulares exercitus 72 SELECTA EX LIVIO amiss! nuntiabantur; nec ulla jam castra Romana, necducenii nec militeni esse; Hannibalis Apuliam, Samnium, ac jaw: prope totam Italiam factam. Nulla profecto alia gens tanfci mole cladis non obruta esset. Comparem cladem ad iEgatw insulas Carthaginiensium proelio navali acceptam, qua fracst*1 Sicilia ac Sardinia cessere, bine vectigedes ac stipendiarios fieftj se pass! sunt ? aut pugnam adversam in Africa, cui postea bi.i ipse Hannibal succubuit ? nulla ex parte comparandae surili nisi quod minore animo latae sunt. LIV. P. Furius Philus et M. Pomponius pratores sen ait turn in Curiam Hostiliam vocaverunt, ut de urbis custodial consulerent: neque enim dubitabant, deletis exercitibus, hos|c tern ad oppugnandam Romam, t[uod unum opus belli restarcfcM venturum. Cum in malis, sicut ingentibus, ita ignotis, nr consilium quidem satis expedirent, obstreperetque clamor la-t mentantium mulierum, et, nondum palam facto, vivi mor-ji tuique per omnes psene domos promiscue complorarentur turn Q. Fabius Maximus censuit, “ equites expedites et Ap-r pia et Latina via mitteudos, qui, obvios percontando aliquog profectos ex fuga, passim dissipates, forte referant, quae fortunai consulum atque exercituum sit; et si quid Dii immortales^ miseriti imperii, reliquum Romano nomini fecerint, ubieae co-f piae sint: quo se Hannibal post preelium contulerit: quid pa-ji ret, quid agat, acturusque sit. Haec exploranda noscendaque* per impigros juvenes esse: illud per Patres ipsos agendum, i quoniam magistratuum parum sit, ut tumultum ac trepidatio-1 nem in urbe tollant, matronas publico arceant, continerique intra suum quamque limen cogant: comploratus familiarum t coerceant: silentium per urbem faciant: nuntios rerum om- j nium ad praetores deuucendos curent: suae quisque fortunae domi auctorem exspectent: custodesque praeterea ad portas | ponant, qui prohibeant quemquam egredi urbem ; cogantque homines nullam, nisi urbe ac moenibus salvis, salutem sjierare. Ubi conticuerit tumultus, recte turn in curiam Patres rero- candbs, consulendumque de urbis custodia esse.” LV. Cum in banc sententiam pedibus omnes issent, submo- tAque foro per magistratus turba, Patres diversi ad sedandos tumultus discessissent; turn demum literae a Terentio consule allatae sunt; “ L. .Emilium consulem exercitumque caesura ; sese Canusii esse, reliquias tantae cladis velut ex naufragro col- ligentem : ad decern millia militum ferme esse ineompositorura inordinatorumque. Pcenum sedere ad Cannas, in eaptirorum pretiis praedaque aM, nec victoris animo, nec magni ducis more, nundinantem." Turn privatae quoque per domos claries vulgatae sunt: adeoque totam urbem opplevit luctus, ut sacrum PUGNA CANNENSIS. 73 | amriversarium Cereris interniissum sit; quia nec lugentibus id I facere est fas, nec ulla in ilia tempestate matrona cxpers luctus fuerat. Itaque, ne ob eamdem causam alia quoque sacra pub- lica aut privata desererentur, senatus-consulto diebus triginta luctus est finitus. Nec tamen hae clades defectionesque socio- rum moverunt, ut pacis unquam mentio apud Romanos fie- ret; neque ante consulis Romam adventum, nec postquam is rediit, renovavitque memoriam acceptse cladis: quo in tempore ipso, aded magno animo civitas fuit, ut consul!, ex tanta clade, ! cujus ipse causa maxima fuisset, redeunti, et obviam itum fre- quenter ab omnibus ordinibus sit, et gratise actae, quod de re- publica non desperasset: cui, si Carthaginiensium ductor fuis- set, nihil recusandum supplicii foret. SCIPIONIS RES GESTiE IN AFRICA. LVI. Fuitenim Scipio non veris tantum virtutibus mira- Irilis, sed arte quoque quadam ab juventa in ostentationem earum compositus; pleraque apud multitudinem, aut per noc- turnas visa species, aut velut divinitus mente monita, agens: sive et ipse capti quadam superstitione animi, sire ut imperia consiliaque velut sorte oraculi missa, sine cunctatione exseque- rentur. Ad hoc jam inde ab initio prseparans animos, ex quo togam virilem sumpsit, nullo die prius ullam publicam priva- tamque rem egit, quam in Capitolium iret, ingressusque sedem consideret; et plcrumque solus in secret© ibi tempus tereret. Multa alia ejusdem generis, alia vera, alia assimulata, admira- tionis human® in eo juvene excesserant modum. LVI I. De Scipione nusquam, nisi in senatu, actum : ubi omnes legatique et tribuni, classem earn, exercitum, du- cemquemo
SEDITIO PANNONICARUM LEGIONUM. I. Hie rerum urbanarum status erat, quum Panuonicas le- giones seditio incessit; nullis novis causis, nisi quod mutatus Princeps licentiam turbarum et ex civili bello spem praemio- rum ostendebat. Castris sestivis tres simul legiones habeban- tur, pi aesidente Junio Blseso; qui, fine August! et initiis Ti- berii auditis, ob justitium aut gaudium* intermiserat solita munia. Eo principio lascivire miles., discordare, pessimi cu- jusque sermonibus praebere aures, denique luxum et otium cu- pere, disciplinam et laborem aspernari. Erat in castris Per- cennius quidam, dux olim theatralium operarum, dein gre- garius miles, procax lingua, et miscere coetus histrionali stu- dio doctus. Is imperitos animos, et, quaenam post Augustum militiae conditio, ambigentes, impellere paullatim nocturnis colloquiis, aut, flexo in vesperam die et dilapsis melioribus, de- terrimum quemque congregare. Postremb, promptis jam et aliis seditionis ministris, velut concionabundus interrogabat: II. “ Cur paucis centurionibus, paucioribus tribunis, in modum servorum obedirent ? quaudo ausuros exposcere reme- dia, nisi novum et nutantem adhuc Principem precibus vel armis adirent? satis per tot annos ignavia peccatum, quod tricena aut quadragena stipendia senes, et plerique truncate ex vulneribus corpore, tolerent: ne dimissis quidem finem esse militiae, sed apud vexillum retentos alio vocabulo eosdem labores perferre: ac si quis tot casus vita superaverit, trabi adhuc diversas in terras, ubi, per nomen agrorum, uligines paludum vel inculta montium accipiant. Enimverd militiam ipsam gravem, infructuosam : denis in diem assibus animam et corpus sestimari: bine vestem, anna, tentoria, bine saevi- tiam centurionum et vacationes munerum redimi: at hercule verbera et vulnera, duram hiemem, exercitas aestates, bellum atrox, aut sterilem pacem, sempiterna: nec aliud levamen- tum, quam si certis sub legibus militia iniretur: ut singulos denarios mererent: sextusdecimus stipendii annus finem ad- ferret : ne ultra sub vexillis tenerentur, sed iisdem in castris praemium pecunia solveretur. An praetorias cohortes, quae binos denarios acceperint, quae nost sexdecim annos penatibus 112 SELECTA EX TACITO suis reddantur, plus periculorum suscipere ? Non obtrectaii a se urbanas excubias: sibi tamen apud horridas gentes e contu- berniis hostem aspici.” III. Adstrepebat vulgus, diversis incitamentis: hi verberum notas, illi canitiem, plurimi detrita tegmina et nudum corpus exprobrantes. Postremo eo furoris venere, ut tres legiones. miscere in unam agitaverint: depulsi semulatione, quia suae quisque legioni eum honorem quae re bant, alio vertunt, atque una tres aquilas et signa cohortium locant: simul congerunt cespites, exstruunt tribunal, quo magis conspicua sedes foret. Properantibus Blaesus advenit, increpabatque, ac retinebat singulos, clamitans, “ mea potius caede imbuite manus: le- viore flagitio legatum interficietis, quam ab Imperatore descis-f citis: aut incolumis fidem legionum retinebo, aut jugulafus poenitentiam adcelerabo.” IV. Adgerebatur nihild minus cespes, jamque pectori usque adcreverat, quum tandem pervicacia victi incoeptum omisere. Blaesus multa dicendi arte, “ non, per seditionem et turbas, desideria militum ad Caesarem ferenda,” ait: “ neque veteres ab imperatoribus priscis, neque ipsos a divo Augusto tam nova petivisse: et parum in tempore incipientes Principis curas onerari. Si tamen tenderent in pace tentare, quae ne civilium quidem belloruin victores expostulaverint; cur contra morem obsequii, contra fas disciplinae, vim meditentur ? decernerent legates, seque coram mandata darent.” Adclamavere, “ ut filius Blaesi tribunus legatione ea fungeretur, peteretque mili- tibus missionem ab sexdecim annis: cetera mandaturos, ubi prima provenissent.” Profecto juvene, modicum otium : sed superbire miles, quod filius legati, orator publieae causae, satis ostenderet, necessitate expressa, quae per modestiam non obti- uuissent. V. Interea manipuli, ante coeptam seditionem, Nauportum missi ob itinera, et pontes, et albs usus, postquam turbatum in castris accepere, vexilla convellunt; direptisque proximis v ids, ipsoque Nauporto, quod municipii instar erat, retinen- tes centuriones inrisu et contumeliis, postremo verberibus in- sectantur: praecipua in Aufidienum Rufum, praefectum cas- trorum, ira, quern dereptum vehiculo sarcinis gravant, agunt- que primo in agmine, per ludibrium rogitantes, “ an tam im- mensa onera, tam louga itinera libenter ferret ?” Quippe Ru- fus diu manipularis, dein centurio, mox castris praefectus, an- tiquamct eo immitior, duramque qui militiam toleraverat. revocabat, vetus operis ac laboris, VI. Horum adveutu redintegratur seditio, et vagim circum- jecta populabantur. Bliesus paucos maxime praeda onustos. SEDITIO PANNONICARUM LEGIONUM. 113 ad terrorem ceterorum, adfici verberibus, claudi carcere jubet : uam etiam turn legato, a centurionibus et optimo quoque ma- nipularium, parebatur. UK obniti trahentibus, prensare cir- cumstantium genua, ciere modo nomina singulorum, modo centuriam quisque, cujus manipularis erat, cohortem, legio- nem, “ eadera omnibus imminere,” clamitautes: simul probra in legatum cumulant, coelum ac deos obtestantur: nihil reliqui faciunt, quo minus invidiam, misericordiam, metum et iras permoverent. Adcurritur ab universis, et, carcere effracto, solvunt vincula: desertoresque ac rerum capitalium damnatos sibiVII. jam Flagrantiormiscent. inde vis, plures seditioni duces: et Vibu- lenus quidam, gregarius miles, ante tribunal Bla;si, adlevatus circumstantium humeris, apud turbatos, et, quid pararet, in. tentus: “ vos quidem,” inquit, “ his innocentibus, et miser- rimis lucern et spiritum reddidistis: sed quis fratri meo vi- tam, quis fratrem mihi reddit ? quem, missum ad vos a Ger- manico exercitu de communibus commodis, nocte proxima jugulavit per gladiatores suos, quos in exitium militum habet atque armat. Responde, Blaise, ubi cadaver abjeceris? ne hostes quidem sepultura invident: quum osculis, quum lacru- mis dolorem meum implevero, me quoque trucidari jube; dum interfectos nullum ob scelus, sed quia utilitati legionum consulebamus, hi sepeliant.” VIII. Incendebat hsec fletu, et pectus atque os manibus verberans: mox disjectis, quorum per humeros sustinebatur, praeceps et singulorum pedibus advolutus, tantum conster- nationis invidiaeque concivit, ut pars militum gladiatores, qui e servitio Blaesi erant, pars ceteram ejusdem familiam vincirent, alii ad quaerendum corpus effunderentur: ac ni propere, neque corpus ullum reperiri, et servos, adhibitis cruciatibus, abnuere caedem, neque illi fuisse umquam fra- trem pernotuisset, baud multum ab exitio legati aberant. Tribunos tamen ac praefectum castrorum extrusere: sarcinae fugientium direptae: et Centurio Lucillius interficitur, cui, militaribus facetiis, vocabulum Cedo alteram indiderant; quia, fracta vite in tergo militis, alteram, clara voce, ac rur- sus aliam poscebat: ceteros latebrae texere, uno retento Cle- mente Julio, qui perferendis militum mandatis habebatur idoneus ob promptum ingenium. Quin ipsae inter se legioues octava et quintadecuma ferrum parabant; dum centurionem, cognomento Sirpicum, ilia morti deposcit, quintadecumani tuentur : ni miles nonanus preces, et adversum adspernantes, minas interjecisset. IX. Haec audita, quamquam abstrusum ct tristissima quae- 114 SELECTA EX TACITO que maxime occultantem, Tiberium perpulere, ut Drusuul nlium cum primoribus civitatis duabusque praetoriis cohorti- bus mitteret, nullis satis certis mandatis: ex re consulturum : et cohortes delecto milite supra solitum firmatse : additur mag- na pars prsetoriani equitis, et robora Germanorum, qui turn custodes Imperatori aderant: simul preetorii praefectus, iElius SejamiP, collega Straboni patri suo datus, magna apud Ti- berium auctoritafej rector juveni, et ceteris periculorum prse- ciuiUjmiorumque obviae ostentator.fuere legiones, Druso non propinquanti,laetfc, ut adsolet, quasi, neque per insig- ofli- nibus fulgentes, sed inluvie deformi, et vultu, quamquam moestitiam imitarentur, contumaciaj propiores. X. Postquam vallum introiit, portas stationibus firmant: globos armatorum certis castrorum locis opperiri jubent: ce- teri tribunal ingenti agmine circumveniunt. Stabat Drusus, silentium manu poscens: illi, quotiens oculos ad multitudi- nem retulerant, vocibus truculenfis strepere; rursum, viso Csesare, trepidare: murmur incertum^ atrox clamor, et re- pens quies : diversisanimorum motibus pavebant terrebantque. Tandem, interrupto tumultu, literas pajfis recitat; in quis perscriptum erat: praecipuam ipsi fortissimarum legionum curam, quibuscum plurima bella toleravisset: ubi primum a luctu requiesset animus, acturum apud Patres de postulatis eorum : misisse interim filiuni, ut sine cunctatione concederet, quae statim tribui possent: cetera senatui servanda, quern neque gratia; neque severitatis expertem haberi par esset.” XI. Responsum est a concione, “ mandata dementi centu- rioni, quae perferret.” Is orditur “ de missione a sexdecim annis: de praemiis finitae militiae: ut denarius diurnum sti- pendium foret: ne veterani sub vexillo haberentur.” Ad ea Drusus quum arbitrium senatus et patris obtenderet, clamore turbatur: “ cur venisset, neque augend is militum stipendiis, neque adlevandis laboribus, denique nulla benefaciendi licen- tia ? at hercule verbera et necem cunctis permitti. Tiberium olim, nomine Augusti, desideria legionum frustrari solitum : easdem artes Drusum retulisse: nunquamne ad se nisi filios familiarum ventures ? novum id plane, quod Imperator sola militis commoda ad senatum rejiciat: eundem ergo senatum consulendum, quotiens supplicia aut proelia indicantur: an prsemia sub dominis, pcenas sine arbitro esse ?” XII. Postremo deserunt tribunal; ut quis pratorianorum militum amicorumve Caesaris occurreret, manus intentantes, causam discordiae et initium armorum: maxime infensi Cn. Lentulo, quod is, ante alios relate et gloria belli, firmare Dru- sum credebatur, et ilia militia; flagitia primus adspernari. SEDITIO PANNONICARUM LEGIONUM. 115 Nec multo post digredientem cum Caesare, ac, provisu pericu- H, hiberna castra repetentem, circumsistunt, rogitantes, “ quo pergeret? ad Imperatorem, an ad Patres? ut illic quoque commodis legionum adversaretur ?” Simul ingruunt, saxa ja- ciuut: jamque lapidis ictu cruentus, et exitii certus, adcursu multitudinis, quae cum Druso advenerat, protectus est. XIII. Noctem minacem et in scelus erupturam fors leni- vit: nam luna, claro repente ccelo, visa languescere. Id miles, rationis ignarus, omen praesentium accepit, ac suis laboribus defectionem sideris adsimilans, “ prospereque cessura, quae per- gerent, si fulgor et claritudo deae redderetur.” Igitur aeris sono, tubarum cornuumque concentu, strepere: prout splendi- dior obscuriorve, laetari aut mcerere ; et postquam ortae nubes obfecere visui, creditumque conditam tenebris, ut sunt mobiles ad superstitionem perculsae semel mentes, “ sibi aeternum la- borem portendi, sua facioora aversari deos,” lamentantur. Utendum inclinatione ea Caesar, et, quae casus obtulerat, in sapientiam vertenda ratus, clrcumiri teutoria jubet. Adcitur oenturiovigiliis, stationibus,Clemens, et custodiis si alii bonisportarum artibus se gratiinserunt, in vulgus: spem ob- ii ferunt, metum intendunt. “ Quousque filium Imperatoris obsidebimus? quis certaminum finis? Percennione et Vibu- leno sacramentum dicturi sumus? Percennius et Vibulenus stipendia militibus, agros emeritis largientur ? denique pro potius,Neronibus ut novissimiet Drusis inimperium culpam, populi ita primi Romani ad pcenitentiamcapessent ? quin su- mus ! Tarda sunt, quae in commune expostulantur: privatam gratiam statim mereare, statim recipias.” Commotis per haec mentibus, et inter se suspectis, tironem a veterano, legiouem a legione dissociant. Turn redire paulatim amor obsequii: omit- tunt portas; signa, unum in locum principio seditionis con- gregata, suas in sedes referuuU XIV. Drusus, orto die, et vocata condone, quamquam ru- dis dicendi, nobilitate ingenita, incusat priora, probat prae- sisentia videat, : negat si supplices “ se terrore audiat, et minis scripturum vinci: flexos patri, ad ut modestiam placatus legionum preces exciperet.” Orantibus, rursum idem Blaesus et L. Apronius, eques Romanus e cohorte Drusi, Justusque Catonius, primi ordinis centurio, ad Tiberium mittuntur. Certatum inde sententiis, quum alii, “ opperiendos legates, atque interim comitate permulcendum militem,” censerent; alii, “ fortioribus remediis agendum: nihil in vulgo modicum : terrere, ni paveant: ubi pertimuerint, impune contemni: dum superstitio urgeat, adjiciendos ex duce metus, sublatis seditionis auctoribus. Promptum ad asperiora ingenium 116 SELECTA EX TACITO Druso erat: vocatos Vibulenum et Percennium interfici jubet. Tradunt plerique, intra tabernaculum ducis obrutos: alii, corpora extra vallum abjecta ostentui. XV. Turn, ut quisque praecipuus turbator, conquisiti: et pars, extra castra palantes, a centurionibus aut prsetoriarum cohortium militibus caesi: quosdam ipsi manipuli, documen- tum fidei, tradidere. Auxerat militum curas praematura hiems, imbribus continuis adebque saevis, ut non egredi tento- ria, congregari inter se, vix tutari signa possent, quae turbine atque unda raptabantur; durabat et formido ccelestis irae, “ nec frustra adversus impios hebescere sidera, ruere tenlpes- tates: non aliud malorum levamentum, quam si linquerent cas- tra infausta temerataque, et soluti piaculo suis quisque hiber- nis redderentur.” Primum octava, dein quintadecuma legio rediere. Nonanus, “ opperiendas Tiberii epistolas,” clamita- verat, mox desolatus aliorum discessione imminentem necessi- tatem sponte praevenit: et Drusus, non expectato legatorum regressu, quia praesentia satis consederant, in Urban rediit. GERMANICUS. XVI. lisdem ferme diebus, iisdem causis Germanicae le- giones turbatae, quanto plures, tanto violentius: et magna spe fore, ut Germanicus Caesar imperium alterius pati nequiret, daretque se legionibus, vi sua cuncta tracturis. Duo apud ripam Rheni exercitus erant: cui nomen superiori, sub C. Silio legatoinferiorem A. Caecina curabat. Regimen sum- mae rei penes Germauicum, agendo Galliarum censui turn intentum. Sed quibus Silius moderabatur, mente ambigua fortunam seditionis alienae speculabantur: inferioris exer- citus miles in rabiem prolapsus est, orto ab unaetvieesimanis quintanisque initio, et tractis pritna quoque ac vicesima legio- nibus : nam iisdem aestivis, in finibus Ubiorum, habebantur per otium aut levia munia. Igitur, audito fine Augusti, ver- nacula multitude, nuper acto in Urbe delectu, lasciviae sueta, laborum intolerans, implere ceterorum rudes animos: “ ve- nisse tempus, quo veterani maturam missionem, juvenes lar- giora stipendia, cuncti modum miseriarum exposcerent, saevi- tiamque centurionum ulciscerentur.” Non unus haec, .ut Pannonicas inter legiones Percennius, nec apud trepidas mili- tum aures, alios validiores exercitus respicientium, sed multa seditiouis ora vocesque: “ sua in manu sitam rem Romanam, suis victoriis augeri rem publicam, in suum cognomentum adscisci imperatores.” GERMANICUS. 117 XVII. Nec legatus obviam ibat: quippe plurium vecordia constantiam exemerat: repente lympbati destrictis gladiis in centuriones invadunt, ea vetustissima militaribus odiis mate- ries, et saeviendi principium, prostrates verberibus mulcaht, sexageni singulos, ut numerum' centurionum adaequarent. Turn convulses laniatosque, et partim exanimos, ante vallum aut in amnem Rhenum projiciunt. Septimius, quum perfu- gisset ad tribunal, pedibusque Caecinae advolveretur, eo usque llagitatus est, donee ad exitium dederetur. Cassius Chaerea, mox caede C. Cassaris memoriam apud posteros adeptus, turn adolescens et animi ferox, inter obstantes et armatos ferro viam patefecit. Non tribunus ultra, non castrorum praefectus jus obtinuit: vigilias, stationes, et si qua alia praesens usus indix- erat, ipsi partiebantur. Id militares animos altius conjectan- tibus praecipuum indicium magni atque implacabilis motus, quod neque disjecti, vel paucorum instinctu, sed pariter ardes- cerent, pariter silerent: tanta aequalitate et constantia, ut regi crederes. XVIII. Interea Germanico, “ excessisse Augustum,” ad- fertur. Neptem ejus, Agrippinam, in matrimonio, pluresque ex ea liberos habebat. Ipse Druso, fratre Tiberii, genitus, quorumAugustae causae nepos: acriores, sed anxius quia occultis iniquae: in se quippe patrui aviaequeDrusi magna odiis, apud populum Romanum memona, credebaturque, si rerum potitus foret, libertatem redditurus: unde in Germanicum favor, et spes eadem. Nam juveni civile ingenium, mira co- mitas et diversa a Tiberii sermone, vultu, adrogantibus et ob- scuris. Accedebant muliebres offensiones, novercalibus Liviae in Agrippinam stimulis ; atque ipsa Agrippina paulo commo- tior, nisi quod castitate et mariti amore quamvis indomitum aninmm in bonum vertebat. XIX. Sed Germanicus, quanto summae spei propior, tanto impensius pro Tiberio niti. Sequanos proximos et Belgarum civitates in verba ejus adigit. Dehinc, audito legionum tumul- tu, raptim profectus, obvias extra castra habuit, dejectis in terrani oculis, velut pcenitentia. Postquam vallum iniit, dis- soni questus audiri ccepere : et quidam, prensa manu ejus, per speciem exosculandi, inseruerunt digitos, ut vacua dentibus ora contingeret: alii curvata senio membra ostendebant. inAdsistentem manipulos” concionem, jubet; “ sicquia melius permixta audituros videbatur, responsum “ discedere : vex- illa praderri, ut id saltern discerneret cohortestarde obtem- peravere. Tunc “ a veneratione Augusti” orsus, flexit ad brans,“ victorias “ quae triumphosque apud Germanias Tiberii,” illis pracipuiscum legionibus laudibus pulcher- cele- 118 SELECTA EX TACITO rima fecisset. Italiae” hide consensum, Galliarum fidem” extollit, “ nil usquam turbidum, aut discors.” XX. Silentio haec vel murmure modico audita sunt. Ut seditionem adtigit, “ ubi modestia militaris ? ubi veteris dis- ciplinae decus ? quonam tribunes, quo centuriones exegisseut ?” rogitans: nudant universi corpora, “ cicatrices ex vulneribus,tc verberum notas" exprobrant: mox indiscretis vocibus pre- tia vacationum, angustias stipendii, duritiam operum," ac pro- priis nominibus incusant “ vallum, fossas, pabuli, materia;, lignorum adgestus,” et si qua alia ex necessitate, aut adversus otium castrorum quseruntur. Atrocissimus veteranorum cla- mor oriebatur, qui tricena aut supra stipendia numerantes, “ mederetur fessis, neu mortem in iisdem laboribus, sed finem tam exercitae militiae, neque inopem requiem” orabant: fuere etiam, qui legatam a divo August© pecuniam reposcerent, faustis in Germanicum ominibus; et, si vellet imperium, promptos ostentavere. Turn vero, quasi scelere contamina- retur, praeceps tribunali desiluit: obposuerunt abeunti arma, minitantes, ni regrederetur. At ille, “ moriturum potius, quam fidem exueret,” clamitans, ferrum a latere deripuit, ela- tumque deferebat in pectus, ni proximi prensam dextram vi adtinuissent: extrema et conglobata inter se pars concionis, ac, vix credibile dictu, quidam singuli, propius incedentes, “ feriret," hortabantur: et miles, nomine Calusidius, strictum obtulit gladium, addito, “ acutiorem esse.” Saevum id mali- que moris etiam furentibus visum ; ac spatium fuit, quo Caesar ab amicis in tabernaculum raperetur. “ parariXXL legates,Consultatum qui superiorem ibi de remedio: exercitum etenim ad causam nuntiabatur, eandem traherent: destinatum excidio Ubiorum oppidum: imbutas- que praeda manus in direptionem Galliarum erupturas.” Augebat metum gnarus Romanae seditionis, et, si omitteretur ripa, invasurus hostis; at, si auxilia et socii adversum absce- dentes legiones armarentur, civile bellum suscipi: periculosa severitas; flagitiosa largitio ; seu nihil niiliti, sive omnia con- cederentur ; in ancipiti res publica. Igitur, volutatis inter se rationibus, placitum, ut epistolae nomine Principis scriberen- tur: “ missionem dari vicena stipendia meritis; exauctorari, qui senadena fecissent, ac retineri sub vexillo, ceterorum im- munes, nisi propulsandi hostis: legata, quae petiverant, exsol- vi duplicarique.” XXII. Sensit miles in tempus conficta, statimque flagita- vit: missio per tribunes maturatur: largitio differebatur in biberna cujusque. Non abscessere quintani unaetviccsimani- que, donee iisdem in aestivis contracta ex viatico amicorum ip- GERMANICUS. 119 siusque Csesaris pecunia persolveretur. Priniam ac vicesi- mam legiones Caecina legatus in civitatem Ubiomm reduxit, turpi agmine, quum fisci de imperatore rapti inter signa in- terque aquilas veherentur. Germanicus, Buperiorem ad exer- citum profectus, secundam et tertiamdecumam et sextam- decumam legiones, nihil cunctatas, sacramento adigit. Quar- tadecumani paullum dubitaverant: pecunia et missio, quamvis non flagitantibus, oblata est. XXIII. At in Chaucis coeptavere seditionera praesidium agitantes vexillarii discordium legionum, et praesenti duorum militum supplicio paullum repressi sunt. Jusserat id Men- nius, castrorum praefectus, bono magis exemplo, quam con- cesso jure: deinde, intumescente motu, profugus repertusque, postquam intutae latebrae, praesidium ab audacia mutuatur: “ non praefectum ab iis, sed Germanicum ducem, sed Tibe- rium Impcratorem violarisimul exterritis, qui obstiterant, raptum vexillum ad ripam vertit, et, “ si quis agmine decess- isset, pro desertore fore,” clamitans, reduxit in hiberna tur- bidos et nihil ausos. XXIV. Interea legati absenatu regressum jam, apud Aram Ubiorum, Germanicum adeunt. Duae ibi legiones, prima at- que vicesima, veteranique, nuper missi sub vexillo, hiemabant. Pavidos et conscientia vecordes intrat metus, venisse Patrum jussu, qui irrita facerent, qua; per seditionem expreseerant: utque mos vulgo, quamvis falsis reum subdere, Munatium Plancum, consulatu functum, principcm legationis, auctorem senatus-consultimo Germanic! situm, incusant: flagitare ct nocte occipiunt: concubia concursuque vexillum, inad do-ja- nuam facto, moliuntur fores; extractum cubili Ceesarem, tra- dere vexillum, intento mortis metu, subigunt: mox, vagi per vias, obvios habuere legates, audita consternatione, ad Germa- nicum tendentes: ingerunt contumelias: esedem parant, Plan- co maxime, quem dignitas fuga impediverat: neque aliud peri- clitanti subsidium, quam castra prima; legionis : illic signa et aquilam amplexus, religione sese tutabatur: ac, ni aquilifer Calpurnius vim extremam arcuisset, rarum etiam inter hostes, legatus populi Romani, Romanis in castris, sanguine suo alta- ria deum commaculavisset. Luce demum, postquam dux, et miles, et facta noscebantur, ingressus castra Germanicus per- due! ad se Plancum imperat, recepitque in tribunal. Turn “ fatalem” increpans “ rabiem, neque militum, sed deum ira resurgere,” cur venerint legati, aperit: “ jus legationis atque ipsius Plane! gravem et immeritum casum,” simul, “quan- tum dedecoris adierit legio,” facunde miseratur: attonitaque J20 SELECTA EX TACITO magis, quam quieta concione, legates praesidio auxiliariuni equitum dimittit. XXV. Eo in metu arguere Germanicum omnes, “ quod non ad superiorem exercitum pergeret, ubi obsequia, et contra rebelles auxilium. Satis superque missione, et pecunia, et mollibus consultis peccatum: vel, si vilis ipsi sal us, cur filium parvulum, cur gravidam conjugem, inter furentes, et omnis humani juris violatores haberet? illos saltern avo et reipubli- cae redderet." Diu cunctatus, aspernantem uxorem, quum " se divo Augusto ortam, neque degenerem ad pericula” testa- retur, postremb uterum ejus, et communem filium multo cum fletu complexus, ut abiret, perpulit. Incedebat muliebre et miserabile agmen, profuga ducis uxor, parvulum sinu filium gerens: lamcntantes circiim amicorum conjuges, quae simul trahebantur; nec minus, tristes, qui manebant. XXVI. Non florentis Caesaris, neque suis in castris, sed velut in urbe victa, facies, gemitusque ac planctus, etiam mili- tum“ quis aures ille flebilisoraque sonus advertere. ? quod tamProgrediuntur triste ? feminas contuberniis: illustres, non centurionem ad tutelam, non militem, nihil imperatoriae uxoris, aut comitatus soliti, pergere ad Treveros, et extern® fidei.” Pudor inde et miseratio, et patris Agrippae, August! avi, memoria: socer Drusus; ipsa insigni fecunditate, pnecla- ra pudicitia: jam infans in castris genitus, in contubernio le- gionum eductus, quem militari vocabulo “ Caligulam” appella- bant, quia plerumque, ad concilianda vulgi studia, eo tegmine pedum induebatur. Sed nihil aeque flexit, quam invidia in Treveros: orant, obsistunt, “ rediret, maneretpars Agrip- pinae occursantes, plurimi ad Germanicum regressi: isque, ut eratXXVII. recens dolore“ Non et mihi ira, uxor,apud circumfusosaut filius, patre ita coepit.et republica ca- riores sunt: sed ilium quidem sua majestas, imperium Roma- num ceteri exercitus defendent. Conjugem, et liberos meos, quos pro gloria vestra libens ad exitium offerrem, nunc procul a furentibus submoveo, ut, quidquid istuc sceleris imminet, meo tantum sanguine pietur ; neve occisus. Augusti pronepos, interfecta Tiberii minis, nocentiores vos faciat: quid enim per hos dies inausum intemeratumve vobis? Quod nomen huic coetui dabo ? militesne appellem, qui filium imperatoris vestri, vallo, et armis, circumsedistis ? an cives, quibus tam projecta senatiis auctoritas? Hostium quoque jus, et sacra legationis, et fas gentium rupistis. Divus Julius seditionem exercitus verbo uno compescuit, Quirites vocando, qui sacramentum ejus de- trectabant. Divus Augustus, vultu, et aspectu, Actiacas le- giones exterruit. Nos, ut nondum eosdem,2 ita ex illis ortos, GERMANICUS. 121 si Hispaniffi Syriseve miles aspernaretur, tamen mirum et in- dignum erat. Primane et vicesima legiones, ilia signis a Ti- berio acceptis, tu tot prceliorum socia, tot praemiis aucta, egre- giam duci vestro gratiam refertis! Hunc ego nuntium patri, I seta omnia aliis e provinciis audienti, feram ? ipsius ti rones, ipsius veteranos, non missione, non pecunia satiatos ? hie tan- tum interfici centuriones, ejici tribunos, includi legatos ? in- fecta sanguine castra, flumina ? meque precariam animam in- ter infensos trahere? XXVIII. “ Cur enim, primo concionis die, ferrum illud, quod pectori meo infigere parabam, detraxistis, o improvidi dissemamici ? certemelius nondum et amantius tot flagitiorum ille, qui gladiumexercitui offerebat:meo conscius ceci- : legissetis ducem, qui meam quidem mortem impunitam sineret, Vari tamen et trium legionum ulcisceretur. Neque enim dii sinant, ut Belgarum, quamquam offerentium, decus istud et claritudo sit, subvenisse Romano nomini, compressisse Ger- manise populos! Tua, dive Auguste, ccelo recepta mens, tua, pater Druse, imago, tui memoria, iisdem istis cum militibus, quos jam pudor et gloria intrat, eluant hanc maculam, irasque civiles in exitium hostibus vertant. Vos quoque, quorum alia nunc ora, alia pectora contueor, si legatos senatui, obsequium Imperatori, si mihi conjugem et filium redditis, discedite a contactu, ac dividite turbidos: id stabile ad pcenitentiam, id fidei vinculum erit.” XXIX. Supplices ad hajc, et vera exprobrari fatentes, ora- bant, “ puniret noxios, ignosceret lapsis, et duceret in hostem : revocaretur conjux, rediret legionum alumnus, neve obses Gallis traderetur.” Reditum Agrippinae excusavit ob imminentem partum et hiemem: “ venturum filium : cetera ipsi exseque- tosrentur.” trahunt Discurrunt ad legatum mutati, legionis et primee,seditiosissimum C. Cetronium, quemque qui vinc- ju- dicium et poenas de singulis in hunc modum exercuit. Sta- bant pro concione legiones destrictis gladiis: reus in suggestu per tribunum ostendebatur: si “ nocentem” acclamaverant, prseceps datus trucidabatur: et gaudebat csedibus miles, tam- quam semet absolveret: nec Caesar arcebat, quando, nullo ip- sius jussu, penes eosdem ssevitia facti et invidia erat. Secuti exemplum veterani baud multd post in Rsetiam mittuntur, specie defendendseprovincise, obimminentes Suevos; ceterum,' ut avellerentur castris, trucibus adhuc, non minus asperitate remedii, quam sceleris memoria. Centurionatum inde egit: citatus ab imperatore nomen, ordinem, patriam, numerum sti- pendiorum, quse strenue in preeliis fecisset, et cui erant dona militaria, edebat: si tribuni, si legio industriam innocentiam- 122 SELECTA EX TACITO que approbaverant, retinebat ordines: ubi avaritiam aut cnt* nelitatcm consensu objectarissent, solvebatur militia. XXX. Sic compositis prasentibus, baud minor moles super- erat, ob ferociam quint® et unaetvicesimae legionum, sexagesi- mum apud lapidem, (loco Vetera nomen est,) hibernantium: nam primi seditionem coeptavcrant: atrocissimum quodque facinus horum manibus patratum: nec poena commilit'onum exterritij nec pcenitentia convefsi, iras retinebant. Igitur Cae- sar arma, classem^ socios demittere Rheno parat, si imperium dctrectetur, bello certaturus. XXXI. At Germanicus, quamquam contracto exercitu, et parata in defectores ultione, dandum adhuc spatium ratus, si recenti exemplo sibi ipsi consulerent, pnemittit literas ad Cae- cinam^ “ venire se valida manu, ac, ni supplicium in malos pracsuniant, usurum promiscua csede.” Eas Caecina aquilife- ris signiferisque, et quod maxime castrorum sincerum erat, occulte recitat, “ utque cunctos infamise, se ipsos morti exi- mant,” hortatur: “ nam in pace causas et merita spectari: ubi bellum ingruat, innocentes ac noxios juxta cadere.” Illi, tentatis, quos idoneos rebantur, postquam majorem legionum partem in officio vident, de sententia legati statuunt tempus, 3uo foedissimum quemque et sedition! promptum ferro inva- ant. Tunc, signo inter se dato, irrumpunt contubernia, tru- cidant ignaros: nullo, nisi consciis, noscente, quod cadis ini- tium, quis finis. XXXII. Diversa omnium, quae umquam accidere, civilium armorum facies: non proelio, non adversis e castris, sed iisdem e cubilibus, quos simul vesceiRes, dies, simul quietos nox ha- buerat, discedunt in partes, ingerunt tela: clamor, vulnera, sanguis palam: causa in occulto: cetera fors regit: et qui- dam bonorum caesi: postquam, intellecto, in quos saeviretur, pessimi quoque arma rapuerant: neque legatus aut tribunus moderator adfuit: permissa vulgo licentia atque ultio et satie- tas. Mox ingressus castra Germanicus, “ non medicinam illud,” plurimis cum lacrumis, “ sed cladem” appellans, “ cre- mari corpora” jubet. Truces etiam turn animos cupido invo- lat eundi in hostem, piaculum furoris: nec aliter posse placard commilitonum manes, quam si pectoribus impiis honesta vul- nera accepissent. Sequitur ardorem militum Csesar, junctoque ponte tramittit duodecim millia e legionibus, sex et viginti so- das cohortes, octo equitum alas, quarum ea seditione inteme- rata modestia fuit. XXXIII. Laeti, neque procul, German! agitabant, dum justitio, qb amissum Augustum, post discordiis attinemur. At Romanus, agmine propero, silvam €®siam limitemque, a Ti- GERMANICUS. 123 berio cceptum, scindit: castra in limite locat; frontem ac ter- gum vallo, latera concaedibus nmnitur. Inde saltus obscuros permeat, consultatque, “ ex duobus itineribus breve et soli- tum sequatui% an impeditius et intentatum, eoque hostibus in- cautum.” Delecta longiore via, cetera accelerantur: etenim attulerant exploratores, “ festam earn Germania noetem, ac solennibus epulis ludicram.” Ccecina, cum expeditis cohorti- bus praeire, et obstantia silvarum amoliri jubetur: legiones modico intervallo sequuntur. Juvit nox sideribus illustris : ventumque ad vicos Marsorum, et circumdatae stationes, stratis etiam turn per cubilia propterque mensas, nullo metu, non an- tepositis vigiliis: aded cuncta incuria disjecta erant: neque belli timor; ac ne pax quidem, nisi languida et soluta, inter temulentos. XXXIV. Caesar avidas legiones, quo latior populatio foret, quatuor in cuneos dispertit; quinquaginta millium spatium ferro flammisque pervastat: non sexus, non aetas miseratio- ncm attulit; profana simul et sacra, et celeberrimum illis gen- tibus templum, quod “ Tanfanae” vocabant, solo sequantur: sine vulnere milites, qui semisomnos, inermos aut palantes cd- ciderant. Excivit ea caedes Bructeros, Tubantes, U si petes; saltiisque, per quos exercitui regressus, insedere: quod gna- rum duci; incessitque itineri et prcelio: pars equitum et auxiliarise coliortes ducebant: mox prima legio: et medHs im- pedimentis, siuistrum latus unaetvicesimani, dextrum quintani clausere:Sed hostes, vicesima donee agmen legio perterga saltus firmavit: pomgeretur, post ceteri immoti: sociorum. dein latera et frontem modice adsultantes, tota vi npvissimos incur- rere: turbabanturque densis Germanorum catervis leves co- liortes, quum Caesar, advectus ad vicesimanos, voce magna, gerent,“ boc illud properarent tempus obliterandasculpam in decusseditionis,” vert ere.” clamitabat: Exarserc “ per-aui- niis, unoque impetu perruptum hostem redigunt in aperta cav iluntque : siinul pr'uni agminis copise evasere silvas, castraque commuuivere. Quietuni inde iter: fidensque recentibus, ac priorumXXXV. oblitus Nuntiata miles, eain hibernisTiberium locatur. laetitia curiique affeccre : etgaudebat missione oppressam festinata seditionemfavorem militum : sed, quodquaesivisset, largiendis bellica. pecuniis, quo- deque rebus Gernianici gestis, gloria,multaque angebatur. de virtute Retulitejus memoravit, tamen ad magissenatum in speciem verbis adornata, quam ut penitus sentire crederetur. tentior,Paucioribus et fida Drusum oratione: et finemcunctaque, Illyrici quae motus Germanicus laudavit, indulse-sed in- rat, servavit etiam apud Pannonicos exercitus. 124 SELECTA EX TACITO XXXVI. Druso Caesare, C. Norbano Consulibusj decernitur Germanico triumphus, manente bello; quod, quamquam in jEstateni summa ope parabat, initio veris, et repentino in Cat- tos excursu, praecepit: nani spes incesserat, dissidere hostem in Arminium ac Segesten, insignem utrumque perfidia in nos, rebelaut fide. lionem," Arminius saepe alias, turbator et supremo Germaniae: eonvivio, Segestes, post quod “ parariin ar- ma ituni, aperuit: suasitque Varo, “ ut se et Arminium et ceteros proceres vinciret: nihil ausuram plebem, principibus amotis; atque ipsi tempus fore, quo crimina, et innoxios dis- cerneretsed Varus fato, et vi Arminii cecidit. Segestes, quamquam consensu gentis in bellum tractus, discors manebat, auctis privatim odiis, quod Arminius filiam ejus, alii pactam, rapuerat: gener invisus, inimici soceri: quaeque apud Con- cordes vincula caritatis, incitamenta irarum apud infensos erant. XXXVII. Igitur Germanicus quatuor legiones, quinque auxiliarium millia, et tumultuarias catervas Germanorum, cis Rhenum colentium, Caecinae tradit: totidem legiones, dupli- cem sociorum numerum ipse ducit: positoque castello super vestigia paterni praesidii, in monte Tauno, expeditum exerci- tum in Cattos rapit; L. Apronio ad munitiones viarum et flu- minum relicto: nam, rarum illi ccelo, siccitate, et amnibus modicis, inoffensum iter properaverat: imbresque, et flumi- num auctus regredienti metuebantur. Sed Cattis adeb impro- visus advenit, ut, quod imbecillum aetate ac sexu, statim cap- turn aut trucidatum sit. Juventus flumen Adranam nando tramiserat, Romanesque, pontem coeptantes, arcebant: dein tormentis sagittisque pulsi, tentatis frustra conditionibus pa- ds, quum quidam ad Germanicum perfugissent, reliqui, omis- sis pagis vicisque, in silvas disperguntur. Caesar, incenso Mat- tio, (id genti caput,) aperta populatus, vertit ad Rhenum ; non auso hoste terga abeuntium lacessere: quod illi moris, quotiens astu magis quam per formidinem cessit. Fuerat animus Che- ruscis juvare Cattos; sed exterruit Caecina, hue illuc ferens arma: et Marsos, congredi ausos, prospero preelio cohibuit. XXXVIII. Neque multo post legati a Segeste venerunt, auxilium orantes adversus vim popularium, a quis circumsede- batur; validiore apud eos Arminio, quando bellum suadebat. Nam barbaris, quanto quis audacia promptus, tanto magis fi- dus rebusque metis potior habetur. Addiderat Segestes lega- tis filium, nomine Segimundum: sed juvenis conscientia cunc- tabatur: quippe anno, quo Germania; descivere, sacerdos apud Aram Ubiorum creates, ruperat vittas, profugus ad rebelles. Adductus tamen in spem dementia; Romans;, pertuht patns GERMANICUS. 125 mandata: benigneque exceptus, cum praesidio Gallicam in ripam missus est. Germanico pretium fuit, convertere agmen; pugnatumque in obsidentesj et ereptus Segestes magna cum propinquorum et clientium manu. Inerant feminae nobiles; inter quas uxor Arminii, eademque filia Segestis, mariti ma- gis quam parentis animo, neque victa in lacrumas, neque voce supplex, compressis intra sinum manibus, gravidum uterum intuens. Ferebantur et spolia Varianse cladis, plerisque eorum, qui turn in deditionem veniebant, praedae data. Simul Se- gestes ipse, ingens visu, et memoria bonae societatis impavidus. mihiXXXIX. primus ergaVerba populum ejus in Romanum hunc modum fidei etfuere: constantiae “ non dies: hie ex quo a divo August© civitate donatus sum, amicos inimicos- que ex vestris utilitatibus delegi: neqne odio patriae, quippe proditores etiam iis, quos anteponunt, invisi sunt, verum quia Romanis Germanisque idem conducere, et pacem quam bel- lum probabam : ergo raptorem filiae meae, violatorem foederis vestri, Arminium apud Varum, qui turn exercitui praesidebat, reum feci. Dilatus segnitia ducis, quia parum praesidii in le- gibus erat, ut me et Arminium et conscios vinciret, flagitavi. Testis ilia nox, mihi utinam potius novissima! Quae secuta sunt, defleri magis, quam defendi possunt: ceterum et injeci catenas Arminio, et a factione ejus injectas perpessus sum. Atque ubi primum tui jeopia, vetera novis, et quieta turbidis antehabeo : neque ob praemium, sed ut me perfidia exsolvam ; simul genti Germanorum idoneus conciliator, si poenitentiam quam perniciem maluerit. Pro juventa et errore filii veniam precor: filiam necessitate hue adductam fateor. Tuum erit consultare, utrum praevaleat, quod ex Arminio concepit, an quod ex me genita est.” Caesar, dementi response, liberis propinquisque ejus incolumitatem, ipsi sedem Vetera, in pro- vincia pollicetur. Exercitum reduxit, nomenque Imperatoris, auctore Tiberio, accepit. Arminii uxor virilis sexus stirpem edidit: educatus Ravennae puer, quo mox ludibrio conflictatus sit, in tempore memorabo. XL. Fama dediti benigneque except! Segestis vulgata, ut quibusque bellum invitis aut cupientibus erat, spe vel dolore accipitur. Arminium, super insitam violentiam, rapta uxor, quesubjectus per Cheruscos, servitio uxoris arma uterus, in Segestem, vecordem arma agebant: in Caesarem volitabat- pos- cens: neque probris temperabat: “ egregium patrem ! mag- num imperatorem! fortem exercitum ! quorum tot manus unam mulierculam avexerint. Sibi tres legiones, totidem le- gates procubuisse. Non enim se proditione, neque adversus feminas gravidas, sed palam adversus armatos bellum tractare. 126 SELECTA EX TACITO Cerni adlmc Germanorum iu lucis signa Romanqua; dii* patriis suspenderit. Coleret Segestes victam ripam : redderet filio sacerdotium : liominem Germanos numquam satis excusa- turos, quod inter Albim et Rhenum, virgas, et secures, et to- gam viderint. Aliis gentibus, ignorantia imperii Romani, in- experta esse supplicia, nescia tributa : quae quando exuerint, irritusque discesserit ille inter numina dicatus Augustus, ille delectus Tiberius, ne imperitum adolescentulum, ne seditio- sum exercitum pavescerent. Si patriam, parentes, antiqua mallent, quam dominos et colonias novas, Arminium potius, gloria; ac libertatis, quam Segestem, flagitiosae servitutis du- eem, sequerentur.” XLI. Conciti per haec non modd Cherusci, sed conterminse gentes; tractusque in partes Inguiomerus, Arminii patruus, veteri apud Romanos auctoritate: unde major Caesari metus : et ne bellum mole una ingrueret, Caecinam cum quadraginta cobortibus Romanis, distrahendo hosti, per Bructeros, ad flu- men Amisiam mittit: equitem Redo praefectus finibus Frisio- rum ducit: ipse impositas navibus quatuor legiones per lacus vexit: simulque pedes, eques, classis, apud praedictum amnem convenere. Chauci, quum auxilia pollicerentur, in commili- tium adsciti sunt. Bructeros sua urentes expedita cum manu L. Stertinius, missu Germanici, fudit: interque caedem et praedam reperit undevicesimae legionis aquilam, cum Varo amissam Ductum inde agmeu ad ultimos Bructerorum : quantumque Amisiam et Luppiam amnes inter, vastatum, baud procul Teutoburgiensi saltu, in quo reliquiae Vari legio- nuipque insepultae dicebantur. XLII. Igitur cupido Caesarem invadit, solvendi suprema militibus dueique; permoto ad miserationem omni, qui ade- rat, exercitu, ob propinquos, amicos, denique ob casus bello- rum et sortem bominum. Praemisso Caecina, ut occulta sal- tuum scrutaretur, pontesque et aggeres humido paludum et tallacibus campis imponeret, incedunt moestos locos, visuque ac memoria deformes. Prima Vari castra, lato ambitu et dimen- sis principiis, trium legionum manus ostentabant: dein semi- ruto vallo, humili fossa, accisae jam reliquiae consedisse intelli- gebantur : medio campi albentia ossa, ut fugerant, ut restite- rant, disjecta vel aggerata: adjacebant fragmina telorum equorumque artus, simul tmncis aj’borum antefixa ora : lucis dinumpropinquis centuriones barbaraj arae,mactaverant: apud quas ettribunes, cladis acejus primorum superstites, or- pugnam aut vincula elapsi, referebaut bic cecidisse legates; illic raptas. aquilas ; primum ubi vulnus Varo adactum ; ubi infelici dextra, et suo ictu mortem invenerit; quo tribunali GERMANICUS. 127 concionatus Arminiusj quot patibula captivis, quae scrobes; utque signis et aquilis per superbiam illuserit.” XL1II. Igitur Romanus, qui aderat, exercitus, sextum post cladis annum, trium legionum ossa, nullo uoscente, alienas re- liquias an suorum humo tegeret, omnes, ut conjunctos, ut con- sanguineos, aucta in hosteni ir^, mcesti simul et infensi conde- bant. Priinum exstruendo tumulo cespitem Caesar posuit, gratissimo munere in defunctos, et praesentibus doloris socius. Quod Tiberio baud probatum, seu cuncta Germanici in dete- nus trahenti, sive exercitum imagine caesorum insepultorum- que tardatum ad proelia et formidolosiorem hostium credebat: praeditum,“ neque imperatorem, adtrectare feralia auguratu debuisse.” et vetustissimis ceremoniis XLIV. Sed Germanicus, cedentem in avia Arminium se- cutus, ubi primum copia fuit, evehi equites, campumque, quem hostis insederat, eripi jubet. Arminius colligi suos, et propinquare silvis monitos vertit repente; mox signum pro- rumpendi dedit iis, quos per saltus occultaverat. Tunc nov& acie turbatus eques; missaeque subsidiariae cohortes, et fugien- tium agmine impulsae, auxerantconsternationem: trudebantur- que in paludem, gnaram viucentibus, iniquam nesciis, ni Cae- sar, productas legiones instruxisset: inde hostibus terror, fiducia militi: et manibus aequis abscessum. Mox, reducto ad Ami- siam exercitu, legiones classe, ut advexerat, reportat: pars equitum litore Oceani petere Rhenum jussa: Caecina, qui suum militem ducebat, monitus, quamquam notis itineribus regrederetur, Pontes longos quam maturrime superare. Au- gustus is trames, vastas inter paludes, et quondam a L. Do- mitio aggeratus : cetera limosa, tenacia gravi coeno, aut rivis inccrta erant: circum silvae paullatim acclives, quas turn Ar- minius implevit; compendiis viarum, et cito agmine, onustum sarcinis armisque militem quum antevenisset. Caecinae dubi- tanti, quonam modo ruptos vetustate pontes reponeret, simul- que propulsaret hostem, castra metari in loco placuit; ut opus, et alii proelium inciperent. XLV. Barbari, perfringere stationes, seque inferre munito- ribus nisi, lacessunt, circumgiediuntur, occursant: miscetur operantium bellantiumque clamor : et cuncta pariter Romanis procedentibusadversa; locus lubricus; uligine profunda,corpora gravia idem adloricis: gradum neque instabilis, librare pila inter undas poterant. Contra Cheruscis sueta apud palu- des prcelia; procera membra; hasta; ingentes ad vulhera faci- enda quamvis procul: nox demum inclinantes turn legiones adversa; pugna; exemit. Germani, ob prospera indefessi, ne turn quidem sumpta quiete, quantum aquarum circum surgen- 128 SELECTA EX TACITO tibusjugis oriturj vertere in subjecta: mersaque humo, et ob- ruto quod effectum operis, duplicatus militi labor. Quadra- gesimurn id stipendium Caxina parendi aut imperitandi babe- bat ; secundarum ambigiiarumque rerum sciens, eoque interri- tus. Igitur futura volvens non aliud reperit, quam ut hostem silvis coerceret, donee saucii, quantumque gravioris agminis, anteirent: nam medio montium et paludum porrigebatur planities, quai tenuero aciem pateretur. Deliguntur legiones, quinta dextro lateri; unaetvicesima in leevuni; primani du- cendum ad agmen ; vicesimanus adversum secuturos. XLVI. Nox per diversa inquies; quum barbari festis epu- lis, laeto cantu, aut truci sonore, subjecta vallium ac resultan- tes saltus complerent: apud Romanos invalidi ignes, interrup- tae voces, atque ipsi passim adjacerent vallo, oberrarent tento- riis, insomnes magis quam pervigiles: ducemque terruit dira quies: nam Quinctilium Varum, sanguine oblitum, et palu- dibus emersum, cernere et audire visus est, velut vocantem, non tamen obsecutus, et manum intendentis repulisse. Ccepta luce, missae in latera legiones, metu an contumacia, locum de- seruere: capto propere campo, humentia ultra. Neque ta- men Arminius, quamquam libero incursu, statim prorupit; sed, ut haesere coeno fossisque impedimenta, turbati circum milites, incertus signorum ordo, utque tali in tempore, sibi quisqueGermanos properus, jubet, clamitans, et lentae adversum “ en Varus, imperia et eodem aures, iterum irrumpere fato victae legiones!” Simul haec: et cum delectis scindit agmen, equisque maxime vulnera ingerit: ilK sanguine suo, et lubrico paludum lapsantes, excussis rectoribus, disjicere obvios, prote- rere jacentes: plurimus circa aquilas labor, quae neque adver- sum ferri ingruentia tela, neque figi limosa humo poterant. Caecina, dum sustentat aciem, suffosso equo delapsus, circum- veniebatur, ni prima legio sese opposuisset. Juvit hostium aviditas, omissa caede, praedam sectantium: enisaeque legiones, vesperascente die, in aperta et solida. Neque is miseriarum finis: struendum vallum, petendus agger: amissa magna ex parte, per quae egeritur humus aut exciditur cespes: non ten- toria manipulis, non fomenta sauciis: infectos cceno aut cru- ore cibos dividentes, funestas tenebras, et tot hominum milli- bus unum jam reliquum diem lamentabantur. XLVII. Forte equus, abruptis vinculis, vagus, et clamors territus, quosdam occurrentium obturbavit: tanta inde con- adsternatio, portas; irrupisse quarum Germanos Decumana credentiiim, maxime utpetebatur, cuncti ruerentaversa hosti, et fugientibus tutior. Caecina, comperto, vanam esse formidinem, quum tamen neque auctoritate, neque precibus, GERMANICUS. 129 ne matm quidem, obsistere aut retinere militem quiret, pro- jects in limine portae, miseratione demum, quia per corpus legati eundum erat, clausit viam: simul tribuni et centuriones falsum pavorem esse docuerunt. XLVIII. Tunc contracts in principia, jussosque dicta cum silentio accipere, temporis ac necessitatis rnonet: “ unam in armis salutem: sed ea consilio temperanda; manendumque intra vallum, donee expugnandi hostes spe propius succede- rent: mox undique erumpendum : ilia eruptione ad Rhenum perveniri: quod si fugerent, plures silvas, profundas magis riampaludes, : quae ssevitiam domi cara,hostium quae superesse in castris ,• honesta,”at victoribus memorat: decus, glo-re- ticuit de adversis. Equos dehinc, orsus a suis, legatorum tri- bunorumque, nulla ambitione, fortissimo cuique bellatori tra- dit, ut hi, mox pedes, in hostem invaderent. XLIX. Haud minus inquies Germanus spe, cupidine, et diversis ducum sententiis agebat: Arminio, “ sinerent egredi, egressosque rursum per humida et impedita circumvenirent,” suadente; atrociora Inguiomero, et laeta barbaris, “ ut vallum armis ambirent: promptam expugnationem, plures captivos, incorruptam prsedam fore.” Igitur, orta die, proruunt fossas, quasiinjiciunt ob metumcrates, defixo.summa valliPostquam prensant, haesere raro munimentis, super milite, datur et cohortibus signum, cornuaque ac tubai concinuere: exin, cla- more, et impetu, tergis Germanorum circumfunduntur, ex- probrantes, “ non hie silvas, nec paludes, sed aequis locis aequos deos." Hosti, facile excidium et paucos ac semermos cogitanti, sonus tubarum, fulgor armorum, quanto inopina, tanto majora offunduntur: cadebantque, ut rebus secundis avidi, ita adversis incauti. Arminius integer, Inguiomerus post grave vulnus, pugnam deseruere: vulgus trucidatum est, donee ira et dies vulnerum,permansit. eademNocte ciborum demum egestasreversae fatigaret, legiones, vim, quamvis sanitatem, plus copias, cuncta in victoria habuere. L. Pervaserat interim “ circumvent! exercitus” fama, et “ infesto Germanorum agmine Gallias petiac, ni Agrippi- na impositum Rheno pontem solvi prohibuisset, erant, qui id flagitium formidine auderent: sed femina ingens animi, munia ducis, pereos dies, induit, militibusque, ut quis inops aut sau- cius, vestem et fomenta dilargita est. Tradit C. Plinius, pontis,Germanicorum laudes etbellorum grates reversisscriptor, legionibus stetisse apud habentem principium Id Tiberii animum altiiis penetravit: “ non enim simplices eas curas, nec adversus externos militem quseri: nihil relictum imperatoribus, ubi femina manipulos intervisat, signa adeat, 130 SELECTA EX TACITO largitionem tentet; tanquam parum ambitiose filium duds gregali babitu drcumferat, Ccesarermpic Caligulam appellari velit. Potiorem jam apud exercitus Agrippinam, quam lega- tes, quam duces: compressam a muliere seditionem, cui nomeu Principis obsistere non quiverit.’’ Accendebat hsec onerabat- que Sejanus, peritia morum Tiberii, odia in longum jaciens, quae reconderet auctaque promeret. LI. At Germanicus legionum, quas navibus vexerat, secun- dam et quartam decimam itinere terrestri P. Vitellio ducen- das tradit, quo levior classis vadoso mari innaret, vel reciproco sideret. Vitellius primum iter sicca humo, aut modice alla- bente sestu, quietum habuit: mox impulsu aquilonis, simul sidere eequinoctii, quo maxime tumescit Oceanus, rapi agique agmen : et opplebantur terrae: eadem freto, litori, campis fa- cies ; neque discerni poterant incerta ab solidis, brevia a pro- fundis: sternuntur fluctibus, hauriuntur gurgitibus jumen- ta, sarcinae: corpora exanima interfluunt, occursant: permis- centur inter se manipuli, mode pectore, modo ore tenus ex- stantes, aliquando subtracto solo disjecti, aut obruti: non vox, et mutui bortatus. juvabant, adversante unda: nihil strenuus ab ignavo, sapiens ab rudi, nec consilia a casu diflerre: cuncta pari violentia involvebantur. Tandem Vitellius, in editiora enisus, eodem agmen subduxit: pernoctavere sine utensilibus, sine igni, magna pars nudo aut mulcato corpore; baud minus miserabiles, quam quos hostis circumsidet: quippe illis etiam honestae mortis usus, his inglorium exitium. Lux reddidit terram; penetratumque ad amnem Unsingim, quo Caesar classe contenderat: impositae deinde legiones, vagante fama, submersas: nec fides salutis antequ&m Caesarem exercitumque reducem videre. LII. Ceterum Tiberio baud ingratum accidit, turbari res Orientis; ut, ea specie, Germanicum suetis legionibus abstra- bcretj.novisque provinciis impositum, dolo, simul et casibus ubjectaret. At ille, quanto acriora in eum studia militum, et aversa patrui voluntas, celeranda; victoriae intentior, tractare prceliorum vias, et quae, sibi tertium jam annum belligeranti, saeva vel prospera evenissent: “ fundi Germanos acie et justis locis: juvari silvis, paludibus, brevi testate, et praematura hieme: suum mil item baud periude vulneribus, quam spatiis itinerum, damno armorum aifiei: fessas Gallias mi n is t rand is equis: longum impedimentorum agmen, opportunumadtnsidias, defensantibus iniquum : at, si mare iutretur, promptam ipsis possessionem, et hostibus ignotam: simul bellum maturing GERMANICU9. 131 incipi, legionesque etcommeatus pariter vehi: integrum equi- tem equosque, per ora et alveoB fiuminum, media in Germania, fore.” LIII. Caesar, transgressus Visurgim, indicio perfugae cog- noscit, “ delectum ab Arminio locum pugnae; convenisse et castrorumalias nationes oppugnationem.” in silvam Herculi Habita sacram, indici ausurosque tides, et nocturnam cerneban- tur ignes: suggressique propius speculatores, “ audiri fremi- tum equorum, immensique et inconditi agminis murmur,” attulere. Igitur, propinquo summae rei discrimine, exploran- dos militum animos ratus, quonam id modo incorruptum foret, secum agitabat: “ tribunes et centuriones, laeta saepius, quam comperta, nuntiare : libertorum serviHa ingenia; amicis inesse adulationem: si concio vocetur, illic quoque, quae pauci inci- piant, reliquos adstrepere: penitus noscendas mentes, quum secreti et incustoditi, inter militares cibos, spem aut metum .proferrent.” LIV. Nocte ccepta, egressus augurali, per occulta et vigili- bus ignara, comite uno, contectus humeros ferina pelle, adit castrorum vias, adsistit tabernaculis, fruiturque fama sui: quum hie “ nobilitatem ducis,” “ decorem” alius, plurimi “ patientiam, comitatem, per scria, per jocoseundem animum,” laudibus ferrent, reddendamque gratiam in acie,” faterentur: simul, “ perfidos et ruptores pacis ultioni et gloriae mactan- dos.” Inter qua; unus hostium, Latinae lingua; sciens, acto ad vallum equo, voce magna, “ conjuges et agros et stipendii in dies, donee bellaretur, sestertios centenos, si quis transfugis- set,” Arminii nomine pollicetur. Incendit ea contumelia legionum iras: “ veniret dies, daretur pugna; sumpturum militem Germanorum agros, tracturum conjuges: accipere omen, et matrimonia ac pecunias hostium praedse destinare.” Tertia ferme vigilia assultatum est castris, sine conjectu teli, postquam crebras pro munimentis cohortes et nihil remissum sensere.LV. Nox eadem laetam Germanico quietem tulit: viditque se operatum, et, sanguine sacro respersa praetexta, pulchriorem aliam, manibus aviae Augusta; accepisse. Auctus omine, ad- dicentibus auspiciis, vocat concionem, et, quae sapientia praevi- sa aptaque imminenti pugnae, disserit: “ non campos modo saltus:militi Romanonec enim ad immensa proelium barbarorum bonos, sed, scuta,si ratio enormes adsit, silvashastas, et inter truncos arborum et enata humo virgulta perinde haberi, quam pila et gladios, et haerentia corpori tegmina : densarent ictus, ora mucronibus quaererent: non loricam Germano, non galeam ; ne scuta quidem ferro nervove firmata, sed viminum 132 SELECTA EX TACITO textus, sed tenues, fueatas colore, tabulas: primam utcunque aciem hastatam ; ceteris prseusta aut brevia tela: jam corpus, ut visu torvum, et ad brevem impetum validum, sic nulla vulnerum patientia: sine pudore flagitii, sine cura ducum, abire, fugere: pavidos adversis, inter secunda, non divini, non humani juris memores. Si tsedio viarum ac maris finem cu- piant, hac acie parari; propiorem jam Albim, quam Rhenum; neque bellum ultra; modo se, patris patruique vestigia pre- mentem, iisdem in terris victorem sisterent.” LVI. Orationem ducis secutus militum ardor-: signumque pugnse datum. Nec Arminius aut ceteri Germanorum pro- ceres omittebant suos quisque testari: “ hos esse Romanos, Variani exercitus fugacissimos, qui, ne bellum tolerarent, sedi- tionem induerint: quorum pars onusta vulneribus tergum, pal’s fluctibus et procellis fractos artus, infensis rursum hosti- bus, adversis diis objiciant, nulla boni spe: classem quippe et avia Oceani quaesita, ne quis venientibus occurreret, ne pulsos remorumvepremeret: sedsubsidium: ubi miscuerint meminissent manus, mode inane avaritise, victis crudelita-ventorum tis, superbia:: aliud sibi reljquum, quam tenere libertatem, aut mori ante servitium ?” EVIL Sic accensos et preelium poscentes in campum, cui Idistaviso nomen, deducunt. Is medius inter Visurgim et colies, ut ripse fluminis cedunt, aut prominentia montium re- sistant, imequaliter sinuatur: pone tergum insurgebat silva, editis in altum ramis, et pura humo inter arbonxm truncos. Campum et prima silvarum barbara acies tenuit; soli Cherusci juga insedere, ut proeliantibus Romanis desuper incurrerent. Noster exercitus sic incessit: auxiliares Galli, Germanique in fronte: post quos pedites sagittarii: dein quatuor legiones, et cum duabus prsetoriis cohortibus, ac delecto equite Caesar : exin totidem aliae legiones et levis armatura cum equite sagit- tario, ceteraeque sociorum cohortes. Intentus paratusque miles, ut ordo agminis in aciem adsisteret. LVIII. Visis Cheruscorum catervis, quae per ferociam pro- ruperant, validissimos equitum incurrere latus, Stertinium, cum ceteris turmis, circumgredi, tergaque invadere jubet, ipse in tempore adfuturus. Interea pulcherrimum augurium, octo aquilae, petere silvas et intrare visae, imperatorem advertere: cxclamat, “ irent, sequerentur Romanas aves, propria legio- num numina.” Simul pedestris acies infertur, et praemissus eques postremos ac latera impulit: miramque dictu, duo hos- tium agmina, diverse fugi, qui silvam tenuerant, in aperta, qui campis adstiterant, in silvam ruebant. Medii inter hos Cherusci collibus detrudebantur: inter quos insignis Arminius GERMANICUS. 133 manu, voce, vuluere, sustentabat pugnam : incubueratque sa- gittariis, ilia rupturus, ni Rhaetorura Vindelicorumque, et Gal- licai cohortes signa objecissent: nisu tamen corporis, et impetu equi pervasit, oblitus faciem suo cruore, ne nosceretur. Qui- dam, “ agnitum a Chaucis, inter auxilia Romana agentibus, emissuinque," tradiderunt. Virtus sen fraus eadem Inguio- mcro elFngium dedit: ceteri passim trucidati; et plerosque, tranare Visurgim conantes, injecta tela, aut vis duminis, pos- tremo moles ruentium, et incidentes ripai operuere: quidam turpi fuga in sumnaa arborum nisi, ramisque se occultantes, admotis sagittariis, per ludibrium figebantur: alios prorutac arbores afflixere. LIX. Magna ea victoria, neque cruenta nobis fuit. Quin- ta ab bora diei ad noctem, csesi hostes, decern millia passuum, cadaveribus atque armis, opplevere; repertis inter spolia eo- rum catenis, quas in Romanos, ut non dubio eventu, portave- rant. Miles in loco prcelii Tiberium Imperatorem salutavit, struxitque aggerem, et in modum tropacorum arma, subscrip- tis victarum gentium nominibus, imposuit. LX. Haud perinde Germanos vulnera, luctus, excidia, quam ea species, dolore et ira effecit. Qui mode abire sedi- bus, trans Albim concedere parabant, pugnam volunt, arma rapiunt: plebes, primores, juventus, senes agmen Romanum repente incursant, turbant: postremb deligunt locum, flu- mine et silvis clausum, arcta intus planitie et humida: silvas quoque profunda palus ambibat, nisi quod latus unum Angri- varii lato aggere cxtulerant, quo a Cheruscis dirimerentur. Hie pedes adstitit: equitem propinquis lucis texere, ut ingres- sis silvam legionibus a tergo foret. LXI. Nihil ex iis Caesari incognitum: consilia, locos, prompta, occulta noverat, astusque hostium in perniciem ipsis vertebat. Seio Tuberoni legato tradit equitem campumque: peditum aciem ita instruxit, ut pars aequo in silvam aditu in- cederet, pars objectum aggerem eniteretur: quod arduum, sibi; cetera legal is permisit. Quibus plana evenerant, facile irrupere: quis impugnandus agger, ut si murum succederent, gravibus superne ictibus conflictabantur. Sensit dux impa- rem cominus pugnam, remotisque paullum legionibus, fundi- tores libratoresque excutere tela, et proturbare hostem jubet: missae e tormentis hastae, quantoque conspicui magis propug- natores, tanto pluribus vulneribus dejecti. Primus Caesar cum praetoriis cohortibus, capto vallo, dedit impetum in sil- vas : collate illic gradu certatum : hostem a tergo palus, Ro- manos flumen aut monies claudebant: utrisque necessitas in loco, spes in virtute, salus ex victoria. M 134 SELECTA EX TACITO LXII. Nec minor Germanis animus: sed genere pugnae Ct armorum superabantur: quum ingens multitude, arctis locis, praelongas bastas non protenderet, non colligeret, neque assul- tibus et velocitate corporum uteretur, coacta stabile ad prceli- um ; contra miles, cui scutum pectori appressum, et insidens capulo manus, latos barbarorum artus, nuda ora foderet, viam- que strage bostium aperiret: imprompto jam Arminio, ob continua pericula, sire ilium recens acceptum vulnus tardave- rat. Quin et Inguiomerum, tota volitantem acie, fortuna magis, quam virtus, deserebat: et Germanicus, quo magis agnosceretur, detraxerat tegimen capiti, orabatque, “ insiste- rent caedibus: nil opus captivis, solam internecionem gentis finem bello fore.” Jamque sero diei subducit ex acie legionem faciendis castris: ceterae ad noctem cruore hostium satiatae sunt: equites ambigue certavere. LXIII. Laudatis pro condone victoribus, Caesar congeriem armorum struxit, superbo cum titulo: debellatis inter RHENUM ALBIMQUE NATIONIBUS EXERCITUM TIBERII CjESA- RIS EA MONIMENTA MARTI ET JOVI ET AUGUSTO SACHAVISSE. De se nihil addit, metu invidiae an ratus, conscientiam facti satis esse. Mox bellum in Angrivarios Stertinio mandat, ni deditionem properavissent: atque illi supplices, nihil abnueu- do, veniam omnium accepere. LXIV. Reductus inde in hiberna miles, laetus animi, quod adversa maris, expeditione prospera, pensavisset: addidit mu- nificentiam Caesar quantum quis damni professus erat, exsol- vendo. Nec dubium babebatur, labare hostes, petendaeque pads consilia sumere, et, si proxima aestas adjiceretur, posse bellum patrari: sed crebris epistolis Tiberius monebat, “ re- diret ad decretum triumphum: satis jam eventuum, satis ca- suum : prospera illi et magna proelia : eorum quoque memi- nisset, quae venti et fluctus, nulla ducis culpa, gravia tamen maniamet saeva damnamissum, intulissent: plura consilio se, novies quam a vidivo perfecisse: Augusto insic Ger-Su- gambros in deditionem acceptos: sic Suevos, regemque Maro- boduum pace obstrictum : posse et Cheruscos ceterasque rebel- Eum gentes, quando Romanae ultioni consultum esset, internis discordiis relinqui.” Precante Germanico annum efficiendis cceptis, acrius modestiam ejus aggreditur, alterum consulatum offerendo, cujus munia praesens obiret: simul adnectebat, " si foret adhuc bellandum, relinqueret materiem Drusi fratris gloriae, qui, nullo dum alio boste, non nisi apud Germanias assequi nomen imperatorium et deportare laiu-eam posset.” Haud cunctatus est ultra Germanicus, quanquam fingi ea, seque per invidiam parto jam decori abstrahi intelligeret. GERMANICUS. 135 LXV. Fine anni, arcus propter aedem Saturni, ob recepta signa cum Varo amissa, ductu Germanic!, auspiciis Tiberii; et aedes Fortis Fortunae Tiberim juxta, in hortis, quos Caesar dictator populo Romano legaverat; sacrarium genti Juliae, effigiesque divo Augusto apud Bovillas, dicantur. C. Caecilio, L. Pomponio consulibus, Germanicus Caesar A. D. VII. Ca- leudas Junias triumphavit de Cheruscis Cattisque et Angriva- riis, quaeque aliae nationes usque ad Albim colunt: vecta spo- lia, captivi, simulacra montium, fluminum, proeliorum ; bel- lumque, quia conficere prohibitus erat, pro confecto accipie- batur. Augebat intuentium visiis eximia ipsius species, cur- rusque quinque liberis onustus: sed suberat occulta formido reputantibus, “ baud prosperum in Druso, patre ejus, favo- rem vulgi: avunculum cjusdem Marcellum, flagrantibus ple- bis studiis, intra juventam creptum: breves et infaustos po- puli Romani amores." LXVI. Ceteriim Tiberius, nomine Germanici, trecenoe plebi sestertios viritim dedit, seque collegam consulatui ejus destinavit: nec ideo sinceree caritatis fidem assecutus, amoliri juvenem specie honoris statuit, struxitque causas, aut forte oblatas arripuit. Rex Archelaus quinquagesimum annum Cappadocia potiebatur, invisus Tiberio, quod eum, Rhodi agentem, uullo officio coluisset: nec id Archelaus per super- biam omiserat, sed ab intimis Augusti monitus; quia, florente C. Caesare, missoque ad res Orientis, intuta Tiberii amicitia credebatur. Ut, versa Coesarum sobole, imperium adeptus est, elicit Archelaum matris literis, quae, non dissimulatis tilii offensionibus, clementiam offerebat, si ad precandum veniret. Ille ignarus doli, vel, si intelligere crederetur, vim metuens, in Urbem properat: exceptusque immiti a Principe, et mox accusatus in senatu, non ob crimina, quae fingebantur, sed angore, simul fessus senio, et quia regibus aequa, nedum infi- ma, insolita sunt, fincm vitae, spontc an fato, implevit. Reg- num in provinciam redactum est, fructibusque ejus levari, posse centesimae vectigal professus Caesar, ducentesimam in posterum statuit. Per idem tempus, Antiocho Commageno- rum, Philopatore Cilicum, regibus defunctis, turbabantur na- tiones, plerisque Romanum, aliis regium imperium cupienti- bus : et provinciae, Syria atque Judaea, fessae oneribus, demi- nutionem tributi orabant. LXVII. Igitur hsec, et de Armenia, quae supra memoravi, apud Patres disseruit: “ nec posse motum Orientem nisi Germanici sapientia componi: nam suam aetatem vergere, Drusi nondum satis adolevisse.” Tunc decreto Patrum, per- 136 SELECTA EX TACITO missae Germanico provinciae, quae, mari diriduntnr, majusque impenum, quoquo adisset, quain his, qui sorte aut missu Principis obtinerent. Sed Tiberius demoverat Syria Creti- cum Silanum, per affinitatem connexum Germanico, quia Silani filia Neroni, vetustissimo liberorum ejus, pacta erat: praefecei-atque Cn Pisonem, ingenio violentiun, et obsequii ig- narum, insita ferocia a patre Pisone, qui civili bello resurgen- tes in Africa partes, accrrimo ministerio, adrersus Caesareni ju- vit; mox Brutum et Cassium secutus, concesso reditu, peti- tione honorum abstinuit, donee ultro ambiretur delatmn ab Augusto consulatum accipere. Sed, praeter paternos spiiitus, uxoris quoque Plane!nse nobilitate et opibus aecendebatur: vix Tiberio concedere : liberos ejus ut multum infra despcc- tare; nec dubiuni habebat, se delectum, qui Syriae iniponere- tur, ad spes Germanici coercendas. Credidere quidam, data et a Tiberio occulta mandata: et Plancinam baud dubie Au- gusta nionuit, muliebri aemulatione Agrippinam insectandi: divisa namque et discors aula erat, tacitis in Drusum aut Ger- manicum studiis. Tiberius, ut propriuni et sui sanguinis, Drusum fovebat: Germanico alicnatio patrui amorem apud ceteros auxerat; et quia claritudine materni generis anteibat, avum M. Antonium, avunculum Augustum ferens: contra Druso proavus, eques Romanus, Pomponius Atticus, dedccere Claudiorum imagines videbatur: et, conjunx Germanici, Agrippina, fecunditate ac fama Liviam, uxorem Drusi, prse- cellebat: sed fratres egregie Concordes, et proximorum ccrta- minibus inconcussi. LXVIII. Sequens annus Tiberium tertid, Germanicum iterum consoles habuit: sed eum honorem Germanicus iniit apud urbem Achaian Nicopolim, quo venerat per Illyricam oram, viso fratre Druso, in Dalmatia agente, Hadriatici ac mox lonii maris adversam navigationem perpessus. Igitur paucos dies insumpsit reficiendse classi: simul sinus, ActiacS victoria inclitos, et sacratas ab Augusto manubias, castraque Antonii, cum recordatione majorum suorum adiit: namque ei, ut memoravi, avunculus Augustus, avus Antonins crant, magnaque illic imago tristium hetorumque. Hinc ventnm Atbenas, foederique socise et vetustse urbis datum, ut uno lic- tore uteretur. Excepere Grseci qua;sitissimis bonoribus, ve- tera suorum facta dictaque praferentes, quo plus dignationis adulatio haberet. LXIX. Petita inde Euboea, tramisit Lesbum ; ubt Agrip- pina novissimo partu Juliam edidit: turn extrema Asia:, Perinthumque ac Byzantium Thracias urbes, mox Propontt- GERMANICUS. 137 tlis angustias, et os Ponticum intrat, cupidine veteres locos et farua celebrates noscendi ; pariterque provincias, internis cer- tain ini bus aut magistratuum injuriis fessas, refovebat: atque ilium, in regressu, sacra Samothracum visere nitentem, obvii aquilones depulere. Igitur Uio, quaeque ibi varietate fortune, et nostri origine veneranda, relegit Asiam, appellitque Colo- phona, ut Clarii Apollinis oraculo uteretur. Non femina illic, ut apud Delphos, sed certis e familiis et ferme Mileto accitus sacerdos numerum modo consultantium et nomina audit: turn in specum degressus, hausta fontis arcani aqua, ignarus ple- rumque literarum et carminum edit responsa versibus compo- sitis super rebus, quas quis mente concepit: et ferebatur, Ger- manico per ambages ut mos oraculis, “ maturum exitium” cecinisse. LXX. At Cn. Piso, quo properantiiis destinata inciperet civitatem Atheniensium, turbido incessu exterritam, oratione saevaincrepat,oblique Germanicum perstringens, “quodcontra decus Romani nominis non Athenienses, tot cladibus exstino tos, sed colluviem illam nationum, comitate nimia, coluisset: hos enim esse Mithridatis adversus Sullam, Antonii adversus divum Augustum socios.’’ Etiam vetera objectabat, quae in Macedones improspere, violenter in suos fecissent: offensus urbi propria quoque ira; quia Theophilum quemdam, Areo judicio falsi damnatum, precibus suis non concederent. Exin, turnavigatione Germanicum celeri, apud per Cycladasinsulam Rbodum,et compendia baud maris,nescium, assequi- qui- bus insectationibus petitus foret: sed tanta mansuetudine age- bat, ut, quum orta tempestas raperet in abrupta, possetque interitus inimici ad casum referri, miserit triremes, quarum subsidio discrimini eximeretur. Neque tamen mitigatus Piso, et rix diei moram perpessus, linquit Germanicum praevenit- que: et postquam Syriam ac legioncs attigit, largitione, am- bitu, infimos manipularium juvando, quum veteres ccnturiones, severos tribunos demoveret, locaque eorum clientibus suis vel deterrimo cuique attribueret, desidiam in castris, licentiam in urbibus, vagum ac lascivientem per agros militem sineret, eo usque corruptionis provectus est, ut, sermone vulgi, parens le- gwnum haberetur. Nec Plancina se intra decora feminis te- nebat; sed exercitio equitum, decursibus cohortium interesse: indam Agrippinam, etiam bonorum in Germanicum militum ad contumelias mala obsequia jacere: promptis, quibus- qudd, “ baud invito Imperatore, ea fieri” occultus rumor in- cedebat. tumLXXI. proficiscitur, M.Silano, cognoscendae L. Norbano antiquitatis: consulibus, GermanicuslEgyp- sed cura provin- M 2 138 SELECTA EX TACITO ciae praetendebatur: levavitque, apertis horreis, pretia frug'am J multaque in vulgus grata usurpavit; sine milite incedere, pe» dibus intectis, et pari cum Graecis amictu, P. Scipionis aemu- latione ; quern eadem factitarisee apud Siciliam, quamvis fla- grante adhuc Paenorum beilo, accepimus. Tiberius, cultu habituque ejus lenibus verbis perstricto, acerrime increpuit, “ quod contra instituta Augusti, non sponte Principis, Alex- andrian! introissetnam Augustus, inter aba dominationis arcana, vetitis, nisi permissn, ingredi senatoribus aut equiti- bus Romanis illustribus, seposuit Egyptum, ne fame urgeret Italiam, quisquis earn provinciam, claustraque terrae ac maris, quamvis levi praesidio, adversum ingentes exercitus, insedisset. LXXII. Sed Germanicus, nondum comperto, profectionem earn incusari, Nilo subvehebatur, orsus oppido a Canopo. Con- didere id Spartani, ob sepultum illic, rectorem navis, Canopum, qua tempestate Menelaus, Graeciam repetens, diversum ad mare terramque Libyam dejectus. Inde proximum amnis oe dicatum Herculi, quem indigenae “ ortum apud se et anti- quissimum” perhibent, “ eosque, qui postea pari virtute fue- rint, in cognomentum ejus adscitos:” mox visit veterum The- barum magna vestigia: et manebant structis molibus literae JEgyptiae, priorem opulentiam complexae: jussusque e seniori- bus sacerdotum, patrium sermonem interpretari, referebat “ habitasse quondam septingenta millia setate militari: atque eo cum exercitu regem Rhamsen Libya, ^Ethiopia, Medisque et Persis, et Bactriano ac Scythia potitum : quasque terras Syri Anneniique et contigui Cappadoces colunt, inde Bithy- num, bine Lycium ad mare, imperio tenuisse.” Legebantur etarmorum indicta equorumque,gentibus tributa, et dona pondus templis, argenti ebur, et auri, atque numerus odores, quasque copias frumenti et omnium utensilium quaeque natio penderet, baud minus magniflea, quam nunc vi Partborum, aut potentia Romana jubentur. LXXIII. Ceterum Germanicus aliis quoque miraculis in- tendit animum : quorum praecipua fuere,—Memnonis saxea efligies, ubi radii's solis icta est, vocalem sonum reddens:—dis- jectasque-inter et vix pervias arenas, instar montium eductae Pyramides, certamineetopibus regum:—lacusque, effbssa humo, superfluentis Nili receptacula:—atque alibi angustiae et profun- da altitude, nullis inquirentium spatiis penetrabilis. Exin ventum Elephantinen ac Syenen, claustra olim Romani impe- rii : quod nunc Rubrum ad mare patescit. LXXIV. At Germanicus, JEgypto remeans, cuncta, quae apud legiones aut urbes jusserat, abolita vCl in contrarium GERMANICUS. ISg versa cognoscit: hinc graves in Pisonem contumelise; nec minus acerba, ((use ab illo in Caesarem tentabantur. Dein Piso abire Syria statuit: mox adversa Germaniei valetudine detentus, ubi recreatum accepit, votaque pro incolumitatc sol- vebantur, admotas hostias, sacrificalem apparatum, festam An- tiochensium plebem, per lictores proturbat. Turn Seleuciam digreditur, opperiens aegritudincm, quae rursum Germanico aeciderat. Saevam vim morbi augebat persuasio veneni, a Pisone accepti: et reperiebantur, solo ac parietibus, erutae humanorum corporum reliquiae, carmina et devotiones, et no- men Germanici plumbeis tabulis insculptum, semiusti cineres ac tabe obliti, aliaque maleficia, quis creditur animas numini- bus infernis sacrari: simul missi a Pisone incusabantur, ut valetudinis adversa rimantes. LXXV. Ea Germanico baud minus ira, quam per metum accepta: “ si limen obsideretur, si effundendus spiritus sub oculis inimicorum foret; quid deinde miserrimae conjugi ? quid infantibus liberis eventurum ? lenta videri veneficia: festinare et urgere, ut provinciam, ut legiones solus habeat: sed non usque eo defectum Germanicum, neque praemia caedis apud interfectorem mansuracomponit epistolas, quis amici- tiam ei renuntiabat. Addunt plerique, jussum “ provincial decederenec Piso moratus ultra naves solvit; moderabatur- que cursui, quo propius regrederetur, si mors Germanici Sy- riam aperuisset. LXXVI. Caesar, paullisper ad spem erectus, dein, fesso cor- pora, ubi finis aderat, adsistentes amicos in hunc modum allo- quitur : “ Si fato concederem, Justus mihi dolor, etiam ad ver- sus deos, esset, quod me parentibus, liberis, patriae, intra ju- ventam, praematuro exitu raperent: nunc, scelere Pisonis et Plancinae interceptus, ultimas preces pcctoribus vestris relin- quo : referatis patri ac fratri, quibus acerbitatibus dilaceratus, quibus insidiis circumventus, miserrimam vitam pessima morte finierim. Si quos spes meae, si quos propinquus sanguis, etiam quos invidia erga viventem movebat, illacrumabunt, quondam fiorentem et tot bellorum superstitem muliebri fraude cecidisse. Erit vobis locus querendi apud senatum, invocandi leges. Non hoc praecipuum amicorum munus est, prosequi defunctum ig- navo questu ; sed, quse voluerit, meminisse, quae mandaverit, exsequi. Flebunt Germanicum etiam ignoti: vindicabitis vos, si me potius, quam fortunam meam fovebatis. Ostendite populo Romano divi Augustf neptem, eandemque conjugem meam : numerate sex liberos. Misericordia cum accusantibus erit: fingentibusque scelesta mandata aut non credent homi- 140 SELECTA EX TACITO nes, aut non ignoscent.” Juravere amici, dextram morientia contingentcs, spiritum ante, quam ultionem, amissuros." LXXVII. l um ad uxorem versus, “ per memoriam sui, per communes liberos” oravit, “ exueret ferociam, saevienti fortunae submitteret animum ; neu regressa in Urbem, aumu- latione potentiae, validiores irritaret.” Haec palam, et alia se- creto; per quae ostendere credebatur metum ex Tiberio. Ne- que multo post extinguitur, ingenti luctu provinciae et cir- cumjacentium populorum. Indoluere exterae nationes reges- que ; tanta illi comitas in socios, mansuetudo in bostes : visu- que et auditu juxta venerabilis, quum maguitudinem et gra- vitatem summae fortunae retineret, invidiam et arrogantiam effugerat. LXXVIII. Funus sine imaginibus et pompa, per laudes et memoriam virtutum ejus celebre fuit. Et erant, qui formam, astatem, genus mortis, ob propinquitatem etiam locorum, in quibus interiit, Magni Alexandri fatis adaequarent. “ Nam utrumque corpore decoro, genere insigni, baud multum trigin- ta annos egressum, suorum insidiis, externas inter gentes, oc- cidisse: sed hunc mitem erga amicos, modicum voluptatum, uno matrimonio, certis liberis egisse: neque minus prceliato- rem; etiamsi temeritas abfiierit, praepeditusque sit perculsas tot victoriis Germanias servitio premere: quod si solus arbiter rerum, si jure et nomine regio fuisset, tanto promptius assecu- turum gloriam militiae, quantum dementia, temperantia, ce- teris bonis artibus, praestitisset.” Corpus, antequam cremare- tur, nudatum in foro Antiochensium, qui locus sepulturae des- tinabatur, praetuleritne veneficii signa, parum constitit: nam ut quis misericordia in Germanicum, et praesumpta suspicione, aut favore in Pisonem, pronior, divers! interpretabantur. LXXIX. At Agrippina, quamquam defessa luctu et cor- pore aegro, omnium tamen, quae ultionem morarentur, intole- miserantibusrans, ascendit cunctis, classem “ cumquod cineribusfemina nobilitate Germanic! princeps, et liberis; pul- cherrimo modb matrimonio, inter venerantes gratautesque as- pici solita, tunc ferales reliquias sinu ferret, incerta ultionis, anxia sui, et infelici fecunditate fortunae totiens obnoxia.” “Pisonem excessisse interim Germanicum." apud Coum Quo insulam intemperanter nuntius accepto,assequitur, cae- dit victimas, adit templa; neque ipse gaudium moderans, et magis insolescente Plancina, quaj luctum amissae sororis turn primum leeto cultu mutavit. LXXX. At Roma;, postquam Germanic! valetudo percre- buit, cunctaque, ut ex longinquo, aucta in deterius affereban- GERMANICUS. 141 tur, dolor, ira, et erumpebant questus: “ ideo nimiruin in extremas terras relegaturn: ideo Pisoni permissam provin- ciam : hoc egisse secretos August* cum Plancina sermones: vera prorsus tie Druso seniores locutos: displicere regnantibus civilia filiorum ingenia: nequeobaliud interceptos, quam quia populum Romanum sequo jure complecti, retldita libertate, agitaverint.” Hos vulgi sermones audita more adeo incendit, ut ante edictum magistratuum, ante senatus-consultum, sumpto justitio, desererentur fora, clauderentur domus ; pas- sim silentia ct gemitus, nihil compositum in ostentationem : et quanquam neque insignibus lugentium abstinerent, altius animis moerebant. Forte negotiatores, viventc adhuc Germa- nico, Syria egressi, l;etiora de valetudine ejus attulere-. statim credita, statim vulgata sunt: ut quisque obvius, quamvis le- viter audita, in alios, atque illi in plures, cumulata gaudio, transferunt: cursant per Urbem, moliuntur templorum fores: jurit credulitatem nox, et promptior inter tenebras atfirmatio. Nec obstitit falsis Tiberius, donee tempore ac spatio vanesce- rent. Et populus quasi rursum ereptum acrius doluit. LXXXI. Nihil intermissa narigatione hiberni maris, Agrippina Corcyram insulam advehitur, litora Calabria? con- tra, sitam. Illic paucos dies cbmponendo animo insumit, vio- lenta luctu et nescia tolcrandi. Interim, adventu ejus audito, intimus quisque amicorum et plerique militares, et quique sub Germanico stipendia fecerant, multique etiam ignoti vici- nis e municipiis, pare oflicium in Principem rati, plures illos secuti, mere ad oppidum Brundisium, quod naviganti cclerri- mum rtdisiimumque appulsu erat. Atque ubi primum ex alto visa classis, complentur non modd portus et proxima maris, sed moenia ac tecta, quaque longissime prospectari poterat, moerentium turba et rogitantium inter se, “ silentione, an voce aliqua egredientem exciperent ?” neque, satis constabat, (juid pro tempore foret; quum classis paullatim success! t, non alacri, ut adsolet, remigio, sed cunctis ad tristitiam compositis. Postquam duobus cum liberis, feralem urnam tenens, egressa navi defixit oculos; idem omnium gemitus: neque discerne- res, proximos, alienos, virorum feminarumve planctus; nisi quod comitatum Agrippinas, longo mcerore fessum, obvii et recentes in dolore anteibant. LXXXI I. Miserat duas praetorias cohortes Caesar, addito, “memoriain ut magistratus filii sui Calabria? munera Apulique fungerentur." et Campani Igitur suprema tribunorum erga centurionumque humeris cineres portabantur: praecedebant incompta signa, versi fasces ; atque, ubi colonias transgrede- 142 SELECTA EX TACITO rentur, atrata plebes, trabeati equites, pro opibus loci, vestem, odores aliaque funerum solennia cremabant: etiam quorum diversa oppida, tamen obvii, et victimas atque aras Diis Ma- nibus statuentes, lacrumis et conclamationibus dolorem testa- ban tur. Drusus Tarricinam progressus est cum Claudio fra- tre liberisque Germanici, qui in Urbe fuerant. Consules M. Valerius et C. Aurelius, (jam enim magistratum occoeperant,) et'senatus ac magna pal’s populi viam complevere, disjecti, et, ut cuique libitum, flentes: aberat quippe adulatio, gnaris om- nibus, latam Tiberio Germanici mortem male dissimulari. LXXXIII. Tiberius atque Augusta publico abstinuere, in- ferius majestate sua rati, si palam lamentarentur, an, ne, om- nium oculis vultum eorum scrutantibus, falsi intelligerentur. Matrem Antoniam non apud auctores rerum, non diurna ac- torum scriptura reperio, iillo insigni officio functam ; quum super Agrippinam et Drusum et Claudium ceteri quoque con- sanguinei nominatim perscripti sint: seu valetudine praepe- diebatur, seu victus luctu animus magnitudinem mali perferre visu non toleravit: facilius crediderim, Tiberio et Augusta, qui domo non excedebant, cohibitam, ut par moeror, et matris exemplo, avia quoque et patruus attineri viderentur. LXXXIV. Dies, quo reliquiae tumulo August! infereban- tur, mode per silentium vastus, modo ploratibus inquies: plena Urbis itinera, collucentes per Carnpuin Martis faces: illic miles cum armis, sine insignibus magistratus, populus per tribiis, “ concidisse rempublicam, nihil spei reliquum," clamitabant; promptius apertiusque, quam ut meminisse im- peritantium crederes. Nihil tamen Tiberium magis penetra- vit, quam studia hominum acceusa. in Agrippinam; quum “ decus patriae, solum Augusti sanguinem, unicum antiqui- tatis specimen” appellareut, versique ad coelum ac deos “ in- tegram illi sobolem ac superstitem iniquorum” precarentur. LXXXV. Fuere, qui public! funeris pompam require- rent, compararentque, “ quae in Drusum, patrem Germanici, honora et magnifica Augustus fecisset: ipsum quippe as per- rimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressum, neque abscedentem ruma corpore Juliorumque simul Urbem imagines: intravisse defletum : circumfusas in foro, lectolaudatum Claudio- pro rostris: cuncta a majoribus reperta, aut, quae poster! invene- rint, cumulata. At Germanico ne solitos quidem et cuicum- que nobili debitos honores contigisse. Sane corpus, ob longin- quitatem itinerum, externis terris quoquo modo crematum : sed tanto plura decora mox tribui par fuisse, quanto prima fors negavisset. Non fratrem, nisi unius diei via, non pa- truum, saltern porta tenus, obvium; Ubi ilia veterum insti- CONJURATIO IN NERONEM. 143 tuta ? praepositam toro effigiem, meditata ad memoriam vir- tutis carniina, et laudationes et lacrumas, vel doloris imita- menta ?” LXXXVI. Gnarum id Tibei io fuit; utque premeret vulgi sermones, monuit edicto r “ Multos illustnum Romanorum ob rein publicam obiisse; neminem tam flagranti detiiderio ce- lebratum : idque et sibi et cunctis cgregiunj, si modus adjice- retur : non enim eadem decora Principibus viris, et imperaUiri populo, quae modicis domibus, aut civitatibus. Convenisse recenti dolori luctum, et ex moerore solatia: sed referendum jam animum ad firmitudinem, ut quondam divus Julius, amissa unica Alia, ut divus Augustus, ereptis nepotibus, ab- struserint tristitiam. Nil opus vetustioribus exemplis ; quo- tiens populus Romanus clades exercituum, interitum ducum, funditus amissas nobiles familias constanter tulerit. Principes mortales,” rempublicam aeternam esse : proin repeterent solen- nia; et quia ludorum Megalensium spectaculum suberat, “ etiam voluptates resumerent.” CONJURATIO IN NERONEM. LXXXVII. IneuntdeindeconsulatumSiliusNervajCtAtticus Vestinus, coepta simul et aucta conjuratione, in quam certatim nomina dederant senatores, eques, miles, feminae etiam, quum odio Neronis, turn favore in C. Pisonem. Is Calpurnio ge- nere ortus, ac multas insignesque familias paterna nobilitate complexus, claro apud vulgum rumore erat, per virtutem, aut species virtutibus similes. N am quo facu n diam tuendis civibus exercebat, largitionem adversus amicos, et ignotis quoque comi sermone et congressu. Aderant etiam fortuita, corpus proce- rum, decora facies. Sed procul gravitas morum, aut volupta- tum parcimonia: lenitati ac magnificentiae et aliquando luxui indulgebat. Idque pluribus probatur, qui, in tanta vitiorum dulcedine, summum imperium non restrictum, nec perseverum volunt. LXXXVIII. Initium conjurationisnonacupidineipsiusfuit: nec tamen facile memoraverim, quis primus auctor, cujus in- stinctu concitum sit, quod tam multi sumpserunt. Promptis- simos, Subrium Flavium, tribunum prsetoriae cohortis, et Sul- picium Asprum, centurionem, exstitisse, constantia exitus docuit. Et Lucanus Annaeus Plautiusque Lateranus, consul designatus, vivida odia intulere. Lucanum propriae causae accendebant, quod famam carminum ejus premebat Nero, pro- hibueratque ostentare, vanus assimilatione. Lateranum, con- sulem designatum, nulla injuria, sed amor reipublicae sociavit. 144 SELECTA EX TACITO At Flavius Scevinus, et Afranius Quinctianus, uterque sena- torii ordinis, contra famam sui, principium tanti facinoris ca- pessivere. Nam Scevino dissoluta luxu mens, et proinde vita somno languid a: Quinctianus mollitia corporis infamis, et, a Neronc probroso carmine diffamatus, contumelias ultum ibat. LXXXIX. Ergo dum “ scelera Principis, et finem adesse im- perii, delegendumque, qui fessis rebus succurreret,” inter se Cervariumaut inter amicos, Proculum, jaciunt, Vulcatium aggregavere Araricum, Tullium Julium Senecionem, Tuguri- num, Munatium Gratum, Antonium Natalem, Martium Fes- tum, Equites Romanos: ex quibus Senecio e praecipua fami- liaritatc Neronis, speciem amicitiae etiam turn retinens: eo pluribus pcriculis conflictabatur. Natalis particeps ad omne secretum Pisoni erat: ceteris spes ex novis rebus petebatur. Adscitae sunt super Subrium et Sulpicium, de quibus retuli, militares manus, Granius Silvanus et Statius Proximus, tri- buni cohortium praetoriarum, Maximus Scaurus et Venetus Pauli us, centuriones. Sed summum robur in Fenio Rufo praefecto videbatur, quem, vita famaque laudatum, per saevi- tiam impudicitiamque Tigellinus in animo Principis anteibat, fatigabatque criminationibus, ac srepe in metum adduxerat, quasi “ adulterum Agrippinae et desiderio ejus “ ultioni in- tentum." Igitur ubi conjuratis, praefectum quoque praetorii in partes descendisse, crebro ipsius sermone facta fides£f ; promp- tius jam de tempore ac loco caedis agitabant. Et cepisse im- petum” Subrius Flavius ferebatur, “ in scena caneutem Nero- rem aggrediendi; aut quum, ardente domo, per noctem hue illuc cursaret incustoditus.” Hie occasio solitudinis, ibi ipsa frequentia, tanti decoris testis, pulcherrimum animum exsti- mulaverant, nisi impunitatis cupido retinuisset, magnis semper conatibus adversa. XC. Interim cunctantibus prolatantibusque spent ac me- tum, Epicharis quaedam, incertum quonam modo sciscitata, (neque illi ante ulla rerum honestarum cura fuerat,) accenderc et arguere conjuratos: ac postremo lentitudinis eoium pertae- sa, et in Campania agens, primores classiariorum Misenensium labefacere, et conscientia illigareconnixa est tali initio. Erat Chiliarchus in ea classe Volusius Proculus, occidendse matris Neronis inter ministros, non ex magnitudine sceleris provec- tus, ut rebatur: is mulieri olim cognitus, seu recens orta ami- citia, dum “ merita erga Neronem sua, et quam in irritum eccidissent,” aperit, adjicitque questus et “ destinationem vin- dictae, si facultas oriretur,” spent dedit, posse impelli et plurcs conciliare: nec leve auxilium in classe, crebras occasiones ; quia Nero multo, apud Puteolos et Misenum, maris usu la;ta- CONJURATIO IN NERONEM. 145 batur. Ergo Epicharis plura: et omnia scelera Principis or- ditur: “ neque senatui quid manere, sed provisum, quonam modo poenas eversae reipublicae daret: accingeretur inodo na- vare operam, et militum acerrimos ducere in partes, ac digna pretia exspectaret.” Nomina tamen conjuratorum reticuit. Unde Proculi indicium irritum fuit, quamvis ea, quae audie- rat, ad Neronem detulisset. Accita quippe Epicharis, et cum indice composita, nullis testibus innixum facile confutavit. Sed ipsa in custodia retenta est, suspectante Nerone, baud falsa esse, etiam quae vera non probabantur. XCI. Conjuratis tamen metu proditionis permotis, placi- tum maturare caedem apud Baias in villa Pisonis: cujus amoenitate captus Caesar crebrb ventitabat, balneasque et epu- las inibat, omissis excubiis et fortunae suae mole. Sed abnuit Piso, “ invidiam” praetendens, “ si sacra mensae diique hospi- tales caede qualiscumque Principis cruentarentur: melius apud Urbem, in ilia invisa, et spoliis civium, exstructa domo, vel in publico patraturos, quod pro republica suscepissent." Haec in commune: ceterum timore occulto, ne L. Silanus, eximia no- bilitate disciplinaque C. Cassii, apud quern educatus erat, ad omnem claritudineni sublatus, imperium invaderet, prompte daturis operam, qui a conjuratione integri essent, quique mi- serarentur Neronem, tanquam per scelus interfectum. Pleri- que, “ Vestini quoque consulis acre ingenium vitavisse Piso- nem,” crediderunt, ne a libertate moveretur, vel delecto Im- peratore alio, sui muneris rempublicam faceret.” Etenim expers conjurationis erat j quamvis super eo criminc Nero vetus adversus insontem odium expleverit. XCII. Tandem statuere, Circensium ludorum die, qni Cereri celebratur, exsequi destinata ; quia Caesar, rarus egres- su, domoque aut hortis clausus, ad ludicra Circi ventitabat, promptioresque aditus erant laetitia spectaculi. Ordinem insidiis composuerant, “ ut Lateranus, quasi subsidium rei familiari oraret, deprecabundus, et genibus Principis accidens, ingens:prosterneret turn incautum jacentem etpremeretque, impeditum animitribuni validus, et centuriones, et. corpore et ceterorum ut quisque audentiae habuisset, accurrerent trucida- rentqueprimas sibi partes expostulate Scevino, qui pugio- uem templo Salutis [in Etruria] sive, ut alii tradidere, Fortu- nae, Ferentano in oppido, detraxerat, gestabatque velut magno operi sacrum. “ Interim Piso apud aedem Cereris opperire- tur, unde eum praefectus Fenius et ceteri accitum ferrent in castra, comitante Antonia, Claudii Caesaris filia, ad elicien- dum vulgi favorem." XCIII. Sed mirum, quam inter diversi generis, ordinis, 146 SELECTA EX TACITO aetatis, sexus, dites, pauperes, taciturnitate omnia cohibita wnt; donee proditio ccepit e domo Scevini: qui pridie insidi- arum multo sermone cum Antonio Natale, dein regressus do- mum, testamentum obsignavit; promptum vagina pugionem, de quo supra retuli, “ vetustate obtusum” increpans, “ aspe- rari saxo et in mucronem ardescere” jussit: eamque curam liberto Milicbo mandavit. Simul affluentius solito convivium initum: servorum carissimi libertate, et alii pecunia donati: atque ipse moestus et magnae cogitationis manifestus erat, quamvis betitiam vagis sermonibus simularet. Postremo vul- neribus ligamenta, quibusque sistitur sanguis, parare eundem Milicbum monet; sive gnarum conjurationis et illuc usque fidum, seu nescium, et tunc primum arreptis suspicionibus, ut plerique tradidere de consequentibus. Nam quum secum ser- vilis animus prsemia perfidiae reputavit, simulque immensa pe- cunia et potentia obversabantur, cessit fas, et salus patroni, et accept® libertatis memoria. Etenim uxoris quoque consilium assumpserat, muliebreaedeterius: quippe ultro metum inten- tabat, “ multosque adstitisse libertos ac servos, qui eadem vi- derint: nihil profuturum unius sijentium: at praemia penes unum fore, qui indicio preevenisset." XCIV. Igitur, coepta luce, Milichus in hortos Servilianos pergit; et, quum foribus arceretur, “ magna et atrocia affer- re”Epaphroditum, dictitans, deductusque mox ab eo abad janitoribus Neronem, ad“ urgenslibertum perieulum, Neronis, graves conjurationes,” ct cetera, quae audierat, conjectaverat- que, docet. Telum quoque in necem ejus paratum ostendit, accirique reum jussit. Is raptus per milites et defensionem orsus, “ ferrum, cujus argueretur, olim religione patria cul- tum, et in cubiculo habitum ac fraude liberti surreptum,” re- spondit.eimm observatione, “ Tabulas signatas. testamenti Pecunias saepius aet se, libertates et incustodita servis di-et ante dono datas: sed ideo tunc largius, quia, tenui jam re fa- miliari, et instantibus creditoribus, testamento diffideret. Enimverb liberates sqmper epulas struxisse, et vitam amoenam, ct duris judicibus parum probatam. Fomenta vulneribus nulla jussu suo, sed, quia cetera palam vana objecisset, adjun- gere crimen, ut sese pariter indicem et testem faceret.” Ad- jicitsceleratum,” dictis constantiam: tanta vocis acincusat vultus ultrosecuritate, “ intestabilem ut labaret etindici- con- um, nisi Milichum uxor admonuisset, “ Antonium Natalem multa cum Scevino ac secretb collocutum, et esse utrosque C. Pisonis intimos.” XCV. Ergo accitur Natalis; et diyersi interrogantur, “quis- nam is sermo, qua de re fuisset ?’’ quum exorta suspicio, quia CONJURATIO IN NERONEM. 147 non congruentia responderant, inditaque vincla. Et tormen- torum aspectum ac minas non tulere. Prior tamen Natalis, totius conspirationis magis gnarus, simul arguendi peritior, de Pisone primum fatetur: deinde adjicit Annaeum Senecam, sive internuntius inter eum Pisonetnque fait, sive at Neronis gratiam pararet, qui, infensus Senecse, omues ad eum oppri- mendum artes conquirebat. Turn, cognito Natalis indicio, Scevinus quoque pari imbecillitate, an cuncta jam patefacta credens, neo ullum silentii emolumentum, edidit ceteros: ex quibus Lucanus Quinctianusque et Senecio din abnuere. Post, promissa impunitate corrupti, quo tarditatem excusa- rent, Lucanus Atillam matrem suam, Quinctianus Glicium Galium, Senecio Annium Pollionem,” amicorum praecipuos, nominavere. XCVI. Atque interim Nero recordatus Volusii Proculi indicio Epicharin attineri, ratusque muliebre corpus impar dolori, tormentis dilacerari jubet. At illam non verbera, non ignes, non ira eo acrius torquentium, ne a femina spernerentur, per- contcmptus;vicere, quin postero,objecta denegaret.quum ad eosdemSic primus cruciatus queestionis retralieretur dies gestamine sellae, (nam dissolutis membris insistere nequibat,) vinclo fasciae, quam pectori detraxerat, in modum laquei ad arcum sella: restricto, indidit cervicem, et, corporis pondere connisa, tenuem jam spiritum expressit: clariore exemplo li- bertina mulier, in tanta necessitate, alienos, ac prope ignotos protegendo, quum ingenui, et viri, et equites Romani, sena- toresque, intacti tormentis, carissima suorum quisque pignorum proderent.et Quinctianus Non passim enim omittebantconscios edere, Lucanus magis quoque magisque et Senecio, pavido Nerone, quanquam multiplicatis excubiis semet sepsisset. XCVI I. Quin et urbem, per manipulos occupatis mcenibus, insesso etiam mari et amne, velut in custodiam dedit. Volita- bantque per fora, per domos, rura quoque et proxima munici- piorum, pedites equitesque, permixti Germams, quibus fidebat Princeps, quasi externis. Continua bine et juncta agmina trahi, ac foribus hortorum adjacere. Atque ubi dicendam ad causam introissent, “ laetatum erga conjuratos, si fortuitus sermo et subiti occursus, si convivium, si spectaculum simul inissent” pro crimine accipi; quum, super Neronis ac Tigel- lini sseras percunctationes, Fenius quoque Rufus violenter scitia:urgeret, pararet, nondum atrox ab indicibusad versus nominatus,socios. Idem sed, Subrioquo fidem Flavio in- assistenti adnuentique, an inter ipsam cognitionem destringeret gladium caedemque patraret, re'nuit infregitque impetum jam manum ad capulum refereutis. 148 SELECTA EX TACITO XCVIII. Fuere qui, proditaconjuratione, dum auditur Mi- liclius, dum dubitat ScevimiSj hortarentur Pisonem “ pergere in castra, aut rostra escendere, studiaque militum et populi tentare: si conatibus ejus conscii aggregarentur, secuturos etiam integros: magnamque motae rei famam, quae plurimum in noyis consiJiis valeret. Nihil adversum hoc Neroni provi- sum: etiam fortes viros subitis terreri; nedum ille scenicus, Tigellino scilicet, cum pellicibus suis, comitante, arm a contra cieret. Multa experiendo confieri, quae segnibus ardua vide- antur. Frustra silentium et fidem in tot consciorum animis et corporibus sperari: cruciatu aut praemio cuncta pervia esse : ventures, qui ipsum quoque vincirent, postremo indigna nece aflicerent. Quanto laudabilius periturum, dum amplec- titur rempublicam, dum auxilia libertati invocat! Miles po- tius deesset et plebes desereret, dum ipse majoribus, dum pos- teris, si vita praeriperetur, mortem approbaret!” Immotus his et paullulum in publico versatus, post domi secretus, ani- mum adversum suprema firmabat, donee manus militum ad- veniret, quos Nero tirones aut stipendiis recentes delegerat. Nam vetus miles timebatur, tanquam favore imbutus. Obiit, abruptis brachiorum venis. Testamentum feedis adversus Neronem adulationibus amori uxoris dedit, quam degenerem, et sola corporis forma commendatam, amici matrimonio abstu- lerat. Nomen mulieris Arria Galla; priori marito Domitius Silus: hie patientia, ilia impudicitia, Pisonis infamiam propa- gavere. XCIX.Proximam necem PlautiiLaterani, consulisdesignati, Nero adjungit, adeo propere, ut non complecti liberos, non illud breve mortis arbitrium permitteret. Raptus in locum servilibus poenis sepositum, manu Statii tribuni trucidatur, plenus constantis silentii, nec tribuno objiciens eandem con- scientiam. Sequitur csedes Annaei Senecae, laetissima Principi, non quia conjurationis manifestum compererat, sed ut ferro grassaretur, quando venenum non processerat. Solus quippe Natalis et hactenus prompsit: “ missum se ad aegrotum Sene- cam, uti viseret conquerereturque, cur Pisonem aditu arceret? melius fore, si amicitiam familiari congressu exercuissent.” Et respondisse Senecam : “ sermones mutuos et crebra colloquia neutri conducere: ceterum salutem suam incolumitate Pisonis inniti.” Haec ferre Granius Silvanus, tribunus praetoriae co- hortis, et, “ an dicta Natalis suaque responsa nosceret,” per- cunctari Senecam jubetur. Is, forte an prudens, ad eum diem ex Campania remeaverat, quartumque apud lapidem, suburbano rure, substiterat. 1116, propinqua vespera, tribu- nus veuit, et villam globis miiitum sepsit. Turn ipsi, cum CONJURATIO IN NERONEM. 149 Pompeia Paullina uxore et amicis duobus, epulanti, maudata Imperatoris edidit. C. Seneca, “ missum ad se Natalem conquestumque no- mine Pisonis, quod a visendo eo prohiberetur, seque rationem valetudinis et amorem quietis excusavisse,” respondit. “ Cur salutem privati hominis incolumitati suae auteferret, causam non babuisse: nec sibi promptum in adulationes ingenium. Idque nulli magis gnarum, quam Neroni, qui saepius liberta- tem Senecae, quam servitium expertus esset.” Ubi haec a tri- bune relata sunt, Poppaea et Tigellino coram, quod erat sae- vienti Principi intimum consiliorum, interrogat: “ an Seneca voluntariam mortem pararet ?” Turn tribunus, “ nulla pa- voris signa, nihil triste in verbis ejus, aut vultu deprehensum,” confirmavit. Ergo “ regredi et indicere mortem” jubetur. Tradit Fabius Rusticus, “ non eo, quo venerat, itinere redi- tum, sed flexisse ad Fenium praefectum, et expositis Caesaris jussis, an obtemperaret, interrogavisse; monitumque ab eo, ut exsequereturfatali omnium ignavia: nam et Silvanus inter conjuratos erat, augebatque scelera, in quorum ultionem con- senserat. Voci tamen et aspectui pepercit. Intromisitque ad Senecam unum ex centurionibus, qui “ necessitatem ulti- mam” denuntiaret. Cl. Ille interritus poscit “ testament! tabulas,” ac, denev gante centurione, conversus ad amicos, “ quando meritis eo- rum referre gratiam probiberetur,” quod unum jam, et tamen pulcherrimum habebat “ imaginem vitse suae relinquere,” testatur: “ cujus si memores essent, bonam quum artium fa- mam, turn constantis amicitiae laturos." Simul lacrumas eo- rum, modo sermone, modo intentior, in modum coercentis, ad firmitudinem revocat, rogitans: “ ubi praecepta sapientiae ? ubi tot per annos meditata ratio adversum imminentia? Cui enim ignaram fuisse saevitiam Neronis? Neque aliud super- esse, post matrem fratremque interfectos, quam ut educatoris praeceptorisque necem adjiceret." CII. Ubi haec atque talia in commune disseruit, complecti- tur uxorem, et, paiillulum adversus praesentem formidinem molitus, rogat oratque, “ temperaret dolori, nec aeternum sus- ciperet, sed in contemplatione vitae per virtutem actae, deside- rium mariti solatiis bonestis toleraret." Ilia contra, “ sibi quoque destinatam mortem” asseverat, manumque percussoris exposcit. Turn Seneca, gloriae ejus non adversus, simul amore, ne sibi unice dilectam ad injurias relinqueret: “ vitae,” in- quit, “ delenimenta monstraveram tibi: tu mortis decus ma- vis : non invidebo exemplo. Sit hujus tarn fortis exitus con- stantia penes utrosque par, claritudinis plus in tuo fine.” Post 150 SELECTA EX TACITO quse, eodem ictu brachia ferro exsolvunt. Seneca, qaoniam senile corpus et parvo victu tenuatum lenta effugia sanguini prscbebat, crurum quoque et poplitum venas abrumpit: sse- visque cruciatibus defessus, ne dolore suo animum uxoris in- fringeret, atque ipse visendo ejus tormenta ad impatientiam delaberetur, suadet in aliud cubiculum abscedere. Et, novis- simo quoque niomento, suppeditante eloquentia, advocatis scriptoribus, pleraque tradidit, quae, in vulgus edita ejus ver- bis, invertere supersedeo. CIII. At Nero, nullo in Paullinam proprio odio, ac ne glisceret invidia crudelitatis, inhiberi mortem imperat. Hor- tantibus militibus, servi libertique obligant brachia, premunt sanguinem, incertum an ignarae: nam, ut est vulgus ad de- teriora promptum, non defuere, qui crederent, “ donee impla- cabilem Ncronem timuerit, famam sociatae cum marito mortis petivisse; deinde, oblata mitiore spe, blandimentis vitae evic- tam cui addidit paucos postea annos, laudabili in maritum memoria, et ore ac membris in eum pallorem albentibus, ut ostentui esset, rnultum vitalis spiritus egestum. Seneca inte- rim, durante tractu et lentitudinc mortis, Statium Annaeum, diu sibi amicitiae fide et arte medicinae probatum, orat, “ pro- visum pridem venenum, quo damnati publico Atheniensium judicio exstinguerentur, promeretallatumque hausit frus- tra, frigidus jam artiis et clauso corpore adversum vim venenx. Postremo stagnum calidae aquae introiit, respergens proximos servorum, addita voce: “ libare se liquorem ilium Jovi Li- beratori.” Exin balneo illatus, et vapore ejus exanimatus, sine ullo funeris solenni crematur. Ita codicillis praescripse- rat, quum etiam turn praedives et praepotens supremis suis con- suleret. CIV. Fama fuit, Subrium Flavium cum centurionibus oc- eulto consilio, neque tamen ignorante Seneca, destinavisse, “ ut, post occisum opera Pisonis Neronem, Piso quoque inter- ficeretur, tradereturque imperium Senecae, quasi insonti, cla- ritudine virtutum ad summum fastigium delecto.” Quin et verba Flavii vulgabantur: “ non referre dedecori, si citharce- dus demoveretur et tragoedus succederet:” quia, ut Nero ci- thara, ita Piso tragico oruatu canebat. CV. Ceterum militaris quoque conspiratio non ultra fefellit, accensis indicibus ad prodendum Fenium Rufum, quern eun- dem conscium et inquisitorem non tolerabant. Ergo instanti minitantique renidens Scevinus, “ neminem,” ait, “ plura scire, quam ipsum.” Hortaturque ultrb, “ redderet tam bono Principi vicem.” Non vox adversum ea Fenio, non si- lentium, sed verba sua praepediens et pavoris manifestus, cc- CONJURATIO IN NERONEM. 151 terisque ac maxime Cervario Proculo Equite ad convincendum eum connisis, jussu Imperatoris a Cassio milite, qui ob insigne corporis robur adstabat, corripitur vinclturque. CVI. Mox eorundem iadicio Subrius Flavius tribunus per- vertitur, primo “ dissimilitudinem morum" ad defensionem trahens, “ neque se armatum cum inermibus et effeminatis tantum facinus consociaturumdein, postquam urgebatur, confessionis gloriam amplexus interrogatusque a Nerone, qui- bus causis ad oblivionem sacramenti processisset: “ Oderam te," inquit; “ nec quisquam tibi fidelior militum fuit, dum amari meruisti: odisse coepi, postquam parricida matris et uxoris, et auriga, et histrio, et incendiarius exstitisti.” Ipsa retuli verba, quia non, ut Senecae, vulgata erant: nec minus nosci decebat militaris viri sensiis incomptos et validos. Nihil in ilia conjuratione gravius auribus Neronis accidisse constitit, qui, ut facicndis sceleribus promptus, ita audiendi, quae face- ret, insolens erat. Pcena Flavii Veiano Nigro tribuno man- datur. Is proximo in agro scrobem effodi jussit, quam Fla- vius ut “ humilem et angustam” increpans, circumstantibus militibus, “ ne hoc quidem,” inquit, “ ex disciplinaad- monitusque, fortiter protendere cervicem: “ utinam," ait, tu tam fortiter ferias.” Et ille multum tremens, quum vix duobus ictibus caput amputavisset, saevitiam apud Neronem jactavit, “ sesquiplaga interfectum a se” dicendo. CVII. Proximum constantiae exemplum Sulpicius Asper centurio praebuit, percunctanti Neroni, “ cur in caedem suam conspiravissetejus subveniri ?” potuisse.” breviter respondens,Turn jussam “ nonpoenam aliter subiit. tot flagitiis Nec ceteri centuriones in perpetiendis suppliciis degeneravere. At non Fenio Rufo par animus, sed lamentationes suas etiam in testamentum contulit. Opperiebatur Nero, ut Vestinus quo- que consul in crimen traheretur, violentum et infensum ratus: &d ex conjuratis, consilia cum Vestino non miscuerant, qui- dam, vetustis in eum simultatibus, plures, quia praecipitem et insociabilem credebant. Ceterum Neronis odium ad versus Vestinum ex intima sodalitate cceperat, dum hie ignaviam Principis penitus cognitam despicit, ille ferociam amici me- tuit, saepe asperis facetiis illusus; quae, ubi multum ex vero traxere, acrcm sui memoriam relinquunt. Accesserat repens causa, quod Vestinus Statiliam Messalinam matrimonio sibi junxerat, baud nescius, inter adulteros ejus et Caesarem esse. CVII1. Igitur non crimine, non accusatore existente, quia speciem judicis iuduere non poterat, ad vim dominationis con- versus, Gerelanum tribunum cum cohorte militum immittit, jubetque “ praevenire conatus consulis, occupare velut areem 152 SELECTA EX TACITO. ejus, opprimere delectam juventutem quia Vestinus immi- nentes foro aides decoraque servitia et pari aetate habebat. Cuncta eo die munia consulis impleverat, couviviumque cele- brabat, nibil rnetuens, an dissimulando metu : quum ingressi milites, “ vocari eum a tribuno,” dixere. Ille, nihil deniora- tus, exsurgit: et omnia simul properantur; clauditur cubicu- lo, praesto est medicus, abscinduntur venae, vigens adhuc bal- neo infertur, calida aqua mersatur, nulla edita voce, qua se- met rniseraretur. Circumdati interim custodia, qui simul discubuerant,pavorem eorum, nec, ex nisimensa provecta exitium nocte, opperientium, omissi sunt, et postquamimagina- tus et irridens Nero, “ satis supplicii luisse,” ait, “ pro epulis consularibus.” CIX. Exin M. Aunaei Lucani caedem imperat. Is, pro« fluente sanguine, ubi frigescere pedes manusque, et paullatim ab extremis cedere spiritual, fervido adhuc et compote mentis pectore, intelligit; recordatus carmen a se compositum, quo vulneratum militem perejusmodi mortis imaginem obiisse tra- diderat, versus ipsos relulit: eaque illi suprema vox fuit. Se- necio posthac et Quinctianus et Scevinus, non ex priore vitae mollitia, mox reliqui conjuratorum periere, nullo facto dictove memorando. SELECTA EX CICERONE. CATO MAJOR SEU DE SENECTUTE AD T. POMPONIUM ATTICUM. I. 0 tite, si quid ego adjuero, curamve levasso, Quce nunc te coquit, el versat in pectore Jixa, Ecquid erit pretii ? Licet enim versibus iisdem mihi affari te, Attice, quibus affa- tur Flamininum Ille vir, hand magna cum re, sed plenus Jidei. Quanquam certo scio, non, ut Flamininum, Sollieitari te, Tile, sic noctesque diesque. Novi enim moderationem animi tui, et sequitatem: teque non cognomen solum Atbenis deportasse, sed bumanitatem et pru- dentiam intelligo; et tamen suspicor, iisdem rebus te, quibus meipsum, interdum gravius commoveri: quarum consolatio et major est, et in aliud tempos differenda. Nunc autem mihi visum est de Senectute aliquid ad te conscribere. Hoc enim onere, quod mihi tecum commune est, aut jam urgentis, aut certe adventantis senectutis, et*te, et meipsum levari volo: etsi te quidem id modice ac sapienter, (sicut omnia,) et ferre, et la- turum esse certo scio. Sed mihi, cum de senectute aliquid vellem scribere, tu occurrebas dignus eo munere, quo uterque nostrum communiter uteretur. Mihi quidem itajucunda hu- jus libri confectio fuit, ut non modo omnes absterserit senec- tutis molestias, sed effecerit mollem etiam et jucundam senec- tutem: nunquam igitur satis laudari digne poterit philosophia, cui qui pareat, omne tempus aitatis sine molcstia possit degere. Sed de ceteris et diximus multa, et ssepe dicemus: hunc li- brum de senectute ad te misimus Omnem autem sermonem tribuimus non Tithono, ut Aristo Chius, ne parum esset auc- toritatis in fabula: sed M. Catoni seni, quo majorem auctori- tatem haberet oratio; apud quem Tedium et Scipionem faci- 154 SELECTA EX CICERONE mus admirantes, quod is tam facile senectutem ferat, iisque eum respondentem : qui si eruditius videbitur disputare, quam consuevit ipse in suis libris, attribuito Grsecis literis, quarum constat eum perstudiosum fuisse in senectute. Sed quid opus est plura ? jam enim ipsius Catonis sermo explicabit nostram omnem de senectute sententiam. II. Scipio. Saepenumero admirari soleo cum hoc C. Laelio, turn ceterarum rerum tuam excellentem, M. Cato, perfectam- que sapientiam, turn vel maxime, quod nunquam senectutem tibi gravem esse senserim : quae plerisque senibus sic odiosa est, ut onus se iEtna gravius dicant sustinere. Cato. Rem baud sane difficilem, Scipio et Laeli, admirari videmini: quibus enim nihil opis est in ipsis ad bene beateque vivendum, iis omnis gravis est aetas: qui autem omnia bona a se ipsis petunt, iis nihil potest malum videri, quod naturae necessitas afferat: quo in genere in primis est senectus, quam ut adipiscantur, omnes optant: eandem accusant adepti: tanta est inconstantia stul- titiae, atque perversitas. Obrepere, aiunt, earn citius, quam putasseut. Primum, quis coggit eos falsum putare ? qui enim citids adolescentiffl senectus, quam pueritiae adolescentia obre- pit ? deinde, qut minds gravis esset iis senectus, si octingente- simum annum agerent, quam octogesimum ? praeterita enim aetas, quamvis longa, cam effluxisset, nulld consolatione per- mulcere posset stultam senectutem. Quocirca si sapientiam meam admirari soletis, (qu® utinam digna esset opinione vestra, nostroque cognomine!) in hoc sumus sapientea, quod naturam optimam ducem, tanquam deum, sequimur, eique paremus: a qua non verisimile est, cum ceterae partes aetatis bene descrip- tae sint, extremum actum, tanquam ab inerti poetd esse neglec- tum: sed tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid extremum, et tan- quam in arborum baccis, terraeque frugibus, maturitate tem- pestiva quasi vietum, et caducum : quod ferendum est molli- ter sapienti: quid enim est aliud, gigantum modo bellare cum diis, nisi naturae repugnare? Laslius. Atqui, Cato, gratissi- mum nobis, ut etiam pro Scipione pollicear, feceris, si, quo- niam speramus, volumus quidem certe senes fieri, ante multo a te didicerimus, quibus facillime rationibus ingravesceutem aetatem ferre possimus. Cato. Faciam verb, Laeli; praeser- tim si utrique vestrum, ut dicis, gratum futurum est. Scipio. Volumus sane, nisi molestum est, Cato, tanquam aliquam viam longam confeceris, quam nobis quoque ingrediendum sit, istuc, quo pervenisti, videre, quale sit. III. Cato. Faciam, ut potero, Laeli, saepe enim interfui qucrelis meorum aequalium, (pares autem cum paribus, veteri DE SENECTUTE. 155 proverbio, facillime congregantur), quse C. Salinator, quae Sp. Albinus, homines consulares, nostri fere aequales, deplorare so- lebant: turn quod voluptatibus carerent, sine quibus vitam nullam putarent: turn quod spernerentur ab iis, a quibus es- sent coli soliti; qui mihi non id videbantur accusare, quod es- set accusandum r nam si id culpa senectutis accideret, eadem mihi usu evenirent, reliquisque omnibus, majoribus natu; quorum ego multorum cognovi senectutem sine querela: qui se et libidinum vinculis laxatos esse non moleste ferrent, nec a suis despicerentur; sed omnium istiusmodi querelarum in moribus est culpa, non in aetate : moderati enim, et nec diffi- ciles,portunitas nec inbumaui autem, etsenes, inhumanitas tolerabilem omni agunt aetati senectutem molesta ; im-est. L/Elius. Est, ut dicis, Cato; sed fortasse dixerit quispiam, tibi, propter opes et copias et dignitatem tuam, tolerabiliorem senectutem videri; id autem non posse multis contingere. Cato. Est istuc quidem, Laeli, aliquid ; sed nequaquam in isto sunt omnia : ut Themistocles fertur Seriphio cuidam in jurgio respondisse, cum ille dixisset, non eum, sua sed patriae glork, splendorem assecutum: Nec hercule, inquit, si ego Seriphius essem, nobilis: nec tu, si Atheniensis esses, clarus unquana fu- isses: quod eodem modo de senectute potest dici. Neque enim in summa inopia levis esse scnectus potest, ne sapienti quidem: nec insipienti etiam in summa copia non gravis. Aptissima omnino sunt, Scipio et Laeli, arma senectutis, artes, exercita- tionesque virtutum, quae in omni aetate cultae, cum multiim, diuque vixeris, mirificos efferunt fructus, non solum quia nun- quam deserunt, ne in extreme quidem tempore aetatis, (quan- quam id maximum est), verum etiam quia conscientia bene ac- tae vitae, multorumque benefactorum reeordatio, jucundissima est. IV. Ego Q. Maximum, eum, qui Tarentum recepit, adoles- cens ita dilexi senem, ut aequalem: erat enim in illo viro co- mitate condlta gravitas: nec'senectus mores mutaverat: quan- quam eum colere coepi non admodum grandem natu, sed ta- men jam aetate provectum : anno enim post consul primum fuerat, quam ego natussum: cumque eo quartum consule ado- lescentulus miles profectus sum ad Capuam, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum quaestor: deinde aedilis, quadriennio post factus sum praetor: quem magistratum gessi, consulibus Tu- ditano et Cethego, cum quidem ille admodum senex, suasor legis Cinciae de donis et muneribus fuit, hie et bella gerebat, ut adolescens, cum plane grandis esset: et Hannibalem juve- niliter exsultantem patientia sua molliebat: de quo praeclare familiaris noster Ennius: 156 SELECTA EX CICERONE Unus, qui nobis cunclando restituit rem. Non ponebat enim rumores ante salutem. Ergo pdstque, magisque viri nunc gloria claret. Tarentum verd qua vigilantia, quo consilio recepit ? cum qui- dem, me audiente, Salinatori, qui, amisso oppido, fugerat in arcem, glorianti, atque ita dicenti: Mea opera, Q. Fabi, Ta- rentum recepisti: Certe, inquit ridens: nam nisi tu amisisses, numquam recepissem. Nec verb in armis praestantior, quam in toga: qui consul iterum, Sp. Carvilio collega quiescente, C. Flamiuio tribuno plebis, quoad potuit, restitit, agrum Pi- centem et Gallicum viritim contra senatus auctoritatem divi- dend : augurque cum esset, dicere ausus est, optimis auspiciis ea geri, quse pro reipublicse salute gererentur: quae contra rempublicam ferrentur, contra auspicia ferri. Multa in eo viro praeclara cognovi: sed nihil est admirabilius, quam quo- modo ille mortem M. fil'd tulit, clari viri, et consularis: est in manibus laudatio: quam cum legimus, quem philosophum non contemnimus ? nec verb ille in luce modb, atque in oculis ci- vium magnus: sed intus domique pracstantior : qui sermo ? quae prsecepta ? quanta notitia antiquitatis ? quae scientia ju- ris augurii ? multae etiam, ut in homine Romano, literae: om- nia memoria tenebat, non domestica solum, sed etiam externa bella: cujus sermone ita turn cupide fruebar, quasi jam divi- narem id, quod evenit, illo exstincto, fore, unde discerem, ne- minem. V, Quorsum igitur hsec tam multa de Maximo? quia profectb videtis, nefas esse dictu, miseram fuisse talem senectutem. Nec tamen omnes possunt esse Scipiones, aut Maximi, ut urbium expugnationes, ut pedestres navalesve pugnas, ut bella a se gesta, triumphosque recordentur: est etiam quiete, et pure, et eleganter actae aetatis placida ac lenis senectus: qualem acce- pimus Platon is, qui uno et octogesimo anno scribens mortuus est: qualem Isocratis, qui eum librum, qui Panathenaicus in- scribitur, quarto et nonagesimo anno scripsisse se dicit, vixit- que quinquennium postea : cujus magister Leontinus Gorgias, centum et septem complevit annos: neque unquam in suo stu- dio, atque opere cessavitqui, cum ex eo quaereretur, cur tamdiu vellet esse in vita ? Nihil habeo, inquit, quod incusem senectutem. Praeclarum responsum, et docto homine dignum. Sua enim vitia insipientes, et suam culpam, in senectutem con- ferunt: quod non faciebat is, cujus modb mentionem feci, En- nius, Sicutforiis equus, spatio qui scepe supremo Vicit Olympia, nunc senio confectu’ quiescit. DE SENECTUTE. 157 Equi fortis, et victoris senectuti comparat suam : quam qui- dein probe memiuisse potestis. Anno eqim undevicesimo post ejus mortem, hi consuies, T. Flaminius, et M’ Acilius facti sunt: ille autem Caepione, et Philippo iterum, consulibus, mortuus est: cum ego quidem, v. et lx. annos natus, legem Voconiam voce magna, et bonis lateribus suasissem. Annos lxx. natus, tot enim vixit Ennius, ita ferebat duo, quae maxi- ma putantur onera, paupertatem et senectutem, ut eis psene delectari videretur. Etenim, cum contemplor animo, reperio quatuor causas, cur senectus misera videatur: unam, quod avocet a rebus gerendis : alteram, quod corpus faciat infirmi- us: tertiam, quod privet omnibus fere voluptatibus : quartam, quod baud procul absit a morte. Earum, si placet, causarum quanta, quamque sit justa unaqueeque, videamus. VI. A rebus gerendis senectus abstrabit ? Quibus? an iis, quae geruntur juventute, et viribus ? Nullaene igitur res sunt seniles, quae, vel infirmis corporibus, animo tamen adminis- trentur? Nihil ergo agebat Q. Maximus? nihil L. Paullus, pater tuus, Scipio, socer optimi viri, filii mei ? ceteri senes, Fabricii, Curii, Coruncanii, cum rempublicam consilio et auc- toritate defendebant, nihil agebant ? Ad App. Claudii senectu- tem accedebat etiam, ut caecus esset: et tameu is, cum senten- tia senatus inclinaret ad pacem, et feedus faciendum cum Pyr- rho, non dubitavit dicere ilia, quae versibus persecutus est Ennius: Quo vobis mentes, rectae quae stare sdebant Antehac, dementes sese jlexere ? ceteraque gravissime : notum enim vobis carmen est: et tamen ipsius Appii extat oratio: atque hanc ille egit septem et de- cern annos post alterum consulatum, cum inter duos consula- tes anni decern interfluxissent, censorque ante consulatum superiorem fuisset. Ex quo intelligitur, Pyrrhi bello gran- dem sane fuisse: et tamen sic a patribus accepimus. Nihil igitur afferunt, qui in re gerenda versari senectutem negant, similesquedicant, cum sunt alii iis, malos qui gubernatorem scandant, alii in pernavigando foros cursent, agere nihil alii sentinam exhauriant: ille autem clavum tenens sedeat in puppi quietus, non faciat ea, quae juvenes ; at vero multd ma- jora, et meliora facit. Non viribus, aut velocitatibus, aut ce- leritate corporum res magnae geruntur : sed consilio, auctori- tate, sententia: quibus non modo non orbari, sed etiam augeri senectus solet. Nisi forte ego vobis, qui et miles, et tribunus, et legatus, et consul versatus sum in vario genere bellorum, cessare nunc videor, cum bella non gero. At senatui, quae o 158 SELECTA EX CICERONE sunt gerenda, prseseribo, et quoniodo: Karthaginij male jam diu cogitanti, bellum multo ante denuntio : de qua vereri non ante desinam, quam illam excisam esse cognovero. Quam palmam utinam dii immortales tibi, Scipio, reservent, ut avi reliquias persequare ! cujus a morte hie tertius, et tricesimus est annus: sed memoriam illius viri excipient omnes anni con- sequentes. Anno ante me censorem mortuus est, no vein annis post meum consulatum, cum consul iterum, me consule, crea- tus esset. Num igitur, si ad centesimum annum vixisset, se- nectutis eum suai poeniteret ? nec enim excursione, nec saltu, nec eminus hastis, aut cominus gladiis uteretur: sed consilio, ratione, sententia: quae nisi essent in senibus, non summum consilium majores nostri appellassent Senatum. Apud Lace- daemonios quidem ii, qui amplissimum magistratum gerunt, ut sunt, sic etiam nominantur senes. Quod si legere, aut audire voletis externa, maximas respublicas ab adolescentibu* labefactas, a senibus sustentatas et restitutas reperietis. Cedo, qiu veslram rempublicam tantam amisistis tam cito ? Sic enim percontautur, ut est in Nsevii poetae Ludo: respon- dentur et alia, et haec in primis: Proveniebant oratores novi, stulti, adolescentuli. TemeritasVII. At est memoria videlicet minuitur: florentis ajtatis,credo, prudentianisi earn exerceas,senescentis. aut perceperat;si sis natura num tardior. igitur Themistoclescensetis eum, omnium cum a'tate civium processisset, nomina qui Aristides esset, Lysimachum salutare solitum ? Equidem non modo cos novi, qui sunt; sed eorum patres etiam, et avos ; nec sepulchra legens vereor, quod aiunt, ne memoriam per- dam : his enim ipsis legendis redeo in memoriam mortuorum ; obruisset:nee vero quenquam omnia, quae seuum curant, audivi meminerunt: oblitum, quo vadimonialoco thesaurum con- quidstituta: pontifices? qui sibi, quid quibus augures? ipsi debcant. quid philosophi Quid jurisconsultisenes ? quam ? nmlta meminerunt ? manent ingenia senibus, modo permaue- at studium et industria: nec ea solum in Claris et honoratis viris, sed in vita etiam privata et quieta. Sophocles ad sum- mam senectutem trageedias fecit; quod propter studium cum rem familiarem negligere videretur, a filiis in judicium voca- tus est; ut, quemadmodum, nostro more, male rem gerenti- bus patribus bonis interdici solet: sic ilium, quasi desipien- tem, a re familiari removerent judices. Turn senex dicitur earn fabulam, quam in manibus habebat, et proxime scripse- DE SENECTUTE. 159 rat, CEdipum Coloneum recitasse judicibus, quaesissequc, hum illud carmen desipientis videretur: quo recitato, sententiis judicum est liberatus. Num igitur hunc, num Homerum, num Hesiodum, num Simonidem, num Stesicborum, num, quos ante dixi, Isocratem, Gorgiam, num philosophorum principes, Pythagoram, Deinocritum, num Platonem, num Xenocratem, num postea Zenonem, Cleanthem, aut eum, quern vos etiam Romae vidistis, Diogenem Stoicum, coegit in suis studiis obmutescere senectus ? an non in omnibus iis stu- diorum agitatio vitae aequalis fuit ? Age, ut ista divina studia omittamus,nos, vicinos possumet familiares nominare meos, ex quibus agro Sabino absentibus, rusticos nunquam Roma- fere ulla in agro majora opera tiunt, non serendis, non percipi- endis, non condendis fructibus ; quanquam in illis minus hoc mirum; nemo enim est tain senex, qOi se annum non putet posse vivere: sed iidem elaborant in eis, quae sciunt nihil om- nino ad se pertinere : Serit arbores, quae alteri saeculo prosint, ut ait Statius nostcr in Synephebis. Nec vero dubitet agrico- la, quamvis senex, quaerenti, cui serat, respondere: Diis im- mortalibus, qui me non accipere modo, hsec a majoribus volue- runt, sed etiam posteris prodere. VIII. Melius Caecilius de sene alteri saeculo prospicientc, quam illud idem: JEdepol, senectus, si nihil quidquam aliud vitii, Apporles tecum, cum advenis ; unum id sat est, Qudd diu vivendo, multa, quae non vult, videt. Et multa fortasse, quae vult; atque in ea quidem, quae non vult, saepe etiam adolesccntia incurrit. Illud vero idem Cae- cilius vitiosius: Turn equidem in senectd hoc deputo miserrimum, Sentire, ea aetate esse se odiosum alteri. Jucundum potius, quam odiosum; ut enim adolescentibus bona indole praeditis sapientes senes delectantur, leviorque fit eorum senectus, qui a juventute coluntur et diliguntur: sic adolcscentes senum praeceptis gaudent, quibus ad virtutum studia ducuntur: nec minus intelligo me vobis, quam vos mild, esse jucundos. Sed videtis, ut senectus non modd lan- guida atque iners non sit, verum etiam sit operosa, et semper agens aliquid et moliens; tale scilicet, quale cujusque studi- 160 SELECTA EX CICERONE urn in superiore vita fiiit. Quid, quod etiam addiscunt ali- quid ? ut Solonem versibus gloriantem videmus, qui se quo- tidie aliquid addiscentem, senem fieri dicit: ut ego feci, qui Graecas literas senex didici: quas quidem sic avide arripui, quasi diuturnam sitim explere cupiens, ut ea ipsa mihi nota essent, quibus me nunc exemplis uti videtis ; quod cum fecisse Socratem in fidibus audirem, vellem equidem et illud : disce- bant enim fidibus antiqui: sed in Uteris certe elaboravi. IX. Ne nunc quidem vires desidero adolescentis (is enim erat locus alter de vitiis senectutis) non plus, quam adolescens, tauri, aut elephanti desiderabam : quod est, eo decet uti: et quicquid agas, agere pro viribus. Quae enim vox potest esse contemptior, quam Milonis Crotoniatee ? qui, cum jam senex esset, athletasque se in curriculo exercentes videret, aspexisse lacertos suos dicitur, illacrymansque dixisse: at hi quidem jam mortui sunt. Non verb tarn isti, quam tu ipse, nugator: neque enim ex te unquam es nobilitatus, sed ex lateribus et lacertis tuis. Nihil S. iElius tale, nihil multis annis ante Ti. Coruncanius: nihil modo P. Crassus: a quibus jura civibus prajscribebantur: quorum usque ad extremum spiritum est provecta prudentia. Orator, metuo, ne languescat senectute: est enim munus ejus non ingenii solum, sed laterum etiam, et virium. Omnino canorum illud in voce splendescit etiam, si:nescio et quovidetis pacto, annos: in senectute;sed tamen quodest decorus equidem sermo adhuc senis, non quie-ami- tus et remissus: facitque persaepe ipsa sibi audiemiam diserti senis comta et mitis oratio ; quod si ipse exsequi nequeas, pos- sis tamen Scipioni prsecipere, et Lselio. Quid enim est jucun- dius senectute, stipata studiis juventutis ? An ne eas quidem vires senectuti relinquemus, ut adolescentulos doceat, instituat, ad omne otficii munus instruat ? quo quidem opere quid potest esse praeclarius ? Mihi verb Cn. et P. Scipiones, et avi tui duo, L. jEmilius, et P. Africanus comitatu nobilium juvenum for- tunati videbantur; nec ulli bonarum artium magistri non beati putandi, quamvis consenuerint vires, atque defecerint; etsi ista ipsa defectio virium, adolescentiae vitiis efficitur ssepi- us, quam senectutis ; libidinosa etenim et intemperans adoles- centia, effoetum corpus tradit senectuti. Cyrus quidem apud Xenophontem eo sermone, quern moriens babuit, cum admo- dum senex esset, negat se unquam sensisse, senectutem suam imbecilliorem factam, quam adolescentia fuisset. Ego L. Me- tellum memini puer, (qui cum quadriennio post alterum consu- latum pontifex maximus factus esset, viginti et duos annos ei sacerdotio prsefuit) ita bonis esse viribus extremo tempore seta- tis, ut adolescentiam non requireret. Nihil necesse est mihi, DE SENECTUTE. 161 de me ipso dicere: quanquam est id quidem senile, aetatique nostrae conceditur. X. Videtisne, ut apud Homerum saepissime Nestor de vir- tutibus suis praedicet ( tertiam enim jam aetatem hominum vi- vebat: nec erat ei verendum, ne vera de se praedicans, nimis exvideretur ejus lingua aut insolens, melle dulcior aut loquax; fluebat etenimoratio: (utquam ait ad Homerus) suavita- tem nullis egebat corporis viribus: et tamen dux ille Graeciae nusquam optat, ut Ajacis similes habeat decern, at ut Nesto- ris; quod si accident, non dubitat, quin brevi Troja sit peri- tura. Sed redeo ad me; quartum annum ago et octogesi- mum: equidem posse vellem idem gloriari, quod Cyras: sed tamen hoc queo dicere, non me quidem iis esse viribus, quibus aut miles bello Punico, aut quaestor eodem bello, aut consul in Hispania fuerim, aut quadriennio post, cum tribunus militaris depugnavi apud Thermopylas, M’ Acilio Glabrione consule : sed tamen, (ut vos videtis) non plane me enervavit, nec afflixit senectus: non curia vires meas desiderat, non Rostra, non amici, non clientes, non hospites; nec enim unquam sum as- sensusfieri senem, veteri si illidiu laudatoquevelis esse senex.proverbio, Ego quod verd monet,me minus mature diu senem esse mallem, qu&m esse senem ante, quam essem. Ita- que nemo adhuc convenire me voluit, cui fuerim occupatus. At minus habeo virium, quam vestrum utervis. Ne vos qui- dem T. Pontii centurionis vires habetis: num idcirco est ille tumpraestantior potest, ?quisque moderatio nitatur; modd naevirium ille nonadsit, magno et tantum, desiderio quan- te- citur,nebitur cum virium. humeris Olympiae sustineret per bovem stadium vivum ingressus : utnim esse igitur Milo hasdi- corporis, an Pythagorae tibi malis vires ingenii dari ? denique isto bono utare, dum adsit; cum absit, ne requiras: nisi forte adolescentes pueritiam, paullum aetate progressi adolescentiam debeantrae, eaque requirere. simplex: suaqueCursus cuiqueest certus parti aetatis aetatis et unatempestivitas via natu- est data; ut et infirmitas puerorum, et ferocitas juvenum, et gravitas jam constantis aetatis, et senectutis maturitas naturale quiddamte audire, habeat,Scipio, quodhospes suo tuus tempore avitus, percipiMasinissa, debeat. quae faciatArbitror ho- die, nonaginta annos natus: cum ingressus iter pedibus sit, in equum omnino non ascendere; cum equo, ex equo non de- scendere: nullo imbre, nullo frigore adduci, ut capite operto sit: summam in eo esse corporis siccitatem : itaque exsequi omnia regis officia et munera. Potest igitur exercitatio, ct boris.temperantia etiam in senectute conservare aliquid pristini ro- 162 SELECTA EX CICERONE XI. Non sunt in senectute vires? ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute: ergo, et legibuset institutis, vacat setas nostra inuneribus iis, quae non possunt sine viribus sustineri: itaque non modo, quod non possumus, sed ne quantum possumus qui- dem, cogimur. At ita multi sunt imbecilli senes, ut nullum officii, aut omnino vita; munus exsequi possint. At id quidem non proprium senectutis est vitium, sed commune valetudinis. Quam fuit imbecillus P. Africani filius is, qui te adoptavit ? quam tenui, aut nulla potiiis valetudine ? quod ni ita fuisset, alterum ille exstitisset lumen civitatis: ad paternam enim magnitudinem animi doctrina uberior accesserat. Quid mi- rum igitur in senibus, si infirm! sunt aliquando, cum ne id quidem adolescentes elfugere possint ? Resistendum, Ladi, et iicipio, senectuti est, ejusque vitia diligentia compensanda sunt. Pugnandum, tanquam contra morbum, sic contra se- nectutem. Habenda ratio valetudinis : utendum exercitatio- nibus modicis ; tantum cibi et potionis adbibendum, ut refici- antur vires, non opprimantur. Nec vero corpori soli subve- niendum est, sed menti atque animo multo magis: nam hsec quoque, nisi tanquam lumini oleum instilles, exstinguuntur se- nectute : et corpora quidem defatigatione, et exercitatione in- gravescunt: animi autem exercitando levantur : nam quos ait - Caecilius—condcos stullos senes: bos significat credulos, obli- viosos, dissolutos: quae vitia sunt non senectutis, sed inertis, ignavae, somniculosae senectutis; ut petulantia, ut libido, ma- gis est adolescentium, quam senum ; nec tamen omnium ado- lescentium, sed non proborum : sic ista senilis stultitia (quae de- liratio appellari solet) senum levium est, non omnium. Qua- tuor robustos filios, quinquc Alias, tantam domum, tantas cli- entelas Appius regebat et senex, et caecus : intentum enim ant- mum, tain quam arcum, babebat, nec languescens succumbebat senectuti; tenebat non modo auctoritatem, sed etiam impe- rium in suos : metuebant servi, verebantur liberi, carum om- nes babebant: vigebat in ilia domo patrius mos, et disciplina. Ita enim senectus honesta est, si se ipsa defendit, si jus suum retinet, si nemini emancipata est, si usque ad extremum spiri- tum dominatur in suos; ut enim adolescentem, in quo senile aliquid; sic seuem, in quo est adolescentis aliquid, probo: quod qui sequitur, corpora senex esse poterit, animo nunquam crit.antiquitatis Septimus monumenta mibi Originum colligo: liber causarum est in illustrium,manibus: omniaquas- cumque defend!, nunc quam maxime conficio orationes ; jus augurum, pontificum, civile tracto : multum etiam Greeds li- teris utor: Pytbagoreorumque more exercendee memoria; gra- tia, quid quoque die dixerim, audierim, egerim, commemoro DE SENECTUTE. 163 vesperi. Hae sunt exercitationes ingenii, liaec curricula men- tis : in his desudans, atque elaborans, corporis vires non mag- nopere desidero; adsum amicis: venio in senatum frequens, ultroquemi, non corporisaffero res viribus; multum quae et diu si exsequi cogitatas; nequirem, casque tueortamen ani- me lectulus oblectaret meus, ea ipsa cogitantem, quae jam agere non possem : sed ut possim, facit acta vita. Semper enim in his studiis, laboribusque viventi non intelligitur, quando obre- pat senectus. I ta sensim sine sensu aetas senescit: nec subito frangitur : sed diuturnitate exstinguitur. XII. Sequitur tertia vituperatio senectutis, quod earn carere dicunt voluptatibus. O praeclarum munus aetatis, si quidem id aufcrt nobis, quod est in adolescentia vitiosissimum ! Acci- piteTarentini, enim, magnioptimi in adolescentes, primis, et praeclari veterem viri; orationem quae mihi Archytae tradita est, cum essem adolescens Tarenti cum Q. Maximo. Nullam capitaliorem pestem, quam corporis voluptatem, hominibus di- cebat a natura datam : cujus voluptatis avidae libidines temere et effrenate ad potiundum incitarentur. Hinc patriae prodi- tiones, hinc rerumpublicarum eversioues, hinc cum hostibus clandestina colloquia nasci: nullum denique scelus, nullum malum facinus esse, ad quod suscipiendum non libido volup- tatis impelleret. Cumque homini sive natura, sive quis deus nihil mente praestabilius dedisset; huic divino muneri ac dono nihil esse tam inimicum, quam voluptatem. Nec enim libi- dine dominante temperantiae locum esse ; neque omnino in vo- luptatis regno virtutem posse consistere; quod quo magis intel- ligi posset, tingere animo jubebat, tanta incitatum aliquem vo- luptate corporis, quanta percipi posset maxima ; nemini cen- sebat fore dubium, quin tamdiu, dum ita gauderet, nihil agi- tare mente, nihil ratione, nihil cogitatioce consequi posset: quocirca nihil esse tam detestabile, tamque pestiferum, quam voluptatem : si quidem ea, cum major esset atque longior, omne animi lumen exstingueret. Hteccum C. Pontio Samnite, consules,patre ejus, superati a quo, Caudiuosunt, locutum pradio Archytam,Sp. Postumius, Nearchus T. Veturius, Taren- tinus, hospes noster, qui in amicitia populi Romani permanse- rat, se a majoribus natu accepisse dicebat, cum quidem ei ser- mon! interfuisset Plato Atheniensis, quern Tarentum venisse, L. Camillo, Appio Claudio consulibus, reperio. Quorsum htec ? ut intelligatis, si voluptatem aspernari ratione et sa- pientia non possemus, magnam habendam senectuti gratiam, quae efficeret, ut id non liberet, quod non oporteret. Irnpedit enim consilium voluptas, ration! inimica : ac mentis (ut ita di- cam) praestringit oculos, nec habet ullum cum virtute com- 164 SELECTA EX CICERONE mercium. Invitus quidem feci, ut fortissimi viri T. Flami- nini fratrem L. Flamininum e senatu ejicerem, septem annis post, quam consul fuisset: sed notandam putavi libidinem. Itfe enim cum esset consul, in Gallia exoratus in convivio a scorto est, ut securi feriret aliquem eorum, qui in vinculis es- sent damnati rci capitalis: hie Tito, fratre suo, censore, (qui proximus ante me fuerat) elapsus est: mihi verb, et Flacco neutiquam probari potuit tarn dagitiosa, et tarn perdita libido, quae cum probro private conjungeret imperii dedecus. XIII. Saepe audivi a majoribus natu, qui se porro pueros a senibus audisse dicebant; mirari solitum C. Fabricium, quod cum apud regem Pyrrhum legatus esset, audisset a Thessalo Cinea, esse quendam Athenis, qui se sapientem profiteretur: eumque dicere, omnia, quae faceremus, ad voluptatem esse re- ferenda ; quod ex eo audientes, M’ Curium et Ti. Corunca- nium optare solitos, at id Samnitibus, ipsique Pyrrho persua- deretur: quo facilius vinci possent, cum se voluptatibus dedis- sent. Vixerat M’ Curius cum P. Decio, qui quinquennio ante eum consulem se pro republica quarto consulatu devove- rat. Norat eundem Fabricius, norat Coruncanius: qui cum ex sua vita, turn ex ejus, quem dico, P. Decii facto, judica- bant, esse profecto aliquid natura pulchrum atque praeclarum, quod sua sponte peteretur, quodque, spreta et contempta vo- luptate, optimus quisque sequeretur. Quorsum igitur tarn rnulta de voluptate? quia non modo vituperatio nulla, sed etiam summa laus senectutis est, quod ea voluptates nullas magnopefe desiderat; caret epulis, exstructisque mensis, et frequentibus peculis? caret ergo etiam vinolentia, etcruditate, et insomniis. Sed si aliquid dandum est voluptati, quoniam ejus blanditiis non facile obsistimus, (divine enim Plato escam malorum, voluptatem appellat, quod ea videlicet homines ca- piantur, ut hamo pisces) quanquam immoderatis epulis careat senectus, modicis tamen conviviis delectari potest. C. Duil- lium, M. filium qui Pcenos classe primus devicerat, redeun- tem a ccena senem saepe videbam puer; delectabatur crebro funali,tantum et licentiae tibicine, dabat quae gloria.sibi nullo Sed exemplo quid egoprivatus alios? sumpserat ad meip- s sum jam revertar. Primum habui semper sodales: sodalitates autem, me quaestore, constitutae sunt, sacris Idaeis Magnae Ma- tris acceptis: epulabar igitur cum sodalibus omnino modice, sed erat quidam fervor aetatis: qua progrediente, omnia hunt indies mitiora; neque enim ipsorum conviviorum delectatio- nem voluptatibus corporis magis, quam ccetu amicorum, et sermonibus metiebar; bene enim majores nostri accubationem epularem amicorum, quia vitae conjunctionem haberet, convi- DE SENECTUTE. 165 vium nominarunt, melius, quam Grseci, qui hoc idem turn compotationem, turn conccenationem Tocant: ut, quod in eo genereXIV. minimum Ego verb est,propter id marime sermonis probare delectationem rideantur. tempestivis quoque conviviis delector, nec cum aequalibus solum, (qui pau- ci admodum restant) sed cum vestra etiam aetate, atque vobis- cum : habeoque senectuti magnam gratiam, quae mihi sermo- nis aviditatem auxit, potionis et cibi sustulit, Qudd si quem etiam ista delectant, (ne omnino bellum indixisse videar volup- tati, cujus est etiam fortasse quidam naturalis modus) non in- telligo, ne in istis quidem voluptatibus ipsis, carere sensu se- nectutem. Me verb et magisteria delectant, a majoribus in- stituta: et is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis: et pocula, sicut in symposio Xenophontis, minuta, at- que rorantia, et refrigeratio aestate, et vicissim aut sol, aut ig- nis hibernus: quae quidem in Sabinis etiam persequi soleo, noctem,conriviumque quam vicinorummaxime possumus, quotidie compleo:vario sermone quod producimus.ad multam At non est voluptatum tanta quasi titillatio in senibus. Cre- do : sed ne desideratio quidem. Nihil autem molestum, quod nontis stipendiis desideres. ambitionis, At ilia quanti contentions, sunt, animurn, inimicitiarum, tanquam cupidita- erneri- tum omnium, secum esse, secumque, (ut dicitur,) vivere ? si verb habet aliquod tanquam pabulum studii atque doctrinae> nihil est otiosa senectute jucundius : mori paene videbamus in studio dimetiundi cceli atque terra; C. Galium, familiarem pa- tris tui, Scipio: quoties ilium lux noctu aliquid describere in- gressum, quoties nox oppressit, cum mane coepisset ? quam de- lectabat eum, defectiones solis, et lunse multb nobis ante prsedi- cere ? Quid in levioribus studiis, sed tamen acutis ? quam gaudebat bello suo PunicoNaevius! quam Truculento Plautus! quam Pseudolo. Vidi etiam senem Livium : qui cum sex an- nos ante, quAm ego natus sum, fabulam docuisset, Centone Tuditanoque consulibus, usque ad adolescentiam meam pro- juriscessit studioaetate: loquar quid ?de aut P. deLicinii hujus Crassi, P. Scipionis, et pontificii, qui his et pauciscivilis diebus pontifex maximus factus est ? Atqui eos omnes, quos commemoravi, his studiis flagrantes senes vidimus. M. verb Cethegum, quem recte Suadae medullam dixit Ennius, quanto studio exerceri in dicendo videbamus, etiam senem ? Quae sunt igitur epularum, aut ludorum, voluptates cum his volup- tatibus comparandae ? Atque haec quidem studia doctrinae; quae quidem prudentibus, et bene institutis pariter cum aetate crescunt: ut honestum illud Solonis sit, quod ait versiculo quo- 166 SELECTA EX CICERONE dam, ut ante dixi, senescere se, multa indies addiscentem: qua voluptate animi nulla certe potest esse major. XV. Venio nunc ad voluptates agricolarum, quibus ego in- credibiliter delector: quae nec ulla impediuntur senectute, et mihi ad sapientis vitam proximo videntur accedere; babent enim rationem cum terra, quae nunquam recusat imperium, nec unquam sine usura reddit, quod accepit: sed alias minore, plerumque majore cum fcenore : quanquam me quidem non fructus modo, sed etiam ipsius terrae vis ac natura delectat: quae cum gremio mollito ac subacto semen sparsum excepit; primum id occaecatum cohibet; ex quo occatio, (quae hoc effi- cit,) nominata est: deinde tepefactum vapore et compressu suo diffundit, et elicit herbescentem ex eo viriditatem: quae nixa fibris stirpium, sensim adolescit, culmoque erecta geniculato, vaginis jam quasi pubescens includitur; e quibus cum emerse- rit, fundit frugem spici ordine structam, et contra avium mi- norum morsus munitur vallo aristarum. Quid ego vitium sa- tis, ortus, incrementa commemorem ? satiari delectatione non possum, ut meae senectutis requietem oblectamentumque nos- catis. Omitto enim vim ipsam omnium, quae generantur e terra: quae ex fici tantulo grano, aut ex acino vinaceo, aut ex ceterarum frugum ac stirpium minutissimis seminibus tantos truncos ramosque procreat : malleoli, plantae, sar- menta, viviradices, propagines, nonne ea efliciunt, ut quem- vis cum admiratione delectent ? Vitis quidem, quae natura caduca est, et nisi fulta sit, ad terram fertur; eadem, ut se erigat, claviculis suis, quasi manibus, quidquid est nacta, complectitur: quam serpentem multiplici lapsu et erratico, ferro amputans coercet ars agricolarum, ne silvescat sarmentis, et in omnes partes nimia fundatur. Itaque ineunte vere in iis, quae relicta sunt, existit tanquam ad articulos sarmento- rum ea, quae gemma dicitur: a qua oriens uva sese ostendit: quae et succo terrae, et calore solis augescens prime est peracer- ba gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit; vestitaque pampinis, nec modico tepore caret, et nimios solis defendit ardores ; qua quid potest esse cum fructu laetius, turn aspectu pulchrius ? cujus quidem non utilitas me solum, ut ante dixi, sed etiam cultura, et ipsa natura delectat: adminiculorum ordines, ca- pitum jugatio, religatio et propagatio vitium, sarmentorumque, ea, quam dixi, aliorum amputatio, aliorum immissio. Quid ego irrigationes ? quid fossiones agri, repastinationesque pro- feram, quibus fit multo terra foecundior? Quid de utilitate loquar stercorandi ? dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi: de qufi doctus Hesiodus ne verbum quidem fecit, cum DE SENECTUTE. 16? ridetur,de cultura ante agrx saeculis scriberet. fuit, LaertemAt Homerus, lenientem qui desiderium, multis, ut quodmihi capiebat e filio, colentem agrum, et eum stercorantein facit. Nec verd segetibus solum, et pratis, et vineis, et arbustis res rustic® lata; sunt, sed etiam hortis et pomariis : turn pecudum pastu, apium examinibus, florum omnium varietate. Nec consitionesinvenit agricultura modo delectant, sollertius. sed etiam insitiones: quibus nihil XVI.i Possum persequi multa oblectamenta rerum rustica- rum : sed ea ipsa, quae dixi, fuisse sentio longiora. Ignoscetis autem ; nam et studio rerum rusticarum provectus sum, et dearsenectus vindicare. est natura Ergo loquacior: in hac vita ne M’ab Curius,omnibus cum earn de vitiis Samni- vi- tibus, de Sabinis, de Pyrrho triumphasset, consumpsit extre- mum tempus aetatis: cujus quidem villam ego contemplans, (abest enim non longe a me) admirari satis non possum vel ho- minis ipsius continentiam, vel temporum disciplinam. Curio ad focum sedenti, magnum auri pondus Samnites cum attulis- sent, repudiati ab eo sunt: non enim aurum habere, praecla- rum sibi videri dixit; sed iis, qui haberent aurum, imperare. PoteratneSed venio adtantus agricolas, animus ne nona meipso jucundam recedam. efficere In senectutem agris erant ? turn senatores, et iidem, senes; siquidem aranti L. Quinctio Cincinnato nuutiatum est, eum dictatorem esse factum: cujus dictatoris jussu magister equitum C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Mae- lium, regnum appetentem, occupatum interemit: a villa in senatum arcessebantur et Curius, et ceteri senes : ex quo, qui eos arcessebant, viatores nominati sunt; num igitur eorum se- nectus, miserabilis fuit, qui se agri cultione oblectabant ? Mea quidem sententia, baud scio, an ulla beatior esse possit: neque solum officio, quod hominum generi universe cultura agrorum est salutaris, sed et delectatione, qyam dixi, et saturitate, copia- que omnium rerum, qua; ad victum hominum, ad cultum etiam deorum pertinent: ut, quoniam haec quidam desiderant, in gra- tiam jam cum voluptate redeamus. Semper enim boni assidui- que domini referta cella vinaria, olearia, etiam penaria est,villa- que tota locuples est: abundat porco, haedo, agno, gallina, lacte, caseo, melle. Jam hortum ipsi agricola; succidiam alteram appellant: turn conditiora facit ha;c, supervacanei etiam operis aucupium atque venatio. Quid de pratorum viriditate, aut arborum ordinibus; aut vinearum olivetorumque specie di- cam ? Brevi pra;cidam. Agro bene culto nil potest esse, nec usu uberius, nec specie ornatius: ad quern fruendum non modo non retardat, verum etiam invitat, atque allectat senec- tus. Ubi enim potest ilia Betas, aut calesccre vel apricatione 168 SELECTA EX CICERONE melius, vel igni; aut vicissim umbris aquisve refrigerari galu- brius ? Sibi igitur habeant arma, sibi equos, sibi hastas, gibi clavain, sibi pilam, sibi natationes, et cursus: nobis senibus ex lusionibus multis tales relinquant, et tesseras: idipsum utrum lubebit: quoniam sine his beata esse senectus potest. XVII. Multas ad res perutiles Xenophontis libri sunt: quos legite, quaeso, studiose, ut facitis: quam copiose ab eo agricultura laudatur in eo libro, qui est de tuenda re familia- ri, qui CEconomicus inscribitur ? Atque ut intelligatis, nihil ei tam regale videri, quam studium agri colendi, Socrates in sarum,eo libro prsestantemloquitur cum ingenio, Critobulo, atque Cyrum imperii minorem, gloria, cum regem Lysan- Per- der Lacedaemonius, vir summee virtutis, venisset ad eum Sar- des, eique dona a sociis attulisset: et ceteris in rebus comem erga Lysandrum atque humanum fuisse, et ei quendam con- septum agrum, diligenter consitum ostendisse: cum autem admiraretur Lysander et proceritates arborum, et directos in quincuncem ordines, et humum subactam, atque puram, et suavitatem odorum, qui afflarentur e floribus: turn dixisse, mirari se non modo diligentiam, sed etiam sollertiam ejus, a quo essent ilia dimensa, atque descripta: et ei Cyrum respon- disse: Atque ego omnia ista sum dimensus ; mei sunt ordines, mea descriptio; multse etiam istarum arborum mea manu sunt satse. Turn Lysandrum intuentem ejus purpuram, et nitorem corporis, ornatumque Persicum multo auro, multisque gemmis dixisse: recte vero te, Cyre, beatum ferunt, quoniam virtuti tuae fortuna conjuncta est. Hac igitur fortuna frui licet senibus: nec aetas impedit, quo minus et ceterarum re- rum, et imprimis agri colendi studia teneamus usque ad ulti- mum tern pus senectutis. M. quidem Valerium Corvum acce- pimus ad centesimum annum perduxisse, cum esset acta jam aetate in agris, eosque coleret: cujus inter primum et sextum consulatum, sex et quadraginta anni interfuerunt: itaque quantum spatium aetatis majores nostri ad senectutis initium esse voluerunt, tantus illi cursus honorum fuit: atque ejus ex- trema aetas hoc beatior, quam media, quod auctoritatis plus habebat, laboris verb minus. Apex autem senectutis est auc- toritas. Quanta fuit in L. Caecilio Metello ? quanta in Atilio Calatino ? in quern illud elogium unicum : pluhim^e consen- TIUNT GENTES, POPULI PRIMARIUM FUISSE VIRUM: HOtlim est carmen, incisum in sepulchre. Jure igitur gravis, cujus de laudibus omnium esset fama consentiens. Quem virum P. Crassum, nuper pontificem maximum, quem postea M. Lepi- dum eodem sacerdotio praeditum, vidimus ? Quid de Paullo, aut Africano loquar? aut, ut jam ante, de Maximo ? quorum DE SENECTUTE. 169 non in sententia solum, sed etiam in nutu residebat auctoritas. Habet senectus, honorata praesertim, tantam auctoritatem, ut ea pluris sit, quam omnes adolescentiae voluptates. XVIII. Sed in omni oratione, niementote, earn me laudarc senectutem, quae fundamentis adolescentiae constituta sit: ex quo id efficitur, quod ego magno quondam cum assensu omni- um dixi: Miseram esse senectutem, quae se oratione defendc- ret: non cani, non rugae repente auctoritatem arripere jws- sunt: sed honeste acta superior aetas fructus capit auctoritatis extremes. Haec enim ipsa sunt houorabilia, quae videntur levia, atque communia, salutari, appeti, decedi, assurgi dedu- ci, reduci, consuli: quae et apud nos, et in aliis civitatibus, ut quaeque optime morata, ita diligentissime observantur. Ly- sandrum Lacedaemonium cujus modo mentionem feci, dicere aiunt solitum, Lacedaemone esse honestissimum domicilium senectutis: nusquam enim tantum trlbuitur 8etati,.nusquam est seuectus honoratior: quin etiam memoriae proditum est, cum Athenis, ludis, quidam in theatrum grandis natu venisset, in magno consessu locum ei a suis civibus nusquam datum : cum autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui legati cum essent, insessum loco certorecepisse. consederant, Quibus consurrexissecum a cuncto omnes, consessu et senem plausus ilium es- set multiplex datus, dixisse ex iis quendam, Athenienses scire, quae recta essent, sed facere nolle. Multa in nostro collegio praeclara: sed hoc, de quo agimus, imprimis, quod, ut quisque aetate antecedit, ita sententiae principatum tenet: nequesoltim majoreshonore antecedentibus,natu augures anteponuntur. sed iis etiam, Quaequi cum sunt imperioigitur volup- sunt, tates corporis cum auctoritatis praemiis comparandae ? quibus qui splendide usi sunt, ii mihi videntur fabulam aetatis per- egisse, nec, tanquam inexercitati histriones, in extremo actu corruisse.senes: si quaerimus,At sunt etiammorosi, avari: et anxii, sed haec,et iracundi, morum etvitia difficiles sunt, non senectutis. Ac morositas tamen, et ea vitia, quae dixi, probarihabent aliquidposse videatur: excusationis, contemni non illius se putant,quidem despici,justae, sed illudi: quae praeterea in fragili corpore odiosa omnis offensio est: quae ta- men omnia dulciora sunt et moribus bonis, et artibus : idque turn in vita, turn in scena intelligi potest ex iis fratribus, qui in Adelphis sunt: quanta in altero duritas, in altero comitas! Sic se res habet: ut enim non omne vinum, sic non omnis aetas vetustate coacescit: severitatem in senectute probo, sed earn, sicut alia, modicam: acerbitatem nullo modo: avaritia verb senilis quid sibi velit, non intelligo. Potest enim quid- 170 SELECTA EX CICERONE quam esse absurdius, quam, quo minus vise restate eo plus viatici quaerere ? XIX. Quarta restat causa, quae maxime angere, atque sol- licitam habere nostram aetatem videtur, appropinquatio mortis; quae certe a senectute non potest longe abesse. O miserum senem, qui, mortem contemnendam esse, in tam longa aetate non viderit! quae aut plane negligenda est, si omnino exstin- guit animum ; aut etiam optanda, si aliquo eum deducit, ubi sit futurus aeternus. Atqui tertium certe nihil inveniri potest. Quid igitur timeam, si aut non miser post mortem, aut beatus etiam futurus sum ? quanquam quis est tam stultus, quamvis sit adolescens, cui sit exploratum, se ad vesperum esse victu- rum ? quin ctiam aetas ilia multo plures, quam nostra, mortis casus habet: faciliiis in morbos incidunt adolescentes; gravius aegrotant; tristius curantur : itaque pauci veniunt ad senec- tutem : quod ni ita accideret, melius et prudentius riveretur. Mens enim, ct ratio, et consilium, in senibus est: qui si null! fuissent, nullae omnino civitates essent. Sed redeo ad mortem impendentem: quod illud est crimen senectutis, cum illud videatis cum adolescentia esse commune ? Sensi ego cum in optimo filio meo, turn in exspectatis ad amplissimam dignita- tem fratribus tuis, Scipio, omni aetati mortem esse communem. At sperat adolesccns, diu se victurum : quod sperare idem se- nex non potest. Insipienter sperat. Quid enim stultius, quam incerta pro certis habere, falsa pro veris ? Senex, ne quod speret quidem, habet. At est eo meliore conditione, quam adolescens: cum id, quod ille sperat, hie jam consecutus est. Ille vult diu vivere: hie diu vixit. Quanquam o dii boni! Quid est in hominis vita diu ? da enim supremum tern- scriptumpus : exspectemus video, Arganthonius Tartessiorum quidam regis Gadibus,aetatem: quifuit octqgintaenim, ut regnavit annos, centum et viginti vixit: sed mild ne diutur- num quidem quidquam videtur, in quo est aliquid extremum : cum enim id advenit; tunc illud, quod praeteriit, effluxit: tantum remanet, quod virtute, ct recte factis consecutus sis: horee quidem cedunt, et dies, et menses, et anni: nec praeteri- tum tempus unquam revertitur, nec quid sequatur, sciri po- testcontent : quod us. cuiqueNeque temporiscnim histrioni, ad vivendum ut placeat, datur, peragendaeo debet esseest fabula, modb, in quocumque fuerit actu, probetur : neque sa- pient! usque ad Plaudite vivendum. Breve enim tempus aeta- cesseristis, satis longius, est longum non admagis bene dolendum honesteque est, vivendum quam agricolae sin pro-do- lent, praeterita verni temporis suavitate, .estatem autumnum- DE SENECTUTE. 171 que venisse: ver enim, tanquam adolescentiam significat, os- tenditque fructus futures : reliqua tempera demetendis fructi- bus et percipiendis accommedata sunt. Fructus autem senec- tutis est, ut saepe dixi, ante parterum bonoruin memoria et copia. Omnia verb, quae secundum naturam bunt, sunt ha- benda in bonis: quid est autem tarn secundum naturam, quam senibus emori ? quod idem contingit adolescentibus, adversante et repugnante natura. Itaque adolescentes mori sic mihi vi- dentur, ut cum aquae multitudine vis fiammae opprimitur: senes autem, sicut sua sponte, nulla adhibita vi, consumptus ignisvi avelluntur exstinguitur ; si matura: et quasi et cocta,poma, decidunt:ex arboribus, sic sivitam cruda adoles- sunt, centibus vis aufert, senibus maturitas: quae mihi quidem tarn jucunda est, ut, quo propius ad mortem accedam, quasi ter- ram videre videar, aliquandoque in portum ex longa naviga- tione esse venturus. XX. Omnium aetatum certus est terminus: senectutis autem nullus certus est terminus: recteque in ea vivitur, quoad munus officii exsequi et tueri possis: et tamen mor- tem contemnere: ex quo fit, ut animosior etiam senqctus sit, quam adolescentia, et fortior. Hoc illud est, quod Pisis- trato tyranno a Solone responsum est; cum illi quaerenti, qua tandem spe fretus sibi tarn audaciter obsisteret; respondisse dicitur, Senectute. Sed viveudi finis est optimus, cum, Inte- gra mente, ceterisque sensibus, opus ipsa suum eadem, quae coagmentavit, natura dissolvit. Ut uavem, ut aedificium idem destruit facillime, qui construxit: sic hominem eadem optime, qtuerecens, conglutinavit, aegre; inveterata, natura dissolvit:facile divellitur: jam omnis ita conglutinatiofit, ut illud breve vitae reliquum nec avide appetendum seuibus, nec sine causa deserendum sit. Vetatque Pythagoras, injussu impera- tqris, id est, dei, de praesidio et statione vitae decedere. Solo- nis quidem sapientis elogium est, quo se uegat velle suain mortem dolore amicorum et lamentis vacare: vult, credo, se esse carum suis. Sed baud scio, an melius Ennius: Nemo me lacrymis decoret, neque funera jlehi Faxit. Non censet lugendam esse mortem, quam immortalitas con- sequatur. Jam sensus morienti aliquis esse potest, isque ad exiguum tempus, praesertim seni: post mortem quidem sensus aut qptandus, aut nullus est. Sed hoc meditatum ab adoles- centia debet esse, mortem ut negligamus: sine qua meditatio- ne, tranquillo esse animo nemo potest: moriendum enim certe est; et id incertum, an eo ipso die. Mortem igitur omnibus 172 SELECTA EX CICERONE horis impendentem timens, qui poterit animo consistere ? de qua non ita longa disputatione opus esse videtur, cum recor* der, non solum L. Brutum, qui in liberanda patria e»t inter- fectus: non duo Decios, qui ad voluntariam mortem cursum equorum incitavenint: non M. Atilium, qui ad supplicium est profectus, ut lidem hosti datam conservaret: non duo Sci- piones, qui iter Pcenis vel corporibus suis obstruere volue- runt: non avum tuum L. Paullum, qui morte luit collegae in Cannensi ignominia temeritatem : non M. Marcellum, cujus interitum ne crudelissimus quidem hostis lionore sepulturse carere passus est: sed legiones nostras (quod scripsi in Origini- bus) in cum saepe locum profectas alacri animo, et erecto, unde se nunquam redituras arbitrarentur. Quod igitur adolescen- tes, et ii quidem non solum indocti, sed etiam rustic! contem- nunt, id docti senes extimescent ? Omnino, ut mihi quidem videtur, studiorum omnium satietas vitaj facit satietatem. Sunt pueritiae certa studia : num igitur ea desiderant adoles- centes ? sunt et ineuntis adolescentise : nnm ea jam constans requirit aetas, quae media dicitur ? sunt etiam hujus aetatis : ne ea quidem quaeruntur a senectute : sunt extrema quaedam studia senectutis: ergo, ut superiorum aetatum studia occi- dunt, sic occidunt etiam senectutis : quod cum evenit, satietas vitae tempus maturum mortis affert. XXI. Equidem non video, cur, quid ipsesentiam de morte, non audeam vobis dicere: quod eo melius mihi cernere videor, quo ab ea propius absum. Ego vestros patres, P. Scipio, tu- que, C. Laeli, viros clarissimos, mihique amicissimos, vivere arbitror : et earn quidem vitam, quae est sola vita nominanda. Nam, dum sumus in his inclusi compagibus corporis, munere quodam necessitatis, et gravi opere perfungimur: est enim animus coelestis ex altissimo domicilio depressus, et quasi de- mersus in terram, locum divinae naturae, aeternitatique contra- rium. Sed credo, deos immortales sparsissc animos in corpora liumana, ut essent, qui terras tuerentur, quique ccelestium or, dinem con tempi antes, imitarentur eum vitae modo atque con- stantm : nee me solum ratio ac disputatio impulit, ut ita cre- derem : sed nobilitas etiam summorum philosophorum, et auc- toritas. Audiebam Pythagoram, Pythagoreosque, incolas pame nostros, qui essent Italici philosophi quondam nominati, nun- quam dubitasse, quin ex universa mente divina delibatos ani- mos haberemus : demonstrabantur mihi prseterea, quae Socra- tes supremo vitae diede iminortalitate animorum disseruisset, is, (tui essct omnium sapientissimus oraculo Apollinis judicatus. animorumQuid multa sit, ? sictanta mihi memoria persuasi, prseteritorum,sic sentio, cum tantafuturorumque celentas DE SENECTUTE. 173 prudentia, tot artes, tanta1 scientise, tot inventa, non posse earn naturam, quae res eas conti neat, esse mortalem : cumque sem- {►er agitetur animus, nec principium motus habeat, quia se ipse moveat; ne finem quidem habiturum esse motus, quia nunquam se ipse sit relicturus: et, cum simplex animi natura esset, neque haberet in se quidquam admistum dispar sui, at- que dissimile, non posse eum dividi: quod si non possit, non posse interire: magnoque esse argumento, homines scire ple- raque ante, quam nati sint, quod jam pueri, cum artes diHi- ciles discant, ita celeriter res innumerabiles arripiant, ut eas non turn primum accipere videantur, sed reminisci, et recor- dari. Heec Plato noster. XXII. Apud Xenophontem autem moriens Cyrus major, haec dicit. Nolite arbitrari, o mihi carissimi filii, me, cum a robis discessero, nusquam, aut nullum fore: nec enim, dum eram vobiscum, animum meum videbatis: sed eum esse in hoc corpore, ex iis rebus, quas gerebam, intelligebatis: eundem igitur esse creditote, etiam si nullum videbitis. Nec verb cla- rorum virorum post mortem honores permanerent, si nihil co- mm ipsoruin animi efficerent, quo diutius memoriam sui tene- rcmus. Mihi quidem nunquam persuaderi potuit, animos, dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere : cum exissent ex iis, emori: nec verb, turn animum esse insipientem, cum ex in- sipienti corpore evasisset; sed, cum, omni admixtione corporis libcratus, purus et integer esse coepisset, turn esse sapientem. Atque etiam, cum hominis natura morte dissolvitur, ceterarum rerum, perspicuum est, qub quseque discedant: abeunt enim illuc Omnia, unde orta sunt: animus autem solus, nec cum adest, nec cum discedit,apparet. Jam verb videtis, nihil esse morti tarn simile, quam somnum. Atqui dormientium animi maxime de- clarant divinitatem suam: multa enim, cum remissi et liberi stmt, futura prospiciunt. Ex quo intelligitur, quales futuri sint, cum sc plane corporis vinculis relaxaverint. Quare, si haec ita sunt, sic me colitote, ut deum : sin una est interiturus animus cum corpore, vos tamen deos verentes, qui hanc om- »ern pulchritudinem tuentur et regunt, memoriam nostri pie placet,mviolateque nostra servabitis. videamus. Cyrus quidem haec moriens. Ncs, si XXIII. Nemo unquam mihi, Scipio, persuadebit, aut pa- trem tuum Paulium, aut duos avos, Paullum et Africanum, aut African! patrem, aut patruum, aut multos pnestantes viros, quos enumerare non est necesse, tanta esse conatos, quae ad posteritatis memoriam pertinerent: nisi animo cernerent, pos- teritatem ad se pertinere. An censes (ut de me ipso aliquid more senum glorier) me tantos labores diurnos nocturnosque, 174 SELECTA EX CICERONE domi militiaequc suscepturum fuisse, si iisdem finibus gloriam Kieam, quibus vitam, essem terminaturus ? nonne melius mul- to fuisset, otiosam aetatem, et quietani, sine ullo labore et con- tentione traducere ? sed, nescio quomodo, animus erigens se, posteritatcm semper ita prospiciebat, quasi, cum excessisset e vita, turn denique victurus esset: quod quidem ni ita se ha- beret, ut animi immortales essent, baud optimi cujusque ani- mus maxime ad immortalitatem gloriie niteretur. Quid, quod sapientissimus quisque sequissimo animo moritur, stul- tissimus iniquissimo? Nonne vobis videtur animus is, qui plus cernat, ct longius, videre, se ad meliora proficisci: ille autem, cujus obtusior sit acies, non videre ? Equidem efferor studio, patres vcstros, quos colui et dilexi, videndi: neque vero eos solum convenire aveo, quos ipse cognovi: sed illos etiam, de quibus audivi, et legi, et ipse conscripsi. Quo quidem me proficiscentem baud sane quis facile retraxerit, neque tanquam Peliam recoxerit. Quod si quis deus mihi largiatur, ut ex hac ietate repuerascam, et in cunis vagiam, valde recusem: nec verb velim, quasi decurso spatio, ad carceres a calce revo- eari. Quid enim habet vita commodi ? quid non potius labo- ris ? sed babeat sane : habet certe tamen, aut satietatem, aut modum : non lubet enim mihi deplorare vitam, quod multi, et ii docti, saepe fecerunt: neque me vixisse pcenitet: quoniam ita vixi, ut non frustra me natum existimem : et ex vita ita discedo, tanquam ex bospitio, non tanquam ex domo : com- moi-andi enim natura diversorium nobis, non habitandi locum dedit.concilium O ccetumqueprseclarum proticiscar,diem, cum ciunquead illud exdivinum hac turba animorum et col- luvione discedam ! proticiscar enim non ad eos solum viros, de quibus ante dixi; sed etiam ad Catonem meum, quo nemo vir melior natus est, nemo pietate pnestantior: cujus a me cor- pus crematum est; quod contra decuit ab illo meum : animus verb non me deserens, sed respectans, in ea profectb loca dis- cessit, quo mihi ipsi cernebat esse veniendum: quern ego meum easum fortiter ferre visus sum: non qubd aequo animo ferrem: digVessumsed me ipse et consolabar, discessum fore.existimans, His mihinon longinquumrebus, Scipio, inter id enim nos te cum Laelio admirari solere dixisti, levis est senectus, nec so- lum non molesta, sed etiam jucunda: quod si in hoc erro, qubd animos hominum immortales esse credam, lubenter erro: nec mihi hunc errorem, quo delector, dum vivo, extorqueri volo r sin mortuus (ut quidam minuti philosophi censeut) nihil sentiam : non vereor, ne hunc errorem meum mortui philoso- phi irrideant, qubd si non sumus immortales futuri, tamen ex- stinguijtomini suo tempore optabde est. Nam habet natura. DE CONTEMNENDA MORTE. 1?5 ut aliarum omnium rerum, sic viveudi modum. Senectus au- tem, peractio eetatis est, tanquam fabulje : cujus defatigationem fugere debemus, prifisertim adjuncta satietate. Haec habui, de senectute quae dicerem: ad quam utinam perveniatis! ut ea, quae ex me audistis, re experti probare possltis. TUSCULANARUM QILESTIONUM AD M. BRUTUM LIBER PRIMUS. DE CONTEMNENDA MORTE. talitateI. Maximum animorum vero argumentumtacitam judicare, est, naturamquod omnibus ipsam curaede immor- sunt, et maxime quidem, quae post mortem futura sint. Serti ar- bores, quce alteri sceculo prosint, ut ait Statius in Synephebis : quid spectans, nisi etiam postera saecula ad se pertinere ? Ergo arbores seret diligens agricola, quarum aspiciet baccam ipse imnquam : vir magnus leges, instituta, rempublicam non se- ret ? Quid procreatio liberorum, quid propagatio nominis, quid adoptiones filiorum, quid testamentorum diligentia, quid ipsa sepulcrorum monumenta, quid elogia significant, nisi nos futura etiam cogitare ? Quid'illud? num dubitas, quin speci- men naturae capi debeat ex optima quaque natura ? quae est igitur melior in hominum genere natura, quam eorum, qui se natos ad homines juvandos, tutandos, conservandos arbitran- tur ? abiit ad deos Hercules: nunquam abiisset, nisi, cum in- ter homines esset, earn sibi viam munivisset. Vetera jam ista, et religione omnium consecrata. camII. interfectos, Quid in hac cogitasse republica arbitramur tot, tantosque ? iisdemne viros utoh finibusrempubli- no- men suum, quibus vita, terminaretur ? Nemo Unquam sine magna spe immortalitatis se pro patria offerret ad mortem. Licuit esse otioso Themistocli, licuit Epaininond;n, licuit, ne et vetera et externa quairam, mihi: sed nescio quomodo inh*- ret in nientibus quasi saeculorum quoddam augurium futuro- rum : idque in maximis ingeniis, altissimisque animis et exis- tit maxime, et apparet facillime : quo quidem dempto, quis tam esset amens, qui semper in laboribus, et pcriculis viveret ? loquor de principibus. Quid poetaj? nonne post mortem no- bilitari volunt? unde ergo illud ? Jdspicite, o dues, senis Ennii imagini formam. Hic veslrlim pinxit iriaxima facta patrnm. Mercedem glorise flagitat ab iis, quorum patres affecerat glorift, idemque. 176 SELECTA EX CICERONE Nemo me lacrymis decoret, nec funera Jlelu Faxit: cur ? volito vivu per ora virum. Sed quid poetas ? opifices post mortem nobilitari volunt: quid enim Phidias sui similem speciem indusit in dypeo Minerva;, cum inscribere non liceret ? quid nostri philosophi ? nonne in his ipsis libris, quos scribunt de contemnenda gloria, sua nomi- na inscribuut ? Quod si omnium consensus, naturae vox est: omnesque, qui ubique sunt, consentiunt esse aliquid, quod ad eos pertineat, qui vita cesserint; nobis quoque idem existi- mandum est: et si, quorum aut ingenio, aut virtute animus excellit, eos arbitramur, quia natura optima sunt, cernere na- turae vim maxime: verisimile est, cum optimus quisque maxi- me posteritati serviat, esse aliquid, cujus is post mortem sen- sum sit habiturus. Sed ut deos esse natura opinamur, quales- que sint, ratione cognoscimus ; sic permanere animos arbitra- mur consensu nationum omnium : qua in sede maneant, qua- lesque sint, ratione discendum est. III. Animus hominis habet primum memoriam, eteam infi- nitam, rerum innumerabilium: quam quidem Plato recorda- tionem esse vult superioris vitae : nam in illo libro, qui inscri- bitur Menon, pusionem quendam Socrates interrogat quaedam geometrica de dimensione quadrati: ad ea sic ille respondet, utrespondens puer: et ebdem tamen perveniat,ita faciles interrogationesquo si geometrica sunt, didicisset: ut gradatim ex quo effici vult Socrates, ut discere, nihil aliud sit, nisi recordari: quern locum multb etiam accuratius explicat in eo sermone, quern habuit eo ipso die, quo excessit e vita: docet enim, quemvis, qui omnium rerum rudis esse videatur, bene interro- ganti respondentem, declarare, se non turn ilia discere, sed re- miniscendo recognoscere: nec verb fieri ullo modo posse, ut a pueris tot rerum, atque tantarum insitas, et quasi consignatas in animis notiones, haberemus, nisi animus, antequam in cor- pus intravisset> in rerum cognitione viguisset. Cumque niiiil esset, ut omnibus locisa Platone disseritur, (nihil enim ille pu- tat esse, quod oriatuf et intereat, idque solum esse, quod sem- per tale sit, qualem ideam appellat ille, nos speciem,) non potuit animus luec in corpora inclqsus agnoscere: cognita attulit: ex quo tain multarum rerum cognitionis ad mi ratio tollitur: neque ea plane vidct animus* cum tarn repentc in insolitUm tamque perturbatum domicilium immigravit, sed cum se col- legit atque recreavit, turn agnoscit ilia reminiscendo. Ita ni- hil aliud est discere, nisi' recordari: ego autem inajore etiam quodam modb memoriam admiror: quid est enim illud, quo meminimus ? aut quam habet vim ? aut unde natam ? non DE CONTEMNENDA MORTE. 177 quaere, quanta memoria Simonides fuisse dicatur, quanta Theodectes, quanta is, qui a Pyrrho legatus ad senatum est missus, Cyneas, quanta nuper Charniiidas, quanta, qui modo fuit, Scepsius Metrodorus, quanta noster Hortensius : de corn- muni hominum memoria loquor, et eorum maxime, qui in ali- quo majore studio, et arte versantur: quorum quanta mens sit,IV. difficile Quorsum est existimare: igitur haec itaspectat multa oratio meminerunt. ? quae sit ilia vis, et unde, intelligendum puto: non est certe nec cordis, nec san- guinis, nec cerebri, nec atomorum : anima sit animus, ignisve, nescio: nec me pudet, ut istos, fateri nescire, quod nesciam : illud, si ulla alia de re obscura affirmare possem, sive anima, give ignis sit animus, eum jurarem esse divinum. Quid enim obsecro te, terrane tibi, aut hoc nebulbao, et caliginoso coelo aut sata, aut concreta videtur tanta vis memoriae ? si, quid sit hoc, non vides: at, quale sit, vides: si ne id quidem: at, quantum sit, profecto vides. Quid igitur ? utrum capacita- tem aliquam in animo putamus esse, quo, tanquam in aliquod vas, ea, quae meminimus, infundantur ? absurdum id quidem: qui enim fundus, aut quae talis animi figura intelligi potest ? aut quae tanta omnino capacitas ? an imprimi quasi ceram, animum putamus, et memoriam esse signatarum rerum in mente vestigia ? quae possunt verborum, quae rerum ipsarum esse vestigia? (juae porro tam immensa magnitude, quae ilia tarn multa possit effingere ? Quid ? ilia vis, quae tandem est, quae investigat occulta, quaeinventioatqueexcogitatio dicitur ? ex hacne tibi terrena, mortalique natural et caduca, concreta ea videtur ? Aut qui primus, quod summae sapientiae Pytha- gorae visum est, omnibus rebus imposuit nomina ? aut qui dis- sipates homines congrcgavit, et ad societatem vitae convocavit? aut qui sonos vocis, qui infiniti videbantur, paucis literarum notis terminavit ? aut qui errantium stellarum cursus, regres- siones, institiones notavit ? omnes magni: etiam superiores, qui fruges, qui vestitum, qui tecta, qui cultum vitae, qui prae- sidia contra feras invenerunt: a quibus mansuefacti et exculti, a necessariis artificiis ad elegantiora defluximus : nam ct auri- bus oblectatio magna parta est, inventa et temperata varietate, ct natura sonorum : et astra suspeximus, turn ea, quae sunt in- fixa certis locis, turn ilia non re, sed vocabulo errantia : quo- rum conversiones, omnesque motiisqui animus vidit, is docuit, similem animum suum ejus esse, qui ea fabricatus esset in coe- lo. Nam cum Archimedes lunaj, soils, quinque errantium motus in sphseram illigavit, effecit idem, quod ille, qui in Ti- moeo mundum aedificavit Platonis dens, ut tarditate et celeri- tate dissimillimos motus una regeret conversio. Quod si in 178 SELECTA EX CICERONE demhoc mundomotus Archimedesfieri sine deo sine non divino potest, ingenio ne in sphsera potuisset quidem imitari. eos- V. Mihi vero ne haec quidem notiora, et illustriora carere vi divina videntur, ut ego aut poetam grave plenumque carmen sine ccelesti aliquo mentis instinctu putem fundere, aut elo- quentiam sine quadam vi majore fluere, abundantem sonanti- bus verbis, uberibusque sententiis. Philosophia verb, omnium mater artium, quid est aliud, nisi, ut Plato ait, donum, ut ego, inventum deorum ? Hsec nos primum ad illorum cultum, deinde ad jus hominum, quod situm est in generis human! so- cietate, turn ad modestiam, magnitudinemque animi erudivit : eademque ab animo, tanquam ab oculis, caliginem dispulit, ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videretnus. Pror- sus haec divina mihi videtur vis, quae tot res efficiat, et tantas: quid est enim memoria rerum, et verborum ? quid porro iu- ventio ? profectb id, quo nec in deo quidquam majus intelligi potest: non enim ambrosia deos, aut Hectare, aut Juventate pocula ministrante, laetari arbitror: nec Homerum audio, qui Ganymedem a diis raptum ait propter formam, ut Jovi bibere ministraret: non justa causa, cur Laomedonti tauta fieret in- juria : fingebat haec Homerus, et humana ad deos transferebat: divina mallem ad nos: quae autem divina ? vigere, sapere, in- venire, meminisse. Ergo animusj ut ego dico, divinus est, ut Euripides audet dicere, deus. VI. Uhi igitur, aut qualis est ista mens ? Ubi tua, aut qualis ? potesne dicere ? an, si omnia ad intelligendum non habeo, quae habere vellem, ne iis quidem, quae habeo, mihi per te uti licebit? non valet tantum animus, ut se ipse videat: autem,-at, ut oculus, quod sicminimum animus seest, non formam videos, suam: alia ceruit: fortasse: non quan- videt quammemoriam, id quoque: motum, sed celeritatem relinquamus: videt. vimHa;c certe, magna, sagacitatem, haec di- vina, haec sempiterna sunt: qua facie quidem sit, aut ubi ha- bitet, ne quaerendum quidem est: ut, cum videmus speciem primum, candoremque coeli: deinde couversionis celeritatem tantam, quantam cogitare non possumus; turn vicissitudines dierum, atque noctium, comnmtationesque temporum quadri- partitas, ad maturitatem frugum, et ad temperationem corpo- rum aptas, eorumque omnium moderatorem et ducem solem, lunamque accretione, et diminutioue luminis, quasi fastprum notis signantem dies; turn in eodem orbe in xu partes distri- buto, quinque stellas ferri, eosdem cursus constantissime ser- vantes, disparibus inter se motibus, nocturnamque cceli formam undique sideribus ornatam ; turn globum terrse eminentem e mari, fixupri in medio muudi uyiversi loco, duabus oris distan- DE CONTEMNENDA MORTE. 179 tibus habitabilem, et cultum : quarum altera, quam nos inco- limus, sub axe posita ad Stellas septem, unde Horrifer Aquilonis stridor gelidas molitur nives, altera Australis, ignota nobis, quam vocant Graeci itrlxfotu. Ceteras partes incultas, quod aut frigore rigeant, aut urantur calore: hie autem, ubi habitamus, non intermittit suo tem- pore Cesium mitescere, arboresfrondescere, Vites laetificae pampinis pubescere, Rami baccarum ubertate incurviscere, Segetes largiri fruges, Jlorere omnia, Fontes scatere, herbis prata convestirier: turn multitudinem pecudum, partim ad vescendum, partim ad cultus agrorum, partim ad vehendum, partim ad corpora ves- tienda: hominemque ipsum quasi contemplatorem cceli ac deorum, ipsorumque cultorem : atque hominis utilitati agros omnes et maria parentia. VII. Heec igitur, et alia innumerabilia cum cernimus pos- sumusne dubitare, quin his praesit aliquis vel effector, si hsec nata sunt, ut Platoni videtur: vel, si semper fuerint, ut Aristoteli placet, moderator tanti operis et muneris? sic men- tem hominis, quamvis earn non videas, ut deum non vides: tamen ut deum agnoscis ex operibus cjus, sic ex memoria rerum, et inventione, et celeritate motus, omnique pulchritu- dine virtutis vim divinam mentis agnoscito. In quo igitur loco est ? credo equidem in capite : et, cur credam, afferre possum : sed alias : nunc ubi sit animus, certe quidem in te est. Quae est ei natura ? Propria, puto, et sua: sed fac ig- iieam, fac spirabilem: nihil ad id, de quo agimus. Illud modo videto, ut deum noris, etsi ignores et locum, et faciem, sic animum tibi tuum notum esse oportere, etiam si ejus ig- nores et locum, et formam. In animi autem cognitione dubi- tare non possumus, nisi plane in physicis plumbei sumus, quin nihil sit animis admixtum, nihil concretum, nihil copu- latum, nihil coagmentatum, nihil duplex: quod cum ita sit, certe nec secerni, nec dividi, nec discerpi, ncc distrahi potest: nec interire igitur: est enim interitus quasi discessus, et se- cretiotione aliquaac diremtus tenebantur. earum partium,His, et talibusquae ante rationibus interitum adductus junc- Socrates, nec patronum quaesivit ad judicium capitis, nec ju- dicibus supplex fuit: adhibuitque liberam contumaciam, a magnitudine animi ductam, non a superbia : et supremo vitae die de hoc ipso multa disseruit, ct paucis ante diebus, cum 180 SELECTA EX CICERONE facile posset educi e custodia, noluit: et cum paene in manu jam mortiferum illud teneret poculum, locutus ita est, ut non ad mortem trudi, verum in ccelum videretur ascendere. VIII. Ita enim censebat, itaque disseruit: duas esse vias, duplicesque cursus animorum a corpore excedentium: nam qui se humanis vitiis contaminavissent, et se totos libidinibus dedidissent, quibus caecati, vel domesticis vitiis atque flagitiis se inquinavissent, vel republica violanda fraudes inexpiabiles concepissent, iis devium quoddam iter esse, seclusum a con- cilio deorum: qui autem se integros, castosque servavissent, quibusque fuisset minima cum corporibus contagio, seseque ab bis semper sevocassent, essentque in corporibus humanis vitam imitati deorum : his ad illos, a quibus essent profecti, reditum facilem patere, Ita commemorat, ut cygni, qui non sine causa Apollini dicati sint, sed quod ab eo divinationem habere videantur, qua providentes quid in morte boni sit, cum cantu et voluptate moriantur : sic omnibus et bonis, et doctis esse faciendum: nec vero de hoc quisquam dubitare posset, nisi idem nobis accideret, diligenter de animo cogitantibus, quod iis saepe usu venit, qui cum acriter oculis deficientem solem intuerentur, ut aspectum omnino amitterent: sic mentis acies se ipsa intuens, nonnunquam hebescit; ob eamque causam contemplandi diligentiam araittimus. Itaque dubitans, cir- cumspectans, haesitans, multa adversa revertens, tanquam in rate, in mari immense, nostra vehitur oratio. Sed haec et vetera, et a Graecis. Cato autem sic abiit e vita, ut causam moriendi nactum se esse gauderet. Vetat enim dominans ille in nobis deus, injussu hinc nos suo demigrare: cum verd causam justam deus ipse dederit, ut tunc Socrati, nunc Catoni, saepe multis: nae ille, medius fidius, vir sapiens, laetus ex his tenebris in lucem illam excesserit: nec tamen ilia vincla car- eens ruperit: leges enim vetant: sed tanquam a magistratu, aut ab aliqua potestate legitima, sic a deo evocatus, atque emissus, exierit: tota enim philosophorum vita, ut ait idem, commentatio mortis est. IX. Nam quid aliud agimus, cum a voluptate, id est, a corpore, cum a re familiari, quae est ministra, et famula cor- poris, cum a republica, cum a negotio omni sevocamus ani- mum ? quid, inquam, turn agimus, nisi animum ad seip- sum advocamus, secum esse cogimus, maximeque a cor- pore abducimus? Secernere autem a corpore animum, nec quidquam aliud est, quam emori discere: quare hoc com- mentemur, mihi crede, disjungamusque nos a corporibus, id est, consuescamus mori. Hoc et, dum erimus in terris, erit illi ccelesti vitae simile: et, cum illuc2 ex his vinculis emissi DE CONTEMNENDA MORTE. 181 feremur, minus taxdabitur cursus animorum: nam qui in compedibus corporis semper fuerunt, etiam cum soluti sunt, tardius ingrediuntur, ut ii, qui ferro vincti multos annos fu- erunt: quo cum venerimus, turn denique vivemus. Nam haec quidem vita mors est: quam lamentari possem, si liberet. lego,A- Satis nihil quidem malo, quamtu in consolationehas res relinquere es lamentatus:: ; his verb quam modb cum au- ditis, multo magis, M. Veniet tempus, ct quidem celeriter, et sive retractabis, sive properabis: volat enim setas: tantum autem abest ab eo, ut malum mors sit, quod tibi dudum vide- batur, ut verear, ne homini nihil sit, non malum aliud certe sed nihil bonum aliud, potius: si quidem vel dii ipsi, vel cum diis futuri sumus. X. Callimachi quidem cpigramma in Ambraciotam Cleom- brotum est: quern ait, cum nili'il ei :>ecidi$set adversi, e muro se in mare abjecisse, lecto Platonis libro: ejus ulpem, quern dixi, Hegesise liber est, quod a vita quidam p?]' inediam discedccs, revocatur ab aipicis: quibus respondens, vitae humanae enumerat incommoda: possem iu facer?; etsi minus, quam ille, qui omnino vivere expedire nemini putat. Mitto alios: etiamne nobis expedit, qui et domesticis et fo- rensibus solatiis ornamcntisque privati, certe, si ante bceidisse- mus, mors nos a malis, non a bonis abstraxisset ? Sit igitur aliquis, qui nihil mali habeat, nullum a fortuna vulmis acce- perit. Metellus ille honoratis quatuor filiis: at quinquaginta Priamus; e quibus septem et decern, justa uxore natis: in utroque eandem habuit fortuna potestatem : sed usa in altero est. Metellum enim multi filii, filiae, nepotes, neptes in rogum imposuerunt. Priamum tanta progenie orbatum, cum in aram confugisset, hostilis manus interemit. Hie, si vivis filiis, in- columi regno, occidisset; Aslanle ope barbarica, Teclis caelatis, laqueatis: utrum tandem a bonis, an a malis discessisset ? turn profectb videretur a bonis. At certb ei melius evenisset, nee tarn tie- biliter ilia canerentur, Haec omnia vidi injlammari, Priamo vi vitam evitari, Jovis aram sanguine turpari. Quasi verb ista, vel quidquam turn potuerit ei melius acci- dere. Quod si ante occidisset, tamen eventum omnino amisis- set; hoc autem tempore sensum malorum amisit. Pompeio nostro familiari, cum graviter segrotasset Neapoli, melius est 182 SELECTA EX CICERONE factum: coronati Neapoitlani fuerunt: nimirum etiam Pu* tcolani, vulgo ex oppidis publice gratulabantur. Ineptuirl nane negotium, et Gr;eculum : sed tamen fortunatum. Utrurfl igitur, si turn esset exstinctus, a bonis rebus, an a malis dis- cessisset ? Certe a miseris: non enim cum socero bellum ges- sisset: non imparatus arma sumpsisset: non domum reliqub* set: non ex Italia fugisset: non, exercitu amisso, nudus in ser- vorum ferrum, et manus incidisset: non liberi defleti: non fortuna’ omnesa Tictoribus possiderentur: qui, si mortem turn obisset, in amplissimis fortunis occidisset: is, propagatione ritse, quot, (mantas, quam incredibiles hausit calamitates? Haec morte etfugiuntur, etiam si non evenerint, tamen quia possunt evenire : sed homines ea sibi accidere posse non cogU tant. Metelli sperat sibi quisque fortunam: perinde quasi aut plures fprtunati sint, quam infelices, aut certi quidquam sit in rebus humanis, aut sperare sit prudentius, quam timere. XI. Quoties non modo ductores nostri, sed universi etiam exercitus ad non dubiam mortem concurrerunt? quae quidem si timeretur, non L. Brutus, arcens eum reditu tyrannum, quern ipse expulerat, in prcelio concidisset: non cum Latinis decertans pater Decius, cum Etruscis filius, cum Pyrrho nepos, seScipiones hostium Hispaniatelis objecissent: vidisset, non Paullum uno hello et proGeminum patria cadeutesCannae, Veuusia Marcellum, Latini Albinum, Lucani Gracchum. Itaque non deterret sapientem mors, quae propter incertos ca- sqs quotidie imminet, propter brevitatem vitae nunquam longe potest abesse, quo minus in omne tempus reipublicae suisque consulat, et posteritatem ipsam, cujus sensum habiturus non sjit, ad se putet pertinere. Quare licet etiam mortalem esse animum, judicantem aeterna moliri, non gloriae cupiditate, quam sensurus non sis, sed virtutis, quam necessario gloria, etiam si tu id non agas, consequatur : natura verb sic se ha- bet, ut, quo modo initium nobis rerum omnium ortus noster afferat, sic exitum mors; ut nihil pertinuit ad nos ante ortum, sic nihil post mortem pertinebit: in quo quid potest esse mali, cum mors nec ad vivos pertineat, nec ad mortuos ? alteri nulli sunt, alteros non attingit. Quam qui leviorem faciunt, somni simillimam volunt esse: quasi verb quisquam ita nonaginta annos velit vivere, ut, cum sexaginta confecerit, reliquos dor- miat: ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse. Endymion verb, si fabulas audire volumus, nescio quando, in Latmo ob- dormivit, qui est mons Cariae: nondum, opinor, est cxperrec- tus: num igitur eum curare censes, cum Luna laboret, a qua consopitus putatur, ut eum dormientem oscularetur? quid curet autem, qui ne sentit quidem ? habes somnum imaginem DE CONTEMNENDA MORTE. 183 mortis, eamque quotidie induis. Et dubitas, quin sensus in morte nullus sit, cum in ejus simulacro videas esse nullum sensum ? XII. Pellantur ergo istae ineptiae paene aniles, ante tempus mori, miserum esse: quod tandem tempus ? naturacne ? At ea quidem dedit usuram vitae, tanquam pecuni®, nulla praestitutA die. Quid est igitur, quod querare, si repetit, cum vult ? e& enim conditione acceperas. lidem, si puer parvus occidit, aequo animo ferendum putant: si vero in cunis, ne querendum quidem. Atqui ab hoc acerbius exegit natura, quod dederat. Nondum gustaverat, inquiunt, vitae suavitatem : hie autem jam sperabat magna, quibus frui cceperat. At id quidem ip- sum in ceteris rebus melius putatur, aliquam partem, quam nullam, attingere, cur in vita secus ? Quanquam non male ait Callimachus, multo saepius lacrimasse Priamum, quam Troi- lum : eorum autem, qui exacta aetate moriuntur, fortuna lau- datur. Cur ? nam, rear, nullis, si vita longior daretur, pos- set esse jucundior. Nihil est enim profecto homini prudentiS dulcius, quam, ut cetera auferat, affert certe senectus. Qua; verd aetas longa cst? autquid omnino homini longum ? nonne, modonec opinantes pueros, assecutamodo adolescentes, est senectus in? sedcursu, quia a ultratergo nihilinsequens, habe- mus, hoc longum ducimus: omnia ista, perinde ut cuique data sunt, pro rata parte, a vita, aut longa aut brevia dicuntur. Apud Hypanim fluvium, qui ab Europae parte in Pontum influit, Aristoteles ait bestiolas quasdam nasci, quae unum diem vivant: ex his igitur, hora octava, quae mortua est, pro- vecta aetate, mortua est: quae verb, occidente sole, decrepita : eo magis, si etiam solstitiali die; confer nostram longissimam adatem cum aeternitate, in eadem propemodum brevitate, qua illae bestiolae, reperiemur. XIII. Contemnamus igitur omnes ineptias: .(quod enim levius huic levitati nomen imponam ?) totamque vim bene vi- vendi, in animi robore, ac magnitudine, et in omnium rerum humanarum contemtione, ac despicientia, et in omni virtute ponamus: nam nunc quidem cogitationibus molestissimis ef- faeminamur, ut, si ante mors adventet, quam Clialdaeorum promissa consecuti sumus, spoliati magnis quibusdam bonis, illusi, destitutique videamur. Quod si exspcctando, et desi- derando pendemus animis, cruciamur, angimur: pro dii im- mortales ! quam iter illud jucundum esse debet, quo confecto, nulla reliqua cura, nulla sollicitudo futura sit! quam me de- lectat Theramenes ! quam elato animo est! etsi enim Hem us, cum legimus, tamen non miserabiliter vir clarus emoritur : qui cum conjectus in carcerem triginta jussu tyrannorum, 18i SELECTA EX CICERONE yenenum ut sitiens obduxisset, reliquum sic e poculo ejecit, trt id resonaret; quo sonitu reddito, arridens, “ Propino/' in- quit, “ hoc pulchro Critias,” qui in eum fuerat taeterrimus. Graeci enim in conviviis solent nominare, cui poculum tradi- tui’i sint. Lusit vir egregius extreme spiritu, cum jam prae- cordiis conceptam mortem contineret: vereque ei, cui renenum praebiberat, mortem est earn auguratus, quae brevi consecuta eat. Quis banc animi maximi aequitatem in ipsa morte lau- daret, si mortem, malum judicaret? Vadit in eundem carce- rem, atque in eundem paucis post annis scyphum Socrates, eodem scelere judicum, quo tyrannorum, Theramenes : quae est igitur ejus oratio, qua facit eum Plato usum apud judiccs, jam morte multatum ? XIV. “ Magna me," inquit, “ spes tenet, judices, bene mihi evenire: quod mittar ad mortem : necessc est enim, sit alterum de duobus; ut aut sensus omnino omnes mors aufe- rat, aut in alium quendam locum ex his locis morte migretur: quamobrem, sive sensus exstinguitur, morsque ei somno similis est, qui nonnunquam, etiam sine visis somniorum, placatissi- mam quietem affert: dii boni! quid lucri est mori ? aut quam multi dies reperiri possunt, qui tali nocti anteponantur, cui si similis futura est perpetuitas omnis consequentis temporis, quis me beatior ? Sin vera sunt, quae dicuntur, migrationem esse mortem, in eas oras, quas, qui e vita excesscrunt, incolunt: id multo jam beatius est, te, cum ab iis, qui se judicum numero haberi velint, evaseris, ad eos venire, qui vere judices appellen- tur, Minoem, Rhadamanthum, TEacum, Triptolemum : con- venireque eos, qui juste, et cum fide vixerint: liscc pcregrina- tio mediocris vobis videri potest ? ut verb colloqui cum Or- pheo, Musseo, Homero, Hesiodo liceat, quanti tandem sestima- tis ? equidem saepe emori, si fieri posset, vellem, ut ea, quae dico, mihi liceret invenire : quanta delectatione autem affice- circumventos,rer, cum Palamedem, convenirem cum ? Ajacem,tentarem cum etiam alios, summi judicio regis, iniquq qui maximas copias duxit ad Trojam, et Ulyssi, Sisyphique pru- dentiam; nec ob earn rein, cum haec exquirerem, sicut hie faciebam, capite damnarer: ne vos quidem judices, ii, qui me absolvistis, mortem timueritis. Nec enim cuiquam bono mali quidquam evenire potest, nec vivo, nec mortuo: nec unquam ejus res a diis immortalibus negliguntur: nec mihi ipsi noc accidit fortuitb : nec verb ego iis, a quibus accusatus sum, aut nocerea quibus se condemnatus,credideruntet habeo hsec quod quidem succenseam, hoc m
DE INSTITUTIONE ORATORIA. I. Hjec, Marcelle Victor!, ex tua voluntate maxime ingres- sus, turn si gua ex nobis ad juvenes bonos pervenire posset uti- litas, novissnne paene et necessitate quadam officii delegati mihi, sedulo laborabam, respiciens tamen illam curam meae voluptatis, qui, filio, cujus eminens ingenium solicitam quo- que parentis diligentiam merebatur, hanc optimam partem re- licturus hereditatis videbar : ut, si me, quod aequum et opta- bile fuit, fata intercepissent, praeceptore tamen patre uteretur. At me fortuna id agentem diebus ac noctibus, festinantemque metu meae mortalitatis, ita subito prostravit, ut laboris mei fructus ad neminem minus, quam ad me, pertineret. Ilium enim, de quo summa conceperam, et in quo spem unicam se- nectutis meae reponebam, repetito vulnere orbitatis amisi. Quid nunc agam ? aut quern ultra esse usum mei, diis repro- bantibus, credam ? Nam ita forte accidit, ut eum quoque li- brum, quem de causis corruptae eloquentiae emisi, jam scribere aggressus, simili ictu ferirer. Tunc igitur optimum fuit, in- faustum opus, et quidquid hoc est in me infelicium literarum, super immaturum funus consumturis viscera mea flammis in- jicere, neque hanc impiam vivacitatem novis insuper curis fa- tigare. Quis enim mihi bonus parens ignoscat, si studere am- plius possum ? ac non oderit hanc animi mei firmitatem, si quis in me est alius usus vocis, quam ut incusem deos, su- perstes omnium meorum ? nullam terras despicere providen- tiam tester ? si non meo casu, cui tamen nihil objici, nisi quod vivam, potest; at illorum certe, quos utique immeritos mors acerba damnavit: erepta mihi prius eorundem matre, quae, nondum expleto aetatis undevicesimo anno, duos enixa filios, quamvis acerbissimis rapt a fatis, felix decessit; et, quod nefas erat, saeva, sed optabat ipsa, me salvo, maximos cruciatus pne- cipiti via effugit. Ego vel hoc uno malo sic eram afflictus, ut me jam nulla fortuna posset efficere felicem. Nam cum omni rlvirtute, to dolorem quae :in turn feminas aetate cadit, tarn puellari,functa, insanabilempraesertim meae attulit compa- ma- rata, potest et ipsa numerari inter vulnera orbitatis. Liberis tamen superstitibus oblectabar: mihi filius minor quintum DE INSTITUTIONE ORATIONE. 215 egressus annum, prior alterum ex duobus emit lumen. Non sum ambitiosus in malis, nec augere lacrimamm causas volo : utinamque esset ratio minuendi. Sed dissimulare qui possum, quid illi gratise in vultu, quid jucunditatis in sermone, quos ingenii igniculos, quam praestantiam placid®, et, quod scio vix posse credi tantum, alt® mentis ostenderit? qualis amorem quicumque alienus infans mereretur. Illud verb insidiantis, quo me validius cruciaret, fortun® fuit, ut ille mihi blandissi- mus, me suis nutricibus, me avi® educanti, me omnibus, qui solicitare solent illas a:tales, anteferret. Quapropter illi dolori, quem ex matre optima, atque laudem omnem supergressa, paucos ante menses ceperam, gratulor. Minus enim est, quod fiendum meo nomine, quam quod illius gaudendum est Una post h®c Quinctiliani mei spe ac voluptate nitebar: et poterat sufficere solatio. Non enim flosculos, sicut prior, scd jam de- cimum ®tatis ingressus annum, certos atque deformatos fruc- tus ostenderat. Juro per mala mea, per infelicem conscien- tiam, per illos manes, numina doloris mei, has me in illo vi- disse virtutes ingenii, non modb ad percipiendas disciplinas, quo nihil pr®stantius cognovi, plurima expertus, studiique jam turn non coacti, sciunt pr®ceptores, sed probitatis, pieta- tis, humanitatis, liberalitatis, ut prorsus posset bine esse tanti fulminis metus: quod observatum fere est, celerius occidere festinatam maturitatem ; et esse nescio quam, qu® spes tantas decerpat, invidiam, ne videlicet ultra, quam homini datum est, nostra provehantur. Etiam ilia fortuita aderant omnia, vocis jucunditas claritasque, oris suavitas, et in utracumque lingua, tanquam ad earn demum natus esset, expressa proprietas om- nium literarum. Sed h®c spes adhuc : ilia majora, constan- tia, gravitas, contra dolores etiam ac metus robur. Nam quo ille animo, qua medicorum admiratione medsium octo valetu- dinem tulit ? ut me in supremis consolatus est ? quam etiam deficiens, jamque non noster, ipsum ilium alienat® mentis er- rorem circa solas literas habuit? Tuosne ego, O me® spes in- anes, labentes oculos, tuum fugientem spiritum vidi ? Tuum corpus frigidum, exsangue complexus, auimam recipere, au- ramque communem haurire amplius potui ? dignus his crucia- tibus, quos fero, dignus his cogitationibus. Tene consulari nu- per adoptione ad omnium spes honorum patris admotum, te eloquentialavunculo pr®tori candidatum, generum superstes destinatum, parens te omniumtantum spead Attic®poenas, amisi ? Et, si non cupido lucis, certe patientia vindicet te re- liqua mea ®tate. Nan> frustra mala omnia ad crimen fortun® relegamus. Nemo, nisi sua culpa, diu dolet. Sed vivimus, et aliqua vivendi ratio qu®renda est, credendumque doctissi- 216 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO mis hominibus, qui unicum adversorum solatium literas puta- verunt. Si quando tamen ita resederit preesens impetus, ut aliqua tot luctibus alia cogitatio inseri possit, non injuste petierim morse veniam. Quis enim dilata studia miretur, quse potius non abrupta esse mirandum est ? Turn, si qua mi- nus fuerint effecta iis, quae levius adhuc afflicti cceperamus, im- peritise, aut, fortunse remittantur: quae, si quid mediocrium alioqui nostro ingenio virium fuit, ut non extinxerit, debili- tavit tamen. Sed vel propter hoc nos contumacies erigamus, quod illam ut perferre nobis difficile est, ita facile contemnere. Nihil enim sibi adversus me reliquit, et infelicem quidem, sed certissimam tamen attulit mihi ex his malissecuritatem. Boni autem consulere nostrum laborem vel propter hoc certum est, quod in nullum jam proprium usum perseveramus, sed omnis hsec cura ad alienos, ut alienis utilis, si modo quid utile scri- bimus, spectat. Nos miseri, sicut facilitates patrimonii nostri, ita hoc opus aliis paravimus, aliis relinquemus. II. Plurimum dicit oratori conferre Theophrastus lectionem poetarum: multique ejus judicium sequuntur: neque immeri- to. Namque ab his, et in rebus spiritus, et in verbis sublimi- tas, et in affectibus motus omnis, et in personis decor petitur, praecipueque velut attrita quotidiano actu forensi ingenia, op- time rerum talium blanditia reparantur. Ideoque in hac lec- tione Cicero requiescendum putat. Meminerimus tamen, non per omnia poetas esse oratori sequendos, nec libertate ver- borum, nec licentia figurarum ; totumque illud studiorum ge- nus ostentationi comparatum, prater id, quod solam petit vo- luptatem, eamquc, fingendo non falsa modo, sed etiam quae- dam incredibilia, sectatur, patrocinio quoque aliquo juvari: quod alligati ad certam pedum necessitatem non semper pro- priis uti possint, sed depulsi a recta via, necessarid ad eloquen- di quaedam diverticula confugiant: nec mutare quaedam modd verba, sed extendere, oorripere, convertere, dividere cogantur: nos verd armatos stare in acie, et summis de rebus decernere, et ad victoriam niti (jleeet.]] Neque ego arma squalere situ ac rubigine velim, sed fulgorem his incsse, qui terreat, qualis est ferri, quo mens simul visusque perstringitur: non qualis auri argentique, imbellis, et potius habenti periculosus. III. Historia quoque alere orationem quodam molli jucun- doque succo potest. Verum et ipsa sic est legenda, ut scia- mus, plerasque ejus virtutcs oratori esse vitandas. Est enim proxirna poetis, et quodam modo carmen solutum : et scribitur ad narrandum, non ad probandum: totumque opus non ad DE INSTITUTIONE ORATORIA. 217 actum rei, pugnamque praescntenij sed ad memoriam posteri- tatis, et ing-enii famani componitur: ideoque et verbis liberio- ribus, et renaotioribus figuris narrandi taedium evitat. Itaque, ut dixi, neque ilia “ Sallustiana brevitas," qua nihil apud aures vacuas atquc eruditas potest esse perfectius, apud occu- patum variis cogitationibus judicem, et saepius ineruditum, captanda nobis est: neque ilia Livii lactea ubertas satis doce- bit eum, qui non speciem expositionis, sed fidem quaerit. Adde, quod M. Tullius ne Thucydidem quidem aut Xeno- phontem utiles oratori putat, quanquam ilium “ bellicum canere,” hujus ore Musas esse locutas existimet. Licet tamen nobis in digressionibus uti vel historico nonnunquam nitore, dum in iis, dc quibus erit quaestio, meminerimus non athle- tarum toros, sed militum lacertos esse: nec versicolorem illam, qua Demetrius Phalereus dicebatur uti, vestem bene ad foren- sem pulverem facere. Est et alius ex historiis usus, et is qui- dem maximus, sed non ad praesentem j»ertinens locum, ex cog- nitione rerum exemplorumque, quibus in primis instructus esse debct orator, ne omnia testimonia expctat a litigatore; sed pleraque ex vetustate diligenter sibi cognita sumat, hoc potentiora,IV. A philosophorum quod ea sola criminibus vero lectione odii utet gratiaecssent vacant.nobis multa petenda, vitio factum est oratorum, qui quidem illis optima sui operis parte cesserunt. Nam et de justis, honestis, utili- bus, quaeque sunt his contraria, et de rebus divinis maxime di- cunt, et argumentantur acriter: et altercationibus atque inter- rogationibus oratorem futurum optime Socratici praeparant. Sed his quoque adhibcndum est simile judicium, utetiam cum in rebus versemur iisdem, non tamen eandem esse conditioncm sciamus litium ac disputationuin, fori et auditorii, praecepto- rum et periculorum. Credo exacturos plerosque, cum tantum esse utilitatis in legendo judicemus, ut id quoque adjungamus operi, quisint legendi, quae in quoque auctore praecipua virtus. Sed persequi singulos, infiniti fuerit operis. Quippe cum in Bruto M. Tullius tot millibus versuum de Romanis tantum cumoratoribus viyebat, loquatur, exceptis et Caesare tamen atque de omnibus Marcello, aetatis silentium suae, quibus- egerit: quis erit modus, si et illos, et qui postea fuerunt et Graecos omnes, et philosophos, et poetas, persequi velim ? Fuerit igitur brevitas ilia tutissima, quae est apud Livium in epistolft ad filiumturn ita, scripta, ut quisque “ legendos esset Demostheni Demosthenem et Ciceroni atque Ciceronemsimillimus.’' .- Non est tamen dissimulanda nostri quoque judicii summa. Paucos enim, vel potius vix ullum ex lis, qui vetustatem per- tulerunt, existimo posse reperiri, qui judicium adhibentibus 218 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO nou allaturus sit utilitatis aliquid, cum se Cicero ab iliis quo- que vetustissimis auctoribus, ingeniosis quidem, sed arte ca- rentibus, plurimum fateatur adjutum. Nec multd aliter de novis sentio. Quotus enim quisque inveniri tam demeus po- test, qui ne minima quidem alicujus certse fiducia partis, me- moriam posteritatis speraverit ? qui si quis est, intra primes statim versus deprehendetur, et citius nos dimittet, quam ut ejus nobis magno temporis detrimento constet experimentum. Sed non, quidquid ad aliquam partem scientiae pertinet, pro- tinus, ad faciendam etiam de qua loquimur, accommo- datum est. Venun antequam de singulis loquar, pauca in universum de varietate opinionum dicenda sunt. Nam qui- dam solos veteres legendos putant, neque in ullis aliis esse natu- ralem eloquentiam, et robur viris dignum, arbitrantur: alios recens haec lascivia, deliciseque, et omnia ad voluptatem multi- tudinis imperita; composita, delectant: sunt etiam, qui rec- tum dicendi genus sequi volunt. Alii pressa demum et tenuia, et quse minimum ab usu quotidiano recedant, sana et vere Attica putant: quosdam elatior ingenii vis, et magis conci- tata, et plena spiritus capit: sunt et lenis, et nitidi, et com- positi generis nou pauci amatores. De qua differentia dis- scram diligentius, cum de genere dicendi quaerendum erit.— Interim summatim, quid a qua lectione petere possint, qui confirmare facultatem dicendi volunt, attingam. Paucos enim, qui sunt eminentissimi, excerpere in animo est,- facile est autem studiosis, qui sint bis simillimi, judicare: ne quisquam queratur, omissos forte aliquos eorum, quos ipse valde probet. Fateor enim plures legendos esse, quam qui a me nominabun- tur. Sed nunc genera ipsa lectionum, qme praecipue convenire iutendentibus, ut oratores fiant, existimem, persequar. Y. Igitur, ut Aratus ab Jove incipiendum putat, ita nos rite ccepturi ab Homero videmur. Hie enim, quern ad mo- dum ex oceano dicit ipse omnium vim fontiumque cursus ini- tium capere, omnibus eloquentia; partibus exemplum et ortum dedit. Hunc nemo in magnis sublimitate, in parvis proprie- tate superaverit. Idem laetus ac pressus, jucundus et gravis, turn copia, turn brevitate mirabilis: nec poetica mode, sed oratoria virtute eminentissimus. Nam ut de laudibus, exhor- tationibus, consolattonibus taceam; nonne vel nouus liber, quo missa ad Acbillem legatio continetur, vel in prime inter duces iliaconsiliorum contentio, explicant vel diet® artes in secundo ? Affectus sententiae, quidem, omnes vel illos litium mites, ac vel hos concitatos, nemo erit tam indoctus, qui non in sua po- testate hunc auctorem habuisse fateatur. Age verb, nonne in utriusque sui operis ingressu paucissimis versibus legem proce- DE INSTITUTIONE ORATORIA. 5219 miorum, non dico, servavit, sed constituit ? Nam et benevoluni auditorem invocatione Dearum, quas praesidere vatibus credi- tum est, et intentum proposita rerum magnitudine, et docilem, summ& celeriter comprehensa, faoit. Narrare verb quis bre- viiis, quam qui mortem nuntiat Patrocli ? quis sig-nitieantius potest, quam qui Curetum /Etolorumque praelium exponit ?— Jam similitudines, amplificatioues, exempla, digressus, signa rerum, et argumenta cetera quseque, probandi ac refutandi, sunt ita multa, ut etiam, qui de artibus scripserunt, plurima earum rerum testimonia ab hoc poeta petant. Nam epilogus quidem quis unquam poterit illis Priami rogantis Achillem precibus aequari ? Quid ? in verbis, sententiis, figuris, dispo- sitione totius operis, nonne humani ingenii modum excedit ? Ut magni sit viri, virtutes ejus non remulatione, quod fieri non potest, sed intellectu sequi. Verum hie omnes sine dubio, et in omni genere eloquentiae procul a se reliquit, Heroicos tamen praecipue, videlicet quia clarissima in’ materia simili comparatio est. VI. Rarb assurgit Hesiodus, magnaque pars ejus in nonii- nibus est occupata. tamen utiles circa prajeepta sententiae Itni- tasque verborum, ct compositiouis probabilis: daturque ei palm a in illo medio genere dicendi. Contra in Antimacho vis et gravitas, et minime vulgare eloquendi genus habet lau- dem. Sed quamvis ei secundas fere Grammaticorum consen- sus deferat; et affectibus, et jucunditate, ct dispositione, et omnino arte deficitur, ut planb manifesto apparent, quanto sit aliud proximum esse, aliud secundum. Panyasin ex utroque mix turn putant, in eloquendo neutrius sequare virtutes: al- terum tamen ab eo, materia, alterum disponendi ratione, su- perari. Apollonius in ordinem a grammaticis datum non venit, quia Aristarchus atque Aristophanes, poetarum judices, neminem sui temporis in numerum redegerunt: non tamen Araticontemnendum materia motu edidit caret, opus ut aequaliin qua quadamnulla varietas, inediocritate.— nullus af- fectus,men operi, nulla cui persona, se parem nulla credidit. cujusquam Admirabilis sit oratio in : suosufficit genere ta- Theocritus, sed musa ilia rustica et pastoralis non forum modb, verum ipsam etiam urbem reformidat. Audire videor undique congerentes nomina plurimorum poetarum. Quid? Herculis acta non bene Pisandros ? Quid? Nicandrum frustra bimus?secuti Macer quem atquenisi probasset Virgil ius Virgilius, ? Quid? idemEuphorionem nunquam transi-certe conditorum Chalcidico versu carminum fecisset in Bucolicis mentionem. Quid ? Horatius frustra Tyrtaeum Homero sub- jungit ? Nec sane quisquam est tarn procul a cognitione eorum 220 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO remotus, ut non indicem certe ex bibliotheca sumtum trans- feree in libros suns possit. Nec ignore igiturquos transeo, nec utique danino, ut qui dixerim esse in omnibus utilitatis ali- quid: sed ad illos jam perfectis constitutisque viribus reverte- optimismur. Quodsatiati etiam simus, in varietascoenis grandibus tamen nobis sasj)e ex facimus, vilioribus ut, grata cum sit. Tunc et elegiam vacabit in manus sumere, cujus prin- ceps habetur Callimachus. Secundas confessione plurimorum 1’biletas occupavit. Sed duin assequimur illam firmam, ut dixi, facilitatem, optimis assuescendum est: et multa magis, quam multorum lectione formanda mens, et ducendus est color. Itaque ex tribus receptis Aristarchi judicio scriptori- bus iamborum, ad maxime pertinebit unus Archilochus.— Summa in hoc vis elocutionis, cum validse, turn breves vibran- tesque sententiae, plurimum sanguinis atque nervorum, adeo ut videatur quibusdam, quod quoquam minor est, materise esse, non ingenii vitium. VII. Novem vero Lyricorum longe Pindarus princeps, spi- ritus magnificentiA, sententiis, tiguris, beatissima rerum ver- borumque copia, et velut quodam eloquentiae flumine : propter quae Horatius eum merito credidit nemini imitabilem. Stesi- chorum, quam sit ingenio validus, materiae quoque ostendunt, maxima bella et clarissimos canentem duces, et epici carminis onera lyra sustinentem. Reddit enim persouis in agendo simul loquendoque debitam dignitatem : ac, si tenuisset modum, vi- detur aemulari proximus Homerum potuisse: sed redundat, atque effunditur: quod ut est reprehendendum, ita copiae vitium est. Alcaeus in parte operis aureo plectro merito do- natur, qua tyrannos insectatur: multum etiam moribus con- fert: in eloquendo quoque brevis et magnilicus, et diligens, majoribusplerumque tamen Homero aptior. similis, Simonides sed in lusus tenuis, et amoves alioqui descendit, sermoue proprio et jucunditate quadam commendari potest: praecipua tamen ejus in commovenda hiiseratione virtus, ut quidam in hac eum parte omnibus ejusdem operis auctoribus praeferant. VIII. Antiqua comoedia cum sinceram illam sermonis At- tiei gratiam prope sola retinet, turn facundissimae libertatis, etsi est in insectaudis vitiis praecipua, plurimum tamen viriuin etiam in ceteris partibus habet. Nam et grandis, et elegans, et venusta, et nescio an ulla, post Homerum tamen, quern, ut Achillem, semper excipi par est, aut similior sit oratoribus, aut ad oratores faciendos aptior. Plures ejus auctores : Aris- tophanes tamen, et Eupolis, Cratinusque praecipui. Tragoe- dias primus in lucem iEschylus protulit, sublimis et gravis, et grandiloquus saepe usque ad vitium, sed rudis in plerisque DE INSTITUTIONE ORATORIA. 221 et incompositus: propter quod correctas ejus fabulas in cert a* men deferre posterioribus poetis Athenienses permnere, sunt- _que eo modo multi coronati. Sed longe clarius illustraverunt hoc opus Sophocles atque Euripides: quorum in dispari di- cendi ria uter sit poeta melior, inter plurimos qusei itur. Id- que ego sane, quoniam ad praesentem materiam nihil pertinet, injudicatiun relinquo. lllud quideni nemo non fateatur ne- cesse est, iis qui se ad agendum comparant, utiliorem longe Euripidem fore. Namque is et in sermone, quod ipsum re- prehendunt, quibus gravitas et cothurnus et sonus Sophoclis videtur esse sublimior, magis accedit oratorio generi: et sen- tentiis densus, et in iis, qua; a sapientibus tradita sunt, paene ipsis par, et in dicendo ac respondendo cuilibet eorum, qui fu- erunt in faro diserti, comparand us. In aifectibus verb cum praecipuus.omnibus minis, Hunc turn et inadmiratus iis, qui maximemiseratione est, utconstant, saepe testatur, facile et seeutus, quanquam in opere diverso, Menander: qni vel unus, meo quidem judicio, diligenter lectus, ad cuncta, qua; praecipimus, eificienda sufficiat: ita omnem vitae imaginem expressit: tanta in eo inveniendi copia, et eloquendi faculta* : ita est omnibus rebus, personis, affectibus accommodatus. IX. Historiam multi scripsere praeclare, sed nemo dubitat duos longe ceteris praeferendos, quorum diversa virtus laudem paene cst parem consecuta. Densus, et brevis, et semper in- stans sibi Thucydides: dulcis, et candidus, et fusus Herodo- tus : ille concitatis, hie remissis aifectibus melior; ille conci- onibus, hie sermonibus : ille vi, hie voluptate. Theopompus his proximus, ut in historia praedictis minor, ita oratori magis sirailis: ut qui, ante quam est ad hoc opus solicitatus, diu fuerit orator. Philistus quoque meretur, qui turbae, quamvis bonorum post hos auctorum, eximatur, imitator Thucydidis: et ut multo inlirmior, ita aliquatenus lucidior. Ephorus, ut Isocrati visum, calcaribus eget. Clitarchi probatur ingeni- um, lides infamatur. Longo post intervallo temporis natus Timagenes, vel hoc est ipso probabilis, quod intermissam his- torias sci ibendi industriam nova laude reparavit. Xenophon non excidit mibi, sed inter philosophos reddendus csr. X. SequituT oratomm ingens manus, cum decern simul Athenis aetas una tulerit: quorum longe princeps Demos- thenes ac pacne lex orandi fuit: tanta vis in eo, tarn deusa omnia, ita quibusdant nereis intenta sunt, tam niliil otiosnm, is dicendi modus, ut nec quod desit in eo, nec quod redundet inyenias. Plenior yEschines, et magis fusus, et grandiori si- miiis, quo minus strictus est: earni* temen plus iiahet, lacer- torurn minus. Dulcis in primis. et acutus Hyperides: sed 222 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO minoribus cauais, ut non dixerim utilipr, raagis par. His aetate Lysias major, subtilis atque elegans, et quo nihil, si ora- tori satis sit docere, quaeras perfectius: nihil enim est inane, nihil arcesshumc puro tamen fonti, quam magno flumini propior. Isocrates in diverso genere dicendi nitidus et com- tus, et pahcitrai, quam pugnae magis accommodatus, omnes dicendi Veneres sectatus est; nec immeritd: auditoriis enim se, non judiciis coinpararat: in inventione facilis, honesti studiosus : in coinpositione adeo diligens, ut cura ejus repre- hendatur. Neque ego in bis, de quibus sum locutus, has so- las virtutes, sed has praecipuas puto : nec ceteros parum fuisse magnos. Quinetiam Phalereum ilium Demetrium, quan- quam is primus: inclinasse eloquentiam dicitur, multum in- genii habuisae et fecuridiae fateor, vel oh hoc, memoria dignum, quod ulthnus est fere ex Atticisy qui died possit orator: quern tamen in illo medio genere dicendi praefert omitibus Cicero.-*- Piiilosopborum, ex quibus plurimum se traxisse eloquentise M. Tullius confitetiuy quis dubitet Platonem esse praecipuum, sive acumine disserendi, sive eloquendi facultate divina qua- dam et Homerica? multum enim supra prosam orationem, et quam pedestrem Grasci vocant, surgit: ut mihi non ho- minis ingenio, sed quodam Delphico videatur oraculo instinc- tus. Quid ego conimemorem Xenophontis jucunditatem illam inafFectatam, sed quam nulla possit affectatio consequi ? ut ipsae finxisse sermonem Gratiae videantur: et quod de Periele veteris comoediae testimonium est, in hunc transferri justissime, possit, in labris ejus sedisse quandam persuadendi deam.— Quid reliquorum Socraticorum elegantiam ? Quid Aristo- eloquenditelem ?: quern.dubito .•suavitatoy anscientia inventionum rerum, an aeumine, scriptorum an copia,varietate an operum, clariorem putem. Nam in Theophrasto tarn est elo- eatur.quendi nitorMinus ille indulsere divinus, uteloquentiae ex eo nomen Stoici quoque veteres: traxisse sed cum di- honesta suaserunt, turn in colligendo, probandoque, qute in- stituerant, plurihmm valuerunt: rebus tamen acuti magis, quam, id quod sane nun affectant, oratione magnifici. XI. Idem nobis per Romanos quoque auctores ordo ducen- auspicatissimum.dederitdus est. itaque ut apud exordium,illos Homerus, omnium sic apud ejus nosgeneris Virgilius poet- arum, Grsecorum nostrorumque, illi baud dubie proximus.— Utar enim verbis iisdem, qua; ex Afro Domitio juvenis accepi: qui mihi interroganti, quern Homero crederet ihaxime acce- dcre, “ Secundus,” inquit, “ est Virgilius, propior tamen primo, quam tertio." Et herein ut illi naturae ctelesti atque immortali cesserimus, ita curse et diligeutiae vel ideb in hoc DE INSTITUTIONE ORATOR!A. 23S plus est, quod ei fuit magis laborandum : et quantum emi- nentioribus vincimur, fortasse sequalitate pensamus. Ceteri omnes longe sequentur. Nam Macer et Lucretius legendi quidem, sed non ut phrasin, id est, corpus eloquentia: faciant: elegantes in sua quisque materia, sed alter humilis, alter diffi- cilis. Attacinus Varro in iis, per quae nomen est assecutus, interpres operis alieni, non spernendus quidem, verum ad au- gendam facultatem dicendi parum locuples. Ennium, sicut sacros vetustate lucos, adoremus, in quibus grandia et antiqua robora jam non tantam babent speciem, quantain religionem. Propiores alii, atque ad banc phrasin, de qualoquimur, magis utiles. Lascivus quidem in Heroicis quoque Ovidius, et ni- mium amator ingenii sui: laudandus tamen in partibus.— Cornelius autem Severus, etiamsi versificator quam poeta me- lior, si tamen, ut est dictum, ad exemplar primi libri bellum Siculum perscripsisset, vindicaret sibi jure secundum locum. Sed eum consummari mors immatura non passa est: puerilia tamen ejus opera et maximam indolem ostendunt, et mirabi- Jem, prsecipue in setate ilia, recti generis voluntatem. Mul- tum in Valerio Flacco nuper amisimus. Vehemens et poeti- cum ingenium Saleii Bassi fuit, nec ipsum senectute matu- rum. Rabirius ac Pedo non indigni cognitione, si vacet.— Lucanus ardeus, et concitatus, et sententiis clarissimus, et, ut dicam quod sentio, magis oratoribus, quam poetis adnumeran- dus. Hos nominavimus, quia Germanicum Augustum ab in- stitutis studiis deflexit cura terrarum, parumque diis visum est, esse eum maximum poetarum. Quid tamen iis ipsis ejus operibus, in quee, donate imperio, juvenis secesserat, sublim- ius, doctius, omnibus denique numeris praestautius ? Quis enim caneret bella melius, quam qui sic egerit ? Quern praesidentes studiis Deae propius audirent ? Cui magis suas artes aperiret familiare numen Minervee ? Dicent haec plenius futura secula. tur.Nunc Nosenim tameu ceterarum sacra fulgoreliterarum virtutum colentes laus feras, ista Caesar, praestringi- si non taciturn hoc praeterimus, et Virgiliano certe versa testamur. Inter vktrices hederam tibi serpere leturos. Elegia Graecos quoque provocamus, cujus mihi tersus atque elegans maxime videtur auctor Tibullus. Sunt qui Proper- tium malint. Ovidius utroque lascivior: sicut durior Callus. XII. Satyra quidem tota nostra- est, in qua primus insig- nem laudem adeptus est Lucilius, qui quosdam ita deditos sibi adhuc habet amatores, ut cum non ejusdem modo operis auc- toribusj sed omnibus poetis pneterre non dubitent. Ego quan- 224 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO turn ab illis, tantum ab Horatio dissentio, qui “ Lucilium flu- ere lutulentum,” et “ esse aliquid, quod tollere possis,” putat. Nam et eruditio in eo mira, et libertas, atque inde acerbitas, et abunde sails. Multo est tersior ac purus magis Horatius, et at notandos hominum mores praecipuus. Multum et verae gloriae, quamvis uno libro, Persius meruit. Sunt clari hodie- que, et qui olim nominabuntur. Alterum iilud est, et prius Satyrae genus, quod non sola carminum varietate mixtum con- didit Terentius Varro, vir Romanorum eruditissimus. Pluri- mos hie libros, et doctissimos, composuit, peritissimus linguae Latinae, et omnis antiquitatis, et rerum Graecarum, nostra- rumque, plus tamen scientiae collaturus, quam eloquentiae. Iambus non sane a Romanis celebratus est, ut proprium opus; a quibusdam interpositus; cujus acerbitas in Catullo, Biba- culo, Horatio: quanquam illi epodos intervenire non reperia- tur. At Lyricorum idem Horatius fere solus legi dignus. Nam et insurgit aliquando, et plenus est jucunditatis et gra- tis, et variis figuris et verbis felicissime audax. Si quern ad- jicere velis, is erit Caesius Bassus, quern nuper vidimus; sed eum longe praecedunt ingenia viventium. Tragoedia; scrip- tores, Accius atque Pacuvius, clarissimi gravitate sententia- rum, verborum pondere, et auctoritate personarum. Ceterum nitor, et summa in excolendis operibus manus, magis videri potest temporibus, quam ipsis defuisse. Virium tamen Accio plus tribuitur: Pacuvium videri doctiorem, qui esse docti af- fectant, volunt. Jam Varii Thyestescuilibet Graecorum eom- parari potest. Ovidii Medea videtur mihi ostenderc, quan- tum vir ille praestare potuerit, si ingenio suo temperare, quam indulgere, maluisset. Eorum quos viderim, longe princeps eruditionePomponius acSecundus, nitore praestarequern senes contitebantur. pamm tragicum In putabant,comcedia maxime claudicamus: licet Varro dicat, Musas, iElii Stilonis sententia, “ Plautino sermone locuturas fuisse, si Latine loqui vellentlicet Caecilium veteres laudibus ferant; licet Teren- tii scripta ad Scipionem Africanum referantur: qua; tamen sunt in hoc genere elegantissima, et plus adhuc habitura gra- tiae, si intra versus trimetros stetissent. Vix levem consequi- mur umbram, adeo ut mihi sermo ipse Romanus non recipere videatur illam solis concessam Atticis Venerem, quando earn ne Graeci quidem in alio genere linguae obtinuerint. Togatis excellit Afranius. didiXIII. Sallustium At historia verear: non cesseritnec indignetur Graecis, sibinec Herodotusopponere Thucy-aequari T- Livium, cum in narrando mirae jucunditatis, clarissimique eandoris, tarn in coucionibus, supra quam enarrari potest, elo- DE INSTITUTIONE OEATORIA. 225 quentem : ita dicuntur omnia, cum rebus, turn personis, ac- commodata : sed affectus quidem, praecipue eos, qui sunt dul- ciores, ut parcissime dicam, nemo historicorum commendavit magis. Idebque immortalem illam Sallustii velocitatem di- versis virtutibus consecutus est. Nam mihi egregie dixisse vi- detur Servilius Nonianus, pares eos magis, quam similes: qui et ipse a nobis auditus est, clari vir ingenii, et sententiis cre- ber, sed minus pressus, quam historise auctoritas postulat. Quam, paullum aetate prrecedens eum Bassus Aufidius, egregie, utique in libris belli Germanic!, prrestitit, genere ipso proba- bilis in omnibus, sed in quibusdam, suis ipse viribus minor. rumSuperest memoria adhuc, dignus, et exornat qui olim retatis nominabitur, nostrre gloriam, nunc iutelligitur.vir seculo- Habet amatores, nec imitatores, ut libertas, quanquam cir- cumcisis quae dixisset, ei nocuerit. Sed datum abunde spiri- tum, et audaces senteutias deprehendas etiam in iis, qure ma- nent. Sunt et alii scriptures boni: sed nos genera degusta- mus, non bibliothecas excutimus. XIV. Oratores verd vd prajcipue Latinam doquentiam parem facere Graecre pcssunt. Nam Ciceronem cuicumque eorum fortiter opposuerim. Ncc ignoro, quantam mibi con- citem pugnam, cum prresertim id non sit propositi, ut eum Demostheni comparem hoc tempore : neque enim attinet, cum Demosthenem in primis legendum, vd ediscendum potius pu- tem. Quorum ego virtutes plerasque arbitror similes, consi- lium, ordinem dividendi, prreparandi, probandi rationem, om- nia denique, qure sunt inventions. In eloquendo est aliqua diversitas: densior ille, hie copiosior; ille concludit adstric- tius, hie latius; pugnat ille acumine semper, hie frequenter et pondere; illi nihil detrain potest, huic nihil adjici; curre plus in illo, in hoc naturae. Salibus certe, et commiseratione, qui duo plurimum affectus valent, vincimus. Et fortasse epi- logos illi mos civitatis abstulerit: sed et nobis ilia, qure Attici mirantur, diversa Latini sermonis ratio minus permiserit. In epistolis quidem, quanquam sunt utriusque, nulla contentio est. Cedendum verb in hoc quidem, quod ille et prior fuit, et ex magna parte Ciceronem, quantus est, fecit. Nam mihi videtur M. Tullius, ciim se totum ad imitationem Graecorum contulisset, efhnxisse vim Demosthenis, copiam Platonis, ju- fuit,ennditatem studio Isocratis.consecutus Necest tantum,verb quod sed inplurimas, quoque vefoptimum potius omnes ex se ipso virtutes extulit immortalis ingenii beatissima ubertate. Non enim “ pluvias,” ut ait Pindarus, “ aquas colligit, sed vivo gurgite exundat,” dono quodam providentire genitus, in quo totas vires suas eloquentia experiretur. Nam 2£6 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO quis docere diligentius, movere vehementius potest ? Cui tanta unquam jucunditas adfuit ? ut ipsa ilia, quae extorquet, im- petrare eum credas, et, cum transversum vi sua judicem fe- rat, tamen ille non rapi videatur, sed sequi. Jam in omnibus, quae dieit, tanta auctoritas inest, ut dissentire pudeat: nec advocati studium, sed testis aut judicis alferat fidem. Cum interim haec omnia, quae vix singula quisquam intentissima cura consequi posset, nuunt illaborata: et ilia, qua nihil pul- chrius auditu est, oratio prae se fert tamen felicissimam facili- tatem. Quare non immerito ab hominibus aetatis suae “ reg- nare in judiciis" dictus est: apud posteros vero id consecutus, ut Cicero jam non hominis nomen, sed eloquentiae habeatur. Hunc igitur spectemus, hoc propositum nobis sit exemplum, ille se profecisse sciat, cui Cicero valde placebit. XV. Multa in Asinio Pollione inventio, summa diligentia. aded ut quibusdam etiam nimia videatur : et consil i et animi satis : a nitore et jucunditate Ciceronis ita longe abest, ut vi- deri possit seculo prior. At Messala nitidus et candidus, et quodammodo prae se ferens in dicendo nobilitatem suam ; viri- bus minor. C. vero Caesar si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur: tanta in eo vis est, id acumen, ea concitatio, ut ilium eodem animo dixisse, quo bellavit, appareat. Exornat tamen haec omnia, mira sermo- nis, cujus proprie studiosus fuit, elegantia. Multum ingenii in Cceho, et praecipue in accusando multa urbanitas, dignus- que vir, cui et mens melior, et vita longior contigisset. Inve- nt qui Calvum praeferrent omnibus, inveni qui Ciceroni crede- rertt, eum nimia contra se calumnia verum sanguinem perdi- disse : sed est et sancta et gravis oratio, et castigata, et frequen- ter vehemens quoque. Imitator est autem Atticorum : fecit- que illi properata mors injuriam, si quid adjecturus, non si quid detracturus fuit. Et Servius Sulpicius insigrem non immerito famam tribus orationibus meruit. Multa, si cum judicio legatur, dabit imitatione digna Cassius Severus: qui, siponendus ceteris virtutibusinter prsecipuos eolorem foret.et gravitatem Nam et orationis ingenii plurimumadjecisset, plusest in stomacho, eo, et acerbvtas quam consiliomira et dedit: urbanitas, prseterea et vis ut summa: amari sales, sed diserti,ita frequenter quos persequi amaritudo longum ipsa est. ridicula Eorum, est. quosSunt viderim, et alii Domi- multi tius Afer, et Julius Africanus, long& praestantissimi. Verborum ineroarte ille, veterum et toto locare genere non dicendi timeas: praeferendus, hie concitatior, et quern sed inin curanu- verborum nimius, et compositione nonnunquam longior, et translationibus parum modicus, Erant clara et nuper jngenia. DE INSTITUTIONE ORATORIA. 227 Nam et Trachalus plerumque sublimis, et satis apertus fuit, et quem velle optima crederes : auditus tamen major. Nam et voeis, quantam in nullo cognovi, felicitas; et pronuntiatio vel scenis suffectura, ct decor : omnia denique ei, quae sunt extra, superfuerunt. Et Vibius Crispus, compositus, et jucundus, et delectationi natus : privatis tamen causis, quam publicis meli- or. Julio Secundo si longior contigisset Betas, clarissimum profecto nomen oratoris apud posteros foret. Adjecisset enim, atque adjiciebat ceteris virtutibus suis, quod desiderari potest. Id est autem, ut esset multo magis pugnax, et saepius ad cu- ram rerum ab elocutione respiceret. Ceterum interceptus quoque magnum sibi vindicat locum. Ea (jst facundia, tanta in explicaudo, quod velit, gratia: tam candidum et lene et speciosum dicendi genus : tanta verborum, etiam quae assum- ta sum, proprietas: tanta in quibusdam ex periculo petitis significi utia. XVI. Habebunt, qui post nos de oratoribus scribent, mag- nam eos, qui nunc vigent, materiam vere laudandi. Sunt enim summa hodie, quibus illustratur forum, ingenia. Nam- que et consummati jam patroni veteribus aemulantur, et eos juvenum ad optima tendcntium imitatur ac sequitur industria. Supersunt, qui de philosophia scripserunt, quo in genere pau- cissimos adhuc eloquentes literae Romanae tulerunt. Idem igitur M. Tullius, qui, ut ubique, etiam in hoc opere Platonis bus,aemulus praestantior extitit. EgregiusBrutus, suffecitverb, multdque, ponderi quamrerum :in scias orationi- eum sentire, quae dicit. Scripsit non parum multa Cornelius Cel- sus, Scepticos secutus, non sine cultu ac nitore. Plancus in Stoicis rerum cognitione utilis. In Epicureis levis quidem, sed non injucundus tamen auctor est Catius. Ex industria Senecam in omni genere eloquentiae distuli, propter vulgatam falsbhabere de sum me opinionem,creditus. Quodqua damnare accidit mihi,eum, dumet invisum corruptum quoque et omnibus vitiis fractum dicendi genus revocare ad severiora ju- dicia contendo. Turn autem solus hie fere in manibus adoles- centium fuit. Quem non equidem omnino conabar excutere, sed, potioribus praeferri non sinebam, quos ille non destiterat inccssere, cum diversi sibi conscius generis, placere se in dicen- do posse iis, quibus illi placerent, diffideret. Amabant autem eum magis, quam imitabantur : tantumque ab illo defluebant, quantum ille ab antiquis descenderat. Foret enim optandum, pares, aut saltern proximos, illi viro fieri. Sed placebat prop- ter sola vitia, et ad ea se quisque dirigebat effingenda, quae poterat: deinde cum se jactaret eodem modo dicere, Senecam infamabat. Cujus et multae alioqui, et magnae virtutes fue- 228 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO runt: ingenium facile et copiosum, plurimum studii, multa- rum rerum cognitio: in qua tamen aliquando ab iis quibus in- quirenda quaedam mandabat, deceptus est. Tractavit etiam otnnetn fere studiorum materiam. Nam et orationes ejus, et poemata, et epistolse, et dialogi feruntur. In philosophia pa- rum diligens, egrcgius tamen vitiorum insectator fuit. Multae in eo claraeque sententise, multa etiam morum gratia legenda: sed in eloquendo corrupta pleraque, atque eo perniciosissima, quod abundant dulcibus vitiis. Velleseum suo ingenio dixisse, alieno judicio. Nam si aliqua eontempsisset, si parum concu- pisset, si non omnia sua amasset, si rerum pondera minutissi- mis sententiis non fregisset: consensu potius eruditorum, quam puerorum amore comprobaretur. Veruirt sic quoque jam robustis, et severiore genere satis firmatis legendus, vel ideb, quod exercere potest utrumque judicium. Multa enim, ut dixi, probanda in eo, multa etiam admiranda sunt: eligere modb curse sit, quod utinam ipse fecisset. Digna enim fuit il- ia natura, quae meliora vellet, quae, quod voluit, effecit. XVII. Et haec quidem auxilia extrinsecus adhibentur: in iis autem, quae nobis ipsis paranda sunt, ut laboris, sic utilita- tis etiam longe plurimum affert stilus. Ncc immeritb M. Tullius hunc “ optimum effectorem, ac magi strum dicendi vocat.” Cui sententiae personam I.. Crassi in disputationibus, quae sunt de oratore, assignando, judicium suum cum illius auctoritate conjunxit. Scribendum ergo quam diligentissime, alendisqueet quam plurimum. seminibus fecundiorNam ut est:terra sic altius profectus effossa non generandis a summo petitus, studiorum fructus et fundit uberius, et fidelius conti- dicendinet. Nam, facultas sine inancm hac quidem modo conscientia,loquacitatem ipsa dabit, ilia etex verbatempore in labris nascentia. Illic radices, illic fundamenta sunt: illic opes velut sauctiore quodam serario reconditae, unde ad subitos quoque casus, cum res exiget, proferantur. Vires faciamus bauriantur.ante omnia, quaeNihil sufficiant enim rerumlabori certaminum,ipsa natura voluitet usu magnumnon ex- effici citd, praeposuitque pulcherrimo cuique operi difficulta- tem ; quae nascendi quoque banc fecerit legem, ut majora ani- malia diutius visceribus parentum continerentur. Sed cum sit duplex quaestio, quo modo, et quae maxime scribi oporteat, jam bine ordinem sequar. Sit primo vel tardus, dum dili- gens, stilus: quaeramus optima, nec protinus se offerentibus gaudeamus: adhibeatur judicium inventis, dispositio probatis. Delectus enim rerum vcrborumque agendus est, et pondera DE INSTITUTIONE ORATORIA. 229 singulorum examinanda. Post subeat ratio collocandi, versen- turque omni modo numeri: non, ut quodqtie se proferet ver- bum, occupet locum. Quae quidem ut diligentius exsequa- mur, repetenda saepius erunt scriptorum proxima. Nam prae- ter id, quod sic melius junguntur prioribus sequentia, calor quoque ille cogitationis, qui scribendi mora refrixit, recipit ex integro vires, et velut repetito spatio sumit impetum ; quod in certamine saliendi fieri videmus, ut conatum longius petant, et ad illud, quo contenditur, spatium cur„a ferantur: utque in jaeulando brachia reducimus, et, expulsuri tela, nervos retro tendimus. Interim tamen, si f'eret flatus, danda sunt vela, dum nos indulgentia ilia non fallat. Omnia enim nostra, dum nascuntur, placent: alioqui nec scriberentur. XVIII. Sed redeamus ad judicium, et retractemus suspec- tam facilitatem. Sic scripsisse Sal'.ustium accepimus : et sane manifestus est etiam ex opere ipso labor. Virgilium quoque paucissimos die composuisse versus, auctor est Varus. Oratoris quidemtiis impero. aliaconditioest. Nam primum Itaque hoc hancmorametsolicitudinemconstituendum, hoc obtinendum ini- est, ut quam optime scribamus ; celeritatem dabit consuetude. Paullatim res facilius se ostendent, verba respondebunt, com- positioin officio sequetur: erunt Summacuncta denique, haec est rei:ut in citofamilia scribendo bene institute, non fit, ut bene scribatur: bene scribendo fit, ut cito. Sed turn max- ime, cum facultas ilia contigerit, resistamus, ut provideamus, et ferocientes equos frenis quibusdam coerceamus: quod non tam moram faciet, quam novos impetus dabit. Nec enim rur- sus eos, qui rqbur aliquod in stilo feccrint, ad infelieem calum- niandi se poenam alligandos puto. Nam quomodo suflicere civilibus otficiis possit, qui singulis actionum partibus insenes- cat ? Sunt autem, quibus nihil sit satis ; omnia mature, om- nia aliter dicere, quam occurrit, velint: increduli quidam, et desibi ingenio scribendi suo difticultatem.pessime meriti, Necqui diligentiampromtum est putant, dicere, facereutros nihil.peccare Acciditvalidius enim putem, etiam quibus ingeuiosis omnia adolescent!bus sua placent, frequenter, an quibus ut labore consumantur, et in silentium usque descendant nimia bene dicendi cupiditate. Qua de re memini narrasse mihi Ju- lium Secundum ilium, a;qualem meum, atque a me, ut notum est, familiariter amatum, mirae facundiic virum, infinitae tamen curae, quid esset sibi a patruo suo dictum. Is fuit Julius Florus,earn, princeps, in eloquentia alioqui Galliarum, inter paucos quoniam disertus, ibi et demum dignus iliaexercuit pro- pinquitate. Is cum Secundum, scholae adhuc operatum, tris- 230 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO tem forte vidisset. interrogavit, quse causa frontis tarn obduo t«e? nec dissimulavit adolescens, tertium jam diem esse, ex quo, omni labore, materiae ad scribendum destinatae non inve- niret exordium : quo sibi non praesens tantum dolor, sed etiam desperatio in posterum fieret. Turn Florus arridens, numquid tu, inquit, melius dicere vis, quam potes ? Ita se res habet. XIX. Curandum est, ut quam optime dicamus: dieen- dum tamen pro facultate. Ad profectum enim opus est studio, non indignatione. Ut possimus autem scribere etiam plura, et celerius, non exercitatio modo praestabit, in qua sine dubio multum est, sed etiam ratio, si non resupini, spectantesque tectum, et cogitationem murmure agitantes, exspectaverimus, quid obveniat, sed quid res poscat, quid personam deceat, quod sit tempus, qui judicis animus, intuiti, humano quodam modo ad scribendum accesserimus. Sic nobis et initia, et quae se- quuntur, natura ipsa praescribit. Certa sunt enim pleraque, et, nisi conniveamus, in oculos incurrunt: ideoque nec indocti nec rustici diu quaerunt, unde incipiant: quo pudendum est magis, si difficultatem facit doctrina. Non ergo putemus, semper optimum esse, quod latet: immutescamus alioqui, si nihil dicendum videatur, nisi quod non invenimus. Diversum est huic eorum vitium, qui primo decurrere per materiam stilq quam velocissimo volunt, et sequentes calorem atque impetuni, ex tempore scribunt, banc silvam vocant: repetunt deinde, et componunt, quae effuderant: sed verba emendantur et numeri, manet in rebus temere congestis, quae fuit, levitas. Protinus ergo adhibere curam rectius erit, atque ab initio sic opus du- cere, ut caelandum, non ex integro fabricandum sit. Aliquan- diligentia,do tamen affectiisvalet. Satissequemur, apparet in exquibus eo, quod fere bancplus calor,scribentium quam nealigentiam damno, quid de illis dictaudi deliciis sentiam. Nam in stilo quidem quamlibet properato dat aliquam cogita- dictamus,tioni moram urget, non atqueconsequens interim celeritatem pudet etiam ejus dubitare, manus: aut ille, resis- cui tere, aut mutare, quasi conscium infirmitatis nostrse timentes. Quo fit, ut non rudia tantum, et fortuita, sed impropria inter- im, dum sola est connectendi sermonis cupiditas, effluant: qua: nee scribentium curam, nec dicentium impetum consequantur. AMdem ille, qui excipit, si tardior in scribendo, aut inertior in legendo, velut offensator fuerit, inhibetur cursus, atque om- iracundianis, qua: excutitur.erat, conceptse Turn mentis ilia, qua: intentio, apertiorem mora, animi et interdum motum saquuntur, qua:que ipsa animum quodammodo concitant, quo- rum est jactare manum, torquere vultum, simul vertere latus. DE INSTITUTIONE ORATORIA. 231 et interim objurgare, quaeque Persius notat, cum leviter dicen- di genus significat, A'ec pluteum, inquit, cwdit, nec danorsos sapit ungues ; etiam ridicula sunt, nisi cum soli sumus. XX. Denique ut semel, quod est potentissimum, dicam : secretum, quod dictando perit, atque liberum arbitris locum, et quam altissimum silentmm scribentibus maxime convenire nemo dubitaverit. Non tamen protinus audiendi, qui cre- dunt, aptissima in hoc nemora silvasque : quod ilia cceli liber- tas, locorumque amcenitas, sublimem animum, et beatiorem spiritum parent. Mihi certe jucundus hie magis, quam^stu- diorum hortator, videtur esse secessus. Namque ilia ipsa, quae delectant, necesse est avocent ab intentione operis destinati. Neque enim se bona fide in multa simul intendere animus to- tum potest: et, quocunque respexerit, desinit intueri, quod propositum erat. Quare silvarum amcenitas, et praeterlabentia flumina, et inspirantes ramis arborum aurse, volucrumque cantus, et ipsa late circumspiciendi libertas, ad se trahunt: ut mihi remittere potius voluptas ista videatur cogitationem, quam intendere. Demosthenes melius, qui se in locum, ex 3uo nulla exaudiri vox, et ex quo nihil prospici posset, recon- ebat, ne aliud agere mentem cogerent oculi. Ideoque lucu- brantes, silentium noctis, et clausum cubiculum, et lumen unum velut tectos maxime teneat. XXI. Sed cum in omni studiorum genere, turn in hoc prae- cipue bona valetudo, queeque earn maxime praestat, frugalitas, necessaria est: cum tempora ab ips& rerum natura ad quietem Cuirefectionemque tamen non nobisplus irrogandumdata, in acerrimum est, quam laborem quod somnoconvertimus. super- erit, baud deerit. Obstat enim diligentiae scribendi etiam fa- intigatio: noctem et abunde,necessitas si agit.vacet, Estlucis tamen spatia lucubratio,sufficiunt: quotiesoccupatos ad earn integri ac refecti venimus, optimum secreti genus. Sed silentium et secessus, et undique liber animus, ut sunt maxime optanda,tim, si quid ita obstrepet,non semper abjiciendi possunt contingere;codices crunt, ideoque et deplorandus non sta- dies: verum incommodis repugnandum, et hie faciendus usus, ut omnia, quae impediunt, vincat intentio, quam si tota mente in opus ipsum direxeris, nihil eorum, quae oculis vel auribus incursant, ad animum perveniet. An verb frequenter etiam fortuitanere deerremus: hoc cogitatio non praestat,consequemur ut obvios idem, non si videamus, et voluerimus et iti- ? Non est indulgendum causis desidiae. Nam si non nisi refecti, non nisi bilares, non nisi omnibus aliis curis vacantes, studen- 232 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO dum existimaverimus, semper crit, propter quod noliis ig-nos- camus. Quare in turba, itinere, conviviis etiam facial sibi cogitatio ipsa secretum. Quid alioqui fiet, cum in medio foro, tot circumstantibus judiciis, jurgiis, fortuitis etiam clamoribus, erit subito continua oratione dicendum, si particulas, quas ceris mandamus, nisi in soiitudine reperire non possumus? Propter quae idem ille tantus amator secreti Demosthenes, in litore, in quod se, maximo cum sono, fluctus illideret, medi- tans, consuescebat concionum fremitus non expavescere. Ilia quoque minora, sod nihil in studiis parvum est, non sunt tran- seunda, scribi uptime ceris, in quibus facillima est ratio delen- di: nisi forte visus inlirmior membranarum potius usum exi- get; quae ut juvant aciem, ita crebra relatione, quoad intin- guntur calami, morantur manum, et cogitationis impetum frangunt. Relinquendae autem in utrolibet genere contra va- cuae tabellae, in quibus libera adjicienti sitexcursio. Nam in- terim pigritiam emendaudi angustiae faciunt, aut certe novo- rum interpositione priora coufundunt. Ne latas quidem ultra modum esse ceras velim, expertus juvenem studiosum alioqui praelongos habuisse sermones, quia illos numero versuum meti- ebatur : idque vitium, quod frequenti admonitione corrigi non potuerat, mutatis codicibus esse sublatum. Debet vacare etiam locus, in quo notentur, quae scribentibus solent extra ordinem, id est ex aliis, quaui qui sunt in manibus loci, occurrere. Ir- rumpunt enim optimi nonnunquam sensus, quosneque inserere oportet, neque ditferre tutum est: quia interim elabuntur, in- terim memoriae sui intentos, ab alia inventione declinant: ideoque optime sunt in deposito. XXII. Ventum est ad partem operis destinati longe gravissi- mam. Cuius equidem onus si tantum opinione prima conci- pere potuissem, quanto me premi ferens sentio, maturius con- suluissem vires meas. Sed initio pudor omittendi, quae pro- miseram, tenuit: mox, quanquam per singulas prope partes labor cresceret, ne perderem, quae jam effecta erant, per omnes difficultates animo me sustentavi. Quare nunc quoque, licet major quam unquain moles premat, tamen prospicienti finem Fefellitmihi constitutum autem, quod est initium vel deticere a parvis potius, ceperamus: quam moxdesperare. velut aura solicitante provecti longius, dum tantum nota ilia, et plerisque artium scriptoribus tractata prsecipimus, nec adhuc a litore procul videbamur, et multos circa velut iisdem se ven- ds credere ausos habebamus. Jam cum eloquendi rationem novissime repertam, paucissimisque tentatam ingressi sumus. DE INSTITUTIONS ORATORIA. 235 rarus, qui jam procul a portu recessisset, reperiebatur. Post- quam vero nobis ilie, quem instituebamus, orator, a dicendi magistris dimissus, aut suo jam impetu fertur, aut majora sibi auxilia ex ipsis sapientise penetralibus petit, quam in altum simus ablati, sentire coepimus. Nunc “ ccelum undique et undique pontus.” Unum modo in ilia immensa rastitate cer- nere videmur M. Tullium, qui tamen ipse, quamvis tanta at- que ita instructa nave hoc mare ingrcssus, contrahit vela, in- hibetquerus perfectus remos, orator, et de satisipso demumhabet dicere. genere dicendi,At nostra quo temeritas sit usu- etiam mores ei conabitur dare, et assignable officia. Ita nec feret.antecedentem Probabilis consequi tamen possumus, cupiditas et honestorum, lougius eundem et vel est, tutiori* ut res audacise est tentare, quibus paratior venia est. XXIII. Sit ergo nobis orator, quem instituimus, is, qui a M. Catone finitur, “ vir bonus, dicendi peritus." Verum id, quod ille posuit prius, etiam ipsa natura potius ac majus est, utique “ vir bonus.” Id non eo tantum, quod, si vis ilia di- cendi malitiam instruxerit, nihil sit publicis privatisque rebus perniciosius eloquentia; sed nos quoque ipsi, qui pro virili partesim^ mereamurconferre aliquid de rebus ad facultatemhumanis, si diceudi latroni conatisumus,comparemus hsecpes- arma, non militi. Quid de nobis loquor? Rerum ipsa natura in eo, quod prsecipue indulsisse homini videtur, quoque nos a ceteris animalibus separasse, non parens, sed noverca fuerit, si facultatem dicendi, sociam scelerum, adversam innocentiae, hostem veritatis invenit. Mutos enim nasci, et egere omni ratione satius fuisset, quam providential munera in mutuam perniciem convertere. Longius tendit hoc judicium meum. Neque enim tantum id dico, eum, qui sit orator, “ virum bo- num esse oporteresed ne futurum quidem oratorem, nisi ns,virum qui, bonum.proposita Namhonestorum certe neque ac turpium intelligentiam via, pejorem concesseris sequi malint: neque prudentiam iis, qui in gravissimas frequenter legum, semper vero malae conscienti*, pcenas, a semet ipsis improvise rerum exitu, induantur. Quod si neminem malum esse,vulgo nisi quoque stultum semper eundem, est noncreditum modo : a certesapientibus non fiet dicitur, unquam sed stultus orator. XXIV. Adde quod ne studio quidem operis pulcherrimi invacare eodem mens, pectore nisi omnibusnullum estvitiis honestorum libera, potest: turpiumque primum consor- qudd tium, et cogitare optima simul ac deterrima non magis. est unius animi, quam ejusdem hominis bonum esse ac malum: turn ilia quoque ex causa, quod mentem tantse rei in ten tarn, v 2 234 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO vacare omnibus aliis, etiam culpa carentibus, curis oportet. Ita demum enim libera, ac tota, nuM distringente atque alio ducentesi agrorum causa, nimia spectabit cura, etid solicitiorsolum, ad rei quod familiaris accingitur. diligentia, Quod et venandi voluptas, et dati spectaculis dies, multum studiis au- ferunt, huic enim rei perit tempus, quodcumque alteri datur, quid putainus facturas cupiditatem, avaritiam, invidiam ? qua- rum impotentissimae cogitationes somnos etiam ipsos, et ilia per quietem visa perturbant. Nihil est enim tam occupatum, tam multiforme, tot ac tam variis affectibus concisum atque laceratum, quam mala mens. Nam et cum insidiatur, spe, curis, labore distringitur: et jam, cum sceleris compos fuerit, solicitudine, poenitentia, pcenarum omnium exspectatione tor- quetur. Quis inter haec literis, aut ulli bona) arti locus ? Non hercle magis, quam frugibus, in terra sentibus ac rubis occu- pata. Age, non ad perferendos studiorum labores necessaria frugalitas? Quid ergo ex libidine ac luxuria spei ? Non pr*e- eipue acuit ad cupiditatem literarum amor laudis ? Num igi- - tur malis esse laudem curae putamus? Jam hoc quis non vi- det, maximam partem orationis in tractatu aequi bonique con- sistere ? Dicetne de his secundum debitarn rerum dignitatem malus atque iniquus? Denique, ut maximam partem quaestionis eximam, demus id, quod niillo modo fieri potest, idem ingenii, studii, doctrinae, pessimo atque optimo viro : uter melior dice- tur orator ? Nimirum qui homo quoque melior. Non igitur unquam malus idem homo, et perfectus orator. Non enim perfectum est quidquam, quo melius cst aliud. Sed, ne more SoCraticorum uobismet ipsi. responsum finxisse videamur, sit aliquis aded contra veritatem obstinatus, ut audeat dicere, eo- dem ingenio, studio, doctrina pracditum, nihilo deteriorem tuturum oratorem malum virum, quam bonum. Convinca- inus hujus quoque amentiam. Nam hoc certe nemo dubita- bit, omnem oratorem id agere, ut judici, quae proposita fue- rint, vera et honesta videantur. Utrum igitur hoc facilius bonus vir persuadebit, Un malus ? Bonus quidem et dicet sae- pius vera atque honesta. Sed etiam si quaudo aliquo ductus officio, quod accidere, ut mox docebimus, potest, falso haec af- tirmare conabitur, majore cum fide necesse est audiatur. At malis hominibus ex contemtu opinionis, et ignorantia recti, nonnunquam excidit ipsa simulatio. Inde immodeste propo- nunt, sine pudore affirmant. Sequitur in iis, quae certum est effici non posse, deformis pertinacia, et irritus labor. Nam si- cut in vita, ita in causis quoque, spes improbas habent. Fre- quenter autem accidit, ut his etiam vera dicentibus tides desit videaturque talis advocatus, malae causae argumentum. DE INSTITUTIONE ORATORIA. 285 XXV. Nunc de iis‘ dicendum est, quae mihi quasi conspi- rationeDemosthenes quadam non vulgifuit?” reclamariatqui malum videntur. virum accepimus.“ Orator " ergoNon Cicero?” atqui hujus quocjue mores multi reprehenderunt. Quid agam ? magna responst invidia subeunda est, mitigandae sunt prius aures. Mihi enim nec Demosthenes, tarn gravi morum dignus videtur invidia, ut omnia, quae in eum ab ini* micis congesta sunt, credam ; cum et pulcherrima ejus in re- publica consilia, et finem vitae clarum legam. Nec Marco Tullio defuisse video in ulla parte civis opjimi voluntatem. Testimonio est actus nobilissime consulatus; integerrime pro- vincia administrata; et'repudiatus vigintiviratus; et civihbus bellis, quae in actatem ejus gravissima inciderunt, neque spe neque metu declinatus animus, quo minus optimis se partibus, id est, reipublicae, jungeret. Parum fortis videtur quibus- dam : quibus optime respondit ipse, “ non se timidum in sus- cipiendis, sed in providendis periculisquod probavit morte quoque ipsa, quam praestantissimo suscepit animo. Quod si defuit his viris summa virtus: sic, quaerentibus, an oratore* fuerint ? respondebo, quo modo Stoici, si interrogentur, an sa- piens Zeno, an Cleanthes, an Chrysippus ? respondeant, mag- nos quidem illos ac venerabiles, non tamen id, quod natura hominis summum habet, consecutos. Nam et Pythagoras, non sapientem se, ut qui ante eum fuerunt, sed studiosum sapien- tiae vocari voluit. XXVI. Ego tamen secundum communem loquendi consue- tudinem saepe dixi, dicamque, perfectum oratorem esse Cicero- nem, ut amicos et bonos viros, et prudentissimos dicimus vulg6, quorum nihil nisi perfecte sapienti datur. Sed cum propria, ettorem, ad legem quern ipsam et ille veritatisquaerebat. loquendum Quanquam erit, enim eum stetissequaeram ipsum ora. in fastigio eloquentiae fateor, ac vix, quid adjici potuerit, tnve- nio, fortasse inventurus, quod adhuc abscissurum putem fuisse, nam fere sic docti judicaverunt, plurimum in eo virtutum, nonnihil fuisse vitiomm : et se ipse multa ex ilia juvenili abundantia coercuisse testatur, tamen quando nec sapientis »ibi nomen, minime sui contemptor, asseruit; et melius dicere, certe data longiore vita, et aetate ad componendum securiore, potuisset:ad quam nemonon malignepropius accessit.crediderim, Et defuisse licebat, eisi summamaliter sentirem, illam, minemfortius ida seet visumliberius eloquentem,” defendere. quodAn vero tanto M. minus Antonius, erat, profes-“ ne- sus est; ipse etiam M. Tullius “ quaerit adhuc eum,” et tan- tum imaginatur ac fingit; ego non audeam dicere, aliquid in hac, quae superest, eeternitate, inveniri posse, eo, quod fuerit. 236 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO perfectius ? Transeo illos, qui Ciceroni ac Demostheni ne in eloquentia quidem satis tribuunt: quanquam neque ipsi Cice- roni Demosthenes videatur satis esse perfectus, quem dormi- tare interim dicit; nec Cicero Bruto Calvoque, qui certe com- positionem illius etiam apud ipsum reprehendunt; nec Asinio utrique, qui vitia orationis cjus etiam inimice pluribus in lo- cis insequuntur. Concedamus sane, quod minime natura pa- tiatur, repertum esse aliquem malum virum, summe disertum: nihilo tamen minus oratorem eum negabo. Nam nec omnibus, qui fuerint manu promti, yiri fortis nomen concesserim, quia sine virtute intelligi non potest fortitudo. An ei, qui ad de- fendendas causas advocatur, non est opus fide, quam nec cupi- ditas corrumpat, nec gratia avertat, nec metus frangat ? sed proditorem, transfugam, prsevaricatorem donabimus oratoris illo sacro nomine? Quod si mediocribus etiam patronis conve- nit heec, quae vulgo dicitur, bonitas ; cur non orator ille, qui nondum fuit, sed potest esse, Jam sit moribus, quam dicendi virtute perfectus? Non enim forensem quandam instituimus operam, nec mercenariam vocem, nec, ut aspcrioribus verbis parcamus, non inutilem sane litium advocatum, quem denique causidicum vulgo vocant; sed virum, cum ingenii natura prae- stantem, turn vero tot pulcherrimas artes penitus mente com- plexum, datum tandem rebus humanis, qualem nulla antes vetustas cognoverit, singularem, perfectumque undique, optima sentientem, optimeque dicentem. XXVII. In hoc quota pars eiit, quod aut innocentes tuebi- tur, aut improborum scelera compescet, aut in pecuniariis quaestionibus veritati contra calumniam aderit? Summus ille quidem in his quoque bperibus fuerit, sed in majoribus cla- rius elucebit, cum regenda senatus consilia, et popularis error ad meliora ducendus. An non talcm quendam videtur finxisse Virgilius, quem in seditione vulgi, jam faces et saxa jaculantis, moderatorem dedit? Turn pietate gravem ac meritis si fortd virum quem Conspexere, silent, arrectisque auribus adstant. Habemus igitur ante omnia virum bonum, post haec adjecit dicendi peri turn. File regit dictis animos, et pectora mulcet. Quid ? non in bellis quoque idem ille vir, quem instituimus, si sit ad proelium miles cohortandus, ex mediis sapientiae prae- ccptis orationem trahet ? Nam quomodo pugnam ineuntibus, tot simul metus laboris, doloris, postremo mortis ipsius excide- rint, nisi in eorum locum pietas, et fortitudo, et honesti praesens DE INSTITUTIONE ORATORIA. 237 imago succcsserit ? Quae certe melius persuadebit aliis, qui prius persuaserit sibi. Prodit enim se, quam libet eustodiatur, simu- latio: uec unquam tanta fuerit eloquendi facultas, utnon titu- bet ac haereat, quoties ab animo verba dissentiuut. Vir autem malus aliud dicat necesse eat, quam sentit. Bonos nunquam ho- nestus sermo deficiet, nunquam rerum optimarum, nam iidem etiam prudenteserunt, inventio: quaeetiam si lenociniisdestitu- ta sit, satis tamen natura sua ornatur: nec quidquam non diserte, quod honeste, dicitur. Quare, juventus, imo omnis setas, ne- que enim rectae voluutati serum est tempus ullum, totis men- tibus hue tendamus, in hoc elaboremus : forsanet consummate contingat. Nam si natura non prohibet, et esse virum bo- num, et esse dicendi peritum : cur non aliquis etiam unus utrumque consequi possit ? cur autem non se quisque speret fore ilium aliquem ? Ad quod si vires ingenii non suffecerint, tamen ad quem usque modum procesrerimus, meliores erimus ex utroque. Hoc certe prorsus eximatur animo, rerum pul- cherrimam eloquentiam cum vitiis mentis posse misceri. Fa- cultas dicendi, si in malos incidit, et ipsa judicanda est ma- lum : pejores enim illos fecit, quibus contingit. XXVIII. Videor mihi audire quosdatn, nec enim deerunt unquam, qui diserti esse, quam boni, malint, ilia dicentes: Quid ergo tantum est artis in eloquentia ? cur tu de coloribus, et difficilium causarum defensione, nonnihil etiam de confesso locutus es, nisi aliquando vis et fecultas dicendi expugnat ip- sam veritatem? Bonus enim .vir non’agit nisi bonas causas: eas porro etiam sine doctrina satis per se tuetur veritas ipsa. Quibus ego, cum de meo primum opere respondero, etiam pro boni viri officio, si quando euin ad defensionem nocentium ra- tio duxerit, satisfeciam. Pertractare enim, quo modo aut pro falsis,vel propter aut etiam hoc solum,pro injustis ut ea aliquando facilius et dicatur, deprehendamus, non est inutile, et re- fellamus: quemadmodum remedia melius adhibebit, cui nota. quaj nocent, fuerint. Neque enim Academici, cum in utram- que disserunt partem, non secundum alteram vivunt: neque Carneades ille, qui, Roma; audiente Censorio Catoue, non mi- noribus viribus contra justitiam dicitur disseruisse, quam pri- die pro justitia dixerat, injustus ipse vir fuit. Verum et, vir- tus quid sit, adversa ei malitia detegitet aequitas fit ex ini- quitur. contemplationeDebent ergo oratorimanifestior, sic esse et adversariorum plurima contrariis nota consilia,proban- ut hostium, imperatori. Verum et illud, quod prima propo- sitione durum videtur, potest afferre ratio, ut vir bonus in de- fensione causae velit auferre aliquando judici veritatem. Quod si quis a me proponi mirabitur, quanquam non est haec mea 2S8 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO proprie sententia, sed eorum, quos gravissimos sapientiae ma- gistros setas vetus credidit, sic judicct, pleraque esse, quae non tam factis, quam causis eorum, vel honesta fiant, vel turpia. Nam si “ hominem occidere, saepe virtus, liberos necare, non- nunquam pulcherrimum est; asperiora quaedam adhuc dictu, si communis utilitas exegerit, facere conceditur; ne hoc qui- dem nudum est intuendum, qualem causam vir bonus, sed etiam quare, et qua mente, defendat. Ac primum concedant mihi omnes oportet, quod Stoicorum quoque asperrimi confi- tentnr, facturum aliquando virum bonum, ut mendacium di- cat, et quidem nonnunquam levioribus causis: ut in pueris aegrotantibus, utilitatis eorum gratia multo fingimus, multa non facturi promittimus: nedum si ab homine occidendo grass- ator avertendus sit, aut hostis pro salute patriae fallendus: ut hoc, quod alias in serris quoque repreliendendum est, sit alias in ipso sapiente laudandum. Id sx constiterit, multa jam vi- deo posse evenire, propter quae orator bene suscipiat tale causae genus, quale remota ratione honesta, non suscepisset. Nec hoc dico, quia severiores sequi placet leges, pro patre, fratre, amico periclitantibus: tametsi non mediocris haesitatio est, hinc iustitiae proposita imagine, inde pietatis: non nihil du- bii relinquamus. Sit aliquis insidiatus tyranno, atque ob id reus: utrumne salvum eum nollet is, qui a nobis finitur, ora- tor? an, si tuendum susceperit, non tam falsis defendet, quam qui apud judices malam causam tuetur ? Quid si quaedam bene facta damnaturus est judex, nisi ea non esse facta con- vicerimus: non vel hoc modo servabit orator non innocentem modo, sed etiam laudabilem civem ? Quid si quaedam justa Batura, sed conditione temporum inutilia civitati sciemus: uonne utemur arte dicendi, bona quidem, sed malis artibus simili ? At hoc nemo dubitabit, quin, si nocentes mutari in bonam mentem aliquo modo possint, sicut posse interdum con- ceditur, salvos esse eos magis e republica sit, quam puniri. Si liqueat igitur oratori, futurum bonum virum, cui vera obji- cientur, non id aget, ut salvus sit ? Da nunc, ut crimine ma- tasnifesto non prematurpossit: nonne dux bonus,ei communis et sine utilitas quo vincere oratorem honeste advoca- civi- bit? Certe Fabricius Cornelium Rufinum, et alioqui malum civem, et sibi inimicum, tamen, quia utilem sciebat ducem, imminente bello palam consulem suffragio suo fecit: atque id mirantibus quibusdam respondit, “ a cive se spoliari made, quam ab hoste venire.” Itahic, si fuisset orator, non defendis- set eundem Rufinum vel manifest! peculatus reum ? Multa dici possunt similia, sed vel unum ex his quodlibet suflicit. Non enim hoc agimus, ut istud illi, quern formamus, viro saepe sit DE INSTITUTIONE ORATORIA. 239 faciendum : sed ut, si talis coegerit ratio, sit tamen vera fini- tio, “ oratorem esse virum bonum, dicendi peritum.” Praeci- pere verb ac discere quomodo etiam probatione difficilia trac- tentur, necessarium est. Nam frequenter etiam optimae causae similes sunt malis, et innocens reus multis veri similibus pre- mitur: quo fit, ut eadem actionis ratione sit defendendus, qua, si nocens esset. Jam innumerabilia sunt bonis causis malisque communia, “ testes, literae, suspiciones, opiniones.” Non aliter autem veri similia, quam vera, et confirmantur, et refelluntur. Quapropter, ut res feret, flectetur oratio, ma- nente honesta voluntate. XXIX. His dicendi virtutibus usus orator in judiciis, consiliis, concionibus, senatu, in omni denique officio boni civis, fiucm quoque dignum et optimo viro, et opere sanctissimo fa- ciet: non quia prodesse unquam satis sit, et ilia mente atquc ilia facultate prmdito non conveniat operis pulcherrimi quam longissimum tempus: sed quia decet hoc quoque prospicere, ne quid pejus, qu&m fecerit, faciat. Neque enim scientia mo- db constat orator, quce augetur annis, sed voce, latere, firmi- tate;vendum quibus est, nefractis quid autin oratore imminutis summo aitate desideretur, sen valetudiue, ne inter- ca- sistat fatigatus, ne, quae dicet, parum audiri seutiat, ne se qua>- rat priorem. Vidi ego longe omnium, quos mihi cognoscere contigit, summum oratorem, Domitium Afrum valde senem, quotidie aliquid ex ea, quam meruerat, auctoritate perden- tem, cum agentc illo, quern principem fuisse quondam fori non erat dubium, alii, quod indignum videatur, riderent, alii erubescerent: quae occasio illis fuit dicendi, “ malle eum de- iicere, quam desincre.” Neque erant ilia qualiacunque mala, sed minora. Quare ante, quam in has aetatis veniat insidias, euimreceptui minores canet, eum, et in cum portum id fecerit, Integra studiorum nave perveniet. fructus sequen-Neque tur. Aut ille monumenta rerum posteris, aut, ut L. Crassus in libris Ciceronis destinabat, quaerentibus tradet, aut elo- quentiic componet artem, aut pulcherrimis vitae praeceptis dig- num os dabit. Frequentabunt vero ejus domum optimi ju- venes more veterum, et veram dicendi viam velut ex oraculo petent.ins gubernator, Hos illc litora formabit et portus, quasi eloquentiseet qua; tempestatum parens, et utsigna, ve- quid secundis flatibus, quid adversis, ratis poscat, docebit: non operis.bumanitatis Nemo solum enim communi minui ductusvelit id, officio, in quosed amoremaximus quodam fuit. Quid porro est honestius, qu&m docere quod optime scias ? Si< 240 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO ad se Cselium deductum a patre Cicero profitetur. Sic Pan- sam, Hirtium, Dolabellam in morem prseccptoris exercuit, quotidie dicens, audiensque. Ac nescio an eum tunc beatissi- nmm credi oporteat fore, cum jam secretus et consecratus, li- ber invidia, procul a contentionibus, famam in tuto collocarit, et sentiat vivus cam, quae post fata praestari magis solet vene- ra ionem, et quid apud posteros futurus sit, videbit. XXX. Conscius sum mihi, quantum mediocritate valui, quseque antea scierim, quaeque operis hujusce gratia potuerim inquirere, candide me atque simpliciter in notitiam eorum, si qui forte cognoscere voluissent, protulisse. Atque id viro bo- no satis est, docuisse quod scierit. Vereor tamen, ne aut magna nimium videar exigere; qui eundem virum bonum esse, et dicendi peritum velim: aut multa; qui tot artibus in pueritia discendis, morum quoque prsecepta, et scientiam ju- ris civilis, prater ea quae de cloquentia tradebantur, adjece- rim : quique liaec operi nostro necessaria esse crediderim, ve- lut pondus rei perborrescant, ac desperent ante experimen- tum. Sed hi primum renuntient sibi, quanta sit humani in- genii vis, quam potens efficiendi quae velit, cum maria tran- sire, siderum cursus numerosque cognoscere, mundum ipsum pene dimetiri, minores, sed dithciliores, artes potuerint. Turn cogitent, quantam rem petant, quamque nullus sit, hoc pro- posito praemio, labor recusandus. Quod si mente concepe- rint,impervium, huic quoque neque parti saltern facilius durum accedent, putent. ut ipsumNam iterid, nequequod prius, quodque majus est, ut boni viri simus, voluntate maxime constat: quam qui vera fide induerit, facile easdem, quae vir- tutem docent, artes accipiet. Neque enim aut tarn perplexa, aut tam numerosa sunt quae premunt, ut non paucorum ad- modum annorum intentione discantur. Longam enim facit operam, quod repugnamus. Brevis est institutio vitae honestae beataeque, si credas. Natura enim nos ad mentem optimam genuit: ade&que discefe meliora volenlibus promtum est, ut vere intuenti mirum sit illud magis, malos esse tam multos. Nam ut aqua piscibus, ut sicca terrenis, circumfusus nobis spiritus volucribus convenit: ita certe facilius esse oportebat, secundum naturam, quam contra earn vivere. Cetera vero, etiam si aetatem nostram non spatio senectutis, sed tempore adolescentiae metiamur, abunde multos ad discendum annos habent. Omnia enim breviora reddet ordo, et ratio, et mo- dus. Sed culpa est in praeceptoribus prima, qui libenter deti- nent quos occupaverunt, partim cupiditate diutius exigendi mercedulas, partim ambitione, quo difficilius sit quod pollicen- tur, partim etiam inscientia tradendi, vel negligentia. Proxi- 2 DE INSTITUTIONE ORATORIA. 241 ma in nobis, qui morari in eo, quod novimus, quam discere quaepotissimum nondum studiis scimus, dicam, melius quid putamus. attinet tam Nam, multis ut annis, de nostris quam in more est plurimorum, ut de his, a quibus magna in hoc pars setatis absumitur, taceam, declamitare in schola, et tan- tum laboris in rebus falsis consumere, cum satis sit modico tem- pore imaginem veri discriminis, et dicendi leges comperisse ? Quod non dico, quia sit unquam omittenda dicendi exercitatio, sed quia non sit in una ejus specie consenescendum. Cognos- cere enim, et praecepta vivendi perdiscere, et in foro nos ex- periri potuimus, dum scholastici sumus. Discendi ratio tabs, quarumut non multosprius babui annos mentionem, poscat. Quaelibet in paucos enim libros ex contrahiiis artibus, so- let : adeo infinite spatio ac traditione opus non est. Reliqua est, quae vires cito facit, consuetudo. Rerum cognitio quo- tidie crescit; et tamen quam multorum ad eas librorum ne- cessaria lectio est, quibus aut rerum exempla ab historicis, aut 1j Bultorumquedicendi ab Oratoribus opiniones, petuntur sicuti alia, ? Philosophorum velimus legere quoquenecessarium con- est. Quae quidem possumus omnia: sed breve nobis tempus nos facimus. Quantulum enim studiis impartimur? Alias boras vanus salutandi labor, alias datum fabulis otium, alias spectacula, alias convivia trahunt. Adjice tot genera ludendi, et insanam corporis curam. Trahat inde peregrinatio, rura, calculorum anxiae solicitudines, multae causae libidinum, et vinum, et flagitiosus omni genere voluptatum animus. Ne ea quidem tempora idonea, quae supersunt. Quae si omnia stu- diis impenderentur, jam nobis longa aetas, et abunde satis ad discendum spatia viderentur, et diurna tantum computantibus tempora : et noctes, quarum bona pars omni somno longior est, adjuvarent. Nunc computamus annos, non quibus stu- duimus, sed quibus viximus. Nec vero si Geometrae, et Gram- matici, ceterarumque artium professores, omnem suam vitam, quamlibet longa fuerit, in singulis artibus consumserunt, se- quitur, ut plures quasdam vitas ad plura discenda desidere- mus. Neque illi didicerunt haec usque in senectutem, sed ea sola didicisse content! fuerint, ac tot annos in utendo, non in percipiendo exhauserunt. Ccterum ut de Homero taceam, in quogia reperiuntur;nullius non artis ut autEleum perfecta, Hippiam aut certetranseam, non dubia, qui non vesti- li- beraliumtem et annulum, modo disciplinarum crepidasque, quaeprae seomnia scientiam manu tunt,sua fecerat, sed ves- in usu habuit, atque ita se praeparavit, ne cujus alterius ope ege- ret, neve ullius rei: Gorgias quoque summae senectutis, id quaerere auditores, de quo quisque vellet, jubebat. Quee tan- 242 SELECTA EX QUINCTILIANO dem ars digna literis Platoni defuit ? Quot seculis Aristoteles didicitj ut non solum quae ad philosoplios atque Oratores per- tinent, scientia complecteretur, sed animalium satorumque na- turas omnes perquireret ? Ulis enim haec invenienda fuerunt, nobis cognoscenda sunt. Tot nos praeceptoribus, tot exemplis instruxit antiquitas, ut possit videri nulla sorte nascendi aetas felicior, quam nostra, cui docendae priores elaboraverunt. Mar- cus Censorius Cato, idem orator, idem historiae conditor, idem juris, idem rerum rusticarum peritissimus, inter tot operas militiae, taotas domi contentiones, rudi seculo, literas Graecas, aetate jam declinata, didicit, ut esset hominibus documento, ea quoque percipi posse, quae senes concupissent. Quam multa, imo pene omnia tradidit Varro? Quod instrumentum di- cendi M. Tullio defuit ? Quid plura ? cum etiam Cornelius Celsus, mediocri vir ingenio, non solum de his omnibus con- scripserit artifcus, sed amplius rei militaris, et rusticae etiam, et medicinae praecepta reliquerit ? dignus vel ipso proposito, ut eum scisse omnia ilia credamus. At perficere tantum opus, arduum est, et nemo perfecit. Ante omnia sufficit ad exhor- tationem studiorum, non capere id rerum naturam, ut quid- quid non est factum, ne fieri quidem possit: cum omnia, quae magna sunt atque admirabilia, tempus aliquod, quo primum efficerentur, habuerint. Quantum enim Poesis ab Homero et Virgilio, tantum fastigium accepit eloquentia a Demosthene atque Cicerone. Denique quidquid est optimum, ante non fuerat. Verum etiamsi quis summa desperet, quod cur faciat, cui ingenium, valetudo, facultas, praeceptor, non deerunt ? ta- men est, ut Cicero ait, “ pulchrum in secundis tertiisque con* sistere." Neque enim si quis Achillis gloriam in bellicis con- sequi non potest, Ajacis aut Diomedis laudem aspernabitur, tionemneque quihomines Homeri, habuissent, non Tyrtsei. ut nemo Quin se melioremimmo si bancfore eo,cogita- qui optimus fuisset, arbitraretur, ii ipsi, qui sunt, optimi non fuis- sent; neque post Lucretium ac Macrum Virgilius neque post Crassum et Hortensium Cicero, sed nec alii postear viceriut. Verum ut transeundi spes non sit, magna tamen est dignitas subsequendi. An Pollio et Messala, qui, jam Cicerone arcem tenente eloquentia;, agere cceperunt, parum in vita dignitatis habuerunt, parum ad posteros glorise tradiderunt? Alioqui pessime de rebus humanis perductse in summum artes mere- rentur, si, quod optimum fuisset, defuisset. Adde quod mag- nos modica quoque eloquentia parit fructus, ac si quis hsec stu- dia, utilitate sola, metiatur, pene illi perfects par est. Neque erat difficile, vel veteribus vel novis exemplis palam facere, non aliunde majores honores, opes, amicitias, laudem prsesentem, DE INSTITUTIONE ORATORIA. 243 futurata hominibus contigisse: si tamen dignum literis esset, ab opere3 pulcherrimo, cujus tractatus, atque ipsa possessio plenissimam studiis gratiam refert, hanc minorem exigere mer- cedem, more corum, qui a se non virtutes, sed voluptatem, quae fittem, ex quavirtutibus, nihil dii peti immortales dicunt. meliusIpsam homini igitur dederunt,orandi majesta- et qua remota, muta sunt omnia, et luce prsesenti et memoria posteri- tatis carent, toto animo petamus, nitamurque semper ad opti- ma : quod facientes, aut evademus in summum, aut certe mul- tos infra nos videbimus. Habes, Marcelle Victor!, quibus praecepta dicendi pro virili parte adjuvari posse per nos videbantur: quorum cognitio studiosis juvenibus si non magnam utilitatem afferet, at certe, quod magis petimus, bonam voluntatem.
Excudebant Oliver et Boyd. i EXPLANATORY NOTES.
CAESAR. parsCAP. maritiraa, 1. Britannia; the sea parscoast. interior, Memoria die inlandproditum, country; more frequentlyas opposed me- to ofmoriae, iron ofrecorded. a standard Taleis weight. ferreis These ad ceriumthey used pondus instead examinads, of money. piecesMa- goribus,teria, wood. the climateLoca sunt is more temperatiora mild than quam in Gaul, in Gallia, the cold remissioribus being leap fri-in- wards2. Triquetra, the south. triangular.Occidentem Appelluntur, solem, the setting land. sunAd ; the meridiem, west. Pari to- spatioof the transmissus,fourth declension. the passage Objectao is equally exisdmantur, distant. Transmissus,are supposed a tonoun lie nearthe winter its shores. solstice Dies there continuos is night trigintafor the spacesub bruma of thirty esse successive noctem, that days. at tuCertis vicies ex centumaqua mensuris, millium by passuum, the hour twoglass. thousand See Clepsydra. miles in Incircumfe- circui- with3. woad—aHumanissimi, bluish thedie mostextracted polished. from Sea plant vitro calledinficiunt, vitrum, die their woad. skins trium4. Summamjudiciumque, auctoritatem, summa omnium the greatest rerum influence. consiliorumque Quorum redeat, ad arbi-who decide5. Magnaeque in all matters eorum of importance, erant clientelae, and preside and inhad all theirmany councils. dependant states.6. Magnitudine See Cliens. tributorum,Magnis jacturis, by exorbitant by great sacrifices.taxes. Druides, the Druids.7. Diligentiam See Druides. ac memoriam remittant, relax their diligence, and ne- glect8. theirUti aut memory. ipsi injurias inferrent, aut illatas propulsarent, that they wheneither theymade were offensive attacked. war onAmbactos, their enemies, retainers. or actedHanc on unam the defensive gratiam potentiamquethey arc acquainted. noverunt, this is the only influence and power with which Pro9. vxctimisAdmodum homines dedita immolant, religionibus, they extremelyoffer human addicted sacrifices. to superstition. Adniinis- 2 EXPLANATORY NOTES. crifices.tris ad ea sacrificiaImmani Druidibusmagnitudine utuntur, simulacra, the Druidsimages presideof immense at these size. sa- Contexta12. Dotis viminibus, nomine, formed as dowry of osiers. Hujus omnis pecuniae conjunctim thisratio money, habetur, and fructusque the interest serrantur, is preserved. a common Uter eorum,account &c. is keptOrdo of est; all uterPars eorumutriusque superarit cum fructibusvita, the survivorsuperiorum inherits temporum the capital pervenit and interest.ad eum, IllustriorePaterfamiliae, loco the natus, master of nobleof a family; birth. sometimesDe uxoribus written in servilem Paterfamilias. modum quaestionemQuae vivis cordi habent, fuisse they arbitrantur, put their which wives they to thinkthe torture were agreeablelike slaves. to tothe the living. present. Paulo Justis supra funeribus hanc memoriam, confectis, atin thetimes celebration somewhat of anteriorthe fu- neral13. rites.Quae visaSee Funus.sunt, occultant, conceal what they think proper. ac 14.duritiae In studiis student, rei from militaris, boyhood in military they are exercises. trained to fatigueAb parvulis and hardi-labor! 15. Cognationibus hominum qui una coierint, the kindred, i. e. the ficent,clans, whothat formthey shouldthe same not society, build theiror community. houses with Netoo accuratius great care, aedi- i. e. that16. they Controversias should not buildminuunt, any otherdecide than causes. temporary Latrocinia dwellings. nullam ha- bent20. infamiam, Mutilae cornibus,no infamy without is attached horns. to robbery.Sine nodis articulisque, with- outPaullum knots modo and reclinatae,joints. Ad reclining eas se applicant,but a little they (from lean their against erect them. pos- ture).species earumAut ab stantium radicibus relinquatur, subruunt, theyaut eitheraccidunt loosen tantum, the earthut summa about theirtain strengthroots, orenough cut them to stand. around; just so much that they may still re- what21. lessUri, than wild elephants. bulls. Magnitudine paullo infra elephantos, some-
SALLUST. Cap. 1. Oujus rei libet simulator ac dissimulator, a pretender and ofdissembler virtues whichof any hething did he not chose, possess, i. e. heand could artfully assume disguise the appearance his vices. pretendSimulare, that to apretend thing is that not, a whenthing itis is. when Satis it loquentiae,is not. Dissimulare, he had a fluent to elocution.cupiebat, hisVastus ambitious animus spirit immoderata, was always incredibilia, forming plans, nimis extravagant,alta, semper incredible,2. Omnium and flagitiorumfar above his atque reach. facinorum circum se, tamquam stipa- torum,and the catervas abandoned habebat, as body was guards. accompanied Flagitiorum by bands atque of all facinorum, the profligate for SALLUST. 3 flagitiosorum atque facinorosorum. Stipator (from stipare, to cram or redimeret,crowd) signifies that he one might of a purchasenumerous the retinue. pardon ofQuo a flagitious flagitium or aut villanoui facinus action.3. Circiter Aetate Kalendas fluxi, susceptible Junias, about of any the impression first of June. by theirSee age.Kalendae. shipL. Caesare of L. Caesar et C. Figuloand C. consulibusFigulus. See(scil. Consules. existentibus), Ubi insatis the explorata consul- thatsunt, he quae judged voluit, necessary. when he hadSenatorii examined ordinis, to the of foundation, senatorian rank.every tilingSee coloniisSenatus. et municipiis,Ex equestri fromordine, the of colonies equestrian and freerank. towns. See Equites.See Coloniae Ex and4. Municipia.Ambitus interrogati, charged with bribery. See Ambitus. Pe- cuniarumConsulatum repetundarum petere, to become reus, accused a candidate of extortion. for the consulship.See Repetundae. Quod selfintra within legitimos the daysdies profiteriprescribed nequiverit, by law, because(at least he seventeen could not days offer before him- municato,the comitia concerting were summoned). measures. Factiosus,Quia nondum turbulent. frequentes Consilio armati com-con- notvenerant, yet assembled ea res consilium in sufficient diremit, numbers, because the the design armed failed. conspirators Frequens had .means5. Adnitente either frequent, Crasso, or by crowded. the influence of Crassus. Quippe foedum tohominem be removed a republica from the procul city. esseQuia volebat, boni quamwishing plures a flagitious praesidium character in eo him,putabant, i. e. becausethat he wasmany the good friend men of histhought country. that thereImperia was saeva, a defence oppres- in sive6. governments.Nequidquam opportuna res cecidisset, in vain would our affairs ingenia,have taken incerta this favourablepro certis turn.captarem, Neque nor egowould per I ignaviam,relinquish autcertainty vana foror menhope, of i. undecided e. engage incharacters. a hazardous Ignaviam enterprise, is associatedhere used with for cowards,ignavos, mihi,and vana bona ingenia malaque for intellexi,homines vaniat the ingenii. same time,Simul, because quia vobis,I knew eadem that i.those e. thatthings, our whichfortunes were were good inseparable and bad for in you, prosperity were the and same adversity. for me, fluencedNam idem by velle the sameatque desires nolle, eaand demum aversions, firma i. amicitiae. a unity est, of for sentiments to be in- contra,is the only iliis, solid annis foundation atque divitiis, of friendship. omnia consenuerunt,Viget aetas, animuswe are valet;in the otherprime hand,of life, in and their in dotage,the vigour (enervated) of our understanding by years and riches, ; they i.are, e. theon un-the pedietdue use cetera, of wealth; circumstances luxury. willCetera forward res expediet.other things; Ordo bring est; them Res toex- a successfulcasting up termination;piles of building our successwithin theis certain. sea mark. In exstruendoToreumata, mari, carved in vases;squander. vases Nequeunt of exquisite vincere, workmanship. cannot exhaust. . Trahunt, vexant, waste and ulla,7. whoQuibus laboured mala abundeunder manyomnia embarrassments, erant, sed neque withoutres, neque fortune, spes bona and ofwithout debts. hope. See Tabula,Tabulas Proscriptionemnovas, new books locupletium, of accounts, the i proscriptione. a remission of EXPLANATORY NOTES. the wealthy. See Proscriptio. Ignominia, degradation; loss of rank. See8. Censor.Cum ad jusjurandum popularis sceleris sui adigeret, when he ad- ministered9. Flagitiis an oathatque to facinoribus the conspirators. coopertus, infamous for his crimes and homo,enormities. an upstart. Sublato See auctore,Nobiles. without naming her* informer. Novus mitia.10. ComitiisPlura agitare, habitis, hethe formedassembly many of the schemes. people beingAgitare held. is hereSee Co-put for11. agitabat, Multa oralia, coepit quae agitare instrumenta ; a common luxuriae, pse sheof the possessed infinitive. many other verat,accomplishments, had denied uponwhich oath are debtssubservient that were to justlyluxury. due. Creditum Ingenium abjura- ejus haudMultae absurdum, facetiae, shemultusque had a fine lepos genius. inerat (scil.Molli, ei), full she of was blandishments. possessed of great12. wit,Neque and illiuncommon tamen ad delicacy cavendum of humour. dolus aut astutiae deerant, nor addresswas craft in or eludingguile wanting them. toIn him, campo, i. e. norin the was Campus he deficient Martius. in craft See or evenerant,Campus Martius. since all hisQuoniam plots had quae terminated occulte tentaveratin failure andaspera disgrace. foedaque a sword.13. Camertem, It was aagainst native theof Camerinum.law for any oneIpse tocum wear telo a esse,sword he in wore the city.of zeal. Intempesta nocte, at midnight. De ignavia eorum, of their want Novarum14. Plebem rerum sollicitare, cupidam, desirousincited theof acommon revolution. people to a rebellion. he 15.brings Rem the ad plotsenatum under refert, the considerationjam antea volgi of therumoribus senate, exagitatam,which had rentalready operam been consules,the subject ne of quid so many respublica rumours detrimenti among thecaperet, people. that Da- the jury.consuls Seeshould Consules. take measures, Imperium that atquethe state judicium should summum not sustain habere, any in-to exercise16. Erant the duties ad urbem, of a commanderwere waiting in without chief, and the city.of a supremeSee Triumphus. judge. Gladiatores.Gladiatoriae familiac, troops of gladiators, kept by individuals. See 17. lo/.acci*ncLege Plautia, fnrnt. by Ifthe he Plautian had lippn law. attacked See in Lex a ouarrel: Plautia. calumni- Sicuti jurgioated. lacessitusAd dissimulanda foret, as ifomnia, he had for been every attacked species in aof quarrel; hypocrisy. calumni- Ne licaaestumarent, sibi patricio &c,—Ordo homini cujusest; Neipsius aestumarent atque majorum opus esse plurima perdita beneficia repub- inpatrician plebem by Romanam birth, desired essent, the thatdestruction they should of the not state, imagine whose that ancestors he, a quilinusand himself civis, had properly, conferred a manyperson favours who inhabited on the Roman a hired plebeians. house ; a lowIn- citizen;18. Antecapere, an alien. to be beforehand with his enemies. .in providing. aere19. solutum Liberum est, corpus silver habere,was paid to withenjoy brass, personal i. e. liberty.an As (a brassArgentum coin) debtwas givenwas paid—five for a Sestertius shillings (a insilver the coin),pound. or only the fourth part of the SALLUST. Literas50. I’alsisrecitavit, criminibus he read circumventuin, a letter. being overpowered by calumny. buit,21. hasGratam inspired in magnisme with periculis a pleasing fiduciam confidence commendationi of recommending meae tri-my affairsbus ex topossessionibus you in great sOlveredangers. possem, Non cumquin alienisaes alienum nominibus meis liberali-nomini- debtstas Orestillae, contracted suis in filiaeque my own copiis name persolveret, from my notown but possessions, I could pay when the tune,Orestilla and generously that of her discharged daughter. theHonore debts ofhonestatos, others from raised her to ownhonours. for- Flamma.22. Apud Apud,C. Flaminium applied toFlammam, the name inof thean houseauthor, of means,C. Flaminius in his works;private individual,as, apud Virgilium, it means, inin thehis house,poems or,of Virgil;in his presence;when applied as, apud to a me,vis morbi,in my utihouse. tabes, Obstinatis such a violent animis, disease, with unrelenting i. e. such purpose.a frenzy, Tantalike a pestilence.23. Id adeo more suo (sell, plebs) videbatur facere, in that indeed orthe consistently people seemed with to their act ownaccording character. to their Q,uis custom opes ; nullaein their sunt, own bonisway, invident,Boni is often those used who to have denote no thewealth, rich, i. the e. therespectable. poor envy Veterathe wealthy. odere, change.nova exoptant, Odio theysuarum hate rerum, old establishments, by discontent. and Turba long for,atque or seditioni- desire a bus,no, foramid the riots poor.man and tumults. has nothing Quoniam to lose. egestas Praeceps facile habetur ierat, had sine rushed dam- monheadlong sewer. into Ex licentious gregariis practices. militibus, Sicutiof the in common sentinam, soldiers. as into aRegio com- cedevictu inopiamatque cultu, toleraverat, in princely had pomp earned and a magnificence.scanty subsistence Manuum by manual mer- 24. Quibus aetas animusque ferox, whose minds were impetuous in consequenceple. Largiundo, of their by youth.bribery. PlebemLargiri exagitare, (from largus), to exasperate to give inthe great peo- quantities,25. Magistratus, often for thebad officespurposes of ;the to state.bribe. Provincias, the command offlorentes, provinces. exempt Aliaque from omnia,dangers, and and all inother splendour; places of living profit. in Innoxii,security placidmsand splendour. tractarent, Ceteros they judiciisterrified terrere,others (i.quo e. theplebem tribunes) in magistratu by im- peachments,peaceably, i. thate. might while not in exciteoffice themthey mightto sedition. manage Dubiisthe people rebus more no- natorisvandis spes,filius thequem hope parens of bettering necari jussit, their thefortunes son of by a asenator revolution. whom Se-his moribusfather ordered aut fortuna to be put oovis to death.rebus idoneosSee Patria credebat, Potestas. solicitabat, Quoscumque solicited theto be support agents of in all a revolution,those, whom by their character, or fortune, he judged ing26. the Negotiatus, circumstances haying of the been state. a trader.Aliena Deconsilii, statu unconnectedcivitatis, concern- with the27. conspiracy. Haec illis volventibus, while they were balancing these motives. 6 EXPLANATORY NOTES. Uti eos quam maxume manifestos habeant, to obtain as clear proof of their28. guiltFestinando, as possible. by precipitation. Agitando omnia, by an over- acted29. exertion.De actionibus Ciceronis, concerning the measures of Cicero. hesitationDubitando and et delaysdies prolatando that they magnaslost the opportunitatesmost favourable corrumpere, opportunities. by In 30.celeritate, Ceteros in conveniunt,dispatch. meet, or have an interview with the rest of the conspirators.dative, to agree Convenire, with. Postulant with the jusjurandum,accusative means, they to demand meet; withcre- hedentials gives confirmedto Volturcius by aoath. letter Ipseto carryVolturcio to Catiline. litteras adIn Catilinam this form dat, of phrase,whom it the is bearersent, inof thethe letteraccusative, is put governedin the dative, by ad. and Quarum the person exem- to plum,verbis, averbal copy instructions.of which. Tuae rationes, your circumstances. Mandata credebat,32. Poenam he believed illorum, that sibi theironeri, punishment impunitatem would perdundae be the reipublicae source of odiumejus ordinis, to himself, amid theira throng pardon of thatruinous order, to the i. e.state. senators; Magna in afrequentia crowded house.33. FingereScrinium, alia, the framed casket. other things, i. e. things foreign from the oftruth; the falsehoods.conspiracy. DissimulateEx libris Sibyllinis, de conjuratione, from the deniedbooks allof knowledgethe Sibyls. dicatusSee Sibylla. magistratu, Haruspices, being divestedSee Haruspex. of his office. Aedilis, See Aedilis. Ab- erant,34. asQuippe all their cui wealthomnes consistedcopiae in inusu articles quotidiano of daily et cultuuse (i.corporis e. in householdconcerning furniture,the massacre and of food)the respectable and clothing. part of Dethe citizens.caede bonorum, Crasso turesex negotiis of Crassus, privatis in obnoxii, consequence under of the private influence obligations. of Crassus, Uti or thereferatur crea- the(sc. senatead senatum), should bethat taken. the question Eum shouldin vinculis be put; retinendum, that the opinionneque am- of pliusnot be potestatem allowed to faciundam, proceed in thathis evidence. he should be committed to goal, and See35. Pontifex Gratia, Maximus.by their influence.Maxumis muneribus,Pontificatus, by of magnificent the Pontificate. exhi- bitionsunderstood of gladiators. in phrases Circumof this kind),concordiae around (sc. theaedem, temple which of Concord^ is often Aedes,36. Familiamin the singular, atque libertosa temple; suos, in histhe slavesplural, and a dwelling-house. freedmen. See f a- Pedibusmilia and in Libertus. sententiam Consul Tib. Neronis designatus, iturum consul se dixerat, elect. hadSee said Consules. that he would37. accedeUbiillaobficiunt, to the motion when of tfioseTiberius obscure Nero. its perceptions.See Senatus. Multa ne- fariaposite facinora, atque magnifice, many flagrant in elegant violations and splendidof the laws language. of nations. An utiCom- vos theinfestos conspiracy conjurationi ? Multi faceret eas ?gravius was it aequoto rouse habuere, your indignation many have against over- ratedgencies, them. i. e. weAliis judge alia of licentia,the conduct different of men men of have different different ranks mdul- by a SALLUST. 7 differenthighest rank standard. there is Itathe inleast maxuma indulgence. fortuna Studiominuraa reipublicae, Hcentia est, from in the a tutions.love of hisTanta country. praesidia Aliena sint a inrepublica armis, sonostra, many unsuitable men are armed to our in insti- our defence.first be punished Uti prius with verberibus stripes. inLex eos Portia,an imadverteretur, the Portian thatlaw. theySee should under gerousLex, Lex precedents Portia. areOmnia taken mala from exempla fair beginnings. ex bonis ortaSed sunt,ubi imperium all dan- adet idoneosignaros adaut indignos minus bonos et non pervenit, idoneos novumtransfertur, illud but exemplum when the ab govern- dignis precedentment has comeis transferred to the ignorant from the anddeserving less good, and thei. e.fit, the to bad,the undeserv- the new ingtained and the the government, unfit; or, but the when new thelaw ignorantis transferred and thefrom profligate men whose have vices ob- whoserender theminnocence fit objects should of exemptits punishment, them from to theits operations.good and virtuous,Juxta, cution.without distinction.Ubi consul gladiumIpsi trahebantur, eduxerit, werequis finemthemselves statuet, dragged aut quis to exe-mo- itsderabitur progress, ? when or fix the limits consul to theshall slaughter? have drawn Adolevit, the sword, became who powerful.shall stop Inmus, primis who magnam,can scarcely of sufficientretain what weight. they gallantlyQui ea benewon. partaNeve vix cum retine- po- senatumpulo agat, existumare, nor bring eumtheir contra case beforerempublicam the people et salutem Qui aliteromnium fecerit, fac- provisions,turum, that is the an senateenemy judges to the thatstate, the and man, endangers who infringes the general any safety.of these Qui38. patriae, Longe parentibus,mihi alia mens aris est,atque I amfocis of suis,a widely bellum different paravere, opinion. who liberties.have levied Arae,war on altars, their country,religion. theirFoci, parents, hearths, their and religion, by synecdoche, and their joined,put for ashouses, in the or sentence all our above,possessions to denote and religiouscivil rights. and civilThey privileges. are often etSi voluptatibuscapessite rempublicam, vestris otium if praebereyou desire voltis the ; undisturbedexpergiscimini enjoyment aliquando, of mihiyour atquepleasures, animo rouse meo yourselves nullius umquam at last and (i. defende. numquam your country ullius) delictiQui whogratiam never fecissem, indulged baud myself facile in alteriusthe omission lubidini of malefactaany duty, condonabam,did not readily I pardonmen respublica the vices firma arising opulentia from the negligentiam ill regulated tolerabat, passions yetof others.the state Ta-did itsnot institutions. suffer any injury Quia from bona your aliena neglect, largiri in consequence liberalitas, ofmalarum the vigour rerum of dignifiedaudacia fortitude with the vocatur,name of sincegenerosity, prodigality and effrontery of the property in base pursuitsof others de- is frontery,nominated a courage.desperate daringAudacia in ais badopposed cause; to whilefortitudo, fortitude as it means means true ef» respublicacourage, valour in extremo regulated sita, bysuch principle. is the public Largiri, degeneracy See Cap.; so desperate24. Eo ofare existence. the circumstauces Quanto of vos the attentius state. De ea inferis,agetis, concerningtanto illis animusa future infir-state mioraderunt, erit; the si paullulutnmore energy modo you vos shall langucre now display, viderint, the jam more omnes will feroces their couragewill instantly sink; advanceif they see to thatthe attack you are full in ofthe confidence. least degree Animus dispirited, in con-they EXPLANATORY NOTES. entsulendo in its liber, deliberations, ueque delicto, neither neque shackled lubidini by obnoxius,the consciousness a mind ofindepend- vice nor nativedissipation. country. Patriam Dux hostiumincendere, supra to lightcaput the est, torch the general of civil ofwar the in enemy their isDeliquere, above our have head, erred. i. e. Nae,is ready truly. to launchVigilando, destruction agendo, on beneour consu-heads. lendotion, and prospera by wisdom omnia in cedunt, counsels. all thingsImmoderatae succeed fortitudinisby vigilance, morte by exer- poe- nasyidelicet dedit, vitasuflered cetera the eorum punishment huic sceleri of death obstat, for youhis ungovernable will perhaps alledgevalour, thatQuibus their si formerquidquam lives unquam may be pensi brought fuisset, in extenuationif they had ofever this regarded crime. any39. thing, Sed or,mihi, if theymulta had legenti, not been &c. menOrdo of desperate est; Sed character.forte lubuit mihi, quaelegenti populus multa Romanuspraeclara fecit,facinora, domi audienti militiaeque, multa mari (praeclara atque terra, facinora), atten- cy,dere, while quae I reswas maxime reading sustinuisset the history, tanta and negotia, hearing butthe itnarrative struck my of fan- the abroad,many noble by sea exertions and land, which to considerthe Roman what people it was had chiefly made that at homeproduced and bearing.so mi ny greatNaturam actions. et mores, Effoeta the naturalparentum, disposition like a andwoman acquired past habits.child- rigid40. virtue.Integritate Severitas vitae, (ofby thesecus spotless and verus), purity properly, of his life. an adherenceSeveritas, toa lievingtruth. theDando, unfortunate, sublevando, and ignoscendo,by extending by mercy bestowing to the favours, guilty. byNihil re- tas,largiundo, the good by nature. an honesty Constantia, that raised firmness, him above or, givingunshaken a bribe. resolution. Facili- lam41. fregere, Antecapere strangled noctem, him. to take advantage of the night. Laqueo gu- gions42. withLegiones the full numero compliment hominum of expleverat,men. See heLegio. had filledHostibus up the occa- le- sionem43. Dilabuntur, pugnandi non desert. dare, didCastra not propererisk a battle. movet, hastily decamps. ing.44. SiTimor maxume animi animus auribus ferat, obficit, if wefear were closes ever the so ears much of the inclined. understand- Non lieeadem on themnobis and et illison us,necessitudo or, they have impendet, not the the same same imperious necessity motives does notfor yourexertion body that is defended.we have. ArmaSee Arma.quis corpus Audacia tegitur, pro that muro armour habetur, by whichcour- age45. is aIpse wall pedes, of defence. himself onAngustiae, foot. Pedes, the defiles. itis, adj. Reliqua signa in assubsidio a body arctius of reserve. collocat, Evocatos, he stations the theveterans. rest of theSee army Evocati. in close In order pri- eagle.mam aciem,See Aquila.to the firstTumulti line. causa,See Acies. on account Propter of the aquilam, civil war. near Seethe Tumultus.46. A ferentariis, by the light armed troops. See Acies. Pila omit- swordtunt, they in hand. make no use of their javelins. Gladiis resgeritur, they fight before,47. Animior, honourable vis, resolution wounds. of mind. Civis Adversis ingenuus, vulnenbus, a free bornwith woundscitizen. fieldSee Libertus.of battle, orVisundi pillaging aut the spoliandi slain. gratia, for the sake of visiting the LIVY. LIVY. tra.Cap. Comissationibus, 1. In iis stativis in (scil. revels. castris), Invisimusque in this standing praesentes camp. nostrarumSee Cas- tenebris,ingenia, andwith obtain twilight. ocular Deditam proof of lanae the character inter lucubrantes of our wives. ancillas, Primis de- votedcubrantes, to the properly, labour of labouring the loom amongby lamp-light. her industrious Muliebris maidens. certaminis Lu- cellence.laus penes SpectataLucretiam castitas, fuit, Lucretiaher spotless bore purity. away the prize of female ex- See2. Coena.Exceptus Cubiculum benigne, kindly hospitale, entertained. the bed-chamber Post coenam, allotted after to supper. stran- malegers. honour.Ferox expugnatoItem atrocem decore incidisse, muliebri, that proud a terrible of his calamity victory had over hap- fe- pened.cape unpunished. Haud impune Hostis adultero pro hospite, fore, that an enemythe adulterer for a guest, should or, not under es- the3. mask Per ofhunc friendship. castissimum Aegram ante animi,regiam amid injuriam the anguish sanguinem of her juro, mind. I tibusswear miraculoby this blood, rei, undeso pure novum before in theBruti violence pectore of ingenium, the prince. astonished Stupen- pearedat the unexpected to them like display a miracle. of talent Adversus in the hostiliamind of ausos, Brutus, against which their ap- jectoppressors. was, they Quidquid believe that sit, they haud had temere good esse reasons rentur, for theirwhatever conduct. their Ne-ob- expectedquaquam fromejus pectoristhe moral ingeniique, and intellectual by no meansqualities such of hisas might mind. have In been fos- sascleanse cloacasque drains exhauriendasand common demersae,sewers. buriedUt imperium under ground, regi abrogaret, in order to divestluntarily the enlisted. king of the sovereignty. Q,ui ultro nomina dabant, who vo- ed 4.into Ad another comprimendos path. Ne motus, obvius to fieret,quell thethat tumult. he might Flexit not viam,meet turn-him. conciverat,Ab ultoribus by veterumtire avengers simultatum, of ancient quas feuds sibi which ipse hecaedibus had excited rapinisque by his murders5. Quorum and his in rapacity.regno libido solutior fuerat, whose licentious practices ofwere the lesssame subject age and to sontroulassociates. under Sodalis a monarchy. properly Aequalesmeans a sodalesque,companion disaffected.of one’s pleasure Legati and alii amusements. alia moliri, theAegris ambassadors animis, theirwere mindsengaged being in otherto be carryingnegotiations. on, or,Ad their id, ostensiblequod agi object.videbatur, for that which seemed they6. wereQui crediturosnot amused eos, by nongroundless vana afferri hopes ? ?how Datae could literae, they believe ut pignus that pledgefidei essent, of their manifestum faith, made facinus their crimefecerunt, obvious, the lettersor, brought being giventhe conspi- as a racytion ofto thelight. plot. Rem This ad is consules a common detulit, use of he deferre gave the; hence consuls delator, informa- an ivasinformer. taken thatLiterarum the letter imprimis should nothabita be lost.cura, ne interciderent, great care 10 EXPLANATORY NOTES. beians.7. Diripienda Ut, contacta plebi suntregia data,praeda, they spera were in given perpetuum as booty cum to thehis pacisPle- amitteret,der of the kings,that being they stained, might loseor, theirall hopeshands ofbeing a future stained accommodation. with the plun- Maturabecause messi,it would ready have for been reaping. sacrilege Quia to teligiosumuse it, Firmaque erat consumere, templis evenquoque temples ac porticibus and porticoes. sustinendis, Porticus, and aof covered sufficient walk, strength a piazza. to supportSplen- capiendaedid porticoes ministerium were built patri around de liberis the Campusconsulatus Martius. imposuit, Quod because poenSe the hisconsulship children. imposed Qui spectator on the fathererat amovendus, the duty of who inflicting ought not punishment to have been on minds,present or,as ahad spectator. been capable Induxisse of. Securique in animum, feriunt, had broughtand behead it into them. their nona,8. Caritas(from annus), annonae, properly the high the pricecrop orof provisions,produce of or,one scarcity. year. FamesAn- qualisVentumque clausis ad solet, interitum such servitiorumfamine as uses utique to prevail et plebis in besiegedesset, and cities. they wouldPlebeians. have proceededIn tarn arctis the lengthcommeatibus, of devouring during the so greatslaves, a anddearth. even Ubithe greatea remisisset, quantity whenof corn. its violenceAn usual had meaning abated. ofMagna vis. Quanti,vis frumenti, at what a 9. Nisi de tergo plebis Romanac satisfiat, unless he were avenged bytioner. stripes Ni applied tribuni to diem the dixissent,backs of Romans.had not theCarnificem, tribunes (of an the execu- peo- ple)Ut unius apointed poena a day defungendum for trial, or, esset impeached Patribus, him. that See the Tribunus Senators Plebis.would body.have been Quidquid glad to escapeerat I’atrum, from the reos danger diceres, by the you sacrifice would ofhave one said of theirthat shouldall the doSenators them the were favour impeached. of granting Pro him nocente a pardon, donarent, even if that he werethey guilty- . . . cautum10. Non ne admittant,tamen admissum I do not quidquam however comeab iis to criminatum accuse them vemo, of having sed bedone guilty any ofthing some amiss, violence. but to Festisput you diebus, on your on holyguard, days. lest Seethey Festi. should umphatum11. Caput de Ferentinum,vobis esse, that the a triumphsource ofhas the been stream gained Ferentum. over you. Tri-Qui huicPiaculumquc ignominioso merituri, agmini that fuere we obvii,should who merit met some the signaldegraded punishment multitude. to atone12. forAd our fossas impiety. Cluilias, beside the Cluilian canal. Discordia, jea- ment.lousies. AtroxId modo responsum, non conveniebat, a contemptuous that was answer. the only Possecause agiof disagree-de pace, that13. they Magno might natu treat mulier, of peace. a woman of great age. Ut qui nec publica religionemajestate motusin legatis, esset, nec multo in sacerdotibus obstinatior tantaadversus offusa lacrymas oculis muliebresanimoque erat,and thehaving venerable been unmovedappearance by of the the public priests, majesty calculated of theequally ambassadors, to affect thewomen. eye andCoriolanus the mind, heprope was ut even amens more constematus, inaccessible abto sedethe prayers sua cutn of Livy. 11 ferretroxysm matri of a obviaefrenzy, coinplexum, rose from his when seat Coriolanus,to embrace hislike mother. one in theMuiier pa- plication,in iram ex and precibus rising versa, into the the tonewoman of indignation.laying aside theInvidia language rei ofoppres- sup- sumto the periisse odium tradunt,of this action. they say that he perished, having fallen a sacrifice or,14. totally Actum cut deoff exercitu-. Res proximeforet, the formam army wouldlatrocinii have venerat, been destroyed, hostilities fare.were conductedBellum quiete, rather quietem like the ravageshello, invicem of freebooters eludentes, than escaping regular fromwar- vis,the consequencesformidable. of war by peace, and interrupting peace by war. Gra- bulo,15. inPaludatus, the area. clothedVestibulum in the wasgeneral’s properly cloak. an empty See spaceToga. before In vesti- the tiumdoor. animo,Nihil medium,in whose necminds spem, was nec nothing curam, of sedmediocrity, immensa but omnia their volven- hopes Aliaand cares,publica, and solicitudine all their thoughts,excitata, favorehad a etcharacter admiratione of magnificence.stupens, an- wereother exaltedpart, consisting into enthusiasm of the public by favour roused and by admiration.anxieties, whosePost spiritssigns ordines,See Acies. the rearCujus division. impetratae, Romana ante equitum deductum ala, Cremerathe Roman Romanum cavalry. praesidium,obtained, before poenituit, the Roman and they garrison repented was ofwithdrawn the treaty from which Cremera. they had the16. fields Collatis were signis,deserted. in a Vastusregular means engagement. not only vast,Vasti but relicti desolate agri, ; vastare,in straggling to lay parties. waste. TurnEffuso continent cursu, inagmine a disorderly armatorum march. septi, Falati,being insurrounded omnes partes by a parem solid body intenderant, of armed in men. unum Turnlocum omissa se omnes pugna, inclinant: quam modeeo nisi of corporibus attack, which armisque they hadrupere hitherto cuneo directed viam, thenequally changing all around, their theyexertion bend of their every whole limb, force and theto oneuse ofpoint, their and arms, advancing they forced to this their by way the inauxilio the form loci paucitas,of a wedge. and thisEditum handful leniter, of men rising would gently. have conqueredVincebatque by the17. advantage Foedati ofagri, the situation.the lands were laid waste. Tantam vastitatem red- thedidit, expedition. had committed Ubi nuncsuch navaliaravages. sunt, In wheregerendo the negotio, docks are in conductingnow. Im- itperii a dangerous nimium, etpower, virum and in thatipso heimperio was a vehementioremman severe in therata, exercise thinking of authority.18. Magistrum equitum dicit L. Tarquitium, names L. Tarquitius hisbus masterpropter of paupertatem the horse. fecisset,See Magister having equitum. served onCum foot stipendia on account pedi- of tatehis poverty. militari, ofJustitium the military edicit, age, orders (from a vacation.seventeen toSee forty-six.) Justitium. Vallum Ae- peteret,fuit, they went took in the search readiest. of stakes.Praesto Sumsere, fuere, were unde in cuiquereadiness. proximum Com- thatposite they agmine, should in goodquicken order their of march.pace. SeePuncto Acies. saepe Adderent temporis gradum, maxi- marumoften happened rerum momentain a very shortverti, period that eventsof time. of the greatest importance EXPLANATORY NOTES. 19. Superat (scil. clamor), (the shouts) pass. Alibi pavorem, alibi othergaudium extravagant ingens facit,joy. Theon thefirst one alibi side means they in produce the camp a ofpanic, the enemy,on the rem,the second, that they in thewere besieged the shouts camp of of their the Romans.countrymen. Givilem A munientibus esse clamo- theirad pugnantes attack inwards introrsum on theversi, combatants, vacuam noctemthey permitted operi dedere, those directingengaged inHie forming instabat thenova lines pugna to : labourilia nihil unmolested remiserat during prior, herethe wholea new night.battle commenced,occidione victoriam and the ponerent, first had not notin to consider the least the abated total destruction its fury. ofNein the Jugum.army necessary to their victory'. Sub jugum, under the yoke. See imperio20. Se meliori abdicat animus consulntu, mansuete abdicates obediens the consulship.erat, but theirSed minds adeo (i.turn e. command.of the army ofLibram Minucius) pondo, displayed of a pound such weight. prompt Theobedience word tosignifying a better declinableweight is often word put signifying in the accusative, weight. Inas phraseslibram here.like this,Pondo, it seems is anto in-be puthundred in the pounds. ablative—it Comissantium is often used modo, in the like plural, revellers. as centum pondo, a Italy.21. DulcedineIra corruptae frugum uxoris, captum, through tempted resentment by the for delicious the seduction fruits of linguaehis wife. nec Quos eum loca incorruptum, ipsa efferarunt, retinerent, ne quid whom ex antique, the country praeter rendered sonum soof barbarous,their language, that theyand evenretained that notnothing pure. of their origin but the accent ing22. his Exonerarecountry from praegravante an excess ofturba population. regnum cupiens,Quod quidem desirous continens of free- memoria23. Eodem sit, as saltu, far as by the the report same of pass. tradition Formas goes, invisitatas, the strange appearance.24. Nec id clam esse potuit, nor could that be concealed. Receptui whocanunt, gave they it assound their a retreat.opinion thatQui theyextemplo should Romam march eundum immediately censeant, to bitioRome. obstabat, Ne id but quod corrupt pjacebat, influence decerneret prevented in'tantae them nobilitatis from voting viris, accord- am- neing penes to their ipsos conscience culpa esset against cladis such forte distinguished Gallicn bello individuals. acceptae, cognitio-Itaque, blamenem de of postulatis any disaster Gallorum that might ad popuhim be sustained rejiciunt, in the wherefore, Gallic war lestshould the fallto the on them,people. they Tribuni refer the militum consideration consular! of thepotestate, demands tribunes of the ofGauls the soldiers25. Ubi with vijn consular suam ingruentemauthority. Seerefringi Tribuni non militum.vult, when she does not bellumwish the contractum fury of her erat,attack summafe to be checked. rerum praeerant,Tribuni, quorumthe tribunes, temeritate in Delectumwhose rashness nihilo the accuratiorem, war had originated, quam ad were media now bella the haberi chief magistrates.solitus crat, leviesextenuantes than if etiam it had famam been an belli, ordinary habebant, war, wereeven notunderrating more vigorous the danger. in the regarded.Elusamque legationem suam esse, and that their embassy had been dis- LIVY. 13 ing26. sacrifice Nec auspicate, to obtain neethe litato,favour without of the gods.taking Litarethe auspices, means properlyor offer- theyto appease form theirthe gods line by with sacrifice. their wingsInstruunt greatly aciem extended. diductam Cum in extenu-cornua, andothe length infirmam of their et vix line, cohaerentem their centre mediam was weak aciem and scarcelyhaberent, continuous. when, by shouldSubsidia make in aversos an attack transversosque upon them inimpetum fiankand darent, rear. theHaud body dubiusof reserve fa- doubtingcilem in aequo that incampi the plaintantum the superanti victory wouldmultitudini be easy victoriam for such fore, a supe- not barisriority stabat, of numbers. thus, not Adeo only nonfortune, fortune but modo, even sedconduct ratio etiam,was on cum the bar-side of the27. barbarians.Complorati, Loricis,given up See for Anna.lost. Privates luctus stupefecit publi- fromcus pavor, their theprivate sense sorrows,of the public Timori danger perpetuo deadened ipsum the malum anguish continens arising thefuit, Vestal their fearsvirgins. were uninterruptedSee under Vesta, till theVestales. calamity Senescame. triumphales Yestales, consulships.consularesque, old men who had enjoyed triumphs, and who had held consummation28. Nihil quod of human humanis calamities. superesset Quia, mails quot relinquebant, utile obsessis produced ad minu- a thoughendam itimbellem was profitable multitudinem, to the besieged id parum to diminishhumanum the mat, numbers because of them.those whoFlamen were unfitQuirinalis, for war, the it priest would of have Romulus. been inhuman to exclude were29. drawn Tensas, in triumphalchariots, in procession. which the imagesM. Fabio of thepontifice gods andmaximo the spoilsprae- fanteof words. carmen, See M. Carmen. Fabius theArcemque high priest solam reciting belli before speciem them tenentem, the form secusand the quam citadel venerabundi alone presenting intuebantur the inappearance aedium vestibulis of war. sedentesAdeo viros,haud quampraeter vultus ornatum gravitasque habitumque oris praehumano se ferebat, augustiorem, similfimos majestate Diis, thus etiam with feelingsarea before little their short houses, of veneration, like Gods, theynot onlybeheld by apompandthe heroes magnificencesitting in the inmore their than countenance. mortal, but byDicitur the majesty Gallo and &c. unshaken Ordo est: dignity Dicitur conspicuous movisse iramincusso Gallo in caput permulcenti eburneo barbam scipione, suam is said (ut toturn have omnibus excited erat the promissa)rage of a onGaul, the strokinghead with his an beard ivory (for sceptre. all then Nulli wore deinde long beards) mortalium by striking parci, none him werehere athen dative, spared, and governedor, there bywas parci, then anan impersonal universal verb.carnage. Nulli is through30. Vagos all the per streets. vias omnesNon mentibuscursus, wanderingsolum consipere, in scattered sed ne auribusbodies quidemcommand atque their oculisthoughts, satis but constare could poterant,not even werebelieve not the only testimony unable ofto their31. earsTestudine and eyes. facta, having formed a testudo. See Testudo. Ex locoavmg superiore, made an qui attack prope from sua the sponte higher in hostemgrounds, inferebat, which naturallyimpetu facto, bore 14 EXPLANATORY NOTES. spirituthem with tactus, irresistible as if he weighthad been upon moved the enemy.by a divine Nec impulse. secus quam divino trepida32. Sedpraasidii, res ac inpericulum medium communeconferre, cogit,but common quod quisqueinterests possetand danger in re compelthat occurs every to onehim into proposea period forof alarm. the common In medium good theconferre, plan ofto defence contri- petit,bute to night the public approaches. interest. PrimaHis vigilia,resistitur, at theythe arefirst resisted. watch. NoxSee Vi-ap- 33. Aequis iniquisque persuasum erat, friends and fofis were equally convinced.34. Seu attonitis Gallis miraculo audaciae, seu religione etiam motis theby feelingsGauls being of piety. either Incubansawed by hiscoitici, extraordinary secundo Tiberivalour, defertur,or influenced sup- putported for cork.by cork Secundus, he swims applied down theto aTiber. river, meansCortex, down bark; it. sometimesA uspicia habere,Curiata. to Seetake Comitia.the omens. Lex curiata, a law passed in the Comitia ad 3.5.nocturnes Nocte strepitus,sublustri, anby animalthe faint that light starts of fromevening. sleep atSollicitum every sound animal by bynight, the or,sound watchful. of the trumpet.Quibus abstinebatur,See Tuba. whichSelibras they farris, spared. et quartariosClassico, vini,36. a Vulgatishalf pound velut of cornin pecua and a morbis, quart of moreretur, wine. died like cattle of an infectious37. Negat distemper. earn pactionem ratam esse, denies that the obligation was jokesbinding. of theInter soldiers. jocos militares,Conditor alter,quos inconditosthe second jaciunt, founder. amid Alter, the rudeone ofVeios, two, he the prevented second; the Alius, citizens one from of anyemigrating number. to Veii.Prohibuit migrari tum38. a principioEum—Papirius hujus operis Cursor, videri is here potest, spoken quam of. ut plusNihil justo minus ab quaesi- rerum ordinevelut diverticula declinarem; amoena, varietatibusque et requiem animodistinguendo meo quaererem, opere etfrom legentibus the be- thanginning to turn of this aside work, too frequentlyit is obvious, from that the nothing narrative could of events, be less and my byobject di- versifyingirs, and obtaining my work, for to aimmyself at givinga respite a delightfulfrom the severityrecreation of tomy my investi- read- —gations. — .—ti regis,Diverticulum, &c. Ordo a bye-path est; Tamen ; a resting mentio place; tanti regisa digression. ac duels cat in medium eas (scil. cogitationes) quibus cogitationibus tacitis saepe neral,volutavit induces animum, me toyet lay the before name theof so public powerful those a kingthoughts and withso great which a ge- he ■hasniversa, so often* sicut occupied ab aliis my regibus mind gentibusque,in private. Eaita abet singulahoc quoque, intuenti facile et praestant1 aestam ? jmvicumiinvictum xy w awummamm*Romanum imperium, those—-— circumstances,ould,7, have rendered i whetherj the^ vouRoman consider people them decidedly individually superior, or collectively, as well to would him, ashave they rendered had shewn the themselvescircumstances to allindividually other kings or andcoUectively, nations, weor, mustwhether pronounce we consider the Roman those tions,people but superior also to in him. invincible In incremento courage not rerum, only nondumto all other alteram kings fortunam and na- LIVY. 15 encedexpertus, a reverse while ofhis fortune, success or, was amid on the increase,acquisition before of empire, he had withoutexperi- havingstriking experienced examples of a thesingle instability check. ofMagna glory. exempla Vertenti casuum fortunae. humanorum, to a re- madeverse ofa war fortune. upon CarthageSi Punicum before Romano he attacked praevertisset the Romans. bellum, Devotis if he cor-had emporibus, Romani who senatus devoted cepit, themselves alone forformed their a country.true idea Unusof the veram Roman speci- se- nate.sariat. CommeatusOneratum fortunaeexpediret, apparatibus provide supplies, suae, bending or, establish under thea commis- magni- ficence39. Mersoof his fortune.secundis rebus, quorum nemo intolerantior fuit, corrupted, byratas prosperity, humi jacentium which adulationes,no one could his bear love with of lessservile moderation. prostrations. Deside- Pa- dictatorumque,ginas in annalibus in the magistratuum annals of the fastisque magistrates percurrere and the licet, public consulum, records, weSee mayFasti. run overAb tribunispages filled plebis with delectus the names impediti of consulssunt: postand tempusdictators. ad werebella lateierunt, of goingthe levies to the were war, interrupted or, they lost by the tribunes;most favourable the generals season theirfor carrying year came on tothe a war.conclusion I n ipso in the conatu very heatrerum, of thecircumegit campaign. se annus,Male mand,gestis rebusthey hadalterius to repair successum the errors est, ofwhen their they predecessors. succeeded toTironem the com- aut malaplined discipline army. institutura acceperunt, they revived a raw or undisci- tum,40. thereCensebantur were entered ejus aetatisin the bookslustris ofducena the Censors, quinquagena (in the millia census) capi- of longthat age,spears. &c. StatariusSee Censores. uterque miles,Scribebantur, ordines servans: were levied. sed ilia Sarissae,phalanx immobilis,tibus constans, et unius facilis generis partienti, : Romana quacumque acies distinctior,opus esset, exfacilis pluribus jungenti, par- thecombat, soldiers and ofto keepboth theircountries ranks; were but trained the Macedonian to stand fast, phalanx or, to was steady un- weildygreater andnumber uniform; of parts, the easyRoman to be line divided, was more and varied,united whenconsisting necessary. of a lumPersas fuisse et Indosdixisset, et imbellemwould have Asiam found quaesisset, that he was et cumnot carryingfeminis sibi on bel-war withsaid thatthe Persianshis former and wars Indians, had been and waged effeminate with Asiatics,women. and would have mentaque41. Eundem intueri, vigorem they remarked in vultu, thevimque same in energy oculis, of habitum countenance, oris, linea- the sameUt pater fire ofin eye,se minimum the same momentumexpression, andad favoremthe same concrliandum form of features. esset, morythat in of gaining his father, the or,good he will owed of morethe soldiers to his ownhe owed talents little than to theeven me- to themodus memory, finitus, &c, he eatCibi and potiouisque drank just desiderioenough to naturali, satisfy the non wants voluptate, of na- brre,die nec not nocte for thediscriminata indulgence tempora, of his appetite. his hours Vigiliarum of waking somniqueand sleeping nec gsset,were quietinot regulated datum, bythe day time or which night. be Id,could quod spare gerendis front businessrebus super- was 16 EXPLANATORY NOTES. distinguishedallotted to repose. by dress Vestitus above thosenihil interof his aequales own age. excellens, Anna heatque was equi not horsesconspiciebantur, of the most his exquisite arms werebeauty of ; theliterally, finest his workmanship, arms and horses and were his conspicuous.42. Ex colluvione, of the dregs. A Vulturno vento, from the south- east43. wind; Bina thecastra, Sirocco. two camps.Pulvere Words effuso, thatby cloudswant the of dust.singular take the camps.distributive Inde number; rursus sollicitarias binae seditioneliterae, two militari letters; ac discordiaterna castra, consulum three tinyRomaua of the castra, soldiers, then and again the thedissentions Roman campof the was consuls. distracted Quod by theHanni- mu- scriptivebal jam velut right usucepissetto Italy. Usucapere,Italiam, that to obtainHannibal the hadright obtained of property a pre- by possession44. Altercationibus for a certain magistime. quam consiliis, in mutual reproaches ra- therflumen, than dirigerentque in counsels. aciem,Ut ea tenueritmodo una Romanos, causa, nequod extemplo summa transirent imperii manseo die from penes instantly Paulum crossing fuerit, sothe that river, that andcause forming alone prevented the line, thebecause Ro- consulson that withday anPaulus army, possessed they commanded the command. each a dayWhen in turn.there wereGemino two toServilio Geminus media Servilius. pugna tuenda data, the command of the centre was given which45. theyDispares are used.ac dissimiles, Punctim different magis inquam their caesim,shape, andstabbing the mode rather in bus,than withoutcutting. points. Super) Mucro,umbilicum, the pointabove ofthe a swordmiddle. j cuspis,Sine mucroni-the point of 46.a spear Procursum or missile ab weapon. auxiliis, et pugna levibus primum armis commis- thesa, theengagement. auxiliaries advanced,Frontibus andenim the adversis light armedconcurrendum soldiers commencederat, quia, claudebantnullo circa adin evagandumdirectum utrimquerelicto spatio, nitentes, hinc amnis,they werehinc peditnmcompelled acies. to or,charge for freefront evolutions, to front, onbecause, one side no the room river, being on the left other for ridingthe line around, of the plexusinfantry detrahebat confined equo,them everyadvancing man grapplingstraight forward. with his antagonist,Vir virum theyam- panisque,dragged one the another Gauls fromand thetheir Spaniards horses. Constabantkept their ordinesground. GallisRomani, His- diuneum ac saepenimis connisi,tenuem, aequa eoque fronte parum acieque validum, densa, a caeteraimpulere prominentem hostium cu- acie,with athe straight Romans, front afterand ina longclose struggleorder, broke and themany enemy repeated drawn efforts, up in thesing form sufficient of a wedge,strength, which projecting was too from slender, the rest and of therefore the line. notImpulsis posses- praecepsdeinde ac pavore trepide fugientium referentibus agmen, pedem in insistere:mediam primum ac tenore aciem uno, illati, per postremo,put them tonullo flight, resistente, they pursued ad subsidia them retreating Afrorum in pervenerunt, disorder, and having rush- ingprecipitation, straight forward they came through first tothe the division centre, thatand was at last, flying meeting in panic no andre- LIVY. 17 slstancecuneus utthere, pulsus to aequavitthe Africans frontem stationed primum, as adeinde body nitendoof reserve. etiam Qui si- incautenum in inmedio medium dedit, Romanis, Afri circa circumdedere jam cornua alas;fecerant; mox irruentibusquecornua exten- assumeddendo, clausere a straight et front,ab tergo and then,hostes, by when its struggles, the wedge even yielding, rendered firstthe centrewhile thehollow, Romans the wereAfricans rushing now heedlessly formed intowings the around centre, them, they sur-and roundedenclosed them in theflank, rear. and then by extending their own wings, they line47. in Aversamthe rear. adoriuntur Romanam aciem, they attack the Roman lent,48. whenOmissis the vanquishedequis, dismounting. chose rather Cum to victidie inmori their in stations. vestigio mal-Qui thoseeos magistratus offices that gessissent, entitled them unde to in be senatum chosen memberslegi deberent, of the who senate. had held their49. advantage. Quia ab hoste Aestimari cessatum capita est, becausevestra, thethat enemy a ransom did notshould follow be setup upongit gladium, your heads. he draws Laxum his sword. atque solutum, loose and disorderly. Strin- I have50. Utarrived prius before venisse they quam have venturum intelligence sciant, of that my they approach. may know Stricta that ing.matutino Interclusisse frigore vulnera, spiritum, their had wounds died of pained suffocation. by the cold of the morn- is applied51. Brachio to various objecto, things throwing from their up resemblancea rampart. toBrachium, it—to the thebranches arm, trecenisof trees—a nummis pier inquadrigatis, the sea—# fixing mound, as the &c. ransom Pacti of eachin capita Roman Romana three tohundred perexiguo, pieces utebantur, of silver. forSee they Quadrigati. used very littleNam ofad itvescendum wrought intofac- journey.plate for theViaticum purposes (a via),of the provisions table. Viatico,for a journey, with provisionsor money tofor defray their its 52.charges. Ad Publium Scipionem summa imperii delata est, the chief com- somand famous was conferredby the defeat on P.of Scipio.—ThatHannibal. Nequidquam Scipio who eosafterwards perditam became spem foyerevain that : desperatam they entertained comploratamque hopes for whichrem esse there publicam, was not that the itslightest was in praeterquamfoundation; thatatrox their super country tot clades, was irrecoverablyetiam novum, ruined. cum stupore Quod acmalum, mira- j0 t?rpl^os defixisset, when this new evil of a most disastrous nature, derand addedand astonishmet. to so many calamities,Fatalis dux, had fatedbenumbed to be theirtheir leader.minds withFatal won- is decreed53. Anna, by fate; quibus quod deerant,in fatis est.dederunt, gave arms to those who had none.Sardinia Occidione cessere, by occisos, which beingutterly reduced destroyed. they cededQua fracti,Sicily Siciliaand Sar- ac agreeu55. Cumto this in opinion. hanc sententiam See Senatus. pedibus Nundinantem, omnes issent, bargaining. when all hadSee “r*. V1 sacrum anniversarium Cereris intermissum sit, that the phefipneu fomttoret, he mmust haveWaS submitted,n0t ceiebrated to every- punishment.Cui nihil recusandum sup- 18 EXPLANATORY NOTES. 56. Sed arte quadam ab juventa in ostentationera earum compositus, but fromplay themhis youth (his virtues)upwards, to hethe studied best advantage. all those artsPleraque by which apud he mightmultitudi- dis- agensnem, ;aut sic perconstrue, nocturnas agens visa pleraque species, apud aut multitudinem,velut divinitus aut mente visa per,monita, &c. pretendingpeople, had thatbeen almostsuggested all tothe him measures in the visions which of he the recommended night, or by divineto the inspiration.rationis humanae Multa in aliaeo juveneejusdem excesserant generis, alia modum, vera, aliain thisassimilata, young admi-man, themany bounds other ofqualities human of glory. the same kind, some real, some affected, exceeded tis,57. percontantes Carthaginienses paventesque quoque, ad cumsingulos speculis nuntios per promontoriasollicitam hiemem. omnia egis-posi- sent,Syphacis baud Regis, parum cujus et ipsi maxime tuendae fiducia Africae trajecturum momentum in adjeceruntAfricam Romanumsocietatem crediderunt,all the promontories, the Carthaginians, making many likewise, inquiries, having and erected trembling watch-towers at every new on intelligence,portant auxiliary after forthey the had defence passed of a Africa winter inof the great alliance alarm, of obtained King Syphax, an im- inpass confidence into Africa. of whoseErat fidelity Hasdrubali chiefly Gisgonis they believed filio non that hospitium the Romans modo would cum piorege, atque de quo Hasdrubal ante dictum convenerunt; est, cum sed ex mentioHispania quoque forte inchoatain idem affinitatis,tempus Sci- ut betweenrex duceret Hasdrubal filiam Hasdrubalis, the son of Gisgo, there andnot theonly King subsisted (Syphax), a friendly when alliance Scipio toand his Hasdrubal court,- but happened mention towas come made at ofthe an same union time of from their Spain,families, on bya visit the liancemarriage by ofmarriage. the King Seewith Hospitium. the daughter Memorof Hasdrubal. et cum Scipione Affinitas, initae an regial- societatis,of the alliance et quam into vanawhich et themutabilia King had barbarorum entered withingenia Scipio, essent, and mindful (consi- barians.dering at the same time) how fickle and inconstant are the minds of bar- destitutus58. Magno erat, mementowas deprivedof rerum a powerfulin Africa ally gerendarum, in the African magnaque war, and spe of great esse inshope. circumstance; Momentum as properly we say, signifiesa thing quidquidof moment. movet, Legatis an impulse hteras ordat lead- ad regem,In phrases gives of tothis the kind, ambassadors the person letters who tocarries carry the to letterthe king, is infor the the dativeking. hospitiicase, and secum, he to whomneu cum it ispopulo addressed initae in societatis,the accusative neu fas,with fidem, ad. Nedextras, jura friendshipDecs testes which atque'arbitros subsisted conventorum,between them, Ifallal,or northe notthes to ct allianceviolatet dthe into laws which of th he t had entered with the Roman peopie, l u . f" ' y “ whoties confirmedwere witnesses by the andsolemn guardians pledge ofof conventions.his right hand, Q“ae nor pnmathe Gods, d viumquecursum navibusin Sicilia daret, erat, withall the the soldiers first fairand wind.ships in QuidquidSicily, rraccipue mihtum na-qm reipublicaesuperabantex opera, Cannensiexercitu finite se militiam milites, ignommioMm illo, non alio duce,posse crcdebant.nav above^aU the -ral,soldiers and who no other,survived by the a strenuousbattle of Cannse, discharge believed of those that dutiesun er whichthat genethey LIVY. 19 oweddefeat. to their country, they could wash away the stain of that disgraceful inter59. auctores Quantum discrepat. militum inAuthors Africam differ transportatum widely as to sit,the non number parvo ofnumero men whothe number, were carried literally, over toa numberAfrica. increasedParte plus by dimidia more than rem oneauctam, half. doubleIn the tioned,contradictory 17,600 statements and 35,000, of historians and when on thisLivy subject, says one two half, sums he aredoes men- not meanest was that one the half increase of the wasgreatest. the halfMilites of the utlowest in naves number, ordine but ac that sine the tumul- low- outtu conscenderent, confusion. Commeatusthat the soldiers imponendi should M. embark Pomponio in good praetori order, cura and datawith- : quinqueimposita, et Marcusquadraginta Pomponius dierum hadcibaria, the echarge quibus of quindecim putting thedierum stores cocta, on quantityboard the sufficient vessels : forprovisions fifteen dayswere was shipped cooked. for forty-fiveUt silentium days, quietiof which nautis a sinewithout certamine confusion, ad ministeriaquiet and exsequendasubmissive, benethey obedientesshould permit praestarent, the sailors that to abdischarge dextro their cornu, duty laevum, in silence. totidem Cum rostratas, viginti rostratiset C. Laeliumse ac L. praefectumScipionem praesidio,classis cum that M. hePorcio and LuciusCatone, Scipio, quaestor with istwenty turn shipserat, ofonerariis war on thefuturum right wing,the admiral on the of left, the fleet,that thewith same M. number Porcius of Cato,ships ofwho war, was and then C. Quaestor,Laclius, would60. protectUlla profectio the transports. tanti spectaculi fuit, did the sailing of any fleet ever exciteatrocius so Romanisstrong an videretur, interest ? cumSed quod et bellumin Italia bello, bellabatur, secundum turn priori, ingentes ut thestrages war tot was exercituum, carried on insimul Italy, caesis and ducibus,the fatal effeccrantoverthrow ;of but so manyboth becausearmies, withthe one the war fall moreof their terrible generals, than hadthe other,in the theopinion first thanof the the Romans second. rendered Scipio crementadux, partim gloriae factis celebratus, fortibus, partimconverserat suapte animos, fortuna Scipio quadam the ingentisgeneral, adpartly in- theby hisreputation gallant ofactions, being partlydestined by foran achievementsuninterrupted of success, a still having greater obtained glory, antehad attractedeo bello ducithe admiration tentata, quod, of men. ad HannibalemSimul et mens detrahendum ipsa trajiciendi, ex Italia, nulli transferendumquebesides, eyen the ideaet finiendum of passing in over Africa into bellum,the enemy’s se transire country, vulgaverat, not even becausebefore conceived he had propagated by any other an generalopinion, in that that hewar, undertook redounded the to expeditionhis fame, towith Africa the viewand finishingof forcing it Hannibal there. Ad to evacuateprosequendum Italy, ofScipionem transferring officii the causa, war to 61.wait Ubiupon illuxit, Scipio withas a theproof dawn of their of day. respect. E praetoria nave, from the go. neral’sEa bene ship. mihi Quiqueverruncent, meam maysectam these sequuntur, things prosper.who follow Bonis my fortunes.auctibus copiamauxitis, faxitis,grant uslet great me be success. revenged Inimicorumon my private hostiumque enemies, ulciscendorumand the ene- my.mies ofNations my country. are hostes, Inimicus, individuals a private inimici. enemy Secundum ; hostis, eas a precespublic crudaene- 20 EXPLANATORY NOTES. exta victimae, uti mos est, in mare porricit, after these prayers, he easts rivedthe raw from entrails secundus, of the second, victim intofrom the sequi, sea. whatThe prepositionfollows the secundum,first signifies de- consequence.after, immediately Vento after, secundo according vehementi to, i.satis e. following,profecti, sailing or following with a faira natural wind, concursusthat blew withnavium considerable inter se vitarent, strength. a littleA meridie after mid-daynebulo occepit, there came ita uton vixso thickNoctem a mist, insequentem that the vesselseadem couldcaligo scarcely obtinuit; avoid sole running orto est foul discussa, of one etanother. addita risevis venta, it was duringdispersed, the andfollowing a brisk night wind the sprung same up.darkness Coelius prevailed unus, : praeter-at sun- mosquequam quod terrores, non mersaspostrcmo fluctibus abreptam naves, tempestate caeteros ab omnesAfrica classemcoelestes ad mariti- insu- affirms,lam jEgimurum, that the fleet inde having aegre suffered correctum from cursum,winds hnd exponit, waves, Coeliusall kinds alone of fromdisasters Africa except to thewreck, island was iEgimurus, at last driven and fromby the thence violence was ofwith the difficultytempest able62. to Jamrecover non its in course. maritimos modo agros, conspectu primum classis, dein urbes,tumultu now egredientium the terror andin terrain, panic arising pavor terrorquefrom the pervenerat,sight of the sed fleet, in ipsasand upnthen thefrom sea-coast, the tumult but of even the thedisembarkation, cities. Urbibus had veroreached ipsis not majorem, only the quam fields alarmquern secummuch attulerunt,greater than terrorem their own. inferebant, Quibus this exscensiones struck the in cities agros with mari- an timosRaptisque, factae quae erant, obvia by fors which, fecerat, inroads having had carried been themade plunder on thewhich sea-coast. chance denthrew emergency in their way. to resist Tumultuarium an invasion, (asexercitum, here), or an to armyquell raisedan insurrection. for a sud- AdPostero, arma die est quingenti conclamatum, equites, the speculatum war-cry wasad raisedmare turbandosquein every direction. egre- fivedientes hundred ex navibus horsemen missi, having in statiouesbeen sent Romanorum to the sea on inciderunt,a party of next observa- day oftion, the andRomans. to attack them who were disembarking, fell in with the out-posts tle.63. Graves Magnam hostilibus vim hominum spoliis, ladenet pecoris, with thea great spoils number of the ofenemy. men andSimul cat- triset a exercitusclasse navales ab imminente socii, qua prope ex parte ipsis urbsmoenibus mari tumuloalluitur, estsimul admotus, et terres- the washedmarines byadvanced the sea, to and the the attack land from forces the from fleet, a onmound the side almost where overhanging the city is clusis,the walls. fiebant, Nova new inones armamentario, were made in multis the armory,talium operummany menartificibus skilled in-in theseauxilii works tardius being cuncta shut movebantur, up for the but purpose.all things seemedSed desiderio to move indigentium slowly, as tissimaviewed throughconquisitione the regrets cum ad of triginta those who millia required peditum, aid. tria Hasdrubal, equitum confecis- inten- aboutset, Hasdrubal, thirty thousand by a mostfoot soldiers, vigorous andconscription, three thousand having cavalry. raised anHoc army mo- of marismenti, spatium this effect. extenditur, Quod tenuiwhich jugo being continenti connected adhaerens with the mainlandin aliquantum by a iivy. 21 narrowvallem, ridge,a valley extends to the for south. a considerable space into the sea. Meridianam mam64. rerumOmnibus bellique tamen, verti velut cernebant, earn sortitis, seu utAfricae Scipioni cura seugratificarentur, quia ibi sum- in quernas if they turn had omnis themselves versa civitas obtained erat, theall werecommand as much of thatinterested province, in Africa, either becausethey might they gratify saw that Scipio, the fateon whomof the atwar that was time to bethe decidedwhole state there, fixed or theirthat eyes.pio relaxed Nec inScipio his militaryullo tempore operations hiemis during belli operathe wholeremiserat, winter. nor Carthagi-had Sci- causanienses probabilis deduxerant suis naves, commeandi the Carthaginians foret in castra had hostium, put to that sea. his menPostea, might ut citroquehave a plausible agitantibus pretext rem forconventuram, frequenting that the theenemy’s terms camp.might beSaepius adjusted ultra by maximafrequent tectis,negotiations. passim nulloNumidae ordine, praecipue quidam, arundine ut sine textis,imperio storeaque occupatis pars lo- ds,were extra quartered fossam in etiamtents vallumque,formed of reeds, habitabant, many ofthe them Numidians covered particularlywith mats, inwithout places order, on which some they of themhad fixed even withoutwithout orders. the trenches and the ramparts, opportuniores65. Primos insidiantiordines, centurionsessent, whether of the they first were rank. more Nocteexposed an to interdiu snares formed.by night orQuibusdam, day. Seu ipsiquia staret nimis jam cupere sententia, Romanus whether parem his videbatur, resolution wasini- quisthe articles per occasionem of treaty, adjectis,advantage some being unfavourable taken of the clauses Romans’ being seeming ‘brown ardour into praesidio,for peace. withLibera a slender fide, withoutgarrison. any violation of good faith. Cum levi nox66. providentiae Praetorio dimisso,adimat, asthe much counsel as nightof war was being incompatible dismissed. with Quantum regula- proximarity of arrangements. quaeque, et deincepsUt proximis continua casis amplexus, injectus totis ignis se hacsit,nassim dissipavitextemplo castris,being instantly as soon communicatedas the fire that towas those cast that upon were the contiguous,nearest tents andtook then effect, to camp.those thatMultos were morein ipsis remote, cubilibus one after semisomnos another, hausitit spread flamma: over themulti whole in thepraecipiti flames fuga, consumed ruentes many super half alios asleep alii, in in their angustiis couches portarum : many rushingobtriti sunt, one upon67. another Ab eodem in their errore rapid credere flight, et wereipsi trodsua sponteto death incendium in the narrow ortum gates. ; et confusus,clamor inter sensum caedem veri et adimebat,vulnera sublatus, by the samean ex mistaketrepidatione supposed nocturne that esset, the firewounds, was accidental,rendered itand uncertain the tumultuous whether they shouts proceeded raised only among from bloodthe mid-and nightdein per alarm. continua Effusa serpens, flamma uno primorepente veluti omnia sparsa incendio pluribus hausit, locis the .reluxit, flames partialspreading in theirtheir operations,ravages, blazed then inholding every direction,an uninterrupted at first having progress, been theyonly tra,suddenly two camps wrapt :every A plural thing termination in one universal expressive conflagration. of a singular Binaque idea, takescas- anAfflatiqne adjective incendio, of the scotcheddistributive by thenumber; flames, as, bina castra, binae literae, 22 EXPLANATORY NOTES. 68. Ne quid per metum ex recent! clade mollius consuleretur, lest through tribus,the terror suffetes. of the recentSee Index. disaster, E any tribus, weak scil. measure sententiis. should Teniabe adopted. Romanae E adversity.in adversis rebusPlena constantiae lacrymarum, erat, with the eyes third swimming displayed with a Roman tears. fortitudeAb con- in quisitoribushaudquaquam suis contemnenda, conducts, enlisted with a by considerable his recruiting force. parties. Cum manu as 69.if the Velut war werejam debellato,now finished, quod in ad as Syphacemfar as it related Carthaginiensesque to Syphax and attinet, the Carthaginians.irregular skirmishes, Tumultuosis the attack hinc being atque made illinc by bothexcursionibus armies. invicem,Quarto diein utrimquemanus principes in aciem post descensum hastatorum est, primaThey signa,formed in the subsidiis line of triarios battle. consti-Ro- tuit,posed the of spearmen,Romans stationed and the the Triarii Principes as a bodybehind of thereserve. first division,See Aves, com- In- dex.tioned Celtiberosthe Celtiberi in inmediam the centre, aciem toin opposeadversa the signa battalions legionum of accipere, the legions. sta- Obstinati70. Urbes moriebantur, circa, the citiesrushed around. with an unconquerablePro se quisque, spirit quae on diutinae death. ob- veyingsidioni fromtclerandae the fields sunt, such ex agristhings convehit, as were necessaryevery one for exerts a long himself siege. in Parscon- ’ben:maxima ad oppfimer.damclassem, quae station ad commeatus cm navium excipiendos ad Uticam, parata incaute erat, agontera, mittere ju-the ■greatest part ah rise to send the fleet which had been equipped to intercept ■theit was previsions off its guard. (of the Romans),Quippe, toclass! surprise ut felicissime the squadron gerantur before res, Utica, parte while ali- tbequa severitylevari Uticae of the obsidicnem, siege, so that because this was Utica a favourable now enjoyed opportunity some relief for from the rebatur,naval expedition. every one thoughtIn qua quisquethat he betrayedcessasset, the prodi general ab se safety salutem by the omnium slight- est 71.omission Ne naves, of duty. in tsrram et obsidionem versae, ac minime navali proelio •taeaptr.e, et armataeopprimeretj.ur: ciassi caves, qui enimtormenta restitissent machinasque agili et portantes,nautico instrumento et aut in one- ap- rariarumbus praebere usum adscensus versae, possentaut ita appulsae? Lest the ad ships muros, should utpro be aggeresurprised ac direct-ponti- tioning theirfor an attention engagement to the at landsea : andfor howthe siege, could andtheir by vessels, no means laden in with a condi- war- transports,like engines or and drawn machines up so necessary near the forwalls, a siege, that theyand mighteither serveconverted the pur-into poseposes aof fleet a rampart of light or vessels, a bridge and of furnishedboats for thewith convenience instruments of of landing, naval war-op- receptisfare ? Rostratis,prope terram, quse onerariarumpraesidio aliis quadruplicem esse poterant, ordinem in postremam pro muro adver-aciem suspossent, hostem mails opposuit; antennisque casque de ipsas,nave nein innavem tumultu trajectis, pugnat ac turbarivalidis funibusordines utvelut pervium uno inter ordinem se vinculo faceret; illigatis, et sub comprendit: ipsis pontibus tabulasque intervalla fecit,superinstravit, qua pro. tionedcurrere thespeculate ships rueof warnaves which in hostem, could protect ac tuto the reciplrest inpossent, the rear having near sta-the Andland, that lie opposedthe rows to might the enemy not be as deranged a wall a inline the of conflict ships of of burden battle, four'ne bovwd deepj Livy. 23 them together by masts and sail-yards, passing from vessel to vessel, and fasteneding from bythe strong deck ofcables one asto bythat one of chain,another, and so formedthat the a wholepavement might stretch- afford observationa passage ; mightand under rush theout bridgesupon the he enemy,made spaces and retreatfrom which in safety. the shipsVelut of addine justum aliquantum proelium onerariae navale, superabant as for a regulari ex rostratis naval engagement.Poeni vana pleraque,Altitu- utpotedere ipso supino libratior, jactu, superne tela in exsuperiorem onerariis locumictus erat,mittebant: the transports gravior, were ac pon-con- thesiderably ships ofhigher war, than from the below, enemy’s cast vessels, the greater and the number Carthaginians of their on weapons board thrownwithout fromeffect the into ships the decksof burden of thefrom ships above above fell with them, more and force, the andweapons were harpagonesbetter aimed vocant, even by Pales their armedweight. with Postremo iron hooks asseres and grapples.ferreo unco Quos praefixi, cum utneque quaeque ipsos, retro neque inhibits catenas, rostrata quibus onerariam suspensi injiciebantur,haerentem unco incidere traheret, possent scindi ; naviumvideres vincula,train,,when quibus they alia could aliis neither innexa cut erat, them seriem (L e..thealiam grapples), simul plurimum nor the chainsgalleys ; rowingto which backwards being bound, dragged they along were with cast iton aboard; transport when fixed any byof the anotherhooks, webroken, might andsee theanother cables row by of which several the vessels vessels drawn were along bound with to it. one deratum72. Massyli, concessere, regnum the Massylipatemum joyfully Masinissae, restored laeti his hereditaryut ad regem kingdom diu desi- to jectaeMasinissa, oculis as regni to a perking multos whose florentis absence annosthey vireshad longetiam regretted. minus barbaroUt sub- at- whichque impotenti had flourished animo forspiritus many possent years facere,being placedthat the before strength his of eyes, a kingdom might propehave elated novo aatque mind incondite, less barbarous but almost and violent all raw thanand undisciplinedhis. Caeterum soldiers. omni cavalry.Dum sincerum Ut pedes equestre Romanus, proelium repentino erat, while per turmasthe battle suas was viam confined dantes to thein- tem,tercursu, prime stabilem barbari aciemsegnius fecit, permittere absterruitque equos ; effusedeinde invehentem stare ac propesese hos-tur- tembari quidemnovo genere sustinere, pugnae peditis ; postremo, praesidio non audentem, pediti solum when cedere, the Roman sed ne infan- equi- files,try, suddenlygave solidity rushing to the in linesamong of theirbattle, own and troops terrified of cavalry, the enemy, opening making their thenirregular halted assaults and were ; at nearlyfirst the thrown barbarians into confusionrelaxed the by speed a new of modetheir steeds,of at- tackeven ;support at last thethey charge not only of theretreated cavalry, before animated our infantry, by the aidbut ofcould the notin- sandum,73. Sed but tarn leisure secundis, was notquam granted adversis, to him rebus for indulgencenon dari spatiumin prosperity, ad ces- quamany more preces, than her it hadwords been partook in adversity. more of Propiusqueblandishment blanditias than entreaty. oratio esset, Et hisadeo disapprobation non dissimulavit of theimprobare action. seUt factum, arbitrium, so far utrius was heregum from duorumdissembling for- tunaerefer to accessio Scipio theSophonisba decision, toesset, which ad of Scipionem the two kings rejiceret, Sophonisba that belonged. he would 24 EXPLANATORY NOTES. etiam76. obortac,Masinissae Masinissa, haec audenti when nonhe heard rubor thesesolum words, suflfusus, not onlysed lacryrnaeblushed, consuleret,but even shed that tears. as far Ut,as possible, quantum he res would sineret, consider fidei suaethe promisetemere obstrictaewhich he regiohad rashly more, made.ad incerta Fidum fortunae e servis, venenum a faithful erat, slave.in whose Sub possessioncujus custodia, there Togawas poison, picta, afteret palmata the manner tunica, of see kings, Index. for the uncertain events of fortune. tions77. which Quae he munimenta had begun. inchoaverat, Carthaginienses, permunit, non he brevi finishes solum, the sedfortifica- prope thevano Carthaginians, gaudio, ab satis being prospera elated byin apraesens joy not onlyoppugnatione short, but almostclassis ground-perfusi, sentless, circumstances.from the naval expeditionPerfundere, sufficiently to pour out,successful, to wet considering thoroughly. their Per-pre- fundereculsi, dismayed. gaudio, to Convenienswater with joy,oratio i. tarn e. tohumili fill the adulation! heart with fuit, joy. non Per-eul- potentiaequepam purgantium, ejus fautores,sed transferentium their harangue initium was culpaesuitable in to Hannibalem, this slavish pros- im- nibaltration, and offering the partisans no defence of his for intemperance. their errors, butDuplex casting stipendium the blame onmilitibus Han- paximperatum, esset, that double peace pay might was bedemanded the more for easily the soldiers.obtained. Quo impetrabilior plementum78. Jam etnon pecuniam perplexe, mitti, inquit, jampridem sed palam retrahebant, revocant, qui,they vetandodo not sup-now recallme from me Italyin obscure by withholding but distinct supplies terms, ofwho men have and long money. endeavoured Obtrectatione to drag inatque Africam invidia, transvexit, by opposition he transported and jealousy. the strengthQuod roborisof his armyin exercitu into Africa. erat, fallIn seon quoque himself ac and suum his ipsiushead. caput exsecratum, praying that curses might in retinendis79. Cujus iis,duplicis cum gratulationisid mandatum minuit ab senatu laetitiam, esset, etaut quod animi parum aut viriumduces cemhabuisse exercitumque videbantur; inclinata, et quod quo solliciti evasura erant, esset Omni res, belliof which mole double in unum subject du- haveof congratulation displayed little it lessenedardour and the powerjoy, both in retaining because thethem, generals as that seemed had been to ofcommanded the contest, by thethe wholesenate, weightand because of the they war were having anxious fallen about on one the general issue accipere,and one nedumarmy. utAdeo praeteritae ne advenientem satis memores quidem sint, gratiam with sohomines little gratitudebenigne past.did men Uti receive referret even P. presentjElius praetor:favours, muchdecretumque, less were ut they quinque thankful dies for circa the omniaviginti, pulvinaria that P. jElius supplicaretur, the praetor victimaeque should make majores a motion immolarentur on the subject:centum andall the a decree temples, was andmade, a hundred that for andfive twentydays thanksgivings large victims should should be be offered sacrific- in datused. Seeest, Pulvinaria,an audience supplicatio, of the senate immolatio. was granted Senatus them adin aedemthe temple Bellonae of Bellona.80. Senioresque, qui foederibus interfuerant, alii interrogarent, nec gati;meminisse conclamatum per aetatem, ex omni etenim parte omnes curiae feme est, Punicajuvenes fraudeerant, dicerentclectos, quile- H VY. 25 witnessedVeterem pacem the conclusion repeterent, of cujusthe treaties,ipsi non putmeminissent, various questionsthe old men,respecting who theirthem age,: the because ambassadors they saidwere theyall didyoung not menremember ; a shout them was on raisedaccount from of fraud,every partto demand of the a senate-house,renewal of that that treaty they which had beenthey didchosen not withthemselves Punic remember.81. Cum de re majore, quam quanta ea esset, consultatio incidere non posset,which atsince present they occupied could not their deliberate attention. on a moreNe bellum important remitteret, affair than to pro-that pads,secute sithe Hannibal war with et vigour. Mago exEt Italia Scipionem non revocarentur. in eo positam Omnia habuisse simulatu- spem recentiumros Carthaginienses, foederum duceset Deorum eos exercitusque omnium exspectantesoblitos, bellum ; deinde, gestures, quamvis that fromSdpio’s Italy hopes ; thatof peace the dependedCarthaginians on Hannibal would pretend and Mago to make not beingevery recalledconces- prosecutesion, in expectation the war, forgetful of these ofgenerals treaties andhowever their recent,armies, and and of would the mostthen solemn82. Haudoaths. dubius, quin pacatae Italiae penes se gloria esset, not doubt- meansing but literally the glory to restoreof having to peacegiven ;—whenpeace to applied Italy wouldto an enemy’sbe his. country,Pacare toQuae conquer. bello alienataePro jure fuerant, majoris whichimperii, had by revolted authority to ofthe a enemy higher during command. the ventuswar. In; deinde conspectum versus ferme in Africam Africae turbavit, prospero accursu passim vectum naves primo disjecit, destituit hav- becalmed,ing sailed almostthen the within wind sight changing of Africa to thewith south-west,a fair wind blew ; at afirst hurricane, he was jEgimurum,and scattered insulathe vessels ea sinum in every ab alto direction. claudit, inOnerariae, quo sita Carthagopars maxima est, tri-ad gintadelatae ferme sunt, millia the greatest ab urbe, part aliae of theadversus transports urbem were ipsam driven ad Calidasto jEgimurus, Aquas ansituated, island i.which e. the divides bay of from Carthage, the main about ocean thirty the milesbay on from which the Carthage city, some is of 83.them Sett to theHasdrubale, warm baths qui opposite classi praeerat, to the city. sine publica fraude auso faci- lawnus, ofor nations, Hasdrubal, without who the commanded public sanctioning the fleet, hishaving treachery. dared to Concitatamviolate the tantumremis, quantojactura maximo facta, incolumes impetu poterant, ipsi evaserunt, in terram having cum rowedimmisissent, the galley navis to escapedthe shore in with safety. the greatestAbominatus, possible struck speed, with the horrorvessel atonly the was men. lost, the crew the84. events Insequentia of the war excedunt down to in that eum year. annum, Annus the followinginsignis incendionarrative ingenti, carries quoannonae clivus vilitas Publicius fuit, adpraeterquam solum exustus quod est, pace et omnis aquarum Italia magnitudine:erat aperta, etiam sed quadM. Fabius magnam Buteo vim aediles frumenti, curules ex quaternisHispania aerismissam, vicatim M. populoValerius descripse- Ealto et liciusrunt, wasthis burnedyear was to memorablethe ground, for and a terrible for excessive fire, by rainswhich ; thebut streetthere Pub- was greatwith everyabundance district of of provisions, Italy, in both consequence because there of the was peace, now aand free because intercourse M. 26 EXPLANATORY NOTES. pieValerius in their Falto wards and a M.great Fabius quantity Buteo, of cornthe sentCurile from .ffidiles, Spain, sold at fourto the asses peo. a promtior,bushel. Exactaehie habitus aetatis, fuit, atyet a veryhe had advanced the character age. Cautiorof being tamen, possessed quam of sideredmore caution to surpass rather others than rather more in promptitude caution than than in others, promptitude. i. e. he wasUtrum con- spirit.ingenio cunctatorCunctator fuerit, means whether one who he practises was endowed prudent by delaysnature withfor thea cautious attain- ment85. ofDe some provinciis object. retulerunt, made a motion concerning the provinces. OmnesServilio tribusprorogatum P. Scipionem imperium, jusserunt, his government all the tribes was prolongedvoted P. Scipio.to C. Ser-C. 86. Inter haec simul spes, simul cura in dies crescebat: nec satis certum theconstare cares apudof men animum increased poterat, daily, amidnor thesecould things,they come at once to anythe certainhopes con-and clusion.Staterius semilexaNec Scipioni ducere aut exercitus cum Syphace, solitus sit, inconditae aut cum socerobarbariae ejus rege,Hasdru- cui bale,tium semiermifugacissimo turba duce, subito rem collectis, futuram, nor auttumultuariis would Scipio haveexercitibus to contend ex agres- with wasKing accustomed Syphax, an to unpolished command ;barbarian, orwith Hannibal, whose armies a general Statorius, without a mean courage, slave, or withquondam irregular milite, armies, vixdum raised juvene from imperatore, a crowd of ahalf-armed soldier in boyhood, peasants. a generalPueio lemwhen stipendiis he had scarcely suis, duratum yet attained omnium to manhood. rerum patentia, Ducere quas exercitum vix fides aequa- fiat withhomines his ownpasses, campaigns, that he enured commanded to all manner an army of hardships,of the same which standing it was scarcelydebellandi credible finem, that without men couldany immediatesutler. Lenta prospect spe, inof nullum finishing propinquum the war. inQuoque, propinquam quibus earn ingens imminebant erat in Scipione animis, fiducia eo curae et victoriae intentioris spes, erant,. quo magis they toothe whonearer had they unlimited imagined confidence the completion in Scipio, of their and hopes great to hopes be, the of morevictory, in- bustense erat, were the their state anxieties. of the mind,Haud i. dispare. the habitusfeelings animorumof the Carthaginians. Carthaginiensi- after87. the Adreficiendum fatigues of the ex voyage. jactatione Maxime maritima hostis militem, fiducia, to recruitquae nonhis soldiersde ni- hopeshilo profecto of the enemy,concepta which est, perculsi, he was quitebeing aware alarmed they chiefly did not by cherish the confident without integer,good cause. quam Turbaverat si victus, peteret et pactas pacem, inducias, aequiora et spem impetrari foederum posse ; ratus,tamen, hesi hadthinking violated that morethe existing favourable truce, conditions and cut might off allbe obtainedhopes of ifa treatyhe entered : yet afterinto ahaving negociation sustained for peace,a defeat. while his strength was yet unbroken, than eonsule,88. Hoc ceperim quoque arma, ludibrium cum eodem casus primum ediderit Romanofortuna, iroperatoreut, cum, signapatre con-tuo tulerim,up arms inthis the too consulship may be considered of your father, the sport and of fought fortune, my that, first whenbattle I withtook himnon abhorrenteas commander a quietis of the consiliis, Roman forces.all that isAnimo required tantum on ournobis parts, opus isest a LIVY. 27 mind not averse to peaceful counsels. Tuam et adolescentiam et perpetuam felicitatem,temere incerta ferociora casumn utraque, reputat, quam queni quietis fortuna opus nunquam est consiliis, decepit. metuo. Quod Non ego fuiand ad uninterrupted Trasimenum, success, ad Cannas, may engenderid tu hodie sentiments es, I fear in that your both mind your too youth un- rarelybending reflects for peaceful on the counsel.instability Theof fortune. man who You has neverare now been in thoseansuccessful, circum- magnos,stances in quam which utiles I was : atet Thrasymenemihi tabs aliquando and Cannae. fortuna Noviaflulsit, spiritus 1 know magis that yourtune onceambition smiled rather on me aims with at the the same magnificent aspect. thanMaximae the useful, cuique andfortunaa for- Tibiminime ampla credendum ac speciosa est, thedanti most est splendid pax; nobisfortune petentibus is least tomagis be trusted. neces- saria,gift it quamis; to ushonesta, who are peace suing is for brilliant it, it is ratherand glorious necessary to than you, honourable. in whose theNe totsuccess annorum of so felicitatemmany years in on unius the event horae ofdederis one hour. discrimen, Martemque do not bellirisk communem,bello, eventus the respondent, common nowherechances ofless war. than inNusquam war, do theminus, events quam corres- in fortunapond to everterethe expectations potest, theof men. fortune Simul of one parta hour ac may sperata at oncedecora rob unius you ofhorae the statuendoglory which tandem you have felicitati acquired, modum, and necoverthrow cohibendo your efferentem fairest hopes.se fortunam, Non perity,quanto altiusand setting elatus noerat, limits eo foedius to an corruit,extravagant by want ambition, of moderation the higher in pros- he sincerity.was exalted, Multum, the more per terrible quos waspetita his sit, fall. ad,fidem Non nimistuendae sincere, pacis withpertinet, little teethe forcharacter its stability. of those by whom a peace is negotiated, is the hief guaran- est,89. ne, Non quae me tunc fallebat, pepigerunt, it did nothodie escape subtracta my notice. ex conditionibus Sic mihi laborandumpacis, prae- miaprosit perfidiae vobis fraus, habeant. petitis, Indigni, so I must quibus endeavour eadem thatpateat they conditio, may not uthave, etiam as theirthe rewards former ofconcessions their perfidy, taken those from things the articles whieh ofthey peace. then Unworthystipulated, of i. ob- e. yourtaining fraud. peace onEt thetunc terms Mamertinorum formerly offered, sociorum you periculum, even demand et nunc profit Sagunti from mertineexcidium allies, nobis and pia nowac justa the destruction induerunt arma,of Saguntum, then the clothed danger with of holyour Ma-and justexitum armour, secundum i. e. gavejus fasque a holy dederunt, and a just et cause hujus of dant war. et dabunt,Qui et illiuswho gavebelli anformer issue war of theto aformer just and war righteous according teimination, to justice andand right, are now i. e.bringing, brought andthe willin quae finally turn bring, pax conventurathis war to videbatur,a similar conciusion.(quae sint, nosti),Proinde multae si quid navium ad ea, cumcitur, commeatu est, quod referamper inducias ad consilium expugnatarum ; sic construe. legatorumquc Si quid violatorum multae navium adji- expugnatarumtur, &C. wherefore cum ifcommeatu to those termsper inducias on which et legatorumit was probable violatorum that a adjici-peace thatmight were have taken been withthen provisionsconcluded, during any compensation a truce, and isfor added the outrage for the offered ships EXPLANATORY NOTES. cilto theof war.ambassadors, I shall refer the consideration of the proposal to a coun- that90. the Par danger periculum of the vanquishedpraemio, quibuswas as greatadversae as thepugnae reverses fortuna of the fuisset, con- querors.ddium, Carthage,Carthagini, exhausted supremo by auxilio her last effitso, efforts, adesse seemed videbatur to be praesenson the very ex- eversuri.verge of destruction.Anceps igitur Multa spes anteet metus parta miscebant decora aut animos cumulaturi : contemplamibus- eo die, aut quepensarent modo vires,suam, simulmodo laeta,hostium simul aciem, tristia cum, obversabantur, oculis magis, on quam that day,ratione, ei- hadther formerlyto complete, acquired. or for everWherefore to blot out,hope theand splendidfear alternately renown tookwhich posses- they anothersion of their they mindswere alarmed ; at one by time fearful they bodings,indulged looking in joyful now anticipations, on their own at line,either nowparty, on ratherthe array by ofthe the appearances enemy, when presented they judgedto the ofeye, the than strength by any of liberumcorrect standards. iingenti, quaAd velit, hoc, flectit.colloquium Ominatur, Hannibalis quibus in secretoquondam habitum, auspiciis ac portendissepatres eorum Decs, pugnaverint besides, adhe digates put whatever insulas, interpretation ea illis exeuntibus he chose in onaciem the openedspeech whicha field Hannibal for his invention. had delivered He todeclares him in that secret, the Godsand which had presentedtherefore foughtto them at going the islands out to digates.battle, the same arms under which their fathers had to, 91.opera Cujus utebatur, ante legati, whose eo assistance anno quaestoris he formerly extra enjoyed sortem as ex lieutenant-gene- senatus consul- patentesral, on that inter year manipulos as quaestor-extraordinary antesignanorum velitibus, by a decree ea oftunc the levis senate. armatura Vias rectoserat, complevit;refugerent ordines,dato praecepto, aut, in ut,dextram ad impetum laevamque elephantorum, discursu applicantes aut post filledse antesignanis, up the open viam, space quabetween irruerent the companies in ancipitia stationed tela, belluis in front darent, with thehe thatVelites, upon so the the attack light-armed of the enemymen werethey mightthen called,either flyhaving behind given the ordersstrait frontfiles, rankor dividing men, theyto the should right openand left,a way and to takingthe elephants, the station in whichbeside theythe diariammight rush aciem upon I.talicorum the weapons militum, that wouldthe Italian meet themsoldiers on in all the sides. rear. Subsi-Varia adhortationon lex, non erat arma, in exercitu non vestitusinter tot habitusque, homines, quibus non causa non lingua,militandi non eadem mos, manyesset, men,there werediffering various in language, modes of exhortationmanners, laws, in an arms, army and consisting costume, of and so multiplicatawhose motives merces for fighting ex praeda were ostentatur; not the same. nihil Auxiliaribusaut in metum, et aut praesens in spem et promisedmedium ostentatur,to the auxiliaries immediate ; the pay,object and of theiraugmented fears and from hopes the werebooty, alike is tis,extraordinary. ne obtererentur, Resilientes fecissent, enim in adancipites manipulos ad ictum velites, utrimque cum viam conjiciebant elephan- lishastas, exacti nec ex pilRoman.! t ab autesignanis acie hi qnoque cessabant, in suo doneedextro undique cornu incidentibusrpsos Carthagi- te- uponniensium the legions,equites inhaving fugam opened verterunt, a road the to light-armed the elephants men that falling they might back LIVY. 29 not be trodden down, cast their spears upon the animals exposed to wound* fronton both ranks, sides, until and chasedjavelins from did notthe ceaseRoman to linebe poured by the inweapon upon themthat bygalled th« rightthem wing.on all sides, they put the Carthaginian cavalry to flight in their own congruens92. Hoc, clamor dictu a parva, Romanis, sed eoquemagni rn eadem .jor et interribilior re gerenda : dissonae momenti illis, res,ut which,gentium when multarum it is named, discrepantibus may appear linguis, trivial, voces, yet ofbesides great consequencea circumstance to- inwards one theharmonious success of peal,the engagement; and was on thatthe battle account cry ofthe the louder Romans and was the raised more nationsterrible; of the different shouts languages. of the enemy Pugna were discordant,Romana stabilis, as proceeding et suo et from armorum many ponderequam vis, incumbentium the Roman line in ofhostem battle ; wasconcursatio solid, both et velocitasby the weight illinc ofmajor the my.men andOn of the their side heavy of the armour Carthaginians, pressing therewith wasirresistible more rapidity force on of the evolu- ene- tionssubmotos and graduagility illato, than strength.aliquantum Ala spatii, deinde velut et nullo umbonibus resistente, pulsantes, incessere in : ingurgentibus them back et novissimis with their primes, arms and ut thesemel bosses motam of aciemtheir shields,sensere, thenwhile push- they retreatedway as if at no a onerapid resisted pace, them,they pursuedthe rear their urging advantage the van for forward, a considerable as soon dentes,as they perceivedsecunda acies, the motion Afri et of Carthaginienses,the enemy. A pudadeo hostes,non sustinebant, auxiliares ce-ut hostis,contra etiam,pedem nereferrent, resistentes among pertfnaciter the enemies, primus the caedendo Africans ad andse perveniretCarthagi- thenians auxiliaries who formed who the were second giving line, way, were that so faron fromthe other being hand able they to supportretreat- tance,ed, lest should the enemyreach them.cutting Sed,the first densatis ranks ordinibus,who made in a cornuadetermined vacuumque resis- quecirca militescampum in extracertam proelium et integram ejecere, aciem ne miscerent,pavidos butfuga closingvulneribus- their ranks,of the battle,they drove that themthey mightto the wingsnot mingle and mento the flying open and plains wounded, around with out losan unbrokencorporum and armorumque entire line. etItaque, tabem quisanguinis, primi erant,qua quisquehastati, poterat,per ettmu- se- whoquentes were hostem, in the firstet signa ranks, et pursuingordines confuderunt, the enemy over wherefore heaps ofthe dead spearmen bodies, sionand arms,among and the through battalions streams and ranks. of blood, as they best could, create a confu- teneret,93. Ne sed homines merces, mixtiliberum ex colluvionereceptum omniumfugae haberent, gentium, thatquos mennon com-fide* posedties of ofhonour, the dregs but ofby all mercenary nations, boundmotives, to might the Carthaginiansnot be at liberty not to byfly. the thinking94. Admovendum that Carthage, igitur already undique panic-struck, terrorem shouldperrulsae be overwhelmedCarthagini ratus, with demterror. multo Velamenta miserabilius, supplicum, quam suppliantante, quo branches, magis cogcbat i. e. olive. fortuna, Et egerunt,illi qui- theirth*y indeedmisfortunes pleaded reduced for mercy them in to athis much necessity. humbler Tamen,tone than cum, formerly, et quanta as 30 EXPLANATORY NOTES. res esset, et quam longi tamporis obsidio tam munitae -et tam validae urbis,paratam reputarent, alterius laboreet ipsum ac Scipionempericulo finiti expectatio belli famam,successoris, sollicitaret, venturi ad arduouspacem omnium the undertaking animi versi was, sunt, and howhowever long whena period they the considered siege of a howcity successornaturally whoso strong might and come so wellto seize fortified the glorywould of occupy, having andfinished the fear the ofwar a gavewhich cause had beenof uneasiness achieved byto theScipio exertion himself, and the the thoughts dangers ofof allanother were turned95. Decernon peace. millia talentum argenti, descripta pensionibu? aequis in lentsannos of quinquaginta, silver, by equal solverent, instalments that inthey the shouldspace ofpay fifty ten years.thousand Arbi- ta- tratueadem Scipionis,et imbelli, atby thethe choiceturbulent of andScipio. dastardly A multitudine, mob. Quae inquietainsueta liberaeto a free civitati state havingspecies excitedcum fremitum tlie murmurs populi of movisset, the people. this sightNeque unusual inqui- easysito eratthese facilis, people adversantibus opposing the paci,peace qui who arguerentur, were accused nor of was having the searchseized atquethe property. ita pecunia Caetera, luere Carthaginienses,quae abessent, aestimandathat the valuation Scipioni of permitti: the lost thaginiansproperty should should be pay submitted a compensation to Scipio, in andmoney. according Quae to publica that the in Car- na- profiterivibus fuerant, domini ex jussi;publicis pro descripta ea summa rationibus pecuniae quaestores; viginti quinque quae privata, millia frompondo the argenti public praesentia accounts aexacta, statement the ofquasstors the public were property ordered whichto furnish had beencontained. in the vessels, their proprietors of the private property which they battle96. inSee which Supplicationes. the Carthaginians Suprema had receivedCarthaginiensibus a final overthrow. pugna, Nuncin a purgandocast upon them.crimina, Raro at once simul disproving hominibus the bonamimputation fortunam which bonamquebad been mentemsame time dari, Quod that successin secundis and wisdomrebus saperewere seldom et consulere given to meminerit,man at the becauseforesight. in prosperityEx insolentia, they quibusdid not nova forget bona to fortuna practise sit, moderation impotentes andlae- totitiae the insanire,guidance thatof a theyfrantic to joy.whom Populosuccess Romanowas new usitata yielded ac themselvesprope jam tenobsoleta experienced ex victoria by thegaudia Romans, esse, andthat hadthe joylong of ago victory lost allwas the a feelingcharms of-of Ad97. populum ^Senatus tulerunt, consulto made intercessit, a proposal opposed to the the people. decree Deof pacethe senate.uti ro- gassent,to the bill, omnes (of thetribus tribunes). jusserunt, Ex all hac the rogatione,tribes voted in for consequence peace, according of this perfugisvote of the gravius, commons. quam Quibusde fugitivis, conventis, consultum; which beingnominis granted. Latini quiDe tenceerant, wassecuri pronounced percussi ; againstRomani'in the deserterscrucem sublati,than against a more the severe fugitives sen- ; those,93. ofMilitibus the Latin ex statespraeda were quadragenos beheaded, aeris the divisit,Romans gave were to crucified. each of the ofsoldiers liberty from on histhe head.booty forty asses. Pileo capiti imposito with the cap LIVY. 31 Petilii99. P.diem Scipioni dixerunt, Africano, the two ut Petilii Valerius preferred Antias a auctorbill of impeachmentest, duo Q. againstnothing P.was Scipio so favourable Africanus. to generalNihil tarn liberty. aequandae Quid libertatis autem esse,tuto cui-that whatquam, could nedum be summamtrusted to rempublicam any one with permitti, safety, much si ratio less non the sit administra- reddenda? tionDicebantur of the government,enim ab eodem if heanimo were ingenioque, not responsible a quo gestafor his erant, conduct et au- ? hisrium achievements fastidium aberat; were narratedquia pro withpericulo, the samenon inelevation gloriam, ofreferebantur, mind with judice,which theybecause had beenthey performed,were brought and forward they were with listened a view to of without delivering pre- himself100. fromTribuni danger, plebis not vetera from vainluxuriae glory. crimina Syracusanorum hiber- norum,criminum et retulissent;Locris Pleminianum suspicionibus tumultum, magis, quumquam argumentis,ad fidem praesentium pecuniae thecaptae old reum calumny accusarunt, of the theluxurious tribunes mode of theof hispeople life, ha\the ing winter introduced quar- givingters, at weight Syracuse, to the and present the Pleminian charges accusedtumult athim Locri, of bribery, with thesupporting view of consul!,their accusations non legatum, rather in provinciafuisse,by suspicions than that proofs.he exercised Dictatorem over the con-eum nantsul the general. authority Infamia of a dictator, intactum, and invidia did not qua discharge possunt, the urgent, duty asof hisa lieute- repu- weaponstation was which still unsullied,were left theyto them. assail himProdicta with thedies shafts est, aof future envy, daythe onlywas sit,nametHfor as it is hisfitting trial. thatQuum on this hodie day litibus we shouldet jurgiis lay superseded aside prosecutions aequum and101. political Major dissentions. animus et natura erat, ac majori fortunae assuetus, quam heut reuswas ofesse, too sciret,lofty aet spirit, submittere and accustomed se in humilitatem to too splendid causam fortunesdicentium, to tobe thecapable humiliation of appearing of pleading in the character his cause. of aCui dependent, inimicitiae and cum submitting P. Sci- pionemity. intercedebant,Si se appellet, between if he appealed whom toand him. Scipio there subsisted an en- tutam102. et Nullisne velut sanctum mentis clari suis, viri nullis pervenient: vestris honoribus ubi si non unquam venerabilis, in arcem in- violatea secure saltern and sacred senectus asylum, eorum by considat? no merits shall of their illustrious own ; andmen by arrive no ho- at atnours least conferred inviolate by? you, where their old age may be, if not venerable, genio,103. withCum increasing senecta res years quoque his reputation defloruere, began nec praebita to decline. est materia in-
TACITUS. Cap. 1. Quum Pannonicas legiones seditio incessit, when a mutiny licentiambroke out turbarum among the et Pannonicex civili bello legions. spem Nisipraemiorum quod mutatus ostendebat, Princeps save 32 -EXPLANATORY NOTES. that the change of the Emperor held out temptations to licentiousness, merand thecamp. hopes See of Castra.reward fromFine civil Augusti wars. et initiisCastris Tiberii aestivis, auditis, in tlie having sum- termiseratheard of the solita death munia, of Augustus, had ordered and a thecessation succession from of the Tiberius. usual duties. In- LascivireDux theatralium miles, discordare, operarum, athe ringleader soldiers ofbecame theatrical petulant factions. and riotous.Procax lingua,tus, trained of a todaring form eloquence. parties to applaudMiscere certaincoetus actors.histrionali Flexo studio in doc-ves- spectableperam die, men towards having the retired evening. to theirDilapsis tents. melioribus,Deterrimum, the morethe most re- 2. Centurionibus, tribunis, See Ind. Nisi novum et nutantem ad- hucnew PrincipemEmperor nodding, precibus veli. e. armis before adirent, he was iffully they established did not approach in power, the withgena petitions,stipendia orsenes, with et arms plerique in their truncate hands. ex Quodvulneribus tricena corpore aut quadra- tole- ofrent, them that with the theirold men bodies had mutilatedserved thirty with or wounds. forty campaigns, See Stipendium. and many vocabuloNe dimissis eosdem quidem labores finem perferre, esse militiae, nor did sed they,evenapud vexillum obtain retentos their aliodis- enduredcharge after the theirsame legaltoils underterm wasanother over, name. but detained See Vexillum. in the service, Per they no- menshould agrorum, receive marshyuligines groundspaludum and vel uncultivated inculta montium mountains accipiant, under they the onumname ofet lands. vacationes Hinc munerum vestem, arma,redimi, tentoria, hence hincthey saevitiamhad to purchasecenturi- rionsclothes, by arms,bribes, tents, and tohence procure they exemption had to soften from the military severity duty. of the Duram centu- hiemem,singulos denariosexercitas mererent,aestates, stormy that they winters should and receive laborious in pay summers. a denarius Ut a dav.Praetor. See Denarius.Penatibus suisPraetorias reddantur, cohortes, were the restored praetorian to theircohorts. country. See See8. Penates.Hi verberum notas, illi canitiem, plurimi detrita tegmina et nudum hoarycorpus hairs, exprobrantes, very many some their displaying tattered garments,the marks andof stripes,their naked others bodies, their suaewhile quisque they added legioni terms eum of honorembitter reproach. quaerebant, Depulsi alio vertunt,aemulatione, atque quiauna bytres mutual aquilas jealousy, et signa cohortiumbecause every locant, one being claimed driven for hisfrom own their legion purpose the sure,honour and of placegiving together a name theto the three united eagles body, and they the standardsadopt another of the mea- co- 4. Decernerent legates, seque coram mandata darent, that they shouldcoram choose se, before deputies, him. andCetera give them mandaturos, their instructions ubi prima in provenissent. his presence that they would give him farther instructions when their first petition satiswas granted.ostenderet, Superbire necessitate miles, (scil. quod ea) expressafilius legati (esse) orator quae publicae per modestiam causae, nonLieutenant-general obtinuissent, the having soldiers become became the insolent,deputy in because the public the cause,son of gave the TACITUS. 33 sufficient proof that they had extorted those advantages by force, which they5. couldOb itinera never ethave pontes, obtained to pave by moderation.roads and build bridges. Retinen- theytis centuriones attack the centurionsinrisu et contumeliis, who endeavoured postremo to stopverberibus the progress insectantur, of the commonmutiny by soldier. derision andAntiquam reproach, duramque and at last militiam by blows. revocabat, Manipularis restored a themitior, rigour inured of the to toilqncient and discipline.labour, and theVetus more operis unforgiving. ac laboris, et eo im- pularium,- 6. Nam parebatur,etiam turn forlegato, even a thencenturionibus the lieutenant et optimo was obeyedquoque bymani- the centurions,resisted thpse and who by draggedthe best themof the to soldiers. punishment. Uli obniti trahentibus, they miles,7. Flagrantior a common vis,soldier. the mutiny Ne hostes became quidem more outrageous.sepultura iavident, Gregarius not even■8. enemiesIntendebat deny haec burial fletu, to hethe exasperated slain. the feelings of his hearers by hishave tears. abstained Hand from multum the murder ab exitio of the legati Lieutenant-general. aberant, they would Cui hardly mili- hadtaribus given facetiis, the nickname vocabulum of Cedo Cedo alteram, alteram i. indiderant,e. give me toanothei whom rod, they in militaryversum adspernantis,joke. Miles the nonanus, accusative the forsoldiers adspernantes, of the ninth as in legion. many otherAd- passages9. Abstrusum, of this author. of a dark character. Nullis satis certis mandatis, withoutmeasures any as thespecific circumstances instructions. should Ex require. re consul Quasi turum, per to officium, take such as ifluvie to do-’eformi, him honour. et vultu, Non quamquam laetae, neque moestitiam insfgnibus imitarentur, fulgentes, contuma- sed in- butciae slovenlyp.opiores, in neithertheir dress, joyful, and northough glittering in their with countenances military ornaments, there was an 10.air ofVocibus sadness, truculentis the more likelystrepere, they they were uttered to break expressions out into outrage. of stern thedefiance. same timePavebant inspired tcrrebantque, terror into others. they trembledInterrupto themselves, tumultu, andhaving at heobtained felt a deepsilence. interest Praecipuam in the welfare ipsi fortissimarum of the gallant legionum legions. curam,Acturum that theapud senate. patres deQuern postulatis neque eorum,gratiae nequethat he severitatis would lay expertem their claims haberi before par noresset, of who, justice, it wasor, reasonablewould temper to suppose, justice with would mercy. be free neither of favour sixteen11. De years missione service. a sexdecimQuod Imperator annis, concerning sola militis their commoda discharge ad sena-after tumvantage rejiciat, was claimedthat the Emperorby the soldiers. consulted the senate only when some ad- and12. the Causam commencement discordiae of et violence.initium armorum,Et ilia militiae the signal flagitia of mutinyprimus adspernari,ful to the army. and he Exitiiwas the certus, first togiving resist himself the mutinous up for spiritlost. so disgrace- turned13. Noctemaside the minacem dangers ofet thatin scelus night inerupturam which the fors soldiers lenivit, seemed accident pre- pfpared the moon,to break Aerisout into sono, some tubarum outrage. cornu Defectionem unique concentu, sideris, by the the eclipsesound 34- EXPLANATORY NOTES. ofThe instruments ignorance andof brass, superstition and by of the the clang uninstructed of trumpets among and the ofancients, horns. andascribed they theimagined eclipse ofthat the it moonwas counteractedto the evil influence by the ofrattling malignant of cymbals spirits, ’' psrstitionemand the sound perculsae of trumpets semel mentes,and horns. as mindsUt suntthat mobileshave been ad once su- . alarmedet, quae casusare prone obtulerat, to superstition. in sapientiam Utendum vertenda inclinationeratus, Caesar ea thinkingCaesar, . improvethat they what should chance take hadadvantage offered. of thisGrati change in vulgus, of sentiment, popular. and Sacra-wisely j; mentumSacramentum. dicaturi Quinsumus potius, ? shall utwe novissimiswear the inoath culpam, of allegiance ita primi ? Seead ;1 poenitentiamthe last to engage sumus? in whythe mutinyare we ? notTironem,- the first theto repentraw soldier. as we wereSee returned.Tiro. Turn redire paulatim amor obsequii, the habits of obedience sententiis,14. Nobilitate there ingenita,was a diversity by a nativeof opinions. dignity ofFortioribus mind. Certatumremediis remedies,agendum ; becausenihil in thevulgo mob modicum, was always that theyin extremes. must apply Promptum more violent ad asperioraseverity. ingenium Druse erat, the mind of Drusus was prone to - planets15. Nec withheld frustra their hebcscere light. sidera,Soluti nor piaculo, was it atoningwithout afor cause their that guilt. the Desolatus,16. Aestivis. being deserted.See Castra. ons,17. were Ea thevetustissima old object militaribus of the hatred odiis of materies, the soldiers. they, L e. the centuri- brother.18. Neptem, Patruus a grand-daughter.means an uncle byPatrui, the father’s of his uncle,side. Avunculus,his father’s ingenium,an uncle by mira the comitas, mother’s et side;diversa the a Tiberiimother’s sermone, brother. vultu, Juveni adroganti- civile narybus et complaisance, obscuris, the andyoung differed man waswidely of a from gentle Tiberius, character, whose of extraordi- counte- fensiones,nance and addressnovercalibus were darkLiviae and in haughty. Agrippinam Accedebant stimulis, muliebresfemale jea- of- lousiessuch as weremight added be expected in consequence to lodge ofin the bosomhatred of aLivia stepmother. to Agrippina, Ipsa visAgrippina indomitum paulo animum commotior, in bonum nisi quod vertebat, castitate Agrippina et mariti herself amore was quam- of a hercharacter attachment somewhat to her impetuous, husband, shebut appliedby the purityher mind, of hernaturally banners, violent, and to.noble19. Sed objects. Germanicus, quanto summae spei propior, tanto impensms proempire, Tiberio the moreniti, butzealously the nearer he exerted Germanicus himself was for toTiberius. the hopes In ofverba the habuit,ejus adigit, scil. administerslegiones, metthe themoath ofwithout allegiance. the camp.Obvias Dissoni,extra castra dis- cordant.20. Indiscretis vocibus, by dark insinuations. Tricena stipendia. SeeGermanicum Stipendium. ominibus, Legatam with pecuniam, expressions money of favourbequeathed. to Germanicus. Faustis in bisPromptos views. ostentavere,Quam fidem they exueret, showed than that violate they his were allegiance. ready to support TACITUS. 35 served21. Missioneratwenty campaigns dari vicena should stipendia receive theirmeritis, discharge. that those Eiauctorari, who had to 22.be putFisci, upon the the treasures. roll of the See veterans. Fiscus. SubNihil vexillo. cunctatas, See withoutEvocati. de- muslay. itCunctari, was said, toCunctando delay for somerestituit useful rein, purpose; by prudent thus delays of Fabius he restored Maxi- the23. state. Intutae, Morari, unsafe. to waste time, to delay without an object. 25.24. NocteSatis peccatum concubia, mollibusbed-time. consultis, that errors enough had bet n committed26. Contuberniis, by measures from of theirconciliation. tents. See Castra. nurus,27. Proneposthe daughter-in-law August!, theof Tiberius.—Germanicusgreat-grandson of Augustus. was the Tiberiison of SeeTiberius Index. by Quiritesadoption; vocando, therefore by Agrippinacalling them was Quirites. his daughter-in-law. See Quirites. enjoyedPrecariam by animam,entreaties a ; precariousdependent life.on the Precarius,will of others. what is obtained or who29. had Legionum been born alumnus, and educated th<; child in theof the camp. legions, In i.suggestu, e. Caligula upon who a wise.platform. Centurionatum Suggestus meansegit, heany instituted eminence an formed inquiry of into earth, the or conduct other- of 31.the Centurions.Quod maxime Retinebat castrorum ordines, sincerum retained erat, histhat station. part of the camp which32. wasIntellecto, still faithful. in quos saeviretur, it being understood against whom theirthe massacre frenzy. wasOcto directed. equitum alas,Piaculum eight troops furoris, of horse.as an atonement for ire33. fortified Justitio, with See trees lustitium. felled for theLatera purpose. concaedibus Obstantia munitur, silvarum the flanks amo- illustris,liri, to hew a night down in the which trees the that stars impeded shone brightly. their march. Nox sideribus turn.34. PerIncessitque quos exercitui itineri, regressus, et proelio, through he advanced which thewith army his hadarmy to dis- re- posed39. equallyAtque ubifor marchprimum and tui for copia, battle. but as soon as it was in my power poenitentiamto treat with you.quam perniciemSimul genti maluerit, Germanorum at the same idoneus time conciliator,a fit mediator si for40. the Virgas,nation ofet thesecures, Germans, et togam, if they the prefer rods andsubmission the axes toof destruction. the Roman tibus,magistrates, ignorantia and theimperii Roman Romani, toga. inexpertaSee Fasces, esse and supplicia, Toga. nesciaAliis gen- tri- wereimta, notthat subjected other nations, to cruel from punishments, their ignorance nor were'of the they Roman compelled Empire, to pay42. taxes. Solvendi suprema militibus ducique, of performing funeral ho- Visuquenours to acthe memoria soldiers, deformes, and to thefull general,of dismal i. sightse. Varus and andterrible his army.recol- legionumlections. manusPrima ostentabant,Vari castra, .firstlato ambituthe camp et ofdimensis Varus, principiis,of wide extent, trium legions.md the headAccisae quarters jam beingreliquiae all visible,consedisse displayed intelligebantur, the labours the of ruinsthree 36 EXPLANATORY NOTES. tefixaseemed ora, to headshave fixedsunk on down the trunks into ofthe trees. earth. PatibulaTruncis captivis, arborum crosses an* on 43.which Cuncta the captives Germanici suffered. in deterius trahenti, misrepresenting all the actionsrumque oftardatum Germanicus. ad proelia Sive et exercitumformidolosiorem imagine hostium caesorum credebat, insepulto* or heenemy, believed their that imagination the army wasbeing discouraged haunted with in battle, the thoughts, and fearful (shadows) of the funeralof their rites.slain and unburied countrymen. Adtractare feralia, to perform Gnarus44. Gnaram means eithervincentibus, knowing known or known. to those who had the superiority. at 45.last Noxnight demum saved inclinantesthe legions turn giving legiones way adversaefrom a pugnaedefeat. exemit,Quan- edtum upon aquarum the lower circum grounds surgentibus all the jugis water oritur, that vertereflowed infrom subjecta, the heights turn- beingaround. flooded, Mersaque and the humo, works et being obruto overwhelmed quod effectum operis, the plains veo.46. TotFomenta hominum sauciis, millibus dressings unum for jam the reliquum wounded. diem Fomentum lamentabantur, a fo- mourned thisthe manyas the onlythousands remaining who daywere for doomed so many to thousand perish before men, theor, conclusion50. Accendebat of another haec day. onerabatque Sejanus, peritia morum Tiberii, odiaasperated in longum the mind jaciens, of Tiberius quae reconderet by representing auctaque these promeret, things Sejanuswith addi- ex- thetions materials and exaggerations, of future hatred, from a which knowledge he (Tiberius) of his character, might layfurnishing up and bring51. forthQuo withlevior increase. classis vadoso mari innaret, vel reciproco sideret, that the vesselssand without being lightenedinjury when might the floattide amongwas at itsthe ebb. shallow's, Aliquando or rest uponsub- tractodispersed solo or disjecti, overwhelmed. aut obruti, sometimes losing the bottom they were battles.52. Tractare Justk locis,praeliorum when thevias, ground considered was equally the circumstances favourable for of both his gagement.53. Propinquo summae rei discrimine, on the eve of a decisive en- having54. Auguralihis shoulders the general’scovered. tent.Scil: Seesecundum, Castra.' a Contectusmode of expression humeros, mamore sui, frequent is gratified with bythe his poets own than praises, wfith or,the byprose hearing authors. himself Fruitur praised fa- by55. the Viditquesoldiers. se operatum. et, sanguine sacro respersa praetexta, pul- waschriorem performing aliam, manibussacrifice, aviaeand hisAugustae garment accepisse, being stained he dreamed with the that blood he of histhe grandmothervictim, that he Augusta. received oneAuctus much omine, more beingbeautiful encouraged from the byhands the gur.vision. VestigiaAddicentibus prementem, auspiciis, treading the omens the steps. being favourable. See Au- wounds.56. Onusta vulneribus tergum, having their backs covered with TACITUS. 37 v57. Ut ripae fluminis cedunt, aut prominentia montium resistant, as the58. banks Ilomanas of the riveraves, retire,the Roman or the birds projecting : the eagles. mountains See oppose. Aquilae. most61. arduousQuod arduum,duties in sibi;person cetera ; he delegatedlegatis permisit, other thingshe discharged to his lieu- the tenants.62. Non Collato colligeret gradu, (scil. in ahastas), regular hadengagement; not room manto draw to man. back their spearsshould togive prepare no quarter. for a newInternecionem thrust. Insisterent gentis, the caedibus, extermination that they of the64. race. Posse bellum patrari, that the war might be finished. Quando geance.Romanae ultioni consultum esset, since the Romans had inflicted ven- piciis65. Tiberii,Arcus, anunder arch, the i. e.conduct a triumphal of Germanicus, arch. Ductu and Germanic!,the auspices aus- of (auspiciis)Tiberius. ofAll the wars Emperor were assaid commander-in-chief, to be carried on andunder under the theauspices con- gebatduct (ductu) intuentium of the visus, generals eximia to ipsiuswhom species,he delegated his distinguished his authority. beautyAu- secretfixed the fears eyes seized of the their beholders. minds when Suberat they reflected.occulta formido reputantibus, cie66. honoris Nec ideostatuit, sincerae, not having caritatis gained, fidem evenassecutus, by these amoliri means, juvenem credit spe- for sincereRome) underattachment, pretext he of determineddoing him tohonour. remove Intutathe young Tiberii man amicitia (from credebatur,Versa Caesarum the friendshipsobole, the of line Tiberius of succession was believed being tochanged. be dangerous. Quia tomedregibus to aequa, equality, nedum not infima,to speak insolita of degradation. sunt, because . kings are unaccus- was67. declining Suam aetatem in years, vergere, and that Drusi Drusus nondum was too satis young. adolevisse, Missu that Prin- he ignarum,cipis, by theincapable commission of compliance. of the Emperor.Divisa et Seediscors Princeps. aula erat,Obsequii tacitis intracted Drusum by twoaut factions,Germanicum of which studiis, the theone courtfavoured was thedivided succession and dis- of !I mentDrusus, of histhe uncle.other that of Germanicus. Alienatio patrui, the estrange- sented68. Magnaquethemselves illicthat imagosuggested tristium to his laetorumque,mind a mingled many train objects of melan- pre- 'j cholystudied and honours. joyful recollections. Quaesitissimis honoribus, with the most i 69. Provincias, internis certaminibus aut magistratuum injuriis fes- j civilsas, refovebat,contests, orhe by renewed the unjust the exactionsenergy ofof thethe magistiates.provinces exhausted (Ab) 11 by io etleaving (iis locis)Ilium quae and theibi varietatemonuments, fortunae, venerable et nostri both origineon account veneranda, of the varietycradle ofof Rome.fortune, and as being the mother country of Rome, or, the manicus.70. Oblique Severos Germanicum tribunes, perstringens,the tribunes obliquelyremarkable censuring for the rigour Germa- of their71. discipline.Cognoscendae antiquitatis (scil. causa), with the view of ex- 38 EXPLANATORY NOTES. loweredamining thethe price monuments of corn. of antiquity. Levavit pretia frugum, he remains72. Visit of ancient veterum Thebes. Thebarum Manebant magna structis vestigia, molibus he visits literae the magnificent Aegyptiae, werepriorem still opulentiam legible on thecomplexae, obelisks, expressiveinscriptions of in the Egyptian ancient opulencecharacters, of the73. city. Disjectasque inter et vix pervias arenas, instar montium eductae passablePyramides, sands certamine collected et opibusby the regum,winds, amidstthe Pyramids vast heaps towering of scarcely like tismountains, Nili receptacula, reared by the the reservoirs vanity and that the receive wealth theof kings.waters ofSuperfluen- the Nile spatiiswhen it penetrabilis, overflows. aAngustiae subterraneous et profunda labyrinth altitudo, of a vast nullis depth, inquirendum the wind- ings74. of Ut which valetudinis no visitor adversa ever rimantes,explored. as anxious to learn the fatal issue of 76.the disease.Si fato concederem, if I died a natural death. Prosequi defunc- tum77. ignavo Visuque questu, et audituto bewail juxta the deadvenerabilis, by unavailing quum lamentations.magnitudinem et rat,gravitatem he inspired summae respect, fortunae equally redneret, by his invidiampresence andet arrogantiam address, and eff'uge- while heacted retained with arrogance,the noble deportmentnor incurred and envy. dignity of high station, he neither years78. ofHaud age. multumModicum triginta voluptatum, annos egressum, temperate not in muchhis pleasures. above thirty Si mastersolus arbiter of his rerum,own destinies, si jure etif nomine he had regioenjoyed fuisset, the prerogatives, if he had been and thethe namecertain of if king. it bore Praetuleritne any symptoms veneficii of poison. signs, Namparum ut consdtit, quis misericordia it is un- nior,in Germanicum, divers! interpretabantur, et praesumpta for suspicione, as any one aut was favore moved in Pisonem,with compas- pro- wassion disposedfor Germanicus, to think orfavourably had preconceived of him, he a gavesuspicion a different against report. Piso, or and79. unfortunate Infelici fecunditate family, in sofortunae many waystotiens exposed obnoxia, to the in assaultsher numerous of for- tune.indecent Quo joy. intemperanter accepto, receiving the intelligence with an these80. wereHoc theegisse consequences secretos, Augustaeof the secret cum conferences Plancina ofsermones, Augusta thatand narchsPlancina. were Displicerenot fond of regnantibns the popular talentscivilia offiliorum their sons. ingenia, Sumpto that jus-mo- titio,situm, going without into any a general of the externalmourning. pomp Nihil of sorrow. in ostentationem compo- fidissimumque81. Nescia tolerandi,appulsu erat, incapable which wasof resignation. the nearest andQuod the celerrimum safest har- bour.82. Munere fnngerentur—fungi sometimes governs the accusative. versed.Incompta Trabeati, signa, versi in their fasces, robes the of standards state. Aberat unadorned, quippe the adulatio fasces gna- re- abstainedris omnibus, from laetam high-turned Tiberio Germanicieulogium, mortemknowing male well dissimulari, that the joy they of TACITUS. 39 cealed.Tiberius, on account of the death of Germanicus, was but ill con- 84.83. PublicoDies, quo abstinuere, reliquiae didtumulo not appearAugusti in inferebantur,public. modo per si- lentiummains were vastus, committed modo ploratibusto the tomb inquies, of Augustus, on the day sometimes on which a solemnhis te- mentations.silence prevailed, Nihil sometimes tamen Tiberium the mournful magis stillness penetravit was quamdisturbed studia by ho-la- thanminum the accensa strong attachmentin Agrippinam, of the nothing people towounded Agrippina. Tiberius more deeply riam85. virtutis Juliorum carmina, imagines. elegies See composed Jus imaginum. to celebrate Meditata the virtues ad of thememo- de- parted.of sorrow. Laudationes, funeral orations. Doloris imitamenta, the show : dederant86. Coepta senatores, simul eques, et aucta miles, conjuratione, feminae etiam, in quam the conspiracycertatim nomina almost Ii atnators, the same knights moment and formed,soldiers, andand itseven numbers women completed, eagerly engaged. in which Acse- I multasmany families insignesque of high families rank on patej-na the father’s nobilitate side. complexus,Q.ui, in tanta allied vitio- to !; lunt,rum dulcedine,who, amid summum the allurements imperium of nonpleasure restrictum, do not necwish perseverum the sovereign vo- power87. toCujus be restrained, instinctu concitumnor confined sit, byquod the tamrules multi of a rigidsumpserunt, virtue. who waswhich the so origin many ofespoused. the conspiracy, Yivida by odiawhose intulere, influence brought it was intopropagated, the lists missiona determined of inferiority. hatred. VanusA Nerone assimilatione, probroso carminevain of hisdiifamatus, pretended being ad- attacked88. Natalis in a satirical particeps poem ad omneby Nero. secretum Pisoni erat: ceteris spes ex hopesnovis rebusof the petebatur, rest were Natalisfounded was on privya revolution. to all the Fatigabatquesecrets of Piso, crimi- the pinaenationibus, et desiderio ac saepe ejusin metumultioni adduxerat,intentum. quasiIgitur adulterum ubi conjuratis, Agrip- praefectumsermone facta quoque fides, hepraetorii harrassed in by partesaccusations descendisse, and often crebro brought ipsius into vengedangers, through as if hesorrow had been for hera lover death. of Agrippina,Wherefore andwhen determined the conspirators on re- werethe guards convinced had joinedby his the frequent conspiracy. conversations, that the commander of mores89. classiariorumPostremo lentitudinis Misenensium eorum labefacere, pertaesa, et inconscientia Campania illigare agens, con-pri- innixa Campania, est tali initio, she endeavouredat last weary to of shaketheir indecisionthe faith ofand the exerting chiefs herselfof the dendaefleet at Misenummatris Neronis and to inter engage ministros, them innon the ex dangerousmagnitudine secret. sceleris Occi- pro- vectus,portion toone the of importance the murderers of the of crime.the mother Quam and innot irritum advanced cecidissent, in pro- howonretur, ill they a fixedhad beenpurpose rewarded. of revenge Destinationem if an opportunity vindictae, should si facultas occur. sita,Mans nullis usu laeta,testibus was innixum fond of facile excursions confutavit, by sea. confronted Cum indice with compo-her ac- cuser,prool ofshe his easily assertion. confuted him as he could bring forward no witnesses in 40 EXPLANATORY NOTES. 90. Omissis excubiis et fortunae suae mole, forgetting the necesSary ▼motivesigilance were and alledgedthe heavy to cares his associates.of government. Ne a Haeclibertate in commune, moveretur, these vel, delectoshould beImperatore led by the lovealio, ofsui liberty muneris to restore rempufclicam the republic, faceret, or, choosinglest he anotherown gift. Emperor should gain the merit of making the government his magno91. Caesaroperi sacrum, rarus egressu, and were rarely as it goinghad been abroad. consecrated Gestabatque to the glori-velut ousthe people.enterprise. Eliciendum vulgi favorem, to Conciliate the favour of tusum92. increpans,Promptum asperarivagina pugionem,saxo et in mucronemde quo supra ardescere retuli, jussit,vetustate expres- ob- above,sing his on dissatisfaction, being drawn frombecause the scabbardthe dagger, was whichfound toI havebe blunted mentioned with rust,Affluentius he gave solito orders convivium that it should initum, be whettedat the andsame sharpened time a moreat the sump-point. cogitationistuous banquet manifestus, than usual he himselfwas served was up.gloomy Ipse and moestus obviously et engagedmagnae insultory deep conversation. meditation, thoughYulneribus he assumed ligamenta, an airquibusque of cheerfulness sistitur sanguis, by de- bandagesQui indicio for praevenisset, wounds, and who these should things be firstby towhich give bloodthe information. is stemmed. tion93. to Magnagive of eta formidableatrocia afferre and dictitans, atrocious asserting conspiracy. that heOlim had religioneinforma- patriadita dierum cultum, observatione, had been withoutlong held any sacred regard by to hisparticular Ancestors. days. Incusto-Enim- cibus▼ero liberatesparum probatam, semper epulas that hestruxisse, had always et vitam kept amoenam,a sumptuous et duristable, judi- and lednulla a lifejussu of suo,luxury that and he hadcensured prepared by rigid no applicationjudges. Fomenta for wounds vulneribus by his oonsceleratum,command. Adjicit tanta dictisvocis acconstantiam; vultus securitate, incusat ut ultrolabaret intestabilem indicium, heet speaksevidence, with that an heunshaken was a man firmness; of abandoned asserts thatcharacter, no credit with was snch due a confi-to his disregarded.dence of voice and countenance that his information would have been taque94. vincla,Q,uum whenexorta a suspicio,suspicion quiaarose, non because congruentia their answers responderant, were at indi- va^ riance,95. Epicharinand they wereattineri, put inratusque irons. muliebre corpus impar dolori, tor- thementis delicate dilacerari frame jubet, of a thatwoman Epicharis was incapable was in custody, of enduring and thinking pain, com- that dies,mands of her the to torture. suffer theDissolutis most cruel membris infliction insistere of the torture. nequibat, Qusestionisvinclo fas- ciae,indidit quam cervicem, pectori et,detraxerat, corporis inpondere modum connisa, laquei adtenuem arcum jam sellae spiritum restricto, ex- thepressit, arch her of limbsthe chair, being in dislocated, the form ofshe a couldnoose, not the stand, belt of having her stomacher, bound to thewhich weight she hadof her taken body, from she her extinguished breast, she the put slender her neck remnant into it,of and,life that by was96. left. Continua hinc et juncta agmina trahi, ac foribus hortorum adja. TACITUS. 41 cere, hence bands of the conspirators were led in unbroken succession, fortuitusand waited sermo at the et gatessubiti ofoccursus, the gardens. si convivium, Laetatum si spectaculumerga conjuratos, simul si anyinissent prosperous pro crimine event, accipi, an accidental to have conversation,congratulated athe casual conspirators rencontre; on towas have construed sat at theinto same a proof table, of guilt.or witnessed the games in their society, by 97.an adventurousMulta expericndo courage, confieri, many quaethings segnibus were accomplished, ardua videantur, which that, to -cowardsplectitur seemedrempublieam, impracticable. dum auxilia Quanto libertati laudabilius invocat. periturum,Miles potius dum dees- am- peretur,set et plebes mortem desereret, approbaret, dum ipsehow majoribus, much more dum glorious posteris, would si vita his praeri- death befight while the battleshe espoused of liberty. the cause Let of even his country,the soldiers and neglect summoned their allies duties, to hisand ancestors, the Plebeians and thedesert theme him, of provided applause he to renderedposterity, his if death he really worthy we«r of amoribereft uxotisof life. dedit; Testamentum quani degenerem, foedis etadversus sola corporis Neronem forma adulationibus commenda- tam,nourable amici flattery matrimonio of Nero, abstulerat, through lovehe filledof his hiswife, testament whom he with had snatcheda disho- donedfrom her character, former andhusband, commended his own only friend, for the though beauty aof woman her person. of aban- tiam,98. withPlenus an constantsunshaken sifortitude, lent! i, nec and tribuno dignified objiciens silence, eandem not conscien-even up- braiding99. Nec the sibi centurion promptum with inbeing adulationes connected ingenium, in the same nor plot. was his mind pronePrincipi to intimum flattery. oonsiliorum,Poppaea et in Tigellinothe presence coram, of Poppaeaquod erat and sacvienti Tigelli- nus,vage the revenge. confidential counsellors of the prince in his deliberations of sa- dum100. coercentis, Simul lacrumas ad firmitudinem eorum, modorevocat, sermone, rogitans, modo now intentior, by persuasion, in mo- nowthem raisingto dry uphis theirvoice tears, to the and tone to arm of themselvesreproof and with authority, fortitude. lie raises preparing101. Paullulum her for the adversus terrible praesentemtrial that awaited formidinem her. Vitaemolitus, delenimenta gradually monstraveramnile corpus et tibi,parvo I havevictu showntenuatum you lentathe solace effugia of sanguinilife. Quoniam praebebat, se- sincethe blood his aged languid. body, andAd impatientiamemaciated by adelaberetur, spare diet, renderedmight betray the flow symp- of toms102. of Incertumimpatience. an ignarae, it is uncertain whether it was with her areown prone knowledge. to view thingsUt est in vulgus the most ad unfavourabledeteriora promptum, light. Oblataas the mitiorevulgar lovespe, blandimentisof life prevailed. vitae Oreevictam, ac membris better hopesin eum being pallorem held albentibus,out, that theut armsostentui being esset, so uncommonly multum vitalis pale spiritus as to attract egestum, general her observation,countenance prov- mid eting lentitudine that the Vital mortis, principle the blood had been flowing nearly with exhausted. difficulty, Duranteand death tractu ap- proaching by slow advances. Stagnum calidae aquae, i £at- 42 EXPLANATORY NOTES. Supremis suis consuleret, he gave directions concerning the disposal of his103. body. Non referre dedecori, si citharoedus demoveretur et tragoedus itsuccederet; did not change quia, theut Nerodisgrace, cithara, if a itamusician Piso tragico was dethroned, ornatu canebat, and a thattra- gedianPiso acted sueceeded tragedy. ; because, as Nero exhibited his skill on the harp, so indicibus104. Ceterum ad prodendum militaris Fenium quoque Rufum,conspiratio quem non eundem ultra fefellit,conscium accensis at in- quisitoremger concealed, non thetolerabant, informers but being the conspiracy roused to nameof the Fenius soldiers Rufus, was no whom lon- thethey conspirators. could not endure Redderet to be attam once bono an Principiaccomplice vicem, aud to a repaypersecutor the fa- of vourstium, sedof so verba gracious sua praepediens a prince. etNon pavoris vox adversum manifestus, ea ceterisque Fenio, non ac silen-max- butime, speakingto this charge with hesitation, Fenius made and noobviously direct answer,under the nor influence was he ofsilent, ter- hens,105. is Pervertitur,accused, at firstprime alledging dissimilitudinem in his defence m’orum the ad dissimilarity defensionem of tra- his minusmariners. nosci Ipsadecebat retuli militaris verba, quiaviri sensusnon, ut incomptos Senecae, vulgataet validos, erant; I havenec usedSeneca’s, his own nor language,is the strong because sense his of speecha soldier, has thoughnot been expressed published in likeun- polished106. Non diction, aliter less tot worthy flagitiis of ejus being subveniri known. potuisse, that his enormi- tiesVestino could non not miscuerantotherwise bequidam, prevented. vetustis Sed in ex eum conjuratis, simultatibus, concilia plures, cum quiasome praecipitemdid not take et counselinsociabilem with Vestinus,credebant, by but reason of the of conspirators,old feuds, a greaterSaepe asperis number facetiis because illusus, they havingbelieved often him been to be the violent subject and of unsocial.his bitter raillery.108. Paullatim ab extremis cedere spiritum, that life was retreating tellectualfrom the extremities.faculties. Compote mentis pectore, in possession of his in-
CICERO, DE SENECTUTE. Caf. 1. Humanitatem -et prudentiam, cultivation and taste. Hujus tatemlibri confectio, haberet oratio, the composition that my sentiments of this treatise. might haveQuo themajorem more auctori-weight. Facimus,9. Qui Iautem introduce. omnia bona a se ipsis petunt, ns nihil potest malum vi- deri,humanity quod produces, naturae necessitas can seem afferat,an evil nothingto them which who seekthe theircommon happiness lot of CICERO. 43 from themselve*, or, who are not dependent for their happiness on any- ritatething tempestivaexternal. Benequasi descriptae vietum et sint, caducum, have been that well withering arranged. and Matu-decay shouldof old age.succeed to full ripeness. Ingravescentem aetatem, the infirmities et 3.nec Vitam diflficiles, nullam nec inhumaniputarent, theysenes, thought old men life whointolerable. are temperate, Moderati, and gentle,temper. and kind. Importunitas, et inhumanitas, peevishness and ill dita,4. aComitate condio, tocondita season. gravitas, Aetate dignity provectum, softened advanced by gentleness. in years. Con-Le- patientiagis Cinciae. sua molliebat,See Lex byCincia. his caution, Hannibalem he paralysed juveniliter the efforts exsultantem of Han- peace.nibal, exultingSee Toga. in the Tribunoenergy of plebis. youth. SeeIn Tribunus.armis, in war.Contra In toga,senatus in publicauctoritatem, life. Intusagainst domique a decree praestantior, of the senate. he wasSee more Senatus. admirable In luce, in the in retirement5. Est etiam of domestic quiete, life.et pure et eleganter actae aetatis placida ac lenis gantsenectus, pursuits, the old is ageunruffled of a lifeand spentdelightful. in retirement Sua enim and vitiavirtue, insipientes, and ele- theet suam infirmities culpam, that in arise senectutem from their conferunt, own vices weak and men follies. impute Legem to old Vo-age conianconiam lawvoce with magna, an unimpairedet bonis lateribus voice andsuasissem, sound lungs.I supported A rebusthe Vo- ge- rendis,G. Hanc from (sc. public orationem) life. ille egit, he delivered it. Nihil afferunt, reserventthey prove ut nothing. avi reliquias Quam persequare, palmam mayutinam the diigods immortales reserve for tibi, you, Scipio, Sci- pio,Senectutis the glory eum of suae avenging poeniteret, the shade would of heyour have grandfather. had cause toSee regret Palma. his nusold age.gladiis Nec uteretur, enim excursione,he was unable nec to saltu, run, necleap, eminus or launch hastis, the nec spear, comi- or j engage7. Sepulchra his enemy legens, sword inreading hand. the epitaphs. Redeo in memoriam minerunt,mortuorum, men I recal remember the memory all things of the in dead.which theyOmnia, are quaeinterested. curant, me-Va- isdimonia to be heard.constituta, Male the remday ongerentibus which a cause,patribus in whichbonis interdicithey are solet,parties, it usuallyof their happensestates. thatQuasi prodigal desipientem, parents as are in divesteddotage. ofNon the serendis,management non !, ing,percipiendis, nor gathering non condendis in the fruits fructibus, of the earth. neither in sowing, nor in reap- suits.8. AdSemper virtutum agens studia aliquid ducuntur, et moliens, are encouragedalways actively in virtuous engaged pur- in formingemployed some in the new acquisition enterprize. of knowledge.Addiscunt aliquid,Addiscere, they toare learn constantly some- arripui,thing new studied ; ediscere, with suchto get enthusiasm. by heart; dediscere,Fecisse into fidibus,forget. performedSic avide upon9. Agerethe harp. pro viribus, to exert all your strength. Athletas, wrestlers. lyzed.See Athleta. Non veroHi mortuitam iste, sunt, quam these tu (arras ipse, ofnugator, mine) areit isdead, not or,so muchpara- 44 EXPLANATORY NOTES. that they have lost their strength, as that you are a trifler, or, your ca- oflamites mind. do notA quibus proceed jura so muchcivibus from praescribebantur, debility of arm, by as whom from weaknesslegal ad- spiritumvice was estgiven provecta to their prudentia, countrymen. whose intellectQuorum remainedusque ad unimpairedextremum tocit, the nescio last quoday ofpacto, their in lives. senectute, Omnino for thecanorum voice illudseems in to voce acquire splendes- new elocutionharmony inof oldan oldage. man Est is graceful,decorus sermo and gentle, senis, andquietus unambitious. et remissus, Fa-the thecitque sweet persaepe and polished ipsa sibi accents audientiam of an eloquentdiserti senis old mancomta often et mitis win theoratio, at- dioustention youths. of his audience. Stipata studiis juventutis, surrounded by stu- clientes,10. Non non curiahospites, vires neither meas the desiderat, senate-house, non norrostra, the comitia,non amici, nor nonmy strengthfriends, norto deliver clients, my nor opinion guests, in missthe senate,my strength, and in or,the Iassemblies still retain of mythe guests.people, andSee to Rostra. be useful Itaque to my nemo friends adhuc and convenireclients, and me to voluit, attend cui to madefqerim an occupatus, appointment, wherefore, ever wished even toto meetthis day, me inno vain, one withor, has whom had 1cause had aetatisto complain tempestivitas that I was est not data, punctual every periodto my oftime. life hasSuaquu something cuique season- parti able,ris siccitatem, or, something that he peculiarly still retained suited the to greatest it. Summam freshness in of eo constitution. esse corpo- henceSiccitas, strength dryness, in suchold age. a degree of it as prepares wood for preservation, valetudinis,11. Doctrina we mustuberior, be careful greater of cultivation our health. of Tenebatmind. nonHabenda modo ratioauc- buttoritatem, even absolute sed etiam authority imperium over in his suos, family. he retainedSi nemini not emancipataonly influence, est, ifI amit is much not under employed the dominion in the study of any of theone. Greek. Multum Graecis literis utor, dum12. incitarentur,Cujus voluptatis to the avidae enjoyment libidines of temerewhich theet effrenate insatiable ad passions potiun- hincwere rerumhurried publicarum on rashly, eversiones,and without hinc control. cum hostibusHinc patriae clandestina proditiones, collo- quiacorrespondence nasci, hence with treasons, the enemy, hence have the theirsubversions origin. ofMagnam states, hence habendam secret thatsenectuti we are gratiam, greatly quae indebted efficeret, to old ut age,id non through liberet, which quod wenon lose oporteret, our re- coming.lish for thoseLiberet, indulgences, from libet, which, impersonal at our time verb, of itlife, pleases, would sometimes be unbe- theused understanding. personally, as here. Mentis oculos praestringit, dazzles the eyes of nopere13. Suadesiderat, sponte, because for its ownit is indifferentsake. Quod to pleasure.ea voluptates Cruditate, nullas mag-indi- conviviisgestion. delectariQuanquam potest, immoderatis for, though epulis old agecareat does senectus, not indulge modicis in tamenluxu- convivialrious banquets, parties, yet or, it associations.can enjoy simpleSacris entertainments. Idaeis Magnae Sodalitates,Matris ac- adoptedceptis, when at Rome. the sacred See rights Magna of Mater. Cybele, that came from Ida, were first CfCERO. 45 ! 14. Non intelligo, ne in istis quidem voluptatibus ipsis, carerc sensu senectutem,pleasures. IMagisteria, do not see thethat regulations old age loses at convivialits relish evenparties. for thoseSee nophontis,Coena. A minuta summo, atque by the rorantia, president. cups, asPocula, in the sicutbanquet in ofsymposio Xenophon, Xe- moderatethe dew. andConvivium cheerful. vicinorumRorantia, quotidie dewy, moisteningcompleo, Iand daily refreshing make one as ofnished a party the careerof neighbours. of ambition. Emeritis Si vero stipendiis habet aliquod ambitionis, tanquam having pabulum fi- studiiPabulum atque (a doctrinae,pasco,) food if ; ithere, still nourishmentretains a taste for for the literary mind. pursuits.Acutis, I ' ingenious.15. Id occoecatumFabulam cohibet,docuisset, conceals had published it under a play.its surface. .Occoeca- tusminata (of obest, and from coecus,) which blinded.the operation Ex quo,which occatio performs quae this hoc (L efficit, e. covers no- porethe seed) et compressu is called suoblinding, dift'undit, i. e.et harrowing.elicit herbescentem Deinde ex tepefactumeo viriditaten, va- pressure,then it, i. ande. the from earth it pushesswells upthe theseed, green wanned blade. by itsQuae own nixa heat fibris and stirpium,quasi pubescens sensim includitur, adolescit, whichculmoque being erecto supported geniculato, by the fibresvagmis of jam the stem,to maturity, gradually is nowshoots enclosed up, and in rising a sheath. on a jointedE quibus stalk, cumand advancingemerserit, muniturfundit frugem vallo spiciaristarum, ordine from structam, which, et whencontra itavium has emerged,minorum morsusit puts forthdefended the fruitfrom of the the attacks ear arranged of the smallon both birds sides by in the regular beard order,as by aand ram- is part.quicksets. Vim Propagines,ipsam, the layers.vital energy. Eadem, Malleoli, ut se erigat, slips. claviculisViviradices, suis, quasiself, itmanibus, twines round quidquid whatever est nacta, it approaches complectitur, with that its ittendrils, may support as with it- hands.coercet arsQuam agricolarum, serpentem ne multiplici silvescat sarmentis,lapsu et erratico,et in omnes ferro partes amputans nimia fundatur,husbandman which, prevents creeping from with exhausting many irregular itself inwindings, barren branches,the art of andthe iis,spreading quae relicta on all sunt, sides existit in wasteful tanquam luxuriance. ad articulos Itaquesarmentorum ineunte ea, vere quae in beengemma spared, dicitur, there wherefore, appears atin thethe jointsearly spring,what is incalled the branches the gem, that i. e. have the gatiothe bud. vitium, Adminiculorum sarmentorumque, ordines, ea, quamcapitum dixi jugatio, aliorum religatio amputatio, et propa- alio- therum vine immissio, branches the to regular the stakes, arrangement and training of the themprops, in and such the a bindingway as ofto formmentioned, arches, and and the the putting pruning in someothers. of theRepastinationes, shoots, which Ithe have trenching. already See16. Pastinum. In hac vita, Stercorandi, in this mode of ofmanuring. life, i. e. agriculture. Ex quo, qui eosofficers, arcessebant, who summoned viatores them, nomiuati were sunt,called from travellers, which or, circumstance couriers. Seethe ourViator. peace Inwith gratiam pleasure. jam cumSemper voluptate enim boniredeamus, assiduique that dominiwe may referta make cellawine vinaria,cellar, the olearia, oil cellar, etiam the penaria buttery est, of avillaque prudent tota and locuples attentive est, master the 46 EXPLANATORY NOTES. is always well stored, and his whole villa is wealthy. Hortum ipsi gardenagricolae to succidiama flitch of baconalteram which appellant, is always the ready husbandmen for use. compareTurn condi- the fowlingtiora facit and haec, hunting, supervacanei the amusements etiam ofoperis leisure aucupium hours, add atque their venatio, delica- tesseraecies. Talos, had six tesseras—they sides, the tali were four both sides. thrown from the same box. The See17. Agriculture. Conseptum agrum,Dimensa, an atque inclosed descripta, field, alaid park. out andIn quincuncem.planned. Cani,18. hoaryQuae sehairs. oratione In magnodefenderet, consensu, winch in was a crowdedcalled to house. defend Fabu-itself. actulam aetatiscorruisse, peregisse, to have nec, performed tanquam their inexercitati part successfully histriones, in inthe extreme drama ofMorosi, life, and et anxii,not like et inexperiencediracundi, et difficiles, players, fretfulto have and failed peevish, in the andlast irri-act. table,19. andNeque harsh. enim histrioni, ut placeat, peragenda est fabula, modo, in vivendum,quocumque neither fuerit canactu, a playerprobetur: be considered neque sapienti to have usque succeeded ad plaudite in his novapart, tillwise he man have be received pronounced the approbation fortunate till of the the end audience of life. in Seeevery Fabu- act; senibusla. Mature maturitas, et cocta, thus, fully the ripe.life of Sicthe vitamyoung adolescentibusterminates with vis a violentaufert, struggle,natural and the easy. death of the aged, arising from the maturity of years, is sensibus,20. Sed opus vivendi ipsa suumfinis esteadem, optimus, quae cum,coagmentavit, Integra mente, nature ceterisquedissolvit, butwork that which death she is has the formed, happiest, while when the understandingnature herself and takes the asunderother facul- the quities construxit:are unimpaired. sic hominem Ut navem, eadem ut optime,aedificium quae idem conglutinavit, destruit facillime, nature thedissolvit, planks as of the which architect it is formed,of a ship, so ornature, of a house,who has most made easily man, separates puts a aegre;period toinveterata, his existence facile divellitur,with least pain.every pieceOmnis of workmanshipconglutinatio isrecens, taken tinatio,asunder a with gluing difficulty or soldering when new; a piece ; but of when workmanship old, with unitedease. byConglu- glue. ConstansQui poterit aetas, animo confirmed consistere manhood. ? how can he enjoy tranquillity of mind ? because21. Quod I see eo it meliusthe more mihi distinctly, cernere thevideor, nearer quo Iab approach ea propius it. absum,Dum sumuswhile our in hisspirit inclusi is confined compagibus within corporis, the prison-house while we of are the confined, body. Sedor, nobilitasty and authority, etiam summorum or, the authority philosophorum, due to theet auctoritas, sublime doctrines but the nobili-of the considerchief of the as ourphilosophers. countrymen. Incolas Quin paene ex universa nostros, mente whom divina we may delibatos almost mindanimos that haberemus, pervades that all ournature. spirits Delibatos,were an emanation means properly, from the slightly divine tastedtion. asNeque a liquid, haberet therefore, in se quidquamit may here admistum be translated, dispar a drop,sui, atqueor emana- dis- simile,22. Vosnor tamendoes it decscontain verentes any heterogeneous qui hanc omnem admixture. nulchritudinem tuen- CICERO. 47 I: turever, et revering regunt, thememoriam Gods, who nostri sustain pie inviolateque and regulate servabitis, this beautiful you, system how- ofMemoria things, shallnostri, cherish the remembrance a religious and of inviolable us after death regard ; formemoria my memory. nostra, | the23. remembrance Quid, quod we sapientissimus have of past events, quisque or, aequissimo in our times. animo moritur, l| thestultissimus greatest equanimity,iniquissimo ?and do mennot theof thewisest weakest men capacity submit withto death the great- with I; esttanquam reluctance Peliam ? Cujus recoxerit, obtusior nor restoresit acies, me whose to life vision and youth is dim. like Pelias.Neque Ii AdLudi carceres Circenses. a calce, from the winning post to the starting post. See
DE CONTEMNENDA MORTE. I talitateCap. animotum1. Maximum tacitam vero judicare, argumentum it is aest, conclusive naturam proof, ipsam thatde immor- nature [ij herselfdubitas hasquin an specimen inward conviction naturae capi of thedebeat immortality ex optima of thequaque soul. naturaNum ? l' fromdo you the doubt most thatexcellent a model characters of the ?perfection Vetera ista,of nature et religtone is to beomnium drawn I1 consecrate,mythology ofthat all example nations. is taken from antiquity, and consecrated in the dam2. auguriumSed nescio futurorum, quomodo inhaeretbut there in mentibusseems to quasibe inherent saeculorum in the quod-mind brated.of man anOpifices, anticipation artists of ; futureas painters ages. and Affecerat statuaries. gloria, Quid he enim had cele-Phi- introducedias sui similem a likeness speciem of inclusithimself inin clypeothe shield Minervae of Minerva ? why did? CernerePhidias naturae3. Quorum vim maxime, quanta see mens farthest sit, difficileinto the secretsest existimare, of nature. the extent of whose4. Anima capacity sit it animus,is difficult ignisve, to conjecture. nescio, I do not pretend to know whetherprimary thesense soul signifies be air air,or fire.and hence,Anima the (from principle Kn/tts ofair lifeor wind)common in itsto manMens, with the the judging lower animals—tofaculty, the everyunderstanding. breathing or Animus,animated thecreature. soul; comprehendingQuid enim, obsecro not te,only terrane the tibi,understanding, aut hoc nebuloso but alsoet caliginoso the affections. coelo, autvides sata ; at aut quale concrete sit, vides;videtur si tanta ne id vis quidem memoriae : at ? quantum si, quid sit,sit hoc,profecto non vides,this dark can and you misty conceive atmosphere that so noble? yet, aif faculty you are as ignorant memory of is itsformed essence, of youstand are these, at least you acquaintedsee its capacity, with itsor, qualities its capacity ; and is ifobvious. you do notAn under-impri- inmi mentequasi ceramvestigia? animum do we putamus, imagine thatet memoriam the soul receives esse signatarum impressions rcrum like wax,on the and mind that ? memoryQuae porro is the tam traces immense of the magnitude characters quae of things ilia turn, written mul- 4B EXPLANATORY NOTES. ta possit effingere, what tablets can be conceived of such immense mag- nitudequae investigat as to contain occulta, so manyquae inventioimpressions. atque excogitatioIlia vis, quae dicitur, tandem ex hac-est, imaginene tibi terrena, that the mortalique power of thenatura soul, et whichcaduca explores concreta the ea videturmysteries ? do of youna- ganizationture, denominated of our materialjudgment part, or thewhich inventive is fading faculty, and subjectis merely to deathan or- ? busAut rebus,qui primus, imposuit quod nomina summae ? or sapientiae who was Pytbagoraeit that first gavevisum names est, omni- to all estthings, effort or, of invented human geniuslanguage, ? Qui which dissipatos Pythagoras homines considered congregavit, the high-et ad societatemmen who had vitae hitherto convocavit been ? whosolitary was wanderers,it that first unitedand taught in communities them the literarumsweets of notissocial terminavit? life ? Qui sonos who vocis,was it thatqui infinitirepresented videbantur, the sounds paucis of inventedthe human the voice, characters which of seemed the alphabet? infinite, Quiby a errantiumfew characters, stellarum or, cur-who sus,planets, regressiones, their retrogade institiones motions, notavit and ? thewho periods observed at whichthe courses they are of sta-the peratationary varietate, ? Nam et et auribusnatura sonorum,oblectatio for magna great partadelight est, is conveyedinventa et to tem- the mindand blending through thethem ear, into by sweetmeans harmony.of the discovery Nam of cum the natureArchimedes, of sounds, lu- nae,Archimedes solis, quinque invented errantium a sphere, motusin which in sphaeramhe represented illigavit, the formotions, when &c.5. Ambrosia, the food of the Gods, derived from xfiSgoTtc immor- tal.ferebat; Nectare, divina nectar, mallem the ad drink nos, of ascribed the Gods. the passionsHumana ofad mendeo? totrans- the ofGods, Gods I toshould men. have been better pleased if he had given the attributes a rapidity6. Conversionis of motion celeritatem which the tantam,mind cannot quantam conceive. cogitare Commutationes- non possumus, onemque temporum corporum quadripartitas, aptas, the succession ad maturitatem of the four frugum, seasons etfitted ad temperati- for bring- suitableing the fruitsto the of animals the earth who to dwellmaturity, on its and surface. for producing Eorumque a temperature omnium moderatorem,lucis, quasi fastorum et ducem notis solem, signantem lunamque dies, theaccretione, sun that et regulates diminutione and seemsguides appointedall these changes, to mark andthe daysthe moon, of the that festivals. by its waxingSee Fasti.and waning, Turn insus eodem constantissime orbe xri. servantespartes distributo, disparibus quinque inter Stellasse motibus, ferri, andeosdem besides, cur- heaven,when we divided observe intothat twelvethe five parts, planets or, movethe twelvein the samesigns regionsof the zodiac,of the irregular.invariably observingDuabus oristhe samedistantibus, courses, in thoughtwo zones with far motions distant seeminglyfrom each pole.other, or,Hominis the two utilitati temperate agros omneszones. etSee maria Zona. parentia, Sub the axe, whole near earth the and7. theModerator sea subservient tanti operis to the et conveniences muneris, a director of man. of the vast fabric of clethe ofuniverse. the universe. Munus, In aanimi spectacle, autem is cognitione here put fordubitare the glorious non possumus, specta- CICERO. ♦ 9 fnisi plane in physicis plumbei surous, quin nihil sit animis admixtum, i| nihilnor in concretum, the study ofnihil the copulatum,mind can wenihil doubt, coagmentatum, unless we arenihil altogether duplex, iI ignorantlink, no ofaddition, nature, nothingthat it admitsdouble. of noLiberam mixture, contumaciam, no composition, an un-no |i shaken8. Se resolution. totos libidinibus dedisSent, had given themselves up to the un* Ii destructionrestrained indulgenceof the liberties of theirof their passions. country. RepublicsQuibusque violanda, fuisset minimaby the (body.■ cum corporibus Itaque dubitans, contagio, circumspectans,who have contracted haesitans, fewest multa stains adversa from there- Ii vertens,The difficulty tanquam here inis rate,in the in word mari revertens; immense, but nostra if we vehiturconsider oratio. that the —~ !i exposed,metaphor sailingis taken backwards from a ship and at forwards sea and when the dangersshe has lostto whichher course, she is j(appears.—Ordo and supply the preposition est; Nostrabratio ad before dubitans, multa adversa, circumspectans, the difficulty haesitans, dis* !‘ every(ad) multa point adversaof view, revertens, hesitating, &c. meeting doubting, many considering difficulties the in subject our di&- in I(cussion, Divinationem, our argument a knowledge moves of as futureunsteadily events. as a shipA Deo in theevocatus, wide ocean. hav- ing9. obtained Hoc commentemur, his discharge letfrom us engageGod. Seein this Evocati. study, or, let this be the i< feremur,subject of minus our serious tardabitur meditations. cursus animorum, Cum illuc when ex we his shall vinculis escape emissi from (be(“these swifter. fetters, the flight of our spirits to heaven shall be less retarded, or, Sexpedit,j 10. &c.—Ordo aest; suicide An etiamby abstinence expedit fromnobis, food. qui privatiEtiamne (sumus) nobis *eti ante, domesticis i. e. antequam et forensibus mors abstraxissetsolatiis ornamentisque nos a mails, certe, non sia bonis,occidissemus would ilit solace, not have and been of everyhappy public for me honour, who haveif I beenhad diedbereft before of every death private could rwouldi have removed have removed me from me misfortunes, from happiness, not fromnot happiness,from calamities or, when as now?death IJusta/would uxorehave lost,natis, or,born would in lawfulhave beenwedlock. delivered Eventum from aamisisset, melancholy he motIdeath. have Nonfallen nudus defenceless in servorum into the ferrum hands et of manus slaves, incidisset, nor have hebeen would ex- >(posed11. toJudicantem their swords. aetema moliri, forming schemes for eternity. Eti- ! thatam sibe tu not non your id agas,object. even Ne if suesyou quidemdo not thinkid velint, of it,non or, modo even ipse, though evert ■ non,hogs anwould usual not ellipsis wish beforethis, much ne quidem. less man. The Nonscholar modo will for remark, non modo that /fthe Nescio words quando, ne and a modequidem, of expressionare always intimating separated doubt,in a Latin some sentence. time or l■ obscureother ; in person. some distant age—so, nescio qiiis, some one or other ; some > vero12.. in lidem., cunis, si nepner querendum parvus occidit, quidem, aequo the animo same ferendum people think, putant; if sia ililittle cradle, boy that die, we that are itnot is evento be to borne complain. with resignationAtqui ab ;hoc if aacerbius child in exe- the so EXPLANATORY NOTES. git natura, quod dederat, but it is a greater calamity when nature takes fromgustaverat, the boy the those infant enjoyments had not yet which tasted. she hadAt idjust quidem given. ipsum Nondum in ce- terisin vita rebus secus melius ? but putatur,in other aliquamthings it partem, is better quam to obtain nullam, a part attingere, than noth- cur retur,ing, why posset is it esse otherwise jucundior, in life? because, Nam, in myreor, opinion, nullis, nonesi vita of longior these oldda- givenmen couldto them. obtain Omnia an increase ista, perinde of happiness, ut cuique even data if sunt, longer pro liferata warepar- aste, theya vita, are aut given longa by autlife breviato any dicuntur,animal, are all called those long things, or short, in proportion or, long inor decrepitude.short is a term merely relative to the life of the animal. Decrepita, name13. canQuod I give enim to levius this folly huic ? levitatiChaldaeorum nomen imponam? promissa, for the what predictions gentler aof spirit! the astrologers. Propino, SeeI drink Chaldaei. to the Quamhealth. elatoTaeterrimus, animo, of howhis bitterest exalted enemy.had received Cum the jam fatal praecordiis draught intoconceptam his stomach, mortem or, contineret, after he had when drunk he the14. poison. Bene mihi evenire, that I am fortunate. Ut aut sensus omniiU) grationem,omnes mors a auferat, passage. that Haec either peregrinatio, death deprives this usjourney. of all feeling.Judicio Mi-ini- quoextreme, circumventos, nothing more condemned beautiful by than an theunjust concluding sentence. sentence. Nihil melius last15. he Sedadheres swum to illud,his maxim nihil utof affirmingaffirmet, tenetnothing. ad extremum, Egovero butilli tomaxi- the etmam sine gratiam versura habeo, possem qui dissolvere, me ea poena I ammultaverit, obliged toquam him sine for havingmutuatione, con- ingdemned obliged me to thatany one.penalty Versura which Iis can properly pay without a sum borrowing, borrowed toor dis-be- charge16. Purpuratisa debt. tuis, your courtiers, or, your slaves in purple. De perius,humatione with et less sepultura, delicacy. concerning Totaque intermentde ratione and humationis funeral rites. unum As- te- nendumclusion. est, in all our reasonings concerning interment this is our con- cum17. pressis, Ulciscitur, et flebilibus indulges modis, a spirit qui of totis revenge. theatris Ilia,moestitiam Hecuba. inferant, Haec tone,concinuntur, which fills when the wholethese versestheatre are with repeated sympathy. in a low and mournful bile18. genus Condiunt, canum, embalm. a celebrated Cera breed circumlitos, of dogs. Sedpreserved ita taetra in wax. sunt quae-No- ing,dam, that ut ealanguage fugiat, etshrinks reformidet from oratio,the task but ofsome describing of them them.are so disgust-Nemo mihipimim ipsa diu ad vixit, mortem no onetempestiva can be fuerunt; said to quamhave tooutinam short potuissem a life. Multaobire! nanihil bella enim restabant, jam acquirebatur at one time : cumulata death would erant have officia come vitae most : cumseasonably fortu- nothingto me : whatfurther reason to desire have : II to had wish enjoyed that Iall had the then honours died! of I the had state: then fortune19. Tropaei. had not thenSee wagedTropaeum. a war againstQuorum me. similitudinem aliquam qui CICERO. 51 arripuerit, whoever shall have formed to himself a correct opinion of the . characterstheir virtues. of theseNon men, enim or, tarn whoever cumulus is inspiredbonorum with jucundus the admiration esse potest, of DE NATURA DEORUM. andCap. breathe, 1. Animabili or, which spirabiliqueis necessary fornatura, the supportby this offluid animal in which life. weMode- live rationc2. Corpora et temperatione quaedam sublata, solida, a moderateatque individua, temperature vi et being gravitate destroyed. ferri, concursionemundumque fortuita, effici ornatissimum, that certain etsolid pulcherrimum and indivisible ex eorum corpuscles corporum rush thesetogether atoms, by thethis force beautiful of gravity, and magnificent and that by universe the fortuitous is produced. concourse Cer- of teconcerning ita temere the de mundouniverse effutiunt, without theydue certainlyconsideration. utter suchBeati, absurdities wealthy. diffusa,Pulchritudinem, flinging hisbrightness. beams through Efficientiam, the whole influence. sky. Distinctum,Toto coelo span- luce riousgled. phasesLunaeque of the varietatemmoon, at one turn time crescentis, waxing, andturn againsenescentis, waning. the E PRO ARCHIA POETA. hujusceCap. rei1. Inratio qua aliqua, me non ab optimaruminficior mediocriter artium studiis esse versatum;ac disciplina aut, pro- ai fecta,rum rerum a qua omniumego nullum vel inconfiteor primis hieaetatis A. Liciniusmeae tempus fructum abhorruisse: a me repete- ea- derablere prope practice, suo jure ordebet, any skillin which in oratory I do derivednot deny from that Ithe have study had and consi- the ofknowledge my life Iof have the liberalhad an sciences, aversion, to ofwhich that, IA. confess Licinius that has at a noright period pe- quaeculiarly ad humanitatemhis own to demand pertinent, from habenA me the quoddam fruit. communeEtenim omnes vinculum, artes, whichet quasi are cognatione connected quadam with human inter senature continentur, have a commonfor all thosetie, andstudies are bound2. Sed by nea certain cui vestrum relationship, mirum oresse are videatur, of the same me kindred.in quaestione legiti- ma,mani, et lectissimumin judicio publico, virum, cumet apud res severissimosagatur apud judices,praetorem tanto populi conventu Ro- suetudinohomimim, judiciorum,ac frequentia, verum hoc uti etiam genere a forensidicendi, sermone quod non abhorreat, mode a con-but andthat init maya public not seemtrial, surprisingwhen the causeto any is pleadedof you, before that in the a legalpraetor inquiry of the corruptibleRoman people, integrity, a man in of the the presence highest respectability,of so crowded and an judgesassembly, of anI usein- thea form court, of addressbut even which the language is not only of theinconsistent bar. Hoc with concursu the practices hominum of literatissimorum,the highest literary hac attainments, vestra humanitate, and gentlemen before thisof yourassembly polite of accom-men of plishments.humanitatis acExercente literarum, judicium, of the study presiding of elegant at literature.the trial. De studiis thy3. of Cognitione their intimacy atque and hospitio hospitality. dignum Alter existimarunt, cum res gestas,judged turnhim etiamwor- 58 EXPLANATORY NOTES. studiiim atque aures adhibere posset, the other could afford him both themsubjects also. for hisSed compositionetiam hoc non in solumhis own ingenii achievements, ac literarum, and verum a taste etiam for fuerit,naturae eadem atque assetvirtutis familiarissima fuit, ut dooms, senectuti, quae buthujus it aroseadolescentiae not only prima from virtues,his genius that and the learning, house which but evenwas thefrom chief his resortnatural of dispositionhis youth, wasand thehis favouritetavios, et residenceCatonem, of et his totam old age.Hortensiorum Lucullos domum vero, etdevinctam Drusum, consue- et Oc- thetudine Luculli, cum teneret,and Drusus, when heand lived the onOctavii, terms ofand the Cato,closest and intimacy the whole with familyverum ofetiam, the Hortensii.si qui forte simulabant,Qui aliquid perciperewho possessed atque aaudire genuine studebant, love of literature,4. Data butest civitaseven those Silvani who lege, were etambitious Carbonis, of “ that Si quicharacter. fcederatis civi* tatibusum habuissent; adscript! fuissent:et, si sexaginta si turn, diebus cum apudlex ferebatur, praetorem in essentItalia profess!,”domicili- thehe becametenure was,a Roman That citizenif any onhad the been law enrolledof Silvanus as andcitizens Carbo, in the of whichallied ifstates, within and sixty at the days time they that had the made law wasthat passeddeclaration had dweltbefore in the Italy, praetor. and circumstancesQuid enim horum can beinlirmari, disproved Grati, ? Tu potest tabulas ? O desideras Gratius, Heracleensiumwhich of those youpublicas, demand quas the Italico public bello, records incenso of tabulario,Heraclea whichinteriisse we scimusall know omnes, were plissimiconsumed viri in religionem,the Italian integerrimiwar when the municipii register-house jusjurandum, was burnt. the solemnAm- asseveration5 Nam cum of anAppii upright tabulae man, negligentius the oath of asservatae an incorruptible dicerentur, free town.Gabi- nii,nem quamdiu tabularum incolumis fidem resignasset, fuit, levitas for ; post when damnationem, the records ofcalamitas, Appius wereom- yetsaid into power,be carelessly and afterwards kept, the the inattention disgrace ofthat Gabinius, followed while his condem-he was tura,nation, by thecancelled erasure the of oneauthority name. ofScenicis his registers. artificibus Unius largiri, nominis to players, li- dviumlis temporibus, Homanorum quae juretu criminaris,esse versatum, ne ipsius et testamentum quidem judicio saepe eum fecit in ciisnostris ad legibus,aerarium et delatus adiit haereditatesest a L. Lucullo civium praetore Romanorum, et consule, et in duringbenefi- ownthose opinion times in enjoy which the you rights unjustly of a alledgcRoman that citizen, he didhe notoften even made in his andwill foraccording his services to ourwas laws,recommended obtained tolegacies the treasury from Romanby L. Luculluscitizens, when6\ Quiahe was suppeditat praetor and nobis, consul. ubi et animus ex hoc forensi strepitu refi- withciatur, an et elegant aures convipiomental relaxation defessae conquiescant, after the turmoils because of hethe furnishesforum, and us hiscontention. numbers areAb soothing nullius unquamto the ear, me deafenedtempore autby thecommodum, clamours autof legal oti- dantum meum ? that abstraxerit, my own convenience aut voluptas or avocarit, ease never aut deniqueled me asidesomnus from retar- the sleepdefence interrupt of any one,my exertions,or did pleasure Si, quantum seduce caeterisme from ad my suas duty, res obeun-or did CICERO. 59 das,luptates, quantum et ad adipsain festos requiem dies ludorum animi etcelebrandos, corporis conceditur quantum temporumad alias vo- quantum pilaealii tribuunt; tantum tempestivis mihi egomet conviviis ad haec : studiaquantum recoienda denique sumpse- aleae, brationro ? if as of much festivals, time and as othersto other devote pleasures, to their to the own relaxation affairs, ofto the mindcele- hall,and theso body,much asI dedicatemuch as tothey the allot cultivation to temperate of those banquets, studies. toParvi dice, esse to manyducenda, and were so violent to be disregarded. conflicts. QuaeIn tot jacerent ac tantas in dimicationes,tenebris omnia, into nisi so literarumad intuendum, lumen verum accederet. etiam adQuam imitandum, multas nobisfortissimorum imagines, virorum non solum ex- pressas, scriptures et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt, which would rbe hid charactersin darkness, of unless great themen, lights executed of learning with consummatewere applied. skill, How have many the ourGreek imitation and Roman also ? authors left, not only for our contemplation, but for doctrina,7. Ego naturae multos ipsiushomines habitu excellenti prope animodivino, acper virtute seipsos fuisse, et moderates et sine extraordinaryet graves exstitisse ulents fateor, and virtues,I confess who that with there the have aids been of learningmany men have of attainedan impulse to aof philosophical nature almost moderation divine. Atque and idemtrue greatnessego contendo, of mind, cum byad tioquenaturam doctrinae eximiam : atqueturn illud illustrem nescio accesserit quid praeclarum ratio quaedam, ac singulare conforma- solere vationexistere, of but learning I likewise are added maintain to great that andwhen splendid the discipline natural and talents, the culti-then anhomines illustrious et continentissimos, and extraordinary men character of the usesgreatest to arise. moderation Modestissimos and tem- varentur,perance. ifSi they nihil had ad notpercipiendam, been assisted colendamque by learning, virtutem in forming literis correct adju- thisnotions application of virtue, of and mind. in their Quod pursuit si ipsiof it. haec Hanc neque animi attingere, adversionem, neque thosesensu studiesnostro gustareourselves. possemus, but if we had no talents, nor relish for omnibus8. Ergo : nosille animorumcorporis motu incredibiles tantum motus, amorem celeritatemque sibi conciliarat ingeniorum a nobis negligemusgraces of his ? whenaction, he shallobtained we disregardso much thefavour wonderful with all movements of us by the of mind,et mentis and viribus the rapid excitari, conceptions et quasi of divino genius? quodam Poetam spiritu naturaipsa inrtari, that valere, the edpowerful by his geniusown intellectual of the poet energies, is the gift and of stirred nature as alone,it were that by ahe divine is excit- in- spiration.9. Nam et Cimbricas res adolescens attigit, et ipsi illi C. Mario, qui adurior short adpoem haec on studia the Cimbric videbatur, war, jucundus and was in fuit, favour for inwith his C.youth Marius he wrote him- whatself, whowords, seemed (derived to have from little a Greek relish verbfor those that meansstudies. to hear.)Quod acroama,Mithri- radaticum marique vero versatum, bellum, totummagnum ab atquehoc expressum diflicile, etest, in multahe wrote varietate a poem ter- in whichimportant he described and arduous, the whole and ofconducted the transactions with great of the variety Mithridatic of fortune war, 60 EXPLANATORY NOTES. both by sea and land. Et regiis quondam opibus, et ipsa natura regio- kings,nis vallatum, and eren ramparted, by the character i. e. defended of the country.by the costlyEx worksomni impetuof former re- sempergie, ac totiusferetur, belli et praedicabitur,ore ac faucibus L. ereptam Lucullo esse, dimicante, atque servatam cum interfectis ; nostra ofducibus war, i.depressa e. from hostiumthe instant classis, destruction receired withfrom whichthe mouth it was and threatened the jaws metaphorical,by the war. (Theand denotes young thatscholar the citywill wasremark rescued that from this theexpression dangers ofis shallthe war, always like have the theprey glory snatched of having from sunk the jawsthe enemy’s of a wild fleets beast.) and slainWe vus,their the generals, great grandfather, in the battle (compoundsin which L. ofEucullus Avus, a commanded.grandfather ; 1st,Proa- re- move10. ProavusRudium ; hominem.2d, Abavus; See 3d, Index. Atavus; Quare 4th, siTritavus). res hae, quas gessi- nuummus, orbisnostrarum terrae tela regionibus pervenerint, definiuntur: eodem gloriam cupere famamque debemus, penetrare,quo ma- wewherefore ought toif ourdesire achievements that our glory are and bounded renown by should the limits reach ofthose the regions earth, topopulo which subjecisset, our arms havequod penetrated. epigramma inCum eum ei fecisset libellum tantummodo malus poeta alter- de tonis him versibus a poem, longiusculis, which he when had composed a contemptible in his plebeian honour, versifierin long presentedalternate verses,either ini. e.praise elegiac or ridicule measure, of (Epigramma, any one.) Ut an etiam inscription, Cordubae a short natis poem poe- derct,tis pingue that quiddamhe listened sonantibus to poets bornatque at peregrinum, Cordova, who tamen sung aures in a suasdull andde- ideabarbarian is, when style. the ( bodyPinguis, is pampered, thick, fat,—applied the intellect to isthe neglected). mind, dull. The robed11. inMartis the garb manubias, of peace. the Sispoils nihil ofanimus war. praesentiretTogati judices, in posterum, judges neset si, cogitationes quibus regionibus terminaret vitae suas spadum : nec circumscriptumtantis se laboribus est, frangeret, eisdem om-ne- queif the tot mind curis did vigiliisque not look forwardangeretur, to immortality,neque toties debut vita confined ipsa dimicaret, its views soto thosemany limitstoils, norby whichsubmit life to isthe bounded, anxiedes it of would so many not caresexhaust and itself watch- by ings,12. norAn, contend cum statuas so often et imagines, for life itself. non animorum simulacra, sed corpo- rum,re, ac studiosevirtutum multi nostrarum summi effigiem homines nonne reliquerint; multo madeconsiliorum debemus, relinque- sum- diouslymis ingeniis left statues expressam and etpictures, politam likenesses ? when many not illustriousof the mind, men but have of stu- the ofbody, our oughtpublic we measures not to be and more our desirousvirtues executedof preserving and polisheda representation by men therof eminent in painting genius or ?sculpture.) (Effigies est vel picta vel ficta, a representation ei- QUINTILIAN. 61 QUINTILIAN. dutiesCap. of 1. the Necessitate office conferred quadam on me.officii (Quinctiliandelegati mihi, was by appointed the necessary tutor torabam, the grandson respiciens of tamen the sister illam of curam the emperor meae voluptatis,Domitian.) qui,Sedulo filio, cujuslabo- emineusbanc optimam ingenium partem solicitam relicturus quoque hereditatis parentis videbar: diligentiam ut, simerebatur, me, quod uteretur,aequum etI laboured,optabile fuit,industriously fata intercepissent, studying thepraeceptore interests tamenof the patrechief valuableobject of portionmy care of and the myinheritance delight, whichas I consideredI could leave this to work a son, the whose most fateseminent should genius cut medeserved off, an the event anxious not solicitudes improbable, of anor parent, undesirable, that if thehe mightdemned enjoy by the the gods. instructions Emisi, Iof published. a father. TuncDiis igiturreprobantibus, optimum con-fu:t, immaturuminfaustum opus, funus et consumturis quidquid hoc viscera est in mea me flammis infelicium injicere, literarum, neque super hanc impiambest to cast vivacitatem into the flamesnovis insuperthat were curis to consume fatigare, myit wouldchild, haveor an beenun- andtimely to funeraldistract pile,an impious this ill-fated length work of years and allwith my unceasing inauspicious cares. writings, (Vis- cera,ther, theas here.)womb, theHanc fruit animi of the mei womb, firmitatem, a child eventhis hardnessin relation of to heart. a fa- providenceNullam terras looks despicere down upon providentiam the earth, tester,i. e. that and human should affairsaffirm arethat not no indirected feminas by acadit, superintending functa, insanabilcm providence. attulit Nam marito cum omni dolorem, virtute, for quae en- maledowed virtues, with all by the her virtues death shethat plunged fall to the me lot in ofinconsolable women, i. grief.e. all theMihi fe- filiusmen, minormy younger quintum son egressushaving finished annum, his prior fifth alterum year, first ex extinguishedduobus eruit one lu- addictedof two lights, to exaggerate i. e. died first.evils. NonQui sumsolicitare ambitiosus solent in illas malis, aetates, I am whonot usuallyNon enim insinuate flosculos, themselves sicut prior, into sed the jam affections decimum of aetatis children ingressus of his age. an- num,his tenth certos year, atque he diddeformatos not display fructus the budostenderat, only like for his having younger entered brother, on scientiam,but the certain per illosand manes,the formed numina fruit. doloris Mala mei, mea, has per me infelicem in illo vidissc con- virtutesstantius ingenii,cognovi, nonplurima modo expertus, ad percipiendas studiique disciplinas, jam turn non quo coacti, nihil sciuntprae- suspraeceptores, posset hinc sed esse probitatis, tanti fulminis pietatis, metus; humanitatis, quod observatumliberalitatis, fereut pror- est, celeriustantas decerpat, occidere festinataminvidiam, nematuritatem videlicet ;ultra, et esse quam nescio homini quam, datum quae spesest, nostraonly to provehantur,myself, by theI swear spirits by of my the misfortunes, departed, thosewho witnesssufferings my known grief, thattion ofI saw knowledge, in him such than excellence which in myof intellect,long experience (not only 1 never in the knew acquisi- any 62 EXPLANATORY NOTES. thing more admirable,) and such a zeal in study, of which teachers on- andly understand liberality, thethat value, I ought but to such have a beendegree afraid of honour, of this piety,thunder-bolt, humanity, for rishes,it has beenand thatobserved, there isthat an extraordinaryenvy that blights precocity such hopes,of mind that soonest an eleva- pe- fortuitation may aderant not be attainedomnia, vocis beyond jucunditas what is claritasque, granted to orisman. suavitas, Edam et ilia in prietasutracumque omnium lingua, literarum, tanquam he adpossessed earn demum other natusaccidental esset, advantages,expressa pro- a andbeauty a perfect and clearness purity inof thevoice, pronunciation a sweetness ofof expression every letter, of countenance,as if it had gravitas,been his nativecontra tongue.dolores etiamSed haecac metus spes robur,adhuc ;but ilia those majora, only constantia,gave hopes unshakenof future excellence,constancy of the purpose, following a dignity were ofvirtues demeanour, of a higher and ordera strength : an deficiens,of mind thatjamque supported non noster, him ipsumunder iliumpains alienatae and dangers. mentis erroremQuam etiamcirca solashe could literas be nohabuit, longer in considered the last moments ours, his of wandering fainting existence, mind was and occupied when utwith aliqua literature tot luctibus alone. aliaSi quando cogitatio tamen inseri ita possit, resederit non praesens injuste impetus,petierlm deratedmorae veniam, that amid if soat manyany time griefs, however room can the bepresent found paroxysm for other thoughts,is so mo- minusI would fuerint not unjustly effecta iis,beg quaean indulgence levius adhuc for afflictimy delays. coeperamus, Turn, impe-si qua troritiae, ingenio aut, fortunae virium fuit,remittantur; ut non extinxerit,quae, si quid debilitavit mediocrium tamen, alioqui besides, nos- if tions,any thing be not which finished I began with with sufficient little care,vigour, let inthe the failure season be of ascribed my afflic- to whateverwant of skill, energy or ofto mindfortune, I may which, have thoughformerly it possessed,have not hasextinguished certainly weakenedlam ut perferre it. Sed nobis vel difficile propter est, hoc itanos facile contumacius contemnere. esigamus, Nihil quod enim il- attulitsibi adversus mihi exme his reliquit, malis securitatem,et infelicem butquidem, even onsed this certissimam account I tamenought to bearrouse the myself assaults with of the fortune, greater so resolution, it is easy because, for me asto itcontemn is easy forthem. me calamitiesFor she has she exhausted has left meall aher fatal, artillery but aagainst resolute me, fearlessness and even fromof future these evils.2. Namque ab his et in rebus spiritus, et in verbis sublimitas, et in lutaffectibus attrita motusquotidiano omnis, actu et forensiin personis ingenia, decor optime petitur, rerum praecipueque talium blandi- ve- tiadent, reparantur, elevation forof expression,from them, thei. e. variedthe poets, workings are derived of the spiritpassions in inci- and truthed by theof character, daily exertions and what of the is bar,of the is bestgreatest renovated value, bythe the mind, study exhaust- of poe- try.dom ofNec expression, libertate norverborum, in boldness nec oflicentia metaphor. figurarum, Totumque neither illud in free-stu- positiondiorum genuscalculated ostentationi for ornament. comparatum, Quod andalligati that ad whole certam stile pedum of com- ne* cessariocessitatem ad noneloquendi semper quaedam propriis diverticula uti possint, confugiant; sed depulsi nec a rectamutare via, quae- ne- QUINTILIAN. 6S dam modo verba, sed extendere, corripere, convertere, dividere cogan- tur,rythm, because they, i.being e. the confined poets, cannot by an always unaccommodating use simple expressions, recurrence but of courseled aside to frommetaphorical the primary expressions, meaning ofand words, are compelledthey of necessity to change have there- formsthem, ofto words,combine to them, lengthen to divide them, them.(as by prefixes or affixes) to shorten sitionis,3. Ilia sed Livii fidem lactea quaerit, ubertas nor satis will docebit the rich eum, flow qui ofnon Livy speciem satisfy expo- him nobiswho does in digressionibus not require splendour, uti vel historico but truth nonnunquam of exposition. nitore, Licet dum tamenin iis, delacertos quibus esse erit : quaestio,nec versicolorem meminerimus illam, non qua athletarum Demetrius toros, 1’halereus sed militum dice- allowedbatur, uti, in vestemour illustrations, bene ad forensem to use thepulverem ornaments facere, of wehistory, are sometimes provided thein our arms cause of soldiers, we remember and that that the they party-coloured are not the muscles garment of which Athlets, Deme- but triusi. c. thatFhalereus the ornate is said stile to haveof Demetrius used, is notFhalereus suited tois thenot forensicsuited todust, the eloquence4. Altercationibus of the bar. atque interrogationibus, by questions and turning hibendumthe answer estto thesimile disadvantage judicium, utof etiamthe antagonist. cum in rebus Sed versemur his quoque iisdem, ad- forinon ettamen auditorii, eandem praeceptorum esse conditionem et periculorum, sciamus litium but besides ac disputationum, it must be things,laid dotrn we asmust a principle, remember that that even law-suits when we and reason philosophical concerning discussions the same areroom to andbe conducted the lecture, in doa different not apply manner, to the and bar that and the to lawstrials. of theQui class- ve- faciendamtustatem pertulerunt, etiam p(irn, who to thehave formation come down of tostile. us fromAlios antiquity. recens haecAd lascivia,composita, deliciaeque, delectant, etthis omnia modern ad exuberant voluptatem and multitudinisflowery stile, imperitaesuited to pressathe depraved demum taste et tenuia, of the et unletteredquae minimum multitude, ab usu delightsquotidiano some. recedant, Alii citata,sana et etvere plena Attica spiritus putant: capit: quosdam sunt et elatior lenis, ingeniiet nitidi, vis, et compositiet magis con- ge- pleneris stile, non whichpauci risesamatores, little above others ordinary imagine conversation, that the unaffected is the onlyand sim-cor- rectrapid, and and truly enthusiastic Attic mode kind of ofwriting, genius some ; there are are fond also of nota more a few elevated, admir- ers5. of Hunc the delicate, nemo in the magnis refined, sublimitate, and the polished.in parvis proprietate superaverit, thein the minute description in propriety. of the great,Idem no laetus one can ac surpasspressus, himjucuudus in sublimity, et gravis, of turnful and copia, grave, turn admirable brevitate bothmirabilis, for his alike fluency luxuriant and conciseness. and simple, Affectus grace- quidem,non in sua vel potestate illos mites, hunc vel auctorem hos concitatos, habuisse nemo fateatur, erit tam every indoctus, one willqui sions.confess thatSigmficantius, he is a master in moreequally glowing of the gentlecolours. and Intellectuthe impetuous sequi, pas- to understand.6. Tamen utiles circa praecepta sententiae lenitasque verborum, et 64. EXPLANATORY NOTES. eompositionis probabilis, yet his sentiments and the simplicity of his ex- ofpressions, praise. areVis fitted et gravitas,to the didactic et minime stile, vulgareand his eloquendicomposition genus is worthy habet andlaudem, originality on the ofother stile. hand Quanto there sit is aliud in Antimachusproximum esse, energy aliud and secundum, dignity, menhow wideoperi, the cui difference se parem iscredidit, between yet being his neartalents and were second. sufficient Sufficit for theta- facilitatem,task that he optimisundertook. assuescendum Sed dum est:assequimur et multa illam magis, firmam, quam ut multo- dixi, rumsue that lectione powerful formanda facility mens, of stile, et ducendus as we have est color,called butit, wewhile must we trail?pur- characterourselves decidedto the best by themodels, frequent and readingour minds of themust same be formed,authors, andrather its turnthan brevesthe perusal vibrantesque of many. sententiae, Summa plurimum in hoc vis sanguinis elocutionis, atque cum nervorum, validae, thereand pointed, is in him much the spiritgreatest and energy nerve. of stile, sentiments vigorous, brief commendari7. Simonides potest: tenuis praecipua alioqui sermonetamen ejus proprio in commovenda et jucunditate miseratione quadam ofvirtus, his languageSimonides and wants a peculiar energy, grace yet ;he but deserves Ids chief praise merit for isthe in propriety awaken- ing8. sympathy.Antiqua comoedia cum sinceram illam sermonis Attici gratiam vitiisprope praecipua, sola retinet, plurimum turn facundissimae tamen virium libertatis etiam inetsi ceteris est in partibus insectandis ha- ofbet, the the Attic old comedystile, and almost an elegantalone retainsfreedom, the andunsophisticated though its chiefelegance ex- respects.cellence is inRudis attacking in plerisque the vices, et incompositusyet if possesses : propter great vigourquod correctas in other misere,ejus fabulas but generallyin certamen unpolished deferre andposterioribus inartificial, poetis on which Athenienses account per-the ' byAthenians the alteration permitted of his the plays. later poetsIllud toquidem contend nemo for non the fateaturprize of necessevictory est,every iis, one qui will se ad confess agendum that comparant, the study utilioremof Euripides longe is Euripidemby far the mostfore, aboundinguseful for those in sentiments. who prepare In themselves affectibus forvero the cum bar. omnibus Sententiis mirus densus, turn forin iis,the swayqui miseratione he exercises constant, over all thefacile passions, praecipuus, but chiefly he is pity.incomparable candidus,9. Densus, et fususet brevis, Herodotus et semper : ille instans concitatis, sibi Thucydideshie remissis : aflectibusdulcis, et restingmelior, andThucydides graceful isand condensed, copious ; briefthe one and is superiorrapid ; Herodotus in awakening is inte- the quatenusimpetuous, lucidior, the other as thehe isgentle much affections. less vigorous, Ut somulto is he infirmior, in the same ita pro-ali- portion10. Tanta more perspicuous.vis in eo, tam Fides densa infamatur, omnia, ita is quibusdamof no authority. nervis inten- necta sunt, quod tam redundet nihil otiosum, invenias, is theredicendi is inmodus, him suchut nec an quod energy, desit such in eo, a socloseness correct and in the nervousness use of language, of reasoning, that yousuch cana total discover want of neither superfluity, defi- comtus,ciency nor et redundancy.palaestrae, quamIsocrates pugnae in magisdiverse accommodatus, genere dicendi omnesnitidus di- et gmNTILIAN. 65 Cemli Veneres seetatus est: nec immerito auditoriis enitn se, non judi- sitioneciis compararat: adeo diligens, in inventioneut cura ejus f'aciKs, reprehendatur, honesti studiosus: in a different in compo- stile of thaneloquence, the bar, Isocrates, studied allelegant the graces and polished, of diction and ; andmore not suited improperly, to the chair be- causehe had he great prepared facility himself of invention, as a teacher andaloveof of oratory, all notthat a was public honourable; pleader ; clinassehe was so eloquentiam, fastidious in to his have composition, introduced thata false his stile care of is elegance.censured. QuidIn- quamego commemorem nulla possit affectatioXenophontis consequi, jucunditatem why should illam I mention inaffectatam, the simple sed beauties11. Et of quantum Xenophon, eminentioribus which no study vincimur, can attain. fortasse aequalitate pensa- mus,sustained and flight.if we neverEnnium, soar to sicut such sacrosheights, vetustate we perhaps lucos, support adoremus, a more in quibustam religionem, grandia et weantique should robora look jam on nonEnnius tantam with habent that speciem,kind of feeling quan- andwith ancientwhich weoaks approach do not soa grave,much venerableimpress the for mind its age, with in their which beauty, large asOvidius, affect itet with nimiuiti a solemn amator awe. ingenii Lascivus sui, amongquidem the in heroic Heroicis writers, quoque O- admirationvid indulges of himself his own in genius. too great Puerilia,a luxuriance tamen of ejusstile, opera and etan maximam excessive productionsindolem ostendunt, display greatet mirabitem, genius and praecipue a wonderful in aetate correctness ilia, his juvenileof taste foret, uthis dicam age. quodLucanus sentio, ardens, magis etoratoribus, concitatus, quam ct sententiispoetis adnumerandus. clarissimus, but,Lucan to isspeak ardent my andcandid impetuous, opinion, ratherand abounding to be ranked in noble with sentiments;the orators than12. the Ad poets. notandos hominum mores praecipuus, eminent for his know- jucunditatisledge of human et gratiae, character. et variis Nam figuris et etinsurgit verbis felicissimealiquando, audax,et plenus for esthe daring,sometimes in risesa rich and varietyis full ofof beautyfigures andand grace,expressions. and displays Accius a happyatque toritatePacuvius, personarum, clarissimi gravitateAccius and sententiarum, Pacuvius are verborum famed for pondere, the dignity et auc- of racters.their sentiments, Ceterum tire nitor, strength et summa of their in stile, excolendis and the operibus truth ofmanus, their cha-ma- lastgis videritouch potest in polishing temporibus, their quam works, ipsis seem defuisse, to have but been elegance wanting and to the ageare greatlyrather thaninferior to the in comedy.authors. In comoedia maxime claudicamus, we sed12. affectus Ita dicunturquidem, praecipueomnia cum eos, rebus, qui sunt turn dulciores, personis, ut accommodataparcissime di- : acam, manner nemo so historicorum suitable both commendavit to the incidents magis, and all thethings characters, are expressed and noin thoseone of of the the historians gentler kind. has managed Nam mildthe passions egregie moredixisse skilfully, videtur especially Servilius NonianusNonianus, sayspares well, eos thatmagis, they quam are equalsimiles, in formem in myrather opinion, than similarServilius in semanner. viribus minor,Genere always ipso probabilis commendable in omnibus, for a stilesed insuited quibusdam, to history, suis butip- 66 EXPLANATORY NOTES. sometimes falling beneath his own genius. Ut libertas, quanquam cir- cumcisishis stile arequae faulty. dixisset, ei nocuerit, as the boldness and abruptness of ille13. concludit In eloquendo adstrictius, est aliquahie Jatius; diversitas pugnat : densior ille acumine ille, hie semper, copiosior; hie frequenterplus in illo, et inpondere; hoc naturae, illi nihil in stiledetrahi there potest, is some huic diversity nihil adjici; ; the onecurae is himselfcloser, theto a othernarrower more field, copious, the otherin his takes conclusions; a wider range the one; the confines one al- also;ways dependsfrom the on one the nothing sharpness can of be his taken, instrument, to the the other other nothing on its weightcan be addedlibus, in; inwit. the oneJSpilogos, there is the more peroration. care, in theNam other mihi more viuetur of nature. M. Tul-Sa- lius,Demosthenis, cum se totum copiam ad imitationemPlatonis, jucunditatem Graecorum contulisset,Isocratis, for effinxisse M. Tullius vim havingto the energy applied of himself Demosthenes, wholly tothe the copiousness imitation ofof thePlato, Greeks, the graceattained of estIsocrates. tantum, sedNec plurimas, vero quod vel in potiusquoque omnes optimum ex sefuit, ipso studio virtutes conseculus extulit immortalisPindarus, “ingenii aquas beatissimacolligit, sed ubertate. vivo gurgite Non exundat,” enim “ pluvias,” dono quodam ut ait heprovidentiae not only rivalled genitus, what in quowas totasmost excellentvires suas in eloquentiaeach, but he experiretur, drew most genius.or rather allFor his he own does beauties not collect from the the rains rich asstores Pindar of hissays, own but immortal flows in awhom living eloquence stream, as might being try formed all her by powers. the peculiar Nam goodness quis docere of diligen-God, in statementtius, movere of hisvehementius case, or convince potest ? thewho judgment could ever with give such such power a luminous ? Nee advocatiomnia, quae studium, vix singulased testis quisquam aut judicis intentissima afferat fidem. cura Cum consequi interim posset, haec counsel,fluunt illaborata, but the authorityand he seems of a witnessto bring aud to ahis judge. cause, Etnot iliathe quazeal nihilof a pulchriusyet all those auditu beauties, est, oratio of which prae the se mostfert tamenintense telicissimamapplication could facilitatem, scarce- lycan produce be more one,exquisite, are unlaboured,seejns to be theand unstudied the stile, flowthan of which native nothinggenius. lier14. age. Ut videriC. vero possit Caesar seculo si foro prior, tantum that vacasset,he may seem non aliusto be ofex annostris ear- citatio,contra Ciceronemut ilium eodem nominaretur: animo dixisse, tanta quo in eo bellavit, vis est, appareat,id acumen, but ea ifcon- C. onlyCaesar one had of directedour countrymen his attention who tocould the .beeloquence named ofas thea worthy bar, he rival is the of thatCicero; there such is reasonis his energy,to believe such he hiswould acuteness, have spoken such hiswith enthusiasm, the same spiritbitas mira,with whichgreat severityhe fought. in exposingMulta urbanitas,the weakness great of delicacy.the arguments Acer- of hisamari antagonist. sales, ita frequenterSed plus stomacho,amaritudo quamipsa ridicula consilio est, dedit: but hepraeterea was more ut frequentlybesides, as underhis sarcasms the guidance are bitter, of aso violent their verytemper causticity than of is prudencefrequently ; metaphors.ridiculous. TranslationibusSatis apertus, parumsufficiently modicus, perspicuous. immoderate Velle in the optima. use ot QUINTILIAN. 67 aimedracter farat the above most this. excellent Nam stile. et vocis, Auditus quantum tamen in major, nullo yet cognovi, he had felici-a cha- quaetas; etsunt pronuntiatio extra, superfuerunt, vel scenis suffectura,I have not etknown decor: any omnia one possesseddenique ei,of ciation,so finely and a modulated a grace of voice; elocution, to this which he wouldadded have an accuracybeen applauded of pronun- even onof athe pleasing stage, andexterior. he was beautifully endowed with all the advantages tertain15. Nona dislike parum to him.multa, Dumnot a corruptumlittle. Inrisum et omnibus quoque vitiis habere, fractum to en-di- tocendi bring genus to a revocaresevere trial ad aseveriora false stile, judicia and contendo,abounding while in all I mannerendeavour of atquefaults. eo Feruntur,perniciosissima, are in quodcirculation. abundant In dulcibus eloquendocorrupta vitiis, his stile pleraque, is ge- therenerally is unnatural,a charm even and in the his more faults. pernicious Velles eumon that suo account, ingenio becausedixisse, alienotural flow judicio, of his you own could genius, wish correctedthat his compositions by the judgment had beenof another. the na- rerumSi parum pondera concupisset, minutissimis if he hadscntcntiis been less non ambitious fregisset, of ifornament. he had notSi broken16. Haecdown quidemthe dignity auxilia of his extrinsecus strength by adhibentur, short sentences. these are external quaeadvantages. sunt de oratore,Cui sententiae assignando, personam by giving L. thisCrassi thought in disputationibus, in the name of randisL. Crassus alendisque in his seminibustreatise on fecundiororatory. Namest: utsic terra profectus altius noneffossa a sumnio gene- aspetitus, the deeper studiorum the earthfructus receives et fundit the furrow,uberius, theet fideliusmore fruitful continet, is it for in generatingproduces a themore seeds abundant and bringing crop, and them retains to maturity it the more ; so, faithfully. profound Nam,study sineanem hac modo quidem loquacitatem conscientia, dabit, ipsa etilia verba ex temporein labris dicendi nascentia, facultas without in- knowledge,loquacity, and even words the talent rising of on extemporaneous tire lips, i. e. empty speaking sounds. produces Ulic a radi-vain reconditae,ces, illic fundameuta unde ad subitos sunt: quoqueillic opes casus, velut cum sanctiore res exiget, quodara proferantur, aerario herethe stores lie the of roots, the mind i. e. asin itknowledge, were laid uphere in aare sacred the foundations,repository, maythence be | rentumdrawn for continerentur, sudden exigencies. the period Ut of majora gestation animalia is longest diutius in visceribus the largest pa- jji animals.expressions. Delectus enim return verborumque, choice of thoughts and every17- thingCuncta will denique, be in its ut place in familiaas in a well-regulatedbene instituta, family.in officio Scholae erunt, 1 adhuc operatum, still engaged in his studies. Frontis tarn obductae, of 16.so gloomyCerta suntan aspect. enim pleraque, et, nisi conniveamus, in oeulos incur- Ii runt,by our there eyes, are unless many we thoughts shut them. which Manet we cannot in rebus miss, temere and which congestis, enter r> thequae original fuit, levitas, poverty. there Ab remains initio sic in opus the ducere,thoughts ut carelessly caelandum, collected, non ex 1i integrothat at lastfabricandum it will be necessarysit, so to onlyconduct to polish, the work not tofrom re-model the beginning, it. Ah- 68 EXPLANATORY NOTES. quando tamen affectus sequemur, in quibus fere plus calor, quam dili-t ofgentia, which valet, the enthusiasmsometimes originateshowever we greater follow beauties the current than oflabour our feelings,can ever attain.tare, aut Dictandi,resistere, ofaut dictating mutare, toquasi an amanuensis.conscium infirmitatis Pudet etiam nostrae dubL ti- mentes,were afraid we ofare a ashamedwitness of to our doubt, weakness. or to resist,Qui excipit,or to change,who acts as as if our we *'amanuensis. Nec pluteum,” Conceptae inquit, “mentis caedit, intentio, nec demorsos all the sapit energy ungues,” of our hethoughts. neither strikes19. Quodthe back ilia ofcoeli his chair,libertas, nor locorumque bites his nails. amoenitas, sublimem ani- beautymum, et of beatiorem the scene, spiritum engender parent, lofty thoughtsbecause theand unbounded felicitous inspirations. sky and the pursuitAvocent of ab the intentione necessary operis train ofdestinati, ideas. Quareseduce silvarumus from amoenitas,the vigorous et quepraeterlabentia cantus, et ipsaflumina, late circumspiciendi.libertas,et inspirantes ramis arborum ad se aurae,trahunt: volucrum- ut mihi remitterethus the beautypotius ofvoluptas the woods, ista videatur and the cogitationem, streams flowing quam by, intendere, and the birds,breezes and sighing the unrestrained among the enjoymentfoliage of theof atrees, wide andprospect, the songs engage of the mind,increase and intensity the pleasure of thought. they affordLucubrantes, seem to menightly rather students. to relax than to quam20. quodFrugalitas, somno temperance.supererit, baud Cui deerit, tamen on non which, plus ifirrogandum we bestow est, all tim,our wakingsi quid hours, obstrepet, we shall abjiciendi have abundance codices erunt, of time. et deploraudusIdeoque non dies, sta- siderwherefore the day we lost.are not Hilares, at every innoise good to layspirits. our papersi’articulas, aside, andquas to ceriscon- lets,mandamus, paper, (thethe minuteancients thoughts wrote on whichwaxen wetablets). commit Nisi to our forte waxen visas tab- in- offlrmior sight membranarum shall rather demand potius usumthe use exiget, of parchment. unless perhaps Quae a utweakness juvant num,aciem, etita cogitationis crebra relatione, impetum quoad frangunt, intinguntur-calami, as they aid the morantur sight, so ma- by the handfrequent and removal break the of rapidthe quill current while of it thought. is dipt inRelinquendae the ink, they autemdelay insit utrolibetexcursio, generein both contracases blank vacuae pages tabellae, are to inbe quibusleft, on libera whieh.you adjicienti may dibe atangustiae liberty tofaciunt, add what aut you certe choose. novorum Nam interpositione interim pigritiam priora emendan- confun- thedunt, interlineation for sometimes is confoundedwant of room with produces the first a reluctancewriting. toDebet correct, vacare or, idetiam est exlocus, aliis, in quam quo notentur,qui, a common quae placescribentibus is necessary solent in extrawhich ordinem, we may 21. Ve'.ut aura solicitante provecti longius, venturing further out in- vissimeto the sea, repertam, the breezes paucissimisque inviting me. tentatamJam cum ingressi eloquendi sumus, rationem rarus, no-qui jamquern procul instituebamus, a portu recessisset, orator, a dicendireperiebatur. magistris Fostquam dimissus, vero aut nobis suo jamille, tit,impetu quam fertur, in altum aut majora simus sibi ablati, auxilia sentire ex ipsis coepimus. sapientiae Nunc penetralibuspe- “ ceeluru QUINTILIAN. 69 undique et undique pontus.” Unum modo in ilia iramensa Tastitate cernereinstructa videmur nave hoc M. mare Tullium, ingressus, qui tamcncontrahit ipse, vela, quamvis inhibetque tanta remos,atque ita et betde ipsodicere, demum when genere I entered dicendi, upon quo a newgit usurus species perfectus of composition, orator, satis and ha-lit- tleter studied,the orator few whom were it found was my who object had sailedto form, far frombeing the dismissed harbour. by Af-his seeksrhetoric more master, important either aidproceeds from theby thedepths strength of philosophy, of his own I mind,began orto perceivealone around how farme. I hadThen sailed methought from the shore.I saw M.Then Tullius were alonesky and in seathe appointedboundless vessel,ocean, furlsand evenher sails he, andthough rests put upon to hissea oars. in a large and well tur,22. quoque Rerum nos ipsa a ceteris natura aniraalibus in eo, quod separasse, praecipue non indulsisse parens, homini sed noverca vide- fuerit,hostem siveritatis facultatem invenit. dicendi, Nature sociam in her noblestscelerum gift adversam to man, and innocentiae, by which sheacted has the chiefly part ofdistinguished a step-mother, him not from of athe parent, inferior if sheanimals, had endowed would have him enemywith the to faculty truth. of speech, the ally of crime, hostile to innocence, an an 23.honourable Studio quidempursuit. open'sConsortium, pulcherrimi union. vacare, Quarum apply impotentissimae to the study of cogitationesNihil est enim somnos tarn occupatum,etiam ipsos, tam et multiforme,ilia per quietem tot ac tamvisa variisperturbant. aflec- tibuslent sentiments concisum interruptatque laceratum, our slumbers, quam malaand mens,produce of troubledwhich the dreams. turbu- manyNothing and is so so conflicting engrossed, feelings,so inconsistent, as a guilty so mind.torn and Poenarum tormented omnium by so exspectatione,tu opinionis, et by ignorantia fear of punishment. recti, nonnunquam At malis excidethominibus ipsa ex simulatio, contem- tobut the wicked opinion men of sometimes others, and forget an ignorance their dissimulation of what is right. from a Deformiscontempt pertinacia,24. Nunc a disgracefulde iis dicendum obstinacy. est, quae mihi quasi conspiratione qua- todam be vulgimade reclamari by the general videntur, consent now Iof must the considervulgar. theMagna answer responsi that seems in- jectvidia to subeunda great odium, est, mitigaudaeand I must sunt endeavour prius aures, to conciliatemy answer the will minds be sub- of myTestimonio readers. estCivis actus optimi nobilissime voluntatem, consulatus; the principles integerrime of an provincia honest man. ad- ministratahis consulship, ; et therepudiatus purity of vigintiviratus, his administration a proof in ofhis thisprovince, is the gloryand his cf quorejection minus of optimisthe vigintivirate. se partibus, Neque a mind spe nequeseduced metu neither declinatus by hope animur, nor fear,_ 25. from Ipse joining multa theex bestilia party.juvenili abundantia coercuisse testatur, he himselfexuberance. declares Non that maligne he pruned crediderim, many luxuriancies defuisse ei summamfrom his illam,youthful ad quampressing nemo my propiusbelief that accessit, he did notI shall attain not to be that suspected perfection of malice to which in ex-no te,man in ever the endlessapproached ages nearer. to come. AliquidAn ei inqui hac, ad quaedefendendas superest, causas aeternita- ad- 70 EXPLANATORY NOTES. vocatnr, non est opus fide, quam nec cupiditas corrumpat, nec gratia rupt,avcrtat, nor nec favour metus seduce, frangat nor ? is terror not an overpower, integrity thatnecessary avarice to cannot that mancor- tem,who isturn retained vero tot to pulcherrimasplead causes ? artesVirum, penitus cum mente ingenii complexum, natura praestan- datum larem,tandem perfectumquerebns humanis undiqUe, quaiem optimanulla anteasentientem, vetustas optimeque cognoverit, dicentem, singu- storeda man hisendowed mind withby nature liberal withknowledge, eminent at genius, length andsent whointo hasthe amplyworld cherishingsuch as antiquity the noblest has notsentiments. seen, unrivalled and in all respects perfect, praelium26. Non miles in belliscohortandus, quoque idemex mediis ille vir,sapientiae quem praeceptisinstituimus, orationem si sit ad trahet,cessary into war,animate will our not army that toman battle, whom draw I have his exhortationsconceived, if fromit be ne-the tiomaxims : nec of unquam philosophy. tanta fueritProdit eloquendi enim se, facultas,quamlibet ut custodiatur, non titubet simula-ac hae- self,reat, howquoties much ab soeveranimo uponverba its dissentiunt, guard, nor willfor dissimulationthere ever be suchbetrays a flow it- varianceof eloquence with as our not thoughts. to faulter Lenociniisand betray destitute,itself, when destitute our words of artificial are at ornament.27. Do coloribus, et difficilium causarum defensione, concerning the quersnature truth. and defenceQuemadmodum of difficult remediacauses. meliusExpugnat adhibebit, ipsam veritatem,cui nota, quaecon- thenocent, nature fuerint, of the as disease. he will applyVerum a medicine et, virtus most quid successfully sit, adversa who ei malitisknows esse,detegit, quae but non the tam opposite factis, vice quam shows causis in eorum,what virtue vel honesta consists. fiant, Pleraque vel tur- pia,base, that not thereso much are manyin themselves actions whichas from are their considered motives. honourable Stoicorum or quoquemittimus, asperrimi, we promise the mostmany stern things of whichthe Stoics. we do Multanot intend non facturito perform. pro- nonRemota mediocris ratione haesitatio honesta, est,without hinc justitiaesome honourable proposita imagine,motive. indeTametsi pie- placedtatis, though on one there side, is thoseno small of natural doubt, affectionthe sentiments on the other.of justice Quid being si qaedamcerimus bene: non facta vel hocdamnaturus modo servabit est judex, orator nisi non eainnocentem non esse facta modo, convi- sed reallyetiam laudabilemgood, unless civem, we procure if a judge a verdict is determined of not guilty, to condemn in this an manner action praise-worthy.shall an orator notAb preserve hoste venire, a citizen to bewho sold is notby theonly enemy. innocent, but even, INDEX GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL. Accius, a writer of Latin tragedies. He lived in the age of the Achaia,younger a district Scipio. of theHis Peloponnesus—theworks are lost. northern division of it. Achilles,attended the the son Trojan of Peleus war. and Thetis, the bravest of the Greeks who Acies,front, an Hastati, army in (so battle called array. because It theywas weredivided originally into three armed lines—the with a menspear,) of middleyoung age—theymen in the were bloom anciently of youth—the stationed in centre, the front, Principes, whence theirarmy, name—theand generally rear, placed Triarii, as aveterans, body of thereserve—hence strength of thead TriariosRoman joinedyentum what est, wethey are called come Vclites, to the or,decisive Ferentarii, moment. light-armed To these troops were ditoreswho commenced et sagittarii.) the battle,The cavalryand a bodywere stationedof slingers in and the archerswings, hence(fun- line;called hencealae. thoseThe ofstandards that division (signa) were were called stationed Antesignani, behind theand firstthe oncentre march and ; primumthe rear agmen,divisions its Postsignani.—Agmenvan ; extremum agmen, means its rear; an army-clau- Aciliusdere agmen,(M’ Glabrio), to bring aup Roman the rear. consul, who defeated Antiochus at Actium,Thermopylae. a small promontory at the mouth of the Ambracian gulf near whichna. HereAugustus was a defeated temple ofAnthony Apollo—hence in a sea-fight—hence Apollo Actiacus—frondes Actiaca pug- Adrumetum,Actiacae, lauri. a city of Africa. Aeacus,was made the sonone of of Jupiter the judges by ofAegina. the infernal On accountregions ofwith his Minosjustice and he ofRhadamanthus.—Aeacides, his descendants. Achilles, the grandson of Aeacus—any 72 INDEX. AeJilcsbuildings, (ab aedilms),the temples, Roman markets, magistrates weights who and superintended measures, and the indeedpublic magistratesevery thing thatthere comes were undertwo kinds, the denomination the Aediles Plebeii,of police. chosen Of thesefrom amongAediles theCurules, plebeians, chosen whose from officethe nobility, was not who very enjoyed honourable; considerable and officesdignity, of and the werestate, usually who, to young gain menthe favourof rank, of looking the people, to the exhibited higher occasionssplendid games they were (edebant called munera) Editores at vel a prodigiousdomini. expense. On these Aegates,Aedui, a peopleAegades, of Gaulor Aegusse, on the banks three of small the Arar. islands near Lilybaeum. theNot Romans.far from these,This the battle Carthaginians put an end wereto the defeated first Punic in a war. sea-light by Aegyptus,Aegimurus, Egypt, now Galetta, a country an islandof Africa, in the civilized bay of Carthage. in the earliest ages. obelisks,The ruins are of stillits ancient the wonder magnificence, of the world. in cities, It pyramids,was considered canals, by andthe theirr-ncient philosophers Greeks as forthe thecradle acquisition of the arts of andknowledge. sciences, andIts historiansvisited by boastedyears. Itof was very crowded great antiquity,with population. going backHerodotus no fewer mentions than 30,00010,020 (dries.extends Itfrom was the divided Mediterranean into two on parts, the north,Superior to and./Ethiopia Inferior, on andthe lowersouth, partthe Nileof it, flowing between through the two its extreme whole length. branches The of portionthat river, of the is Aeliuscalled (L. Delta, Catus), from a manits resemblance deeply skilled to thatin the Greek law (whenceletter. his surname andCatus), his incorruptibleremarkable for integrity. his frugality, the simplicity of his manners, AemiliusPerses, king(L. Paulus),of Macedonia. a celebrated Roman general who conquered Aequi,the Volsci. a people of Italy, bordering on the territories of the Latins and Aeschines,Aeschylus, anthe Athenian father of theorator, Greek the rivaltragedy, of Demosthenes. a man of great originality mind,of genius. but hisHe taste was was distinguished not always by equal the toboldness his imagination. and sublimity He of was his masquethe first andthat theerected dresses a permanentof the actors, stage, and andindeed, was ofthe the inventor whole mech-of the anismseven of themthe theatre. are extant. He wrote above a hundred tragedies, but only Aethiopia,Aesis, a river a ofcountry Italy, ofbetween Africa, Umbria so called and from Picenum. its excessive heat—ex Africa,Aetna, aone lofty of mountainthe fou*grand in Sicily, divisions celebrated of the forworld its ;volcano. with the ancients, thethe discoveriesthird, for they of the reckoned moderns only have Europe, added Asia,America. and Africa,It comprehends to which theof Goid vast peninsulaHope; in from length Cape 4,300 Ilona miles; in the in Mediterranean, breadth, from toCape the VerdCape 3,500.in the Atlantic,It is still to less Cape known, Guardafui, and less near civilized, the straits than ofany Babelmandel, other of the INDEX. 73 ofgreat Suez, divisions about of60 the miles globe. in breadth.It is separated Little frommore Asia than by the the northern isthmus Agamemnon,shores of it wasking known of Mycenae, to the ancients.the leader of the Greeks at the Trojan Ager Aretinus,Pistoriensis, the theterritories territories of Aretium,of Pistoria, Arezzo, at the in Tuscany.foot of the Ape- Agrippanines. (M. Vipsanius), a man of low birth, but of great talents and virtues,marriage. the friend of Augustus, who gave him his daughter Julia in Agrippina,Augustus, the and daughter the wife of of Agrippa Germanicus; and Julia, a woman the grand-daughtercelebrated for her of . votedtalents, attachment her virtues, to herand husband. her misfortunes, After hisand death, above she all, was for banished her de- mentto the ofisland that tyrant,Pandataria, died thereby Tiberius, in great andwretchedness. from the barbarous treat- Ajair,est ofthe the son Greeks of Telamon at the (henceTrojan calledwar, remarkable Telamoniades), for his one strength. of the brav- Albis,Alba Longa, the Elbe, a town a large in Latium,river in Palazo.Germany, which flows into the Ger- Alcaeus,man Ocean, a Greek a little lyric below poet ofHamburgh. great celebrity. Alexanderfrom his Magnus,exploits. theHe son overturned of Philip, the king kingdom of Macedonia, of the Persians,named Great, car- riedHe also his armssubdued as far Egypt, as India, and inand commemoration conquered Porus, of his an victories Indian prince.in that country,He was thefounded disciple Alexandria, of Aristotle, which who, hewhile called he inflamedafter his aown mind name. na- turallyspire it ardent with awith taste the for love literature of military and glory,science. did Henot wasneglect so fond to in- of theand poemsdeposited of Homer,a copy ofthat them, he carried corrected them by with bis master, him wherever in a rich he casket went, takencould placeamong there. the spoils of Darius, as the most valuable possassion he (• Algidus,Alexandria, a mountain the chief incity Latium, of Egypt, so builtcalled by from Alexander the cold; the Great.Algidum, a > Allia,town a nearriver that in themountain. territories Inh. of theAlgidenses. Sabines, famed for the defeat of defeat,the Romans they enteredby the RomeGauls withoutunder Brennus. opposition. In Adj.consequence Aliiensis. of this 1k, Alpes,Allobroges, a chain a people of mountains of Gaul. whichDauphine. divide Italy from France and Ger- d Ambarri,many, bya peoplefar the of highest the Aedui, in Europe. who dwelt Adj. on Alpinus.the Arar. It Ambigatus,Ambitus, properly a king aof going Gaul. round, a circle, from*ambire, to go round— bada going sense, about undue for influence, the purpose bribery. of soliciting Ambitio, votes, of thegenerally same derivation, used in a I Anaxagoras,the love of apower. celebrated philosopher, a native of Clazomenae. He ap- universeplied himself were to generally the study very of absurd,natural yetphilosophy. he held oneHis opinion, notions ofwhich the 74 INDEX. entitles him to the admiration of posterity,—the unity of Deity. For thissaved sublime by his doctrine,scholar Pericles. he was persecuted and condemned to death, but Anio,about ienis, three a rivermiles ofabove the Sabines,Rome. which empties itself into the Tiber, Antimachus,Annius (Pollio), an obscure one of theGreek conspirators poet. against Nero. Antiochia,Antiochus, thethe capitalking of of Syria. Syria. HeAdj. made Antiochensis. war on the Romans at the in- stigationM’. Glabrio, of Hannibal, and finally, and by wasL. Scipio.defeated at Thermopylae by Acilius AntoniusAntium, a(Caius), city of thethe Volsci.colleague Antias, of Cicero atis. in the consulship. He com- Antoniusmanded M.the aarmy celebrated against orator. Catiline. Antoniusunder whom M. Inhe thehad civil served war as he a attachedlieutenant himself in Gaul, to the and party was of so Caesar, much theesteemed battle byof him,Pharsalia. that he Hegave was him consul the command along with of the Caesar left wing in the in Lepidus,year of his against death, theafter senate. which, heThese formed three an assumed alliance the with title Octavius of Trium- and theviri. battleAt last of heActium. quarrelled This with victory Augustus made and Augustus was defeated master by himof the at AntoniusRoman Natalis,world. one of the conspirators against Nero. Apollo,Apis, idis, the an god ox worshippedof prophecy, by poetry,the Egyptians. eloquence, music, and archery— uscalled from Delius Cynthus, from a themountian island ofDelus, Delos—called where he wasalso born,Phoebus and andCynthi* Sol. MountHis most Parnassus, famous oracle in Phocis. was at Delphi, a town situated at the foot of Apolloniustion of the (Rhodius), Argonauts. a Greek poet, author of a poem on the expedi- Apulia,Apenninus, one aof ridge the divisions of mountains of ancient running Italy, the whole length of Italy. Aquila,the Roman an eagle; legion. a silver eagle on the top of a spear—the standard of Aquilii,quins. brothers who formed a conspiracy for the restoration of the Tar- AraArabia, Ubiorum, divided an into altar three erected parts, by Deserta,the Ubii Petraea,in honour and of Felix.Augustus. Arabia separatedDeserta, Arden,from Chaldea extends byfrom a rangePalmyra of mountains; to Arabia Felix Arabia ; on Petraea,the east westbeing of situated Arabia on Deserta a rock; ; Arabiait received Felix, its aname large from and fertileits capital, peninsula, Petra tedbetween by wandering the Arabian shepherds, and Persian who dwell gulfs. in tents.Arabia Deserta, is inhabi- Aratus,translated. a Greek poet, who wrote a poem on astronomy, which Cicero Arcadia,shepherds, a mountainous and therefore country sacred ofto thePan, Peloponnesus, who is called inhabited Deus Ar-by Archelaus,cadiae. a general of Mithridates, defeated by Sylla. INDEX. 75 Archias,speech ain Greek his defence, poet, a when friend his of enemies Cicero, wished who has to depriveleft us ahim beautiful of the Archilochus,rights of a aRoman Greek citizen. poet, a severe satirist. Archimedes,of the mechanical a mathematician powers, andof Syracuse, his ingenuity celebrated in contriving for his knowledge engines, theby whichRoman he general enabled Marcel his countrymen lus. When to the sustain city wasa long at lastsiege taken, against he rem,was sothat deeply he was engaged not aware in the of whatconsideration had happened, of a mathematical and was slain theo- by becausea Roman he soldier, did not whoimmediately had been obey sent his to order,conduct being him tooto Marcellus,much en- Ardea,grossed a town by his in favourite Latium, studiesthe capital to give of the heed Rutuli. to it. Ariovistus,Aristarchus, a aking grammarian of the Germans. of Alexandria, a rigid critic of the poetry of Aristides,Justus. an Athenian, famed for his inflexible justice, and surnamed Aristo,Aristophanes, a native an of eminent Chios, aGreek Stoical comic philosopher. poet, equally distinguished for theNubes, purity in whichof his hestyle attacked and his Socrates comic withhumour. the weapon By his of playan irrisisti- of the bledeath ridicule, of that hegreat paved and the good way man.for the Heaccusation, published which fifty-four ended come-in the Aristoteles,dies. one of the most celebrated philosophers of antiquity, a na- scholartive of ofStagyra—whence Plato, and the preceptor he is called of Alexander the Stagyrite. the Great. He wasHe wasthe itan would acute haveand originalbeen considered metaphysician a philosophical and critic heresy ; and to forcall many his autho- ages Annarity in(arms), question. properly defensive armour; opposed to tela, offensive weapons.of which wasThe the defensive crest, crista, armour adorned was galea,with aa plume helmet, of uponhorse’s the hair top ; lorica,rings twisted a coat together;of mail, made ocreae, of leather, greaves, and coverings covered for with the ironthighs; scales tho- or maderax, a ofbreast-plate wood, and of covered brass ; scutum,with a bull’s a shield, hide, worn four on feet the long, left arm,and twowas anda boss a-half of iron, broad, umbo so ;as clypeus, to cover round the whole and smallerbody ; inthan the the middle scu- tumthe cavalry; ; parma, pelta, a small a smallround shield shield in used the formby the of light a crescent. armed menThe and te- fivela were, feet long,gladius with vel a formidableensis, a sword, iron andhead, two which javelins, they used,pilum, cominus about Armenia,vel eminus, a country either ofthrowing Asia, extending or thrusting. from Cappadocia to the Caspian Arminius, a German prince. Arsaces,were called is, the Arsacidae. founder of the Parthian monarchy. His descendants Asia,The one Romans of the dividedthree great it into divisions Asia cis of Taurum, the world and with Asia theultra, ancients. or, ex- 76 INDEX. traChinese Taurum. sea ; andIt extends from the from southermost the shore point of the of Mediterranean, the peninsula ofto In-the thedia, earliestto the frozenin the raceOcean. of civilization,Of the three and divisions at the remotest of the globe, era of it histo- was ry,arts it of comprehended civil life, in literature, many nations and thethat sciences. had made great progress in the Athenae,Assyria, athe country capital of of Asia. Attica, Curdistan. a district of Graecia Propria. The most tors,celebrated philosophers, city of antiquity,historians, producing painters, asculptors, greater numberand architects, of poets, thanora- alllary the goddess ancient of world the city. beside. Named from ’Atintrt, Minerva, the tute- Atilla,Aufidus, the a motherriver of of Apulia. the poet Lucan. Auguresfrom the (ab flight avis etor garrire),chattering the of augurs, birds. whoThose foretold birds futurethat give events the omensthose which (auguria, gave vel,them auspicia) by their by chattering, their flight, Oscines. were calledSacred Praepetes; chickens and,(pulli) if werethe birds likewise refused kept it, for the this omen purpose. was badCorn ; but, was if thrown they ate down, it so consideredgreedily, that most the propitious, grain dropt and from called their sallistimum bills on the tripudium. pavement, Whenit was whenthe omens unfavourable, were favourable, abdixerunt. the Theyphrase were used likewise was aves taken addixerunt; from cer- tain(a templando), appearances or,in thetabernaculum; heavens. The and augur with took a rod, a station, lituus templum(baculus andsine wasnode then aduncus), said servare he marked de coelo, out to a make space observations in the heavens, in the templum, heaven. lityThere and was trust, a college for nothing of augurs, of importance and the office could was be of undertaken high respectabi- with- without first which consulting they made the the omens; report. and When much it depended was unfavourable, on the fidelity they Aulerci,were said a people obnuntiare. of Gaul, extending from the Seine to America. Baiae,Eagrada, a town a river of ofCampania, Africa. famous for its hot baths, much frequented Balearesby the insulae,wealthy Romans.Majorca and Minorca. The inhabitants were skilful Barcinaslingers, factio, Baleares a party funditores. at Carthage, who were favourable to the designs ofmilcar Hannibal, Iris father. so named from Barca, or Barcus, the surname of Ha- Bassuswrote Aufidius, an account a historianof the G ermanof the agewar. of Augustus and Tiberius, who Belgae,Bassius oneCaesius, of the a poetthree of great the agedivisions of Quinctilian. of Gaul. Belus,Bellona, a smallthe charioteer river of Galilee.of Mars. Bithynia,Bituriges, a a country people ofof Gaul—theAsia Minor. modem Berri. INDEX. 77 Boeotia,Bocchoris, a countryan Egyptian of Graecia king. Propria, extending on the west of Atti- habitantsca and Maegaris, were considered from the stupid, Euripus which to the was Corinthian ascribed gulf.to the densityIts in- raresof the aere atmosphere natum. thatHor. often prevailed there. Baeotum in crasso ju- Bovillae,Boii, a people a town of ofGaul. Latium, on the Appian way. Britannia,Brennus, the Britain. leader of the Gauls, by whom Home was taken. Bmndisium,Brixia, a town a ofsea-port the Cenomani, town of a peopleCalabria, of Cisalpinefrom which Gaul. the Romans Bruttii,usually a sailedpeople to of Greece. Italy. Brutus,quins. theDuring surname the given tyranny to Luciusof that Junius,family, hewho carefully expelled concealed the Tar- whichhis true circumstance, character, and he evenreceived assumed the surname the appearance of Brutus, of idiocy;which means from andstupid. capable But, of underthe loftiest this disguise,efforts of hevirtue. veiled Hea mind was notof greatan idle energy, spec- geance,tator of theand tyrannywhen it ofcame, Tarquin, he knew but hehow waited to employ the season it. ofIt ven-was theowing expulsion to his promptitudeof the tyrants, and and decision to his that courage the plan that wasit was formed success- for newfully republic.executed, andHe itwas was the his first genius consul, which and gaveduring the hismodel consulship of the hisit became sons engaged his painful in a duty,conspiracy not only for tothe condemn restoration them, of Tarquinbut to preside ; and justice,at their andexecution. his love Duringof his country, this terrible was suchtrial, as thoughto make his him sense decree of vailingthe death expression of his own of sons,his countenance. yet, the affliction of the father was the pre- Byzantium,now Constantinople. a town on the European side of the Thracian Bosphorus ; C. Caeciliusnius, a Gaul(Statius), by birth. an old He writer is said of comedies,to have succeeded a contemporary in the drawing of En- of hisLatin characters, style. Hisbut worksto have are been lost, deficient save a few in polish,fragments and that in purityare to Caelius,be found a historian. in other authors. Caere,Caelius, a acity Roman of Tuscany. orator of considerableAdj. Caeres, talents, itis. the friend of Cicero. Caesarmentaries (Caius that Julius), bear his the name, conqueror and the of destroyerGaul, the ofauthor the liberties of the Com-of his country,of a magnanimous a man of greatspirit, genius, of magnificent of great virtues,views, butbut who, of greater to serve vices his j havingambitious ravaged purposes, provinces would withhave drenchedfire and sword, the world he boasted with blood. of his clem-After nameency, becauseof country he indid his not mouth, exterminate he deprived the race; it of and freedom, with theand sacredestab- lishedgraded one humanity. of the mostHe cruelconquered and oppressivePompey and despotisms Rome at that the everbattle de- of i ofPharsalia, Pompey’s and statue. shortly afterThough was hisslain life by seemed a band toof be Patriots divided at betweenthe base w4rattained and pleasure,to such a hepurity made and astonishing elegance intellectualof Latin style, acquirements, as if literature and hadwhich been he madethe sole war study with theof hiseye life. of a philosophicalHe viewed thetraveller, countries and de-on ' isscribed said tothem have withbeen athe matchless only man beauty, who could and washave so rivalled eloquent, Cicero. that he Caligula,Caesia, a forestthe son in of Germany. Germanicus and Agrippina, educated in the camp, whereboots ofhe thereceived common the soldiersname of which Caligula, he wore from in caligae, his boyhood. the shoes He or ! succeededrents, became Tiberius an atrocious in the empire, tyrant. and forgetting the virtues of his pa- l Callimachus,Calvus, a Roman a celebrated orator, ofGreek such Elegiactalents, poet.that some considered him the Camerinum,first man of a histown age, of though Umbria. he wasInh. contemporary Camertes, sing. with Camers.Cicero. Camillus,years, delivered an illustrious Rome Roman,from the who Gauls, took andVeii, re-established after a siege the of go-ten j« Campania,vernment. a districtHe was of calledItaly, thesouth second of Latium, founder on of the that Tuscan city. sea. CampusCenturiaU Martius, were aheld, plain and on wherethe banks tlie Romanof the Tiber,youth engagedwhere the in Comitiaathletic j exercises. 1 Cannae,ful defeat a village from the of CarthaginiansApulia, near which under theHannibal. Romans receivedIf he had a knowndread- 4 howwould to have make destroyed the proper the Romanuse of thisgovernment. victory, it is probable that he ‘ Canopus,the luxury a town and ofprofligacy Egypt, atof the its inhabitants.west mouth of the Nile, infamous for : Canusium,Cantium, Kent a town in England. of Apulia, famous for the manufacture of a red j Capitolium,cloth ; Canusina the citadel vestis. of Rome.Canusinatus, In it dressed were three in it. temples sacred to i itsJupiter, gates Juno,were ofand brass, Minerva. and its Ittiles was gilt, a most hence magnificent called Aurea, structure; and j' Cappadocia,Fulgens. a country of Asia Minor. From this country many slaves Capua,were broughtthe capital to Rome.of Campania, famous for the beauty of its situation, j posedand the its mildness inhabitants of itsto luxury.climate. These were supposed to have dis- Carmen,Cares, the a inhabitants song, a poem, of Caria, an incantation, a country ofany Asia form Minor. of words. When sidingan oath magistrate was administered, or priest, the who form was (carmen) then said was praeire dictated verba by thevel pre-car- himselfmen, and for repeated his country, by the personthe Pontifex, who took with it. theWhen greatest any one solemnity, devoted repeateddictated theby thewords person (carmen devoting praefatus himself. est) which were in like manner INDEX. 79 Carneades, an academic philosopher, a native of Cyrene. Carthago,on three a wars famous against city ofthe Africa, Romans, long called the rivalthe first,of Rome. second, Itand carried third nearlyPunic wars.destroyed In thethe secondpower theof armiesthe Romans. of Carthage, It received under Hannibal, a mortal blowfinally at destroyed the battle byof Scipio,Zama, fromthe grandson which it ofnever Scipio recovered, Africanus and by was a- doption,all the arts after of civilit had life. stood The 700 Carthaginiansyears, and had aremade branded great progressby the Ro- in manIt is writerslikely enough, as treacherous, that, had and the Punica Carthaginians fides is usedbeen forthe treachery.historians greatof Home, progress the picturein navigation, would andhave were been long reversed. masters ofThey the sea.had made Castra,Casilinum, a camp a town ; aestiva,of Campania- a summer camp ; hibema, a winter camp ; landwinter whose quarters, terminations strongly are fortified in Chester, like awere city. originally Those townsRoman in camps. Eng- ever,The formit was of sometimes a Roman circular, camp was or adaptedsquare. to Inthe the nature latter of ages,the ground how- oned ofwhich earth it andstood. stakes It was(valli), defended of which by aevery strong Roman wall (vallum), soldier carried form- three,parts, superiorand surrounded et inferior. with Ina trench,the upper fossa. division It waswas dividedthe praetorium, into two the undergeneral’s by antent, open and space, the tents the wholeof his breadthstaff. It of was the separated camp (princi- from pia),all public in which business the tribunalwas transacted of the ; generalhere were was the erected, altars, andand inhere which the standardsone part of of the the camp legions to another were deposited. were called Theviae. lanesThe that tents led (contu- from bernia,nere sub tabernacula, pellibus, to or be tentoria), encamped. were coveredAs a marching with skins army : hence pitched ma- a neycamp of regularly one day, asevery altera night, castra, the a word second castra day’s is march.often put Metari for the castra, jour- tocastra, measure to decamp. out ground The forcamp the hadcamp four ; ponere, gates, portato pitch praetoria, it; movere from dextra,the praetorium et porta ; principalisopposite to sinistra.this was the decumana ; porta principalis Catilina,ber of profligatea noble Roman, characters, who, formed in the consulship a conspiracy of againstCicero, hiswith country. a num- Catocount (M. of Porcius his wisdom Major, (quasi Censor) catus). received He was his asurname man of of low Cato birth, on butac- highestby the force offices of inpowerful the state. talent He and exercised incorruptible the delicateintegrity, duties rose ofto the officeCensor of by censor way withof eminence. such impartiality Amid all that his hepublic obtained employments, the name heof foundplied with time afor youthful the cultivation ardour toof the literature, study of and Greek, even andin old made age-ap- con- siderablewhich, in proficiency his earlier in years, the knowledge he professed of thata great beautiful dislike. language, He wrote for oned various“ Origines,” subjects, in butseven his books, principal a history, performance so called in becausehis work in entitl- it he tracesRebus the Rusticis,” origin ofstill every extant. city inHe Italy. was aHe great wrote enemy a treatise, to Carthage, “ De 80 INDEX. and his famous sentiment, DELENDA EST CARTHAGO, has Catobeen (M. often Portias), quoted. known by the name of Uticensis, the great-grand-son ationof Cato could the Censor,turn him a manaside of from such pursuinginflexible thosevirtue, measures that no consider-which he thoughtside of the for Commonwealth;the good of his country.and, after Inthe the battle civil ofwars, Pharsalia, he took andthe forthe lost,defeat he ofdied his by friends his own at hands.Thapsus, Before giving committing up the cause the offatal liberty act, Catti,he read a people over ofPlato’s Germany. dialogue on the immortality of the soul. Catullus,He was aa Romanman of poet, considerable a writer poeticalof love elegies,genius, andbut personalhis verses satires. often Caucasus,offend against a range delicacy. of lofty and savage mountains in the northern parts thatof Asia, enormous between chain the that,Euxine under and variousthe Caspian names, seas. runs Itthrough is part theof Caudium,whole extent a town of Asia,of Samnium. from the MediterraneanFurcae Caudinae, to the a defile,Chinese so sea.called, wherecompelled the themRomans to passreceived under a the signal yoke. defeat from the Samnites, who Celtiberi,Celtae, one the of inhabitants the great divisions of Hispania of Gaul. Tarraconensis. Censores,Cenomani, two a people magistrates of Cisalpine whose jurisdictionGaul. was of a moral nature over agebantthe life andcensum, character every of fivethe Romanyears, when citizens. they numberedThey held the the citizens, census, theirtook anmoral account character. of their Iffortunes, it appeared the number that any of one their had slaves, squandered and of inflictedhis fortune a punishmentin profligacy, upon or hadhim inknown any respect by the generalacted immorally, name of igno- they house,minia (quasimovebant in nomine). senatu ; andThey frequently expelled levieda senator a heavy from fine,the senate-rating himhis fortune to pay abovetaxes itsin realthat value,proportion, quadruplicato they degraded censu ;him, and aerariumordering terfaciebant, cerites referebant,vel, inter aerariosand even referrebant; went so far in as tabulas to deprive ceritum, him velof in-all tothe sell rights his ofhorse, a Roman jubebant citizen, vendere except equum, liberty. vel, They adimebant oidered equum;a knight movebant.and removed Whena plebeian the census from a was more over, to athey less offeredhonourable an expiatory tribe, tribu sa- conderecrifice of lustrum a hog, ; a andsheep hence and alustrum bull, (suovetaurilia) is used for the; this period was ofcalled five fortune.years. CensusThe censorsoften means were one’scalled fortune Magistri ; as, morum. brevis census, a small Cepheus,heaven witha king his of wife Ethiopia, Cassiope who, and after his hisdaughter death, Andromeda,was translated and to Ceres,transformed the goddess into ofa star, corn as; corn.were also Cassiope and Andromeda. Cethegus.ed in the M.time Ennius of the callssecond him Punic the marrow war, and of waseloquence. the first Heperson flourish- that Chalcidicus,distinguished of Chalcis,himself fora town his eloquenceof Euboea at on Rome. the Euripus. Chalcidicus INDEX. 81 > versus,epithet theis likewise verse of applied Euphorion, to Cumae, who waswhich a native was builtof Chalcis. by a colonyThis Chaldaei,from Chalcis. the inhabitants of Chaldea, who were skilled in astronomy. 1 futureThe term events is applied from the to stars.those whoBabylonii pretend numeri, to astrology, the calculations or predicting of Chauci,the Chaldean a people or of Babylonian Germany, inhabitingastrologers. East Friesland and Bremen. IChii,Cherusci, the inhabitantsa nation of of Germany Chios, anbetween island thein theWeser Aegean and theSea, Elbe. famous for ’j itsChian. wines, Chium maris expers, home made wine in imitation of |IChiliarchus, thousand. a word of Greek origin, signifying the commander of a |Cicero! Chrysippus, (Marcus a philosopher Tullius), one of the of thesect best of the and Stoics. greatest men of antiquity. AsRomans, an orator, and ait philosopher,would be difficult and a critic,to name he ais Greekunrivalled that deservesamong the to I tybe ofcompared his accomplishments. to him for the extentHe has of gone his acquirements, nearly round andthe wholethe varie- cir- | clenality, of ancient he is at knowledge least entitled ; and to ifthe he praise cannot of claim having, the meritby a luminous of origi- ! eloquence,be questioned, thrown if any new man cliarms was everover morewhat wasperfectly before acquainted known. Itwith may a languagetent, and appliedthan he itwas to subjectswith the thatLatin. had neverHe knew before it inbeen its wholetreated ex- in it,to whichand in ithis had hands hitherto it acquired been a astranger. magnificence His andtalents a stately for business march, werecy of provedCatiline. by theIn promptitudethe worst of withtimes which he was he crushedthe friend the of conspira- liberty, whichand in wasthe thatcivil ofwars Rome. espoused He theattempted cause of poetry the Senate and failed, and Pompey, and his versescused ofhave vanity, never and been his mentionedgreatest admirers but in ridicule.must confess He that has hebeen is tooac- i fondtitude of has speaking been brought of himself, into anddoubt eulogising by the effeminate his own actions. complaints His withfor- i - whichty with he which filled he his met letters his fate,while when he was the in tools exile of ; butMark the Antony magnanimi- came i toPhilippics, put him tohe death,exposed in therevenge vices forof thethat freedomprofligate with man, which, redeems in his iI: ' appliedcharacter his in great this point.talents toIt ismean peculiarly or unworthy his glory, objects, that hebut never was mis-ever i lurkingready to place.defend oppressedHe employed innocence, a noble and eloquence to drag corruptionin establishing from theits il| existencecould be doneof a Deityby mere and human the immortality reason ; and of thethe enthusiasm,soul, as far border-as tliat jlt mirable.ing on inspiration, He has, withbesides, which treated he discusses of the naturethese subjects, of man, isand truly all ad-his rt duties,vation ofwith spirit the of acuteness a poet. ofThe a philosopher, object of all and his writingsthe fervour was and the ele-im- Lweprovement do not lessand lovethe exaltationthe man than of his admire species, his and genius, in the perusal of them ilices,aor the inhabitants of Cilicia.—Caramania, a country of Asia Mi- V ‘ 1 82 INDEX. Cimbri, a German nation, who inhabited the Chersonesus Cimbrica; CincinnatusJutland. (Lucius Quinctius), a patriotic Roman. When the city was inappointed danger, dictator,from a sudden and when inroad the ofmessengers the Sabines, went this to hisgreat country man houseagricultural with the labours. news of his promotion, they found him engaged in Cinna,Cineas, thea Thessalian, rival of Sulla, the ministerand the ofgreat Pyrrhus. supporter of the popular fac- tion.Marius When from exile,Sulla wasand madeabroad a horribleon the Mithridaticmassacre among war, hethe recalled aristo- Circeii,cratic faction.a small town in the south of Latium; a promontory, or a Cirta,mountain, the capital so called. of Numidia. Claros,ed Clarius. a grove of Colophon, where was a temple of Apollo, hence call- Cleanthes,Clazomenae, a philosophera town of Ionia, of the near sect Colophon.of the Stoics. Cleopatra,tious woman the queenof her of age. Egypt, She the had most an beautiful,intrigue withand theJulius most Caesar, ambi- andM. Antony,when he anddeserted prevailed her, outon himof revenge, to declare she warconnected on Augustus, herself withthat intoended the in hands the battle of the of conqueror, Actium. sheAfter died this, voluntarily that she by might the bite not offall a Clepsydra, a water-clock. Cliens.who wereThis protected term was and not supported only applied by theto the rich poorer and powerful classes of citizens, Rome, butstates. to the small states, who were under the protection of greater Clusium,Clitarchus, a atown Greek of Tuscany.historian of some genius, but of doubtful authority. Coena.Codrus, theIt waslast theking principal of Attica. meal of the Romans, and corresponded forto our mensa dinner. is usedIt consistednot only offor two a table, courses, but primathe dishes et secunda upon it. mensa The ; first'course(bellaria) and consisted wine. ofThe substantial apartment meats in which ; the theysecond supped of sweet-meats was call- edthe triclinium, guests. They because did threenot sit couches as we do,were but placed reclined around on these the tablecouches for party(accumbebant never rose epulis). above nine.On eachThe couchhead ofwere the three person guests, who aswas their on hindthe front him, of and the his couch to the reached breast theof themiddle guest of behind the person him. whoThey was rest, be- righted on hand.their leftThey arm, had hence not thecubito luxury remanere of knives presso, and and forks. ate withThe theirpre- dictatessident of (magisteria) the meeting werewas calledlaw. Summus,Coena lautior, or Magister means bibendi,an elegant whose en- youtertainment would doubt ; coena which dubia, to choose;in which coenathe dishes ambulans, were so when numerous there thatwas onlyguest. one dish, which was sent round the table. Umbra, an uninvited INDEX. 83 ollatia, a town of the Sabines. oloniae,Deducere were coloniam, Roman citizensto plant sent a colony. to occupy Municipia, conquered, townsor waste of lands.winch citizens,the inhabitants while theyfor some were servicegoverned had by obtained their own the laws,privileges of Roman omitia,olophon, public a city assemblies.of Ionia. These were of three kinds; the comitia portantcenturiata; of these the comitiawas the tributacomitia ; centuriata,the comitia in curiata. which lawsThe were most made, im- magistratesinstituted the elected, census, and divided state criminalsthe Roman tried. people Servius into six Tullius, classes, who ac- possessedcording to a their fortune fortune. of 100,000 The firstasses, class or poundswas composed of brass; of thethose second who oftune those was who50,000 possessed asses; the7b,000 fourth asses 25,000 ; the ; thirdand the of fifththose 11,000 whose ; for-the sixthwho hadconsisted no fortune either at of all. those Those whose of estatesthe first were class underwere styled10,000, clas- or thosesic!, henceof the auctores inferior classic!,classes, infrarespectable, classem. or Thosestandard who authors; had no for-all dividedtune were into called centuries. capite censi,The orfirst proletarii. class contained These fortyclasses centuries were sub- of centuriesyoung men, of equites,juniorum; forming forty in of all old ninety-eight men, seniorum centuries ; with : the eighteen second twentyclass contained centuries twenty: the fourth centuries twenty with : thetwo fiftyof artificers:thirty : the the sixth, third by fivefar the inferior most classesnumerous, contained was reckoned in all ninety-three only as one centuries; century. andThus as the in theturies, comitia it is obviouscenturiata, that every the firstthing class, was decidedif unanimous, by a majority would ofalways cen- prevail.a fixed number,It is to for be inunderstood, the first class that its a numberscentury musthere havedoes beennot imply very classsmall, contained and the lowerall the thepoorer class citizens. the greater This its was numbers. throwing Theall politi- sixth importantcal influence business into the of handsthe state of wasthe decided.rich, and Itin wasthis heldassembly, in the all Cam- the nundinaepus Martius, vel andtrinum it was nundinum) necessary before to summon the time it ofseventeen the meeting, days (tresthat thefor offices,people mightand of have the laws time on to considerwhich they of thewere merit to vote. of the Thosecandidates who offered(profiteri) themselves before the for comitia an office, was were summoned. required toThey give were in their said names pete- dida),re consulatum denoting vel the praeturam, purity of their&c. and motives, wore whencea white theyrobe were (toga called Can- bycandidati. a nomenclator, They wentwhose about business soliciting it was votes to whisper (ambire), to them accompanied the names ofan thoseinsult of not whose to know votes the they name were of desirous a Roman ; forcitizen. it was supposedIt was decided to be turiaby ballot praerogativa. which century When was a to magistrate vote first, was and to it bewas elected, denominated every voter cen- receivedon it, and a puttingwaxen tablet, a mark with (punctum) the names on ofthe the name candidates of him written for whom up- berhe voted, of centuries he returned voted it.was The declared candidate to be for duly whom elected the greatest (renunciatus num- 84- INDEX. est). When the votes were unanimous, he was said ferre omne punc- tum,When hence a law omne was proposedtulit punctum, (lex rogabatur), he has been the completelyperson who successful.spoke for itTwo was ballots said suadere were given legem to ;each he whovoter; spoke the against,one with dissuadereU R written legem. up- autiquo,on it, for Iuti am rogas, for the scil. old volo,law, i.I e.am I for am the against law; thethe bill. other Ferre with lerA, gem,When to they pass werea law; to perferre vote upon legem, an impeachment,to carry it through one ballot all the was forms. in- scribedother with with C, A for for condemno, absolve, I Iacquit, condemn, hence called called liters liters tristis. salutaris, In thethe comitiaand every tributa, question the votewas ofdecided a poor by man a majoritywas equal of to individuals. that of a rich,In bunesthis assembly, of the people, the plebeians and the plebeian elected aediles.their own The magistrates—the laws passed attha tri- comitia tributacuriata, were the assembliescalled plebiscita, of the peopledecrees in of their the commons.parishes. TheyThe giouswere heldnature in :a inpart them of the the forum curio maximusandcalled comitium, the flaminesand were were of a elect- reli- adoptions,ed ; in them and also military every commandthing was (imperium)settled respecting conferred. testaments, and Consules,Commageni, the thechief inhabitants Roman magistrates, of Commagene, two in a number,district of and Syria. chosen an- nually.vernment They under were Tarquin, first elected and succeeded after the to abolitionall the duties of the of kingly the kings. go- sellaTheir curulis, ensigns an were ivory the chair toga of praetexta,state; scipio a robe eburneus, with a anpurple ivory border sceptre ; middle,and the fasces,carried abefore bundle them of rods by the(virgae), lictors. with In an times axe of(securis) danger, in they the creewere ofsometimes the senate, entrusted thus expressed,—Senatus with dictatorial power, decrevit, conferred darent byoperam a de- Corduba,consules, a cityne quid of Spain. respublica Cordova. detrimenti caperet. Coriolanusto the plebeians. (C. Marcius), a noble Roman, distinguished for his hatred Corioli,Coriolanus. a town of the Volsci, from which Marcius got the surname of Corneliussopher. (Celsus),He wrote an on author rhetoric, in thehusbandry, age of Tiberius, medicine, a andsceptical the art philo- mi- butlitary. not withoutIn the opinion elegance of of Quinctilian, stile. he was a man of little genius, Grantor,Coruncanius a disciple (Ti.), ofthe Plato. first plebeianHe wrote Pontifex a book, Maximus. De, Consolatione, high- Crassus,ly commended Q. a celebrated by Cicero. orator. Cratinus,lents. a writer of Greek comedies, remarkable for his satirical ta- Cresphontes,Cremera, a river a tragedy of Tuscany. of Euripides. CrispusGreta a large(Vibius), island an oforator. the Mediterranean. Cres, tis. Cretis, idis, fern. Critias,Athens. the chief of the thirty tyrants appointed by the Spartans to govern INDEX. 85 Crito,prison, the and scholar in his and last themoments, friend withof Socrates,the most affectionatewhom he attended zeal. in Crustumerium,Croton, or Crotona, a town a city of theof theSabines. Bruttii. Inh.Inh. Crusturaini. Crotoniatae. Cumae,Cumaeus. a town Cumaea of Campania, sibylla, near the whichsibyl, whosewas the cave cave was of thenear sibyl, Cumae. adj. Curiusand the(M. simplicity Dentatus), of hisa man manners. remarkable He conqueredfor the frugality the Samnites, of his life,and droveing turnips, Pyrrhus the from ambassadors Italy. When of the heSamnites was sitting came at histo him, fireside, and roast-offer- commanded him a greatthe richquantity than ofbe gold rich, ; andhis replythat itwas, was that in vainhe would for them rather to expectin the field.to vanquish him by a bribe, whom they had found invincible Curulescurulis, magistratus, an ivory chair the ofmagistrates state. These that were thehonoured censors, with the theconsuls, sella thenobiles. praetors, They and enjoyed the curule the aediles; privilege and of their having descendants the images were of calledtheir ancestors(tituli), intimating in wax (jus the officesimaginum), which tothe these persons images whom were they fixed represent- labels j worded held, (title) and appliedthe great to nobility.actions which they had performed ; hence our !S Cyclades,from xuxkai, a cluster a circle. of islands in the Aegean sea. The name is derived | Cynicus,distinguishing a cynic. severity One ofand a sectrudeness of philosophers with which theyso called attacked from the the vices un- Cyrene,of all, aderived city of from Africa. the Greek word xvu*, canis, a dog. Cyziceni,Cyrus, the the founder inhabitants of the of Persian Cyzicus, empire. a city of Mysia. Haci,now a Moldavia,people who Wailachia, inhabited anand extensive Transylvania. country north of the Danube, Dalmatia,Danubius, partthe ofDanube, Illyricum, the onlargest the east river side in ofGermany. the Adriatic. It rises in the intoblack the forest Euxine in Suabia, sea ; likewise runs upwards called Ister.of 1,600 miles, and falls at last Darius,Decii, three the king noble of RomansPersia, conquered who devoted by themselvesAlexander thefor theirGreat. country. Delphi,famous a templetown inand Phocis, oracle atof theApollo. foot ofThe Parnassus, priestess where who delivered there was the a Demetriusresponses (Phalereus), of the oracle a was Greek called historian. Pythia. Democritus,frt&h his laughing a native atof theAbdera, follies denominated of mankind. the laughing philosopher, Demosthenes,the scholar ofthe Socrates most celebrated and Plato. orator He of is ancientsaid to havetimes, been an theAthenian, son of aHe blacksmith employed ; hisbut noble genius talents like in his the rises defence above of everyhis country, disadvantage. and his tiblebest speecheseloquence, are he his unveiled Philippics, the designsin which, of Philip,by the forceand roused of an irresis-the A- tism,thenians that to forresist a considerablethem, kindling time in theytheir withstoodminds such the a invaderflame of of patrio- their yoke,rights. he Whendemanded Philip that at Demosthenes last succeeded should in reducing be delivered Athens up toto him, the whichon which he believed,he fled, and could in theno longerisland ofbe Calauria, of any use put to ahis period country to a ; life,for Denarius,he preferred a silver death coin to insubmission. value ten asses. Diana,Diagoras, the a sistercelebrated of Apollo, victor inthe the daughter Olympic of games. Jupiter and Latona, the goddessand Cynthia, of hunting from a(venatrix), mountain Delia,in Delos. because She she was was called born Diana,at Delos, on ora,earth the ; Luna,three charactersin heaven; of and the Hecate,virgin goddess; in hell—hence and Lucina, tria virginis from Dictator,presiding a magistrate,over child-birth. who in cases of extreme danger, either from do- Whilemestic heor wasforeign in office,enemies, all thewas otherinvested powers with of supreme the state authority.were sus- pended,cebatur) exceptby the theconsul, tribunes whence of thethe people.word Dictator. He was nominatedHe could hold(di- hehis mightoffice onlybe called six monthsto account (semestris), for his conductand, at the while end in of it. that Heperiod, had ancalled officer Magister of his ownequitum. nomination under him to execute his commands, Diogenes,He clothed a cynicalhimself philosopherwith the coarsest of the stuffs, age andof Alexanderdepended forthe his Great. sub- sistenceAlexander on havingthe contributions offered him anyOf the favour public. which Hehe choselived toin aska tub.: I havewould no not request shade to memake from of you,the sun.replied “ the If philosopher,I were not Alexander,but that you -I Diomedes,would choose the sonto be of Diogenes,” Tydeus, Tydides, was his reply.king of Aetolia, one of the Druides,Grecian the chiefs Druids. in the TrojanThese werewar. not only the priests, but the su- premeIn the judges,extracts andfrom the Caesar, instructors in this of theselection, youth ofthe Gaul scholar and willBritain. find theiran elegant name accountfrom the ofGreek their wordpractices bu;, andan oak, doctrines. because Theythey heldreceived this Drusilla,tree sacred, the grand-daughter and worshipped of under Cleopatra its shade. and Mark Antony. Drusus,young theman, son but of of Tiberius licentious and habits. Vipsania He wasAgrippina, poisoned a byhigh Sejanus. spirited Drususbom after(Nero she Claudius), was married son to of Augustus, Tiberius brotherClaudius of Nerothe Emperor and Livia, Ti- berius, and father of Germanicus, a man of great virtue and deserved : popularity.Germanicus, whichFrom hisdescended victories to in his Germany, family. he acquired the title of Duilliusthe Carthaginians. (C), a Roman general, who gained the first naval victory over . INDEX. 87 E. Elitovius,Elephantine, a leader an island of Cenomania, of the Nile. a people of Cisalpine Gaul. Ennius,Endymion, an aancient young manRoman of extraordinarypoet, a native beauty,of Rudiae, beloved in Calabria,by Luna. the wroteearliest the of annals the Romans of Rome who in rosehexameters, to any eminenceand an epic in poempoetry. on H«tlte ite.atchievements He likewise of Scipiopublished Africanus, tragedies, with andwhom acquired he was considerable a great favour- re- putationhim any tl>ingby his else,writings; for, like but many it does other not menappear of genuis,that they he broughtdied in poverty.are said to Nothinghave possessed but a fewmuch fragments of the true of inspirationhis poems remain,of genius, which but Epaminondas,to have been adeficient celebrated in polish. Theban, who, by his talents, raised his ledcountry at the to battlehigh eminenceof Mantinea among by athe wound states fromof Greece. a spear. HeWhen was kil-he belearned extracted, that his and army while had he gained was bleeding the victory, to death he ordered he exclaimed, the spear “ toI I Epaphroditus,have lived long the enough,freed-man for ofI dieNero, unconquered.” who assisted him in the commis- | Ephori,sion of a suicide.council at Sparta, whose duty it was to watch that the kings andtheir the country. senate did not make any encroachments on the liberties of Epicheris,Nero. Whilea freed-woman, the other engagedconspirators, in a conspiracyon the examination, against the named life of makingtheir dearest a single friends, disclosure, she endured and when the shetorture was aof second the racktime without carried ing,out forlest the in herterrible agonies, trial, theshe weaknessstrangled ofherself nature with might her be girdle, overcome, fear- disgraceand she mightupon herbe temptedname. to make a submission, which would bring Epicurus,pher, who a nativeplaced of man’s Gargettus, chief happinessa village ofin Attica,pleasure. a GreekHe held philoso- that thatthe universethe gods wastook formed no interest, by the either fortuitous in the concoursearrangements of atoms, of nature, and j Epirus,or in thea country affairs ofin man.the north-west of Greece. Epirotes, oe, an inha- Equites,bitant ofthe Epirus second ; Albaniaorder of and citizens Chimera. among the Romans. They re- ceivedon horseback, their name and fromwere distinguishedthe privilege whichby a robe they with enjoyed a narrow of serving stripe ofnulo purple, aureo angustus donari, toclavus; .become a agold knight. ring, annulusThey sat aureus in a separate ; hence, place an- atsedere the publicin quatuordecim, spectacles, tonext be toa knight. the orchestra, Their onfortune fourteen was benches 400 ses- ; onetertia. of whichThe sestertiumwas equivalent was toequal one penny,in value three to afarthings, thousand and sestertii, three- Eratosthenes,fourths of a afarthing native of ourCyrene, money. a poet and philosopher; but hie re- 88 INDEX. putation rests chiefly on his knowledge of geography and astronomy. Eretum,He was a librarianvillage of to the the Sabines. famous AlexandrianEretinus, adj. library. Etruria,Esquiliae, Tuscany, one of the a sevencountry hills in on Italy, which stretching Rome stood. from the Tiber, its. fromsouthern Liguria. boundary, Etruscus, to the riveradj. Macra on the north, which divides it Euphorion,Euboea, an islanda poet of theChalcis. Aegean Chalcidicus sea near Boeotia. versus, the verse of Eupho- Euphrates,to the Persian a great gulf. river Itof annuallyAsia, which overflows rises in its Armenia, banks in and consequence! flows in-: ofsource, the periodicaland with its rains waters that fertilizes fall on the the neighbouring mountains whereplains. it has its Euripides,Eupolis, a aGreek Greek comic tragic poet. poet, an Athenian, the scholar and the friend; convictionof Socrates, of who, the importance not only throughof tragedy friendship to the cause for ofhim, virtue, but tookfrom an a correctioninterest in ofhis them. compositions, His verses and renderedare remarkable him essential for tenderness, service in andthe theabound stage, in ‘ofine fikorotfis moral sentiments.vnj rwtis. He He was wrote called considerably the philosopher above of a Europa,hundred one tragedies, of the three of which great nineteendivisions remain.of the ancient world. Evander,lage on anone Arcadian of the hills prince on whichwho emigratedRome afterwards to Italy. stood. He built a vil- Evocati,again tothe enlist. veterans They who were had servedexempted out fromtheir alltime, military and wereduty, inducedH except i[ nerfighting; under andwhich were their likewise corps calledfought, vexillarii, and esse from sub vexillum,vexillo, meansthe ban-i] toil Exauctorari,belong to it. to beA freedDeo evocatus,from the setobligation at liberty of by the a militaryGod. oath (auc-N toramentum)grace, j to receive a discharge ; often to be dismissed with dis- F. Fabii,Veientians, a distinguished and were family all cut at offRome, except that one. undertook the war with the; Fabius, the(Q,. mostMaximus) ancient an of illustrious the Roman Roman, historians. wrho was created Dicta- savedtor after Italy. the battleFrom ofhis Thrasimene,declining to giveand byHannibal his caution battle, and he receivedconduct Fabiusthe name (Rusticus), of Cunctator. a historian, Virgil says of him, Cunctando restituit rem. Fabricius,with Pyrrhus, a Roman a man general, of inflexible who acquired integrity great and celebritygreat simplicity in die wart oft Fabula, a play. Players were called actores, histriones, or ludiones.. lishFacere it; fabulam,agere fabulam, means toto actcompose it; peragere a play ; fabulam,docere fabulam, to support to pub- his waspart favourablyto the end; received, exigere fabulam,the phrase to used hiss was,off the stare stage. recto When talo; awhen play INDEX. 89 itbuskin failed, (cothurnus) cadere. The which actors is sometimes of tragedies used used for a high-heeledtragedy; digna shoe, co- or heeledthurno, shoe, a style (soccus). worthy ofPlayers tragedy. appeared The actors in a ofmask comedy (persona) wore asuited low- toTheatrum the character (a Siaoittu, they performed, specto), aand theatre. hence personaAt first themeans theatres character. were fromopen above,the sun or or covered rain. onlyThey with were an of vastawning size, to sometimesdefend the containing spectators adornedforty thousand in a manner people. suitableThe scene to the (scena) subject. was Thesuperbly place painted behind andthe thatscenes, in whichwhere theythe actorsappeared, changed proscenium dresses, ; waswhere called they postsceniumstood and re- ; stagecited, (orchestra),pulpitum. theThe equitessenators in satfourteen in rows benches or benches next tonext the toorch- the estra;play began, hence, the sedere curtain in (auleum)quatuordecim, did not to risebe aas knight. in our theatres,When butthe thewas audiencelet down plaudite,from the applaud;top. At thehence, end usqueof the adplay plaudite the actors vivendum, said to Faesulae,to the end a town of life. of Etruria. Falerii',Familia, a atown family of ;Etruria. the slaves Inh. belonging Falisci. to one master. Fasti,Fasces. the Seepublic Consul. records. They were kept by the Pontifex Maximus, anded. wereThey so contained called, because the names in them of the the consuls (fasti) and holidays, other magistrates,were mark- Ferentinum,and served aas town a record of the of Hernici all public in events.Latium. Festi,which holidays ordinary ; days business set apart was fordone—intercisi, religious purposes—profesti, half holidays. days on Fiscus,Fidenae, the a townpublic of treasury, the Sabines. of which Inh. the Fidenates. quaestors had charge. Under thetreasury emperors, of the theemperor, public fiscus. treasury was called aerarium; the private Flaminius,in which hea generalfell. of the Romans, in the battle of Thrasymene, FlavusFlaminius (Scevinus), ( Flamma), a senator a friend engaged of Catiline. in the conspiracy against Nero. Frisii,Fulvius ute (A.) people one ofof Friesland.the associates of Catiline. Funus,formed a funeral,by torch-light. (a funibus Funerals vel funalibus) were of becausetwo kinds, funerals indictivafunera, were per- ofrald distinguished ; funus taciturn, men, theto whichfuneral all of thea private people person. were invitedWhen byany a onehe- ferriwas buriedpublice, at tothe be public buried expense, at the public it was expense. called funusThey publicum. burned the Ef-bo- dieswhen of they the committeddead on a funeralthe ashes pile to the(rogus, sepulchre, vel pyra they vel repeated bustum), several and times,conclamatum vale, vel est, salve the aeternum,last farewell which is taken were ; calledall is over. novissima Componere verba; meansto bury. to gather the ashes, and put them into the urn; and thence, 9Q INDEX. G. Gades,Gabinius Cadiz, (Capito), a sea-port a praetor in Spain. accused of extortion. Gallia,Cisalpina, France. Gaul Transalpina,on this side ofor theUlterior, Alps, theGaul northern beyond part the of Alps;Italy, Gallus,so called. (C.), a Roman astronomer of the age of Faulus Aemilius. Ganymedes,Troy, by the Ganymede, orders of Jupiter,a beautiful carried youth, up tothe heaven son offrom Tros, mount king Ida, of Geminusand made (Cneius his cup-bearer. Servilius), a man of consular dignity, who fell at the Germania,battle of Cannae.Germany, a country of Europe, which is divided into a greatAlps onnumber the south; of states, and extending from France from theand Baltic the low on thecountries north, onto the Germanicus,west, to Poland the sonand of Hungary Drusus onGermanicus, the east. the nephew and adopted sonCaesars of ;Tiberius, but virtue one is aof dangerous the few possessionvirtuous princesin the reign of the of arace tyrant. of andHe wasconducted recalled the from wars Germany, with great where ability he and was success, the idol and of the sent army, into Tiberius.Syria, where he died, as was suspected, from poison by the order of GessiusGeronium, (Florus), a town the of Apulia.procurator of Judaea. GladiatoresGillo (L. Fulvius),’a (a gladio), lieutenant-general persons trained to of the Scipio use ofAfricanus. the sword, and ex- hibitedwere originally in the Amphitheatre condemned for (damnati), the amusement some of the them Romans. to the swordThey others(ad gladium), of them whoto public were exhibition to be put (ad to ludum),death within who twelvemight monthsbe liber- ; asated gladiators. after a certain The period. place ofIn the after Amphitheatre times, freemen where hired they themselves fought, fromwas called slipping arena, in theirfrom own its bloodbeing ;covered and arena with is sand used to for prevent any field them of anyaction one or was controversy; wounded, theas, arenaspectators belli, exclaimed, the theatre habet, of war. and hisWhen fate nalwas fordecided saving by him,them—if premendo he had pollicem,fought gallantly, by pressing they gavedown the their sig- signalthumbs for ; ifdispatching he had shown him, any vertendo symptoms pollicem, of cowardice, by turning they upgave their the withthumbs. a rod When called a rudis—rudegladiator obtained donatus, his having freedom, obtained he was the presented rod of paria,freedom—edere to match them.munera, Great to exhibit numbers shows of these of gladiators—componere unhappy beings were hibitedannually them sacrificed at funerals for the as gratification a kind of sacrifice of the Romansto the manes ; they of even the de-ex- themceased, was and styled on the Editor, occasion or, ofDominus. triumphs. The person who exliibited Gorgias,a distinguished a native oforator. Sicily, a philosopher of the sect of the Sophists, and INDEX. 91 Gracchusnatus. (Claelius), a general of the Sabines, conquered by Cincin- Gracchushis virtues (Tib. and Sempronius), his wisdom. aHe Roman married consul Cornelia, and censor,daughter famous of Scipio for theirAfricanus, attachment by whom to the he interest had Tiberiusof the plebeians, and Caius, for sowhich celebrated they both for perished;the sole motive though of aall disinterested their measures, love which of mankind were planned seems to with have talent, been recommendedwith great energy. to the people by a bewitching eloquence, and pursued Graecia,to two parts,Greece, Graecia a country Propria, very celebratedcomprehending in ancient all thetimes, countries divided be-in- longingnesus, the to peninsulaGreece, north south of of the it, nowisthmus called of theCorinth Morea; and Magnathe Pelopon- Grae- cia,a colony the southern of Greeks. part of Italy, so named from having been peopled by H. Hadriaticumnamed likewise mare, Marethe Hadriatic. Superum. It Thewashes sea the on eastern the western shores shoresof Italy, of Haedus,Italy, Marea surname Tuscum, of Hasdrubal, or Tyrrhenum, a noble was Carthaginian.called Mare inferum. During the secondfaction Punicattached war, to heHannibal was the and enemy war. of the Barcinian faction, i. e. the Hamilcar,to the Romans. a Carthaginian, the father of Hannibal, famed for his hatred Hammon,of a ram—hence the name called of the corniger. African Jupiter, worshipped under the form Hannibal,father to one Spain, of the while greatest but a boy,generals and receivedof antiquity. his education He followed in camps. his theHe supportedRomans in an manyarmy forbattles nearly ; andtwenty had years he pursuedin Italy, andthe conqueredadvantage •tedwhich out he her gained name at fromCannae, the helist might of nations. have destroyed When Rome,Scipio and invaded blot- theAfrica, decisive he was battle recalled of Zama; to defend and it, after and wanderingdefeated by for that some general time asat timean outcast, for the he cultivationswallowed ofpoison. literature, Active and aswas his intimately life was, acquainted he found Hanno,with Greek.an illustrious Carthaginian, the enemy of Hasdrubal, and the Harmodius,adviser of peace.an Athenian, who, with the aid of his friend Aristogiton, assassinatedby the guards Hipparchus, ; and his associate, the tyrant Aristogiton, of Athens. afterHe washaving cut beenin pieces put gallantto the rack,men perisheddied by inthe the hands generous of the attempt executioner. to deliver Thoughtheir country these frombe quenched, a galling and yoke, Hippias, their theactions brother kindled and successora flame which of Hipparchus, could not lishedwas soon ; and after the dethroned highest honoursand expelled,'and were, for ages,a free paidgovernment to their estab- me- Haruspex (from ara et specie), the priests who inspected the appear- 92 INDEX. ances of the entrails of the victims on the altars, from which they Hector,foretold the future son of events. Priam, and the bulwark of Troy. He was slain by Helvetii,Achilles. the ancient inhabitants of Switzerland. Heraclea,same name a town in Pontus of Lucania ; another ; Inh. in HeracleensesThrace : Inh. ; anotherHeracleotae. town of the Heraclideslearning, a(Ponticus), disciple of a Plato. native of Heraclea of Pontus, a man of great Hercules,of Jupiter the and most Alcmena. famous of Hethe isfabulous represented heroes as of a Greece;model of thehuman son beauty,world of strength giants, tyrantsand magnanimity. and monsters. He The spent twelve his life labours in freeing imposed the poets.upon himHe by is saidEurystheus, to have clearedare often Africa mentioned of wild inbeasts, the works and comingof the and,over toin Spain, commemoration to have carried of his his victories,conquests to as havefar as erected Gibraltar two ( Calpe),pillars, Hercyniaone at Calpe,silva, aand very the large other forest at Abyla in Germany. in Africa. Herodotus,Herodes, king a native of the of Jews. Halicarnassus, the earliest of the Greek histori- ans.nine muses,He wrote and acomprehend history in nine the books, transactions which bearof the the Persians, names of from the anIt likewiseearly age, treats to the oftwo the invasions antiquities of Greeceof Egypt, under and Darius of its andstate, Xerxes. in the world,times of many the ofauthor, which andhe hadof almostvisited. allThe the only countries model of which the ancienthe had poets,in the and composition he retains ofnot his a littlework, of wastheir in manner; the writings yet, thoughof the heheroic re- semblessweeping them flow inof hisamplification, style, his account and exuberance of the events, of fancy,which heand him- the whichself saw, till is lately, of good he authority,was supposed and to many display even a fondnessof those forpassages, the mar- in Hesiodus,vellous, ahave native been of found, Ascra, by a villagethe reports of Boeotia of travellers, ; hence, to called be correct. Ascrae- usHe senex;—awrote a poem poet on who the flourished generation not of thelong gods, after entitledthe age Theogonia;of Homer. mannerand though an unaffectedin all respects simplicity; he is far a inferiordelicacy to and Homer, sweetness there of is expres- in his pleasingsion, with poet. a fidelity in his pictures of nature, that render him a very Hibernia,Hierosolyma, Ireland. Jerusalem, the capital of Judaea. Hirtius.Hierosolymus, the friend an ancientof Julius leader Caesar, of theat whose Jews, request according he wrote to Tacitus. the eighth Hispania,book of theSpain. Commentaries Among the on Romans,the Gallic Spainwar. was divided into two provinces,ulterior; hence,the one duae of Hispaniae,which was thecalled two Hispania Spains. citerior, the other, Homerus,is known the ; evenearliest the of place the Greekof his poets.birth beingOf hisdisputed personal by historyseven cities. little inHe which is said he tois supposedhave been to blind, allude and, to himself, from a therepassage is noin reasonthe Odyssey, to be- INDEX. 93 lieve that the tradition is correct. He wrote two poems, one on the otherTrojan on war, the calledwanderings Iliad, andfrom sufferings Ilium, the of nameUlysses, of Troy;on his journeyand the homeward,in his own aftercountry, the entitleddestruction Odyssea. of that city,He isand said his to re-establislunent have wandered ownamong verses. the citiesThe of high Asia, state and of to perfection have given in public which recitations we find the of arthis hadof poetry not been in hiscultivated writings, among makes the it difficultAsiatic Greeks,for us tolong believe before that his it isage. the mostIf he extraordinaryreally was the man first that versifier ever existed;in the Greek yet, language,even though he thatHe possessed glory be alldenied the qualitiesto him, requisitethere is toenough form aleft great for poet,—imagi-us to admire. tionnation, of unionfancy, inenthusiasm, which they judgement, never perhaps feeling existed and in taste, any inother a perfec- mind, andsomething the result of ofthe theirsame combined kind of claimoperations upon hasour been admiration a work withthat hasthe fairesttranscript and of sublimest them, and forms while of theynature delight, themselves, so long for will it is his a faithfulverses. Horatius,He is called a native Maeonides, of Yenusia, from a Maeonia, Roman lyrica name poet, of satiristLydia. and episto- larygreat writer poetical of enthusiasmthe highest ; eminence.but the quality In hisin whichodes he he has chiefly discovered excels felicityother poets, of his is thestyle delicate has been humour the subject of his ofsatires many and commendations. epistles. The quentlyHe was degradedhigh in favour himself at bythe fulsome court of eulogiums Augustus, of and that has crafty not tyrant.unfre. Hospitium,Hortensius, aan league eloquent of hospitality.Roman orator, Among the friend the ancientsof Cicero. the rights of hospitalityfor the reception were considered of the stranger. sacred, andPeople, their between houses werewhom always there open ex- eachisted kepta friendship, one. They had tooka tally an (tessera)oath of mutual cut into fidelity two equalby Jupiter parts, (who and wasship, hence they werecalled said hospitalis). confringere When tesseram. they renounced a person’s friend- Hypanis,merian aBosphorus. river that discharges itself into the Euxine sea at the Cim- Hyrcania,account, ais country called mareon the Hyrcanum. south-east of the Caspian sea, which, on that Ida,Iberus, a celebrated the Ebro, mountaina river of in Spain. the vicinity of Troy. Idaea Mater, Cy- Ilium,Idistovisus, a name a Germanof Troy. chief. India,Illyria, anan extensiveextensive country onof theAsia, east whose side ofhistory the Adriatic. goes back to very andearly most ages. honourable, The inhabitants are the brahmins—theare divided into priests, four andCasts: literary the first,men "--agriculturistsof the country; andthe merchantssecond—the j themagistrates fourtlt—artisans, and soldiers labourers, ; the third and 94- index. servants.sion o'f his By fathers. this arrangement The Hindoos every abstain man isfrom confined the useto theof profes-animal isfood. at presentIndia hasunder for themany dominion ages been of subjecta company to a foreignof English yoke; mer-and Inguiomerus,Indus, a large a river German of India. chief. Ioniumlusubres, mare, the inhabitants the Ionian of sea, Milan. between the South of Italy and Greece. Iphigenia,Grecian fleetthe daughter was detained of Agamemnon at Aulis by andunfavourable Clytemnestra. winds, Whenan oracle the Diana.declared Whenthat Iphigenia she was muststanding be sacrificedat the altar, to appeaseand the the priest wrath was of place.about toA strike tragedy the offatal Euripides blow, theis founded goddess onsubstituted her story. a hind in her Isocrates,Isis, idis, anan ancient Athenian monarch orator, of a Egypt,teacher an of Egyptian eloquence deity. ; from modesty hishe seldomhouse was appeared frequented in public, by students but composed from all orations quarters forof others,Greece. and Joannes, a leader of a party of the Jews when Jerusalem was besieged Jordanes,by Titus. the river Jordan in Judaea. Judaea,Juda, a chiefPalestine, of the the Jews. Holy Land. J ugum,an army two was spears conquered, fixed in theit earthwas sometimes-and one laid made across to the pass top. under When the wereyoke dismissed(missus sub with jugum) only one in garmenttoken of each. submission, and the soldiers JuliusJulia, the(Secundus), younger daughter a young oforator Germanicus of great and promise Agrippina. : he lived in the Juno,age ofthe Quinctilian. daughter of Saturn (Saturnia), the queen of the gods, the fromwife andpresiding sister overof Jupiter. child-birth She ; and was Pronuba, called Lucinaas presiding and overMatrona, mar- Jupiter,riage. the supreme heathen god, called Tonans, the Thunderer; Sa- phereturnius, ; as,the subson Joveof Saturn. frigido, Hisunder name the coldis often atmosphere; put for themalus atmos- Ju- Juspiter, imaginum. stormy weather.See Curules magistratus. Justitium,all public a business vacation. was During suspended. it the courts of justice were shut, and Kalendae, the calends, the first day of the month. Among the Ro- nones,mans theand month ides. wasThe calculatedcalends fell by on Kalendae, the first day nonae, of the idus, month, kalends, and derivedpriest proclaimed their name that from it was the newobsolete moon; verb the calo, nones to fellcall, on because the fifth, a INDEX. 95 tober,and the when ides onthe the nones thirteenth, were onexcept the seventh,in March, and May, the July, ides, andon Oc-the ides,fifteenth. counting The inclusively nones were ; sothe called, ides received from being their nine name days from from an theold verbof the iduare, month todeserves divide. particularThe Roman attention. method After of calculating the kalends, the theyday wascounted styled so manyby them, days quarto before thenonas nones Januarii, ; thus, (scilthe secondante), ofthe January second andthey fifthcalculated being included,so many dayswhich before was alwaysthe ides the in casethe same; from way the ; nonesthus, theypridie counted idus Januarii, so many was days the before twelth the of kalends January of ; nextand monthfrom the; thus, ides throughtertio kalendas every month Februarii, of the was year. the Seethirtieth table atof theJanuary end of ; Index..and so on Lacaena,Lacedaemonii, a Lacedaemonian the inhabitants woman. of Lacedaemon. Lacinia,southern an shoresepithet of of theJuno gulf from of Tarentum,Lacinium, thebecause cape neatof Colonna this she on h ad the a Laco,famous a Lacedaemonian. temple. Laertes,Laelius (C.),the father a lieutenant-general of Ulysses. of Scipio in the second Punic war. Laomedon,Lampsacus, thea city father of Mysia; of Priam, adj. andLampsacenus. king of Troy. Laomedontiadcs, Lateranus,the son of a Laomedon,consul-elect, Priam. who, from the love of his country, took a Latium,part in athe small conspiracy district againstof Italy Nero. around Rome, the country of the La- tinssaid ;to Inh.be derived Latini. from A lateo,fabulous because origin Saturn is given concealed to the himselfname, being there quoniumafter he had latuisset been tutusexpelled in oris.”from heaven by his son Jupiter:—“ His | Lavinium,Latmus, a mountaina town of of Latium, Ionia, built by Aeneas, and so named in hon- Lebanus,our of hisMount wife LebanonLavinia. in Syria. Legatus,he was a appointed.lieutenant-general There whow'as commandedone or more under of them the inDux, every by whomarmy, ■ Legio,according a legion to the; a importance body of troops. of the warThe in Roman which legionit was wasengaged. composed eachoriginally of the of tribes;three thousandbut was men,afterwards one thousand advanced being to six chosen thousand. from riesEach were legion complete, contained which sixty was centuries seldom the(centuriae), case, the andcomplement if the centu- was : sixturio, thousand. a captain Centuria,of a century denotes ; primopilus, a company the of chief a hundred of the centurions men ; cen- ; donarebeing the aliquem ensign vite, of his to authority,make any which one awas centurion; not an idle a vineinstrument, sapline fortwo he greater frequently divisions applied of the it legionto the besidesbacks of the the century, soldiers. viz. Theremanipulus, were 96 INDEX. a company of two centuries, and cohors, a body of six ; so that in horts.each legionThe manipulusthere were receivedsixty centuries, its name thirty from itsmanipuli, standard, and which ten co- in theEvery ruder legion times had was attached a bundle to it of300 hay cavalry, on a longwhich pole was (manipulus).called Justus gionsequitatus, of Roman or, ala. soldiers,A Roman and armyas many was of usually the allies composed (auxilia), of twowith le- a asproper many complement for the allies. of horse, The i. cavalrye. three of hundred the allies for were each usuallylegion, sta-and gethertioned inabout the twentywings, thousandhence called men, alariiand wereequites; called these consularis formed ex-to- mae)ercitus. of thirtyThe mencavalry each. of theEach legion of thewas turmaedivided wasinto subdividedten troops (tur-into threesix military (decuriae) tribunes companies (tribuni of militum),ten men. whoIn hadeach thelegion command there ofwere it, Lentulusunder the (P. general Sura), aa month man ofeach. senatorian rank, who engaged in Cati- Leonidas,line’s conspiracy, a Spartan though king, hewho, was with then three praetor. hundred men, opposed the butwhole one, army and of though Xerxes, they at thewere straits unable of Thermopylae. to make an effectualThey allresis- fell tance,try. Whenthey produced it was remarked such a todelay Leonidas as was that favourable the arrows to theirof the coun- Per- reply.sians would darken the air, “ We shall fight in the shade,” was his Leontinuswas the firstGorgias, who undertookan orator toand speak sophist extempore of Leontini on any in subject. Sicily. He Leptis,Italy. a port of Africa where Hannibal landed on his return from Lesbos,celebrated an island as being of the the Mediterranean, birth-place of Sapphoopposite and to the Alcaeus, shores twoofMysia, great Leuctra,Lyric poets.a town of Boeotia, where the Lacedaemonians were defeated Lexby Cincia,the Thebans, de donis commanded et muneribus, by Epaminondas, that no one andshould Pelopidas. take a fee for Lexpleading Plautia, a cause.a law against those who levied war against the state or Lexformed Portia, conspiracies a law that againstforbade individuals. citizens to be scourged, bound, or put Liber,to death. a name of Bacchus. See Bacchus. Libertus,the son aof freedman; a freed-man. a slave who had been made free. Libertinus, Liguria,Libya, a countrya country of Africa.in the north of Italy, in that division of it called Lilybaeum,Gallia Cispadana. the western Inh. promontory Ligures; of sing. Sicily Ligus ; a town vel Ligur.near it. Liternus,Lingones, or,a people Liternum, of Gaul. a town of Campania. Adj. Literninus. Livius,the history a native of Rome,of Padua; from thean eminentfoundation Roman of the cityhistorian, to his ownwho times,wrote inof 142Augustus, books, yetof which in his onlyrelation thirty-five of the remain.civil war Hehe observedwas a favourite a reli- INDEX. 97 gious impartiality. He rose to high and deserved reputation among beenhis contemporaries, justly lamented and by thethe lossmoderns, of the both greatest on account part of of his the work import- has heance has of rivalledits subject, the andgreatest the meritorators, of and its execution. there is in hisIn hisnarrative speeches an ainterest moment. that Ofnever all suffersthe ancient the attention historians, of the he readeris perhaps to slumber the best for figurepainter isto notthe onlyeye. sketchedOn his canvass in the alljust is andglow graceful and animation proportions ; every of andlife, abut rich, occupies yet natural such colouring,a place as isgives best beauty calculated to the for whole. general Ineffect, the excellenceother prose ofwriter his style,of his he country. has approached Less polished nearer tothan Cicero Sallust, than he any is alsoaffectation less laboured of depth -r and : yet less whatever profound may than beTacitus, the peculiarities he has less of thehis style,out cause he is thatdecidedly Cicero more spoke eloquent of his than wonderful either, andeloquence, it was notand with- that Locrii,Quinctilian a town has of thepraised Bruttii. the sweetInh. and Locri copious vel Locrenses.flow of his composition. Longula,Lucania, aa countrytown of towardsLatium. the south of Italy. Lucanus,of Nero. a nativeHe wrote of Corduba an epic inpoem Spain called ; an theeminent Pharsalia, poet in because the reign its subjectwork is isfar the from civil being wars perfect between as Caesaran epic, and or indeedPompey. reaching Though the firstthis classin sentiments in that species truly of Roman, writing, andit contains its happiest many portionsfine passages, breathe abounds much edof theagainst inspiration the life of of freedom. the tyrant, He but engaged when the in theplot conspiracy was discovered, form- andforsook he washim, brought that he beforefor ever him disgraced for examination, himself, hisby loftynaming spirit his so mo- far death,ther as he one met of his the fate conspirators, with the greatest Yet whenfortitude, Nero opened commanded a vein, andhis dieding a in passage a warm from bath the that Pharsalia the wound descriptive might bleed of his more situation. freely, repeat-Taci- tusNero’s insinuates, having endeavouredthat he entered to suppressinto the hisconspiracy poems; inbecause revenge he toofor Lucilius,pretended the to first be aof poet, the andRoman was satiricaljealous ofwriters. his fame. He was a man of sparinggenuine hand.wit, andHe lashed was a contemporarythe vices and offollies the youngerof his age Scipio with ;an a un-na- tiveAuruncae. of Aurunca, a city of Latium; whence he is called Alumnus Lucretia,Lucretius, the a wifenative of of Collatinus. Rome, a poetSee of Livy. great genius, who flourished in theDe ageNatura immediately Rerum. precedingHe studied Virgil. at Athens,He wrote and a poemthere in imbibed six books, a expositiontaste for the in doctrines his poem. of Epicurus,Though he of is which inferior he hasto Virgil given ina beautifulelegance andbelonged polish, to andthat thedelightful dignity poet; and nativein originality tenderness and whichhigh poetical peculiarly en- thusiasm,to him, but he tohas all inthe many Roman passages poets, shown and inhimself these qualitiessuperior seemsnot only to 98 INDEX. approach nearer to Homer than any other of his countrymen. He fromhas been the feelings,unfortunate passions, in the andchoice interests of his subject,of man, whichever to is become too remote po- hepular turns ; yetaside when into quitting the walks the of uninteresting human life, hepath views that nature he has with chosen, the ofeye a ofgreat a genuine master. poet, and his sketches are executed with the pencil Luculli,man was a distinguishedL. Licinius Lucullus, family atwho Rome, carried of on which a war the for most several famous years styleagainst of Mithridates.more than princely He possessed splendour. immense The villawealth, of Lucullusand lived inwas a soemperors magnificent, ; yet, amidthat it all was this afterwards pomp and convertedshew, he wasinto a a man palace of aby most the cultivatedGreek. mind, and was fond of literature. He wrote a history in LudiLucumo, Circenses, a Tuscan the word Circensian that means games. prince The or king.Circus Maximus where suchthey magnitude,were celebrated, that itwas contained built by a Tarquiniushundred and Priscus, fifty thousand and was peo- of ple.race, leaping,These games boxing, consisted wrestling, of chariotand throwing races, horse the quoit.races, theIn footthe postchariot calx, course, hence the the starting-post phrase a carcere was called ad ealeem, career, from and thebeginning winning- to end.ping a Thehandkerchief signal for (missa the starting mappa), of theand chariots the prize was of giventhe victors by drop- was palmcause branches.it was said Thisto spring tree wasup againstconsidered all anobstacles. emblem Inof merit,the other be- kedcontests, running,hence these &c. theexercises combatants were called(athletae) gymnastic, contended and nearly the place na- ofand performing philosophy. them gymnasium ; used also for a school of literature Luna,sented the under moon, three worshipped different characters,as a divinity On by earth, the ancients,she was namedand repre- Di- andana, inthe the goddess regions of woodsbelow, andProserpina, hunting; or in Hecate,heaven, theLuna, wife the of moonPluto. ; LyciumHence mare, diva triformis,the Lycian &c. sea, that part of the Mediterranean which Lycurgus,washes the the shores celebrated of Lycia, lawgiver a country of Sparta. of Asia By Minor. abolishing the use of money,equality andof mankind,by an equal and divisionbanished of poverty, land, he avarice,established and the many natural of thoseages. evilsAt whichseven yearshave beenof age, the the fertile children source were of miserytaken from to man their in pa-all rents,the old and men their of education Sparta. wasFfom entrusted their earliest to the mostyears, respectable they were amonginured wereto fatigue, required privation, to learn, suffering, were justice, and pain fortitude, ; and thea cbntempt lessons which of riches, they cameand, abovethe prime all, amotive love ofof their all their country, actions. which, The as lawsthey grewof Lycurgus up, be- theseemed only to object consider of cultivation,war the natural and stateunder of their man—the influence warlike Sparta virtues be- ■tocame die a for nation his country,of warriors, and each discomfiture of whom deemedthe most it terrible the greatest of all glory mis- INDEX. 99 qualitiesfortunes. of Thus,the soul, while were magnanimity, encouraged andpatriotism, cherished, and theall morethe higher ami- art,able andfeelings science, were had quenched, no existence taste wasin Sparta.a thing unknown,The institutions and literature, of this Lysander,extraordinary a celebrated man remained l>acedaemonian in foil force general, for six who hundred conquered years. the A- tyrants.thenians at Aegos Potamos, took Athens, and set over it the thirty Lysimachus,Lysias, a distinguished a general ofAthenian Alexander, orator. and afterwards king of Thrace. Macedonia,the Egean a sea, country on foe in west the bynorth the ofAdriatic, Greece, on bounded the south on by the Thessaly east by andMacedonian. Epire, and on the north by Thrace and Illyricum. Macedo, a Macer,poem aon native birds, of serpents, Verona, anda poet plants, of the which Augustan Ovid age.informs He us wrote he had a heardHe wrote him anotherread in anpoem advanced on the age, Trojan while war, he himselfafter the was death only of a Hec- boy. subsistedtor, Notwithstanding a close intimacy the disparity between of the their two years, poets, there and seems Ovid to never have mentionsmendation. his venerable friend but in terms of kindness and com- Maecenas,of genius the of hisfavourite time, amongof Augustus, whom hisand good foe greattaste patrondistinguished of foe menHo- Magi,race theand priests Virgil ofabove foe Persians.all the rest. They were fire worshippers, and foe supremesun was beings,the chief foe object one good of their and theadoration. other evil, They represented believed by in light two toand the darkness, deities, andas they perpetually considered at foevariance. universe They their erectedtemple. noZoroaster temples Magisterwas the equitum, founder anof thisofficer sect. who commanded the cavalry under the dic- tator, andater executed his orders. Mago,Magna foeM brother> Cybele. of Hannibal. Maherbul,Hannibal a toCarthaginian, march immediately who, after against the battleRome, of and Cannae, so end counselled foe war. ManliusMamertina, (C), a peopleone of ofthe Campania. conspirators associated with Catiline, and the Manliusfirst to (Tcommence Torquatus), hostilities. a Roman general, so rigid in his discipline, thatagainst he thecommanded enemy contrary his own to son orders. to be put to death because he fought Marcellus,gave him a his young daughter man ofin greatmarriage, hopes and ; the destined nephew him of asAugustus, his successor w1k> inwas the suspected empire, butof having he died used young, unfair and means Livia, to foe cut wife him of off, Augustus, because Marcellushe was preferred (M Claudius), to her owna celebrated sons. Roman, who flourished in th# timevantage of the over second Hannibal, Pbnic and war. convinced He was foethe Romansfirst who that gained he was an ad-not 100 INDEX. tlesinvincible. against HannibalHe was fivewith times various consul, success, and havinghe was fought at last severalled into bat- an Mariusambush (C.), by him,a native in whichof Arpinum, he perished. a man of a family so mean, that he isral said labours. in his Heyouth entered to have into been the employed army as aas common a servant soldier, in agricultu- and by state.his courage He conquered and military the Cimbri,talents, arose most to formidable the highest enemy offices to Rome,of the ined twothe republic,great battles. and atThe last firstended of thein its civil subversion, wars which originated so long afflict-in the forrivalship power, that Marius subsisted was atbetween the head him of andthe popularSulla. faction,In their andstruggles Sulla victory.of the senate, He andwas eachseven in times his turn consul—an made a most honour sanguinary which no use Roman of his beforeman, who him in had his everactions attained. thought onlyHe. wasof his a ownselfish, aggrandizement. cruel, and crafty Mars,success; die god dubio of war,marte, often with used doubtful for war success; ; aequo caeco marte, marte, with inequal the chargeuncertain of hischances sacred of shieldswar; Salii,(ancilia), the priestswhich ofwere Mars, supposed who had to have the fallenpetuity from of theheaven empire; in the saliares reign ofdapes, Numa, splendid and a banquets,symbol of thebecause per- Marsi,they alived people luxuriously. of Italy. Massaesyli,Massilia, Marseilles, a people ofa cityNumidia. of France near the mouth of the Rhone. Massyli,Masinissa, a peopleking of of the Numidia Massyli. in Africa. Mauri,Mattium, a peoplethe capital of Mauritania of the Catti in inAfrica—the Germany. moors. Mediolanum,Medi, the people Milan, of Media, a tow rnsouth of Cisalpineof the Caspian. Gaul, the capital of the In- Memnon,subres. the son of Tithonus and Aurora, king of die Ethiopians. Menander,but the comedies a Greek ofcomic Terence poet are of greatsaid to celebrity. be a transcript His worksof them, are who,lost, highon that terms, account, his style,is called his invention,Demimenander. his incidents, Quinctilian his characters,praises in andpresented his power every of form moving of life. the passions, and says, that he faithfully re- Menelaus,Helen. kingThe Trojanof Sparta, war brotherwas undertaken of Agamemnon in revenge and of Paris husband the sonof herof Priam away havingto Troy. seduced He was the the affections son of Atreus,of Helen, Atrides. and having carried Mercurius,and conducted the messenger the souls of the deadgods. to Hetheir presided destined over habitation. merchandise, His insigniacaduceus, were a rod talaria, entwined winged with sandals two serpents. ; petasus, He a winged was likewise cap ; andthe goded, tlie of lyre.merchants and men of genius (mercuriales viri). He invent- Mesopotamia,■ et Tara/te:) betweena country two between rivers. the Euphrates and the Tigris (a /taros Metellus (QO,(Q. Creticus). surnamed Numidicus,He conquered from tlie his isle victories of Crete. over Jugurtha; a mah famed for his integrity, fond of learning, and a patron of Metelluslearned (Q..men. Pius), so called from his dutiful conduct to Ids father Midas,Metellus a king Numidicus. of Phrygia. In a contest between Pan and Apollo, in playingin favour on ofthe Pan, flute, at he which was constitutedApollo was judge, so much and gaveenraged, his decisionthat he Miletus,changed a cityhis earsof Ionia. into those of an ass. Milichus,against thea freedmanlife of Nero, of inScevinus, which hiswho master discovered was engaged. the plot formed Minos,Milo, a anative king ofand Crotona, lawgiver a famousof Crete, wrestler. so famed for justice, that, after hisHell. death, he was supposed to have been made one of the judges of Minerva,the tutelar the goddessgoddess ofof Athens;wisdom andpinguis war, Minerva,of spinning dullness; and weaving; tenuis againstMinerva, nature the small; crassa earnings Minerva, gained plain by common spinning; sense invita without Minerva, learn- Minuciusing. (L), a Roman consul, who, in the war with the Sabines, suf- feredCincinnatus. his camp to be surrounded by the enemy, and was relieved by Mithridates,Misenum, a promontoryking of Pontus, and harbourwho carried of Campania; on a war against Misenenses. the Romans bratedfor many generals, years, butand was gave finally employment subdued toby somePompey. of their most cele- Mona,Caesar there the latterwere twois meant. islands of this name, Anglesey and Man—in j Municipia,Moses, the famoustowns that, lawgiver on accountof the Jews, of some service, had obtained the I rightsvilege of Romanbeing governed citizens, byat theirthe same own time laws. that they retained the pri- I Mytileneus,Musaeus, a Greekan inhabitant poet anterior of Mytelene, to Homer. the capital of Lesbos. INaevius, an old Roman dramatic poet. He died in the time of the secondnal satire, Punic by war.which Hehe frequentlywas greatly broughtaddicted himselfto the writing into difficulties, of perso- j andRome. was thrownWhile intohe wasgaol in for confinement attacking some he publishedof the principal two comedies, men of I whichsoon after delighted his enlargement his countrymen he returned so much, to his that former he was practices, liberated and ; was,but I dies,in consequence, he wrote a banishedpoem on theto Utica,first Punic where war, he died.in which Besides he served. his come- {s. Narragara,Neapolis, a atown town in of Campania. Numidia. f Nero,his motherthe sixth and emperor his wife, of also Rome, his tutora sanguinary the learned tyrant. and virtuousHe murdered SeneCa, LucanRome. theHe poet, set fireand to manythe city; of theand most the ravagesdistinguished of the charactersconflagration of 102 INDEX. jectspread in theso wide, commission that the ofgreatest this crime part was,of it that was the consumed. new city mightHis ob-re- Nestor. the aged leader of the Pylians at the Trojan war; celebrated for Nicander,his wisdom a Greek and eloquence.poet who wrote Georgies. Nicopolis,victory whicha city nearhegained Actium, thereover built by Mark Augustus Antony. in commemoration It is a Greek ofword, the Nilus,and signifiesa great theriver city of of Egypt, victory, to which(nieas m\is)it owes its fertility. It rises rainsamong that the periodically lofty mountains fall there, of Abyssinia, overflows itsand banks; swelled and by asthe there heavy is ■ littlethe purposes Or no rain of in irrigation. Egypt, its watersIt anciently are carried fell offinto into the- vast sea canals by seven for Nobiles.mouths, Seebut theCurulis number Magistratus. is now diminished. Norba,Nola, a atown town of of Campania. the Volsci in Latium. NoviSee homines,Magistratus the curules. first of their family who had held curule offices. Numa,From the the second fame ofking his of justice, Rome, he a manwas calledof exemplary from Cures, virtue of and which piety. he fulwas monarch,sovereign, and and gave elevated a code to ofthe religion throne toof theRome. Romans. He was a peace- Nundinae,Numidia, a acountry market of held Africa. every ninthInh. Numidae.day, to which the country people market.came to town to purchase what they wanted. Nundinari, to hold Oedipusage. Coloneus, a play of Sophocles, which he wrote at an advanced Olympia,Here splendid a town games of Elis were in. celebrated the Peloponnesus with great on solemnity the river every Alpheus. fifth yeargames in fromhonour all ofquarters the Olympian of Greece. Jupiter. The publicMultitudes amusements resorted wereto these the • castingfoot race, the the quoit, chariot and race, a glory the washorse attached race, wrestling, to the victory, boxing, which leaping, it is ordifficult address. for usThe to conceiveconquerors as werebeing carried due to home any mereto their bodily native exertion coun- triesTheir in names triumph were ; and celebrated honours, in little the worksshort of of divine, the most were distinguishedpaid to them. poets;which, andwe shouldPindar think, has in belonged many of onlyhis odes to the bestowed highest upon efforts them of praisespublic gethervirtue. theThese states games of Greece were inimportant, bonds of inpeace as farand as mutual they broughtamity; andto- hostilitiesduring their ceased. celebration, There, Elis too, was men considered of genius a sacred read theirterritory, works, and theall thepoets, period their of poems, four years, and the and historians, by these the their Greeks histories. calculated Olympias, their time.adis, Orestilla,Olympionices, the mistress a victor of in Catiline.the Olympic games. INDEX. 103 Orpheus,related. a veryIn theancient legends poet ofand Greece, musician, he ofis whomsaid to many have wonderstamed wild are song.beasts, andAll madethis must even be the considered trees and asrocks allegorical dance by of the the charms influence of hisof onemusic of and the poetrymuses. in civilizing rude men. He was the son of Calliope, Ostia,Inh. a Ostienses.town at the mouth of the Tiber, the principal harbour of Rome. Ovidius,poets. a Henative lived of in Salmo the age in Umbria,of Augustus, one whoseof the favourchief ofand the confidence Roman grace,he enjoyed, and was but, banished from some to Tomi,cause notin Pontuswell explained, on the Euxine he fell sea.into dis-He butvery in early vain displayedto suppress. a geniusHe himself for poetry, informs which us, histhat, father when struggled he en- ticaldeavoured numbers. to write He in was prose, a man his oflanguage a fine fancy,fell spontaneously and possessed into an poe-ear genius,well tuned be towould poetical have harmony had no ; and,superior had inhis Roman taste been poetry; equal but to thehis luxuriancetoo much delightedof his imagination with its requiredfruits, even the inpruning-knife, their faulty overgrowth,and he was heever possessed to think ; ofnor applying could heit—a resist task the that temptation requires tomore a play fortitude upon words than richnesswhenever of it colouring,occurred. andThere an ardour is however of feeling, in his thatpoetry will a alwaysvividness render and himBesides the hisdelight Metamorphoses, of the young a work and inof whichthe enthusiastic he has embodied at every all age.the morelegendary worthy lore of of condemnation the ancients, heon wroteaccount a poem of licentiousness, called the Art than of praiseLove, for&c, poeticalHe wrote qualities, with singularthough theyfacility are ; great;but when heroic the epistles,heat of hiselegies, en- labourthusiasm of hadpolishing once cooled,his verses; he couldand hencenever theirbe induced inaccuracies to submit and mani-to the foldmany offences pathetic against epistles good to taste.Augustus, From entreating, the place ofin hissuppliant exile he terms,wrote diedthat heat mightTomi inbe thepermitted eighth yearto return of his toexile, Rome, and fifty-ninthbut in vain, of hisand age, he Medea,not unlikely commended of a broken by Quinctilian. heart. He wrote a tragedy on the story of Pacuvius,Pacorus, a aking native of Parthia.of Brundusium, a tragic poet, the sister’s son of Padus,Ennius. a large river in the north of Italy. Palamedes,Ulysses, was the condemnedson of Nauplius to death king upon of Euboea,an unjust who, accusation; by the arts and of Palatinussuffered inMons, consequence one of theof Irisseven sentence. hills on which Rome stood. On it Palma.Romulus See dwelt. Ludi Circenses. Panaetius,ceptor of a the philosopher younger Scipio.of the sect of the Stoics, a Rhodian, the pre- 104 INDEX. Panyasis,Pannonicus, a Greekof Pannonia, poet, whose the modern writings Hungary. have been lost. Papiriustories over (L. theCursor), Samnites. a Roman consul and dictator, famous for Ids vic- Parthia,progress originally of ages, ait smallbecame territory the most on the.powerful east of state Media; of Asia, but, and in the Pastinum,rival of Rome.an iron instrument with two forks, with which they trenched thesuch ground a preparation; to prepare verb it forrepastinari. the planting of the vine; repastinatio, Patriaof life Potestas, and death among over thehis children,Romans, andinvested of selling the father them with into the slavery. power Patroclus,slain by theHector. son of Menoetius (Menoetiades), the friend of Achilles, Patroniunder ettheir Clientes. protection The a patronsnumber wereof the the poorer wealthier order citizens, (clientes). who tookThe whichclients wasreceived in process from theof timepatrons changed a basketful into money.of provisions Sometimes, (sportula), on Pedum,extraordinary a town ofoccasions, Latium. a supper (recta coena) was given. Pelias,daughter, the son that, of Neptuneby cutting and his of body the nymph in pieces, Tyro. and Medea boiling persuaded them in his a enchantresscauldron, he herself might possessed,be restored but to theyouth. advice This was was given a power in malice, which and the Peligni,the old a manpeople perished. of Italy, whose country was adjoining to the Marsi. Pelops,dants thebecame son ofso Tantalus,powerful inand the king southern of Pisa peninsula and Elis. of Greece,His descen- that it receivedNuns. the name of Peloponnesus, i. e. the island of Pelops, IIi- Penates,and most the sacred household apartments gods. ofThey the werehouse worshipped (in penetralibus). in the innermost There putwere for likewise one’s homePatrii and Penates, native thecountry. gods ofThe one’s Lares country. were thePenates manes is ofarranged the ancestors around of the the hearth. family, and represented by small waxen images Pericles,Penninum, an aillustrious ridge of theAthenian, Alps, the who, heights by his of talents St Bernard. and his eloquence, greatfor many patron years of swayedthe arts theand counsels literature; of hisbut nativeis accused city. of havingHe was pav- the luxuryed a way which for the he ruin'rendered of his fashionable country by by the lys enervating own example effects during of that his Perinthus,long administration. a town of Thrace, oh the Propontis, afterwards Heraclea. Persia,Parses, anking extensive of Macedonia, country conqueredof Asia, onby thePaulus sinus Aemilius. Persicus. Persae, Persius,the Persians, a Roman often satirical put for poet the of Parthians. the age of Nero. His writings dis- playthe age, great he genius, was compelled but are obscure;to express because, himself in in attacking dark allusions, the vices lest of Petilius,the tyrant there should were apply two ofto himselfthis name even who what impeached was general. Scipio Africa- INDEX. 105 Philetas, ae, a native of (he island Cos, a Greek elegiac poet. Philistus,temporary a historian, and friend and of imitator Cicero. of Thucydides, a Syracusan, the con- Phlius,Philopator, a town king of of Achaia. the Silicians. Phliasii or Phliuntii, the inhabitants of that Phocaea,place. a city of Ionia. Phoenices,cities, Tyrus the inhabitantsand Sidon, of were Phoenicia, early famous a district for oftheir Syria. ships andThe com-chief merce.alphabet. The Phoenicians are said to have been the inventors of the Pindarus,Picenum, a divisionGreek lyric of Italy, poet ofon greatthe Adriatic, eminence, south-east pronounced of Umbria. by Horace toof bepoetical inimitable. enthusiasm, His odes and are expressed often conceived with singular in the felicity.highest styleHis wordsnot without glow withjustice the been fire ofcompared genius, toand the the flow march of an of irresistible his verses tor-has rent.said to haveHe was fought a Theban, in the battleslived in of the liberty. time of the Persian war, and is Plancus,Pistoria, a townStoic ofphilosopher. Tuscany. Plato,and a contemplativeGreek philosopher, mind, the and scholar the most of Socrates,eloquent aof man all ofthe a philoso-sublime true,phers. yet Thoughthey have many all a of tendency his speculations to exalt areman rather as a moralimaginative and intel- than lectuallights of being. a rich andHe glowinghas thrown imagination, over the andmost he abstruseis read withsubjects delight, the evenon the when immortality he is not of very the wellsoul, understood. he has given Inan hisaffecting admirable account treatise of travelledthe death muchof Socrates. in search Like of theknowledge; rest of the and Greek when philosophers he retired heto theAthens, founder he taughtof the inAcademics, the garden from of one which Academus, our word and academy. is hence called Plautuscomedies. (M. Accius),He lived a innative the timeof Sarsina of the secondin Umbria, Punic a writerwar, andof Latin died inHe the was year a man of theof genuinecity 569, humour,seventeen but years defleient after thein delicacybattle of and Zama. po- thelish inimitable; yet in the pictures perusal which of his heplays has wedrawn are moreof the disposedfollies and to absurdi-laugh at tiesfavourite of mankind, of the Romanthan to stage.find leisure for criticism. He was long the PliniusGerman (C.), wars. the naturalHe possessed historian, an who unquenchable likewise wrote thirst a for history knowledge, of the andsubjects, a most but indefatigable his work on industry. natural historyHe wrote is the upon only aone great of varietythe num. of bernaturalists that has have reached shown our that times. many ofThough the views the contained discoveries in ofthat modern treat- isetion, are and false the yetwhole there glows is in with it much the enthusiasm curious and of important the author’s informa- mind. motionHe perished of science in an eruptionhaving led of himMount too Vesuvius, near the hismouth zeal of for the the crater. pro- theHis eulogistnephew, of the Trajan, younger has Pliny,in one theof hiselegant letters epistolary given a mostwriter, inter- and 106 INDEX. esting account of this melancholy accident. The naturalist is com- Pluto,monly the denominated god of hell. the elder Pliny. Poeni,was builtthe Carthaginians,by a colony of Phoenicians.(a a Phoenician), because Carthage Polliowars, (Asinius),the friend ofa distinguishedMark Antony, political and afterwards character of during Augustus, the withcivil anwhom orator, he enjoyedand has greatbeen praisedinfluence. in allHe these was capacities a poet, a by historian, his contem- and poraries,Horace. andVirgil by hasthe inscribedsucceeding to critics.him his fourthHe patronised Eclogue, Virgil and he and is notmentioned flattery by has Horace any share in terms in their of praiseshigh commendation. we have not now Whether the means or theof judging, ravages forof time. none of his works, save a few fragments, have escaped Polybius,Polusca, a a town native of ofthe Megalopolis, Volsci, in Latium. in Arcadia, a Greek historian, the expeditionsfriend of Scipio to Africa, Africanus, and renderedthe younger, him whommany serviceshe accompanied by his judici- in his wasous counsels.a history ofHe the wrotetransactions several ofhistorical all the nationsworks, thenof which known, the com-chief formencing fifty years.with the It beginning consisted ofof theforty second books, punic of whichwar, andonly continued the first ments.five have Hebeen is apreserved man of sound entire. judgement, Of the restbut ofthere little are elegance, large frag- and raisehis mind him tonever great seems interest to beof narrative,sufficiently much warmed less withto eloquence. his subject He to rity,is, however, particularly a historian in military of unquestionable affairs. veracity, and of high autho- Pompeiafor her (Paullina),devoted attachment the wife toof herthe philosopherhusband. WhenSeneca, the and death celebrated of that deredillustrious a vein man in herwas owndecreed arm, by to Nero,be cut refusing by the sameto survive stroke him, that she open- or- anded his. she wasThe notwound permitted was, however,to accompany bound him up byin thedeath, order though of Nero, the tocommand her magnanimity. of the despot has not been able to rob her of the glory due PomponiusCicero, called (T. Atticus),Atticus, anot distinguished only from Roman,his long theresidence intimate at friendAthens, of butletters from addressed the delicacy to him, of byhis fartaste. the mostCicero valuable has left part sixteen of his books corres- of closedpondence, the becausemost secret in them thoughts he has of expressed his heart all without his opinions, disguise and or dis-re- Pomponiusbrity at Rome, (Secundus), in the agea tragic of C poet,and Claudiuswho acquired Caesar. considerable cele- Pomptinum,able for its amarshes villa in ; Latium,hence, Pomptinaethe country paludes, around the which Pontin was fens.remark- PontiusPontifex (T.)Maximus, a man the of extraordinarysupreme judge strength. in all matters of religion. Pontus,sea, which a country was likewise of Asia, called on the Pontus. eastern shores of the Euxineor Black Poppaea,him while the she wife was of inNero. a state She of pregnancy.died of a kick which she received from INDEX. 107 Postumius,ceived a disgraceful (Sp.) a Roman defeat fromconsul, the •who, Samnites, along atwith the T. defiles Veturius, of Cau- re- Praefectus,dium, furcae a lieutenant-general, Caudinae. who was appointed to command the Praetor,When theoris, consuls a praetor. were unableOriginally to attend the bothpraetor to theirwas civilonly anda judge mili- intary causes duties, between two praetors citizens; were and appointed—praetor praetor peregrinus, urbanus, between to foreign- decide multiplied,ers, or citizens their and numbers foreigners. were augmented,When the republic and they increased were sent and to wars go- vernfor the provinces commander and commandof an army. armies. The word praetor is often put Priamus,of that city.the king of Troy, who was slain at the altar during the sack Princepsname stood (senatus), first on this the term roll wasof the originally senate, andapplied who to presided the person in the whose ab- public,sence of the the emperors proper magistrate; assumed the but title. after the destruction of the re- Prometheus,and stole a theportion son ofof Japetus, sacred fire a demi-god.from heaven, He withformed which a man he animat-of clay, edvultures him. wereFor appointedthis he was to chained feed on to hisa rock liver. in MountPromethides, Caucasus, the andson Propertius,of Prometheus, an elegiac i. e. poetDeucalion. of the Augustan age. Propontis,rus and thethe Hellespont.sea of Marmora Propontiacus, ; the sea between adj. the Thracian Bospho- Proscriptio,for the victorious a proscription. party to Inpublish the civila list wars of theof Rome,victims it whowas usualwere markedset upon out their for heads, destruction and their ; this estates was calledwere forfeited,proscriptio. and Aadjudged price was to Pulchrum,their enemies. a promontory This practice of Africa, was atfirst which introduced Scipio landedby Sulla. when he in- Puteoli,vaded thata city country. of Campania. Pyramides,many ages the anterior pyramids to the of eraEgypt. of trueThese history, vast andstructures were an were object built of as greatlittle wascuriosity known to theof theirGreeks origin and andRomans, design as thenthey asare now. to us, Theand dredlargest feet of themin perpendicular covers ten acres height. of groundIf they at thereally base, are, and as is hasfive hun-been supposed,monuments the of sepulchres human vanity, of ancient and ofkings, the degradingthey are the effects most of singular despo- tism,were builtthat ofthe enormous world has blocks ever ofseen. marble These brought stupendous from Upper structures Egypt, andlofty itsituations, is still a problem by what means they were elevated to their Pythagoras,Pyrrhus, king a nativeof Epire, of Samos,who invaded an ancient Italy. philosopher. He taught tlie meant,doctrine that of whenmetempsychosis, a person died,or transmigration his spirit passed of souls,into another by which ani- is ormal, vice. either He of forbade a noble his or scholarsgrovelling the kind, use ofas animalhe had food,led a andlife ofinstruct- virtue 108 INDEX. ed them in the sublime mysteries of nature. He exacted silence of theirthem opinions,for five years, and propoundand after thatdifficulties period, to they him. were permitted to give Q. Quadrigati,a chariot andthe silverfour, quadrigaecoin of Rome, ; on thewas reverse,stamped with on the headone ofside Roma, with Qua:stor,with a helmet.oris, m. a quaestor; a Roman magistrate who collected the publicnias; forrevenues, the city and there received were two,this namecalled a quaestoresquaerendo urban!.publicas Therepecu- storeswere likewisemilitares; quaestors whose dutiesappointed were to similar attend to the those consuls of commissaries in war, quae- in Quinctili.-.nusmodern armies. (M. Fabius), a native of Calagurris in Spain, but brought roseto Rome to such when reputation, young, an that eminent he was critic judged and worthy teacher to of superintend rhetoric. Hethe educationHe is remarkable of the grand-sonsfor the purity of theand sisterelegance of the of emperorhis style, Domitian, and the youthsoundness from of the his glitter judgment, and false and tastehad thewhich merit had of become recalling fashionable the Roman by models,the example particularly of Seneca, Cicero. to the He study had of the the honourolder and of moreranking correct the youngermany years Pliny in the among important the numberand honourable of his scholars. employments After of spending a public pleaderstitutions and of anrhetoric, instructor the collectedof youth, fruitshe composed of his finehis workgenius, on accuratethe in- andtaste, the and beauty long experience,of its style, mustwhich, be from considered the correctness one of theof itsmost opinions, valu- Quirites,able literary the Romans, presents inthat their the characterancients have of peaceful given to citizens.the moderns. Caesar lites.degraded Quiritare, a whole tolegion, claim by the applying privileges to them of a thisRoman term insteadcitizen. ofThe mi- magistrates,person who usedor governors, it made ato direct the Roman appeal peoplefrom the in tyrannytheir comitia. of inferior R. Rabirius, a Roman poet. Rauraci,Regulus a(M. people Atiiius), of Gaul. a celebrated Roman, who was taken prisoner by theto treat Carthaginians, about an exchangein the first of Punic prisoners war, ; andand sent though by them he might to Rome, thus havewaited obtained him, on his his liberty, return andto Carthage, was aware he ofadvised the cruel the deathsenate thatnot a-to accedeHorace to has the written proposal, a beautiful thinking ode it ondisadvantageous this subject. to his country. Remi,Repetundae, a people arum, who inhabitedf. extortion. the northernWhen unjustpart of exactions Champagne. were made, andpecuniae legal repetundac,restitution could money be toclaimed, be demanded it was back.called repetundae, i. e. INDEX. 109 Ilhadamanthus, the son of Jupiter and Europa, and one of thejudges Rhaetia,of Hell. a nation of the Alps. The people Rhaeti. Rhamses,Rhegini, thean inhabitantsancient Egyptian of Rhegium, king, and a townthe conquerer in the south of manyof Italy, nations. over Rhenus,against the Sicily. Rhine, a large river, the ancient. boundary between Gaul Rhodesand Germany. v. os, Rhodes, a delightful island in the Mediterranean, near Roma,the coasts Rome of the Lyeia, chief anciently town of Italy,powerful and atanciently sea. Inh. of the Rhodii. known world, twosituated parts on by seventhe river hills; Tiber. lienee called Septicollis, and divided into Rosciss,Romulus, a thevery son celebrated of Mars player. and the Hepriestess was no Ilia, less the respectable founder ofas Rome.a man, andthan manydistinguished of the chief as anmen actor, of Rome.and enjoyed So eminent the friendship was he ofin Cicero,his art, thatthan anythirty great pounds actor a was day calledas salary a Roscius. for his professionalHe received exertions no less a sumBy some,had gained his annual an ample income fortune, is computed he performed at L.48,434. many years 10s. withoutAfter re-he Rostra,muneration. the tribunal in the forum, from which the public speakers ad- takendressed from the thepeople. Antiates, It was and adorned henee its with name. the beaks of ships, (rostra), Rudius,Rubrum Ennius,mare, the born red atsea. Rudiae in Calabria. See Ennius. S. Sacramentum,Sabani, the Sabines; a military a people oath. of Italy,Adigere north ad sacramentum,of Latium. to adminis- Salamis,Saguntum, an aisland town of Greece,Spain. in the Saronic gulf, near which the fleet Sallustius,of the Persians, one of theunder greatest Xerxes, of thereceived Roman a total historians, defeat froma native the ofGreeks. Ami- ternum,some of athe man highest of humble offices origin of the ; state,but who, and by what the forceis more of talent,to his rosecredit, to obtainedIf to write for plausibly himself in a theplace cause in theof virtue, highest always ranks implied of human moral intellect. purity, thebeen life alleged of Sallust to be would the reversehave been of spotlessthe standard ; but which in many he hascases himself it has fairlylaid down. treated, It that appears his vices however, have been that exaggerated,his character andhas thatbeen some rather crimes un- haveIt is beennot easy imputed to conceive to him thatindeed, do not that rest a onman, good whose historical life was evidence. so ar- dentlybeen so and wholly so successfullyflagitious, asdevoted he has to been literary represented pursuits, by should some ofhave his againstbiographers; him, at yet, least the proves existence that heof suchwas not charges a model as haveof moral been conduct.brought senate,He obtained though the ofoffice plebeian of quaestor, rank, whichand was gave at himdifferent admission times intotribune the no INDEX. nf the people, and praetor. In Caesar’s expedition into Africa, he fidelitymade him and his capacity, lieutenant, and wasin which left behind station as hegovernor conducted of that himself province. with ofHere, his countrymen,notwithstanding by rapacity the severity and withextortion, which he he soon attacks amassed the venality a large enquiry.fortune, of Afterwhich this he heapplied purchased a part, a largeon his estate return at toTivoli, Home, and to builtquash a riousmagnificent splendour; villa, whereand during he spent this the periodlast nine he yearsdevoted of hishimself life in toluxu- the ingcomposition portions ofof history. Roman history,His plan and was so to to select conduct detached them andas that interest- each thein itself Jugurthan should war,form and a whole.of Catiline’s In this conspiracy, way he wrote the only an accounttwo of his of tervalworks betweenwhich have them, been a preservedmost important entire; periodand he ofalso about filled forty up theyears. in- theHe arduouswas a man duties of a ofphilosophical a historian, mind, not onlyand byhad a carefulprepared study himself of thefor bestHe tookmodels, Thucydides but also as by his an model, accurate and and like extensive him, was view an eyeof witnesssociety. of manyhis great of themaster, transactions was brief, which polished, he related. rapid, Hisand styleenergetic; too, like and that if hashe wasnot lessalways profound, attained his the brevity air of apparent was less facility, obscure. yet hisIn works,his polish what- he everamples their of defectshistorical may composition. be, have been deservedly considered finished ex- Salluvii,Rhone or to Salyes,the Var, a peopleand Tiguria. of Gaul, whose country extended from the Samnites,of Campania, the inhabitants chiefly among of Samnium, the Appenines. an inland country of Italy, east Samothraces,opposite to theThrace. inhabitants of Samothrace, an island of the Egean sea, Sardinia,Sardi. an island of the Mediterranean, on the west of Italy. luh. ScipioSatricum, (P. aCornelius town of Latium.Africanus), a man of extraordinary military talents, midablewho, by invadingof her enemies, Africa, deliveredand finally Italy conquered from Hannibal, him in thethe mostbattle for- of theZama, ancient and states.gave to Hehis obtainedcountry the indisputedname of Africanus preponderance from his among con- Scythia,quest ofall Africa, the unknown and was thecountries first who on gotthe suchnorth an of honour. Europe and Asia, Segestes,were anciently a German called chief, Scythia. friendly to the Romans. SejanusSeleucia, (Aelius), Bagdad, thea city infamous of Asia, minister at the confluenceof Tiberius. of the Tigris and the Sempronius,Euphrates. a Roman consul, by whose rashness the fatal battle of Tre- Senatus,uii* was the senate; the supreme council. of Rome, instituted• • j by Ro-T> hundred.mulus to assistThe him badges in the of thegovernment, senators wereand latusconsisting clavus, then br tunicaonly of la- a buskinsticlavia, (calcei)a robe bordered reaching withto the a middlebroad stripe of the of leg, purple, with and the shoesletter orC INDEX. Ill (centum) in silver on the top of the foot, denoting the original number calledof the senatesenatores ; hence, et patres, mutare from calceos, their age, to becomeor paternal senator. care ofThey the state,were pulsionand their of descendants Tarquin, were patricii. denominated Those chosen conscript!, by Brutus, i. e. enrolled after the with ex- senate,the senators he said, of the patres original et conscript!, families ; butand inwhen process any ofone time addressed the et wasthe dropped,without distinction. and the term The patres quaestorship, conscript! wasto which applied a person to all thewas senatorsnot eli- gibleit was till called about to twenty-seven,vote in any question, gave admission those of intoone opinionthe senate. went toWhen one dibusside of in the sententiam house, and alicujus; those of their another decrees to the were opposite called ; hencesenatus ire con- pe- tas.sults, Referreand when ad allsenatum, the due meansforms wereto bring not observed,a question senatus before auctori-the se- opinionnate, or, (rogabaturas we say, sententiam),to bring in athe bill. president When addressed any one him,was asked Quid histu censes?Princeps senatus,What is wasyour the opinion? person whoseTo which name hestood replied, first inCenseo, the list &c. of censors,From this and the who emperors presided assumed in the to absence themselves of the the proper title, ofmagistrate. princeps, tunewhich, of in a senator,its original was meaning,1200 sestertia, was only and a at term the publicof dignity. spectacles The theyfor- theatre,sat in a andplace the allotted arena into the them amphitheatre. (orchestra), next to the stage, in the Seneca,Nero, aand Roman died byphilosopher. his commands, He wasunder the pretext preceptor of being of the concerned emperor thein the restraint conspiracy imposed of Piso,upon buthim in by reality the dignity that he of might his virtues, be freed and from the admirablefreedom of moral his reproofs. maxims, whichHis writings he practised are numerous, in life and and at death,abound but in littleed by can Quinctilian, be said in andcommendation with justice, of as his the style, great for corrupter he has been of Roman accus- position,taste ; yet they though cannot his beworks read oughtwithout not profit, to l>e studiedif the object as models of philosophy of com- beto inspireto keep the the mind passions with ain love due of subjection lofty virtue. to theHe understanding,was a poet, an ora-and oftor, immense and a writer wealth, of epistleshe lived andin a dialogues,style of simplicity and though more he wassuitable a man to hisis uncertain character ifas the a philosopher,tragedies that than are toascribed the extent to him of hiswere fortune. written byIt Senones,him, or a some people other of Gaulperson upon of the the same Seine. name. Sequani,Tranche a peopleCompte, of towardsancient Gaulthe source who inhabitedof the Seine. the country now called Seriphius,Servilius (Can inhabitantAhala), master of Seriphus, of the horseone of to the the Cyclades. dictator Cincinnatus. becauseHe slew he Sp. refused Maelius, to appearwho was before accused the dictator.of aspiring to the sovereignty, ServiusServilius (Tullius), (Sulpicius), the a sixthRoman king orator. of Rome, called Servius, because he wasinstituted the son the of census, a female and slave. divided He the applied Romans himself into toclasses. the arts of peace, 112 INDEX. Sibyllae,one is'said Sibyls, to have women come who to pretendedTarquin withto be divinelynine books, inspired, for which of whom she soughtburnt three an exorbitantof them, andprice. returned It was with refused, the remaining and going six, away,for which she othershe asked three, the and same persisted sum. inThis making being the a second same demand. time refused Tarquin she burnt was himstruck to withpurchase her thempertinacity, at any price,and consultedfor that a greatthe augurs,loss was whosustained desired in structionsthe other thatsix. theyThe should woman be carefullydelivered preserved,them, and immediately having given disap- in- tainpeared, the fatesand wasof the never Roman again empire, seen. andThey consulted were understoodin times of danger.to con- andThey kept were under given ground in charge in theto fifteenCapitol of in the a stonemost ehest;respectable adire citizens, vel in- Siciniusspicere (C), libros, at his to instigationconsult the thebooks Roman of the plebeians Sibyls. made a secession to theple. MonsHe sacer,was the and first by who his wasmeans appointed they obtained to that tribunesoffice. of the peo- Signovesus,Sigeum, a promontory a leader of of the Troas, Gauls on - which was the tomb of Achilles. Simon,Silenus, a a Jew, demi-god, who usurped the preceptor the royal of Bacchus. authority after the death of He- Simonides,rod. a Greek lyric poet, whom Quinctilian commends for the sympatheticdelicacy and feelings. sweetness of his verses, and the power of awaking the Sisyphus,■ beries and the cruelties, son of Aeolus,was slain and by kingTheseus, of Corinth,and in the who, infernal for his regions rob- reachedwas condemned the summit, to force rolled a backlarge again.qtone up hill, which, as often as he Smyrnaei,ties that theclaimed inhabitants the honour of Smyrna, of giving a city birth of to Ionia, Homer. and one of the ci- Socrates,of Phanareta an Athenian a midwife. philosopher, He was son one of Sophroniscus,of those extraordinary a statuary, men, and whohuman are understanding, sometimes sent and by toHeaven exalt manto clear as aaway moral the'mists being. fromHe dis-the coveredGod, the and creator taught and the governorsublime truthof the of universe; the existence but of like one most supreme men hadwho thehave courage outrun to their promulgate age in thetheir career opinions of intellect, in the face and of who existing have aprejudices, profligate he faction fell a sacrificeof introducing to his love new of gods, truth. and He of wascorrupting accused theby theminds vanity of the of youths, whose speculationsand this prosecution he had detectedwas abetted and byexposed the Sophists, with a condemnedfreedom and to a death,force andof truth submitted which theyto the could sentence not forgive.with undisturbed He was thecomposure doctrines of which mind ;he a taught. glorious Heexample wrote ofnothing; tlie salutary but his influence disciples, of andXenophon eloquent and exposition Plato, have which acquired they immortalhave given fame of hisby thelife luminousand opi- Solon,Sol, the a sun,man worshippedeminent for as wisdom a deity andby the his ancients-virtues, who "formed a code INDEX. 113 ofliberties. laws for Athens, that continued in force so long as it retained its Sophocles,Solymi, a peopleone of celebrated the three greatby Homer. tragic writers of Greece. He lived in borethe age away of thePericles, prize fromand Aeschylus,at twenty producedwho was thena tragedy in the bymeridian which heof hisonly reputation. seven have beenHe wrotepreserved, a hundred but they and possess twenty merit dramas, sufficient of which to justifyand which the hehigh still reputation retains. whichHe continued he enjoyed the withprosecution his countrymen, of his fa- vouritecome desirous studies of to entering a great age,on the and possession it is said ofthat his his estates, son, who from had which be- withhe thought the design himself of divesting too long himexcluded, of the managementcited him before of his the affairs, judges, to whichage. heWhen alleged he wasthat puthe had on hisbecome defence, incompetent he handed by tothe the imbecility judges the of j ifplay they of foundOedipus in Coloneus,it any proof which of mental he was imbecility. then composing, They asking read it, them, and undiminisheddismissed the cause,vigour inof increased his intellect. admiration Though of hishe isgenius, inferior and to of Aes- the j chylusther in inthe sublimity, delicate beauties and to Euripidesof a chaste in but tenderness, vivid imagination, he is equal and to su-ei- i estperior order in theof dramaticskilful arrangement genius, and of in his this fable, way whichthe Oedipus implies Tyrannusthe high- Sophonisba,and Electra the are wife masterpieces of Syphax, of and art. the daughter of HasdrubaL . StatiusSparta. (Caecilius),See Lacedaemon. a celebrated comic writer, a contemporary of En- Stesichorus,compared toa lyricHomer. poet, who,, in sublimity of imagination, has been R Stipendium,merere sti'. properly jndia, to signifies earn the a soldier’s.pay,pay of a soldier, from to slips,serve ain small the army coin ;; Stoici,emeritus a sect stipendiis, of ancient having philosophers served out who his time.derived their name from a paintedThey were gallery remarkable forwhere the severityZeno, the of theirfounder manners, of the and sect, held taught. that virtueand that was there its ownwas reward,nothing independentevil but vice, of andall external nothing circumstances,good but vir- I tue.trious Thismen ofsect antiquity. boasted among its adherents many of the most illus- I Sugambri,Suevi, a people a people of Germany. of Germany. Sullathe power(L. Cornelius), of the senate. the rivalHe wasof Marius,first employed and the as great quaestor supporter to Ma- of decreerius in ofthe the Jugurthine senate obtained war, andthe managementsoon after created of the consul,war against and byMi- a ibridates.fluence enough Marius with becoming the commons jealous to getof histhe rising command reputation, transferred had in- to hishimself power by ; theirbut hisdecree, soldiers and weresent sotwo enraged tribunes at orderingthe mandate, him thatto resign they friends';stoned them which to wasdeath. the originMarius of thosein revenge, ciyil wars massacred that so longmany afflicted. of his 114 INDEX. the commonwealth,—terminated in its destruction, and the establish- betweenment of athese military ambitious despotism. men forAfter power, various and eachsuccesses in his in turn the enteringstruggle theblood city of like his a foreignenemies, conqueror, Sulla succeeded and making in getting it flow himselfwith the nominated perpetual hedictator. ordered Suchseveral was thousand the barbarity men, withwho which had surrenderedhe used his victory,on the pro-that senate,mise of whichpardon, was to besitting butchered at tire intime cold of blood, this detestable within hearing transaction of the ; heand desired when the them senators not to started be uneasy, up in , horrorfor it wasat the only cries a offew the unhappy victims, atwretches the end expiating of three years,their crimes.resigned Itthat is powerextraordinary to which thathe had this waded man, throughwith the blood,murders and of stillhis countrymen,more extraordinary, he passed that, the stainedremainder as he of was his Superumlife in themare, unmolested the Hadriatic. quiet of domestic retirement. Syphax,Syene, a acity king of of Upper Numidia, Egypt. conquered by Scipio. Syria,Syracusae, a country the capital of Asia of onSicily. the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. T. Tabulae, books of accounts; novae tabulae, a remission of debts. Tacitus,a person the of historian, some distinction, the son offor a he Roman was a procuratorknight, who of Gaul.must haveNeither been posedthe place to havenor datebeen of Interramna, his birth is andcertainly the other known to have; but happened the one is about sup- wasthe middledomestic, of theand reign in boyhood of Nero. he appliedThe earlier to literature part of withhis education such ar- thedour, accession that even of thenVespasian, he laid hethe studied foundation eloquence of his pubiiclyfuture fame. under Onthe tuitionthe age, of and Asper soon and acquired Julius such Secundus, celebrity, the that, most among celebrated a crowd orators of can- of promoteddidates for by public him tofavour, places heof was trust. distinguished Such indeed by were the hisemperor, talents andfor hebusiness, was employed and such equally the probity by the and best the and prudence the worst of hisof theconduct, emperors, that mentwithout of hismaking fortunes. a single But sacrifice the most of honourable independence distinction to the whichadvance- his cola,genius in and the hisheight character of his fame,procured chose him him was, for histhat son-in-law. the virtuous He Agri- was raisedUnder byNerva Domitian he was to consul, the honour and it ofis thethe glorypriesthood of his andconsulship, praetorship. that anddaring nominated it Trajan his was, successor through in his the influence, empire. adoptedBy the byprofound the emperor, study otherof the Romanrepublican historians, character he andhad virtuesinflamed in histhe mind writings with of the Livy love and of princes,liberty ;—he the extremes had himself of virtue seen, andin his vice own on day,the throne,under anda succession it seems toof kind,have beenunder the Nerva object and of allTrajan, his writings, the more to makeconspicuous, the happiness by placing ot man- it INDEX. 115 in strong contrast with the calamities of the preceding reigns. Be- foreof the the character death of of Nero, that heflagitious was old tyrant;—he enough to formhad seena just Domitian abhorrence is- den,sue from only the to darkspread seclusion desolation of hisaround palace, him, like alternately a wild beast the fromprey hisof witnessed,passion and on remorse the part j—and, of the prince,during perpetual the intermediate vacillation reigns, between he hadim- —amongbecility and the oppression people, the ;—in neverfailing the armies, accompaniments mutiny and insubordination of slavery, jea- ; suchlousy, a suspicion,man, to employ and wretchedness his great genius ;—and in itdrawing was a design such picturesWorthy of presentgentle governmentand past times, of theas shouldone, by induce presenting future themprinces with to aimitate model the of ■doomingvirtuous rulers,tyrants andto deserved deter them infamy. from theIn theenormities composition of the of other, history, by andhe took energetic; Thucydides but, likeas his him model, too, heand, is likefrequently him, he led is byconcise, these quali-rapid, ofties plausibility into obscurity from and human affectation. conduct, andLike penetrate him he couldthe motives tear the of veil ac- tionthe heart, ; but andhe couldhad a paintdeeper the insight passions, into particularly the mysterious those movements of a stronger of toand him, darker and kind, all other with historians,a more masterly in a noble pencil, detestation and he was of superiorslavery, pendenceand in enthusiastic of nations. viewsHis ofHistory the glorious consisted consequences of thirty books, of andthe treatsinde- ofGalba the affairsto the deathof the of empire, Domitian. from Ofthe this commencement work, little moreof the than reign four of booksberius remain;and end andwith his the Annals, death of which Nero, begin have notwith been the accessionmore fortunate, of Ti- forTreatise nearly on one Eloquence, third of them which has hasperished. come toBesides us in a these,mutilated he wrote state a; anFather-in-law, Essay on the Agricola,Manners ofin thewhich Germans he has ; andfully the repaid Biography him the of ho- his bility,nour of a selecting permanence him for of his reputation son-in-law, which by bestowinghis actions, upon great him as a theysta- Tanfanae,were, could a temple not otherwise of the Marsi, have procureda people offor Germany. him. TarquiniusTarentum, a(Priscus), town of Calabria.the fifth kjmg of Rome, the first of a name that Tarquiniusafterwards (Superbus), became so theodious seventh to the and Romans. last king of Rome, expelled the Tarquitiuskingdom (L.)for his a man tyranny. of a patrician family, who was master of the horse Tauuus,to Cincinnatus a mountain the ofdictator. Germany. Taurus,Mediterranean a vast ridge to theof mountainsChinese sea. that divide Asia, running from the Tenedos,Terentius an(Afer) island an on author the coast of Latin of Troas, comedies. within Hesight was of a land. Carthaginian slave,the extraordinary brought to Rome talents by he Terentius showed, Lucanus,even in boyhood, who, on gaveaccount him of a mendedgood education, himself toand the manumittednotice of many him. of theBy chief his mengenius, of Rome,he recom- par- 116 INDEX. ticularty Scipfo Africanus and Laelius, with whom he lived in terms beenof an greatlyeasy and celebrated honoured forintimacy. the purity He ofis ahis man Latin of fine style. taste, How and hasfar meanshis comedies of judging, are entitled for the to works the praiseof Menander, of originality, of whom we he have was not a pro- the fessedbeen styled imitator, Dimiatus and from Menander, whom hehave borrowed perished so amid much, the that wreck he has of oneages. is alwaysHis fables so conducted, ^nd his charactersas to interest are generallywithout offending Greek; blitagainst the probability,that we feel andourselves in the surrounded, other he has notso preservedby the fantasies the truth of an of extrava- nature, gantourselves, imagination, who express but bythemselves beings of exactly like feelings as we think and passionswe should with do incal, similar is that situations.of the most polishedHis language, society ;—hisbesides ideas being never purely offend idiomati- against pointeddelicacy;—his without humour the glitter is effectiveof studied without antithesis coarseness and, though;—and hehis does wit bynot the convulse beauty us and -with the laughter truth of likehis representations,Plautus, he never and failsby sentiments to please, intothat findthe moutha corresponding of one of hischord characters, in our bestthe delightfulfeelings. sentiment,When he puts“ I tionam athat man, it andis the take native an interestlanguage- in ofall his his own interests,” benevolence, we feel and a convic-we for- thanget the our poet admiration. in the man, who becomes no less the object of our love Terentiusthage during (Culleo), the seconda Roman Punic senator, war, who and had was been delivered a prisoner up after at Car- the Testudo, a tortoise-shell, a warlike machine like a pent-house, under, nerwhich in thewhich assailants a body advancedof men joined to the their walls shields of a besieged over their city; heads, a man- and bythus its approached shell; testudo, the walls a lyre, defended because fromthe lyrethe wasweapons originally like a madetortoise of Teutoburgiensisthe tortoise-shell. saltus, a forest in Germany. Themistocles,cils the Persians the son were of Neocles,defeated aat celebrated the battle Athenian, of Salamis, by whoseand Greece coun- ofdelivered his great from influence, a formidable banished enemy. him Theby the Athenians ostracism; becoming and he jealous went anArtaxerxes; exile into Persia,but that where monarch he washaving received raised with an army great for distinction the purpose by war.of invading Notwithstanding Greece, demanded the ingratitude his services of his in country,the management patriotism of was the bystill suicide, the prevailing than to sentimenttake up arms of his against bosom, it. andHe he was chose a man rather of extra-to die ordinarywhatever hepolitical might talents,be deficient, and boasted,he knew nothow withoutto raise areason, small statethat into Theocritus,eminence. a Sicilian, a distinguished pastoral poet, who has given many languagepleasing and there beautiful is a delightful views of simplicity, external nature and he and has rural thrown life. aroundIn his thathis characters are universal the interestsand quite arising consistent out of with those their feelings, circumstances, and sympathies with- INDEX. m out raising them above nature ; or rather creating beings that have no existence,tators have save done. in the imagination of their authors, as many of his imi- Theodorus,atheism, aa man philosopher of great of independence Cyrene, who of was mind. banished He retiredfrom Athens,, to Thrace, for forwhere his Lysimachus,freedom of speech king of: “that threaten country, your threatened courtiers,” him was with his the reply, cross Theophanes,“ for it is alla Greekone to historian, me whether a native I die ofon Mytelene, the ground, a. friendor in the of air.”Pom- Theophrastus,pey, whose historythe scholar he wrote. and successor of Aristotle, whose works he pre- fromserved. the extraordinaryHe obtained powersthe name of hisof eloquence.Theophrastus, He (awrote Acs eton ipga^itt) a great Theopompus,variety of subjects, a Greek and orator, some theof hisscholar works of are Isocrates, still extant. After he had acquiredposition ofsome history, reputation and wrote for eloquence, a continuation he betook of Thucydides. himself to theQuinc- com- Thracia,tilian ranksThrace, him a nextcountry to Thucydides north of Propontis. and Xenophon. Romania. Inh. Thra- cius,ces; sing.Threcius, Thrax vel ; Threicius.fem. Thressa, vel Threissa; adj. Thracus, Thra- Thucydides,ation, for, on native his father’s of Athens, side, a hecelebrated was descended historian, from of noblethe kings extrac- of wasThrace early ; and,smitten on withhis mother’s, the love fromof fame, the celebratedfor, when littleMiltiades. more thanHe tenHerodotus years of read age, hishe historyis said publicly to have atshed the tearsOlympic of delight games, on and, hearing from thatrose hour,to the thefirst ambition eminence of in literary the state, glory and was waskindled employed in his inmind. the mostHa importantfor the relief services, of Amphipolis, both in peace in which and hewar. was Failingcommander, in an heexpedition was ba- posednished his by historythe opposite of the faction, Peloponnesian and retired war. to Thrace,He had where the very he com-best meansan agent of information,in the transactions having which been hean narrates.eye-witness, He and, considered in many fidelity cases, impartiality,the first quality unseduced of a historian, even by and the pursues love of it country,with a most which undeviating is apt to ingsgive anda bias a powerfulto the most imagination upright minds. ; yet heHe seldom was aturns man ofaside ardent from feel- the hisgravity subject of history, requires to it,indulge he puts in eitherthem theforth one with or the a delightfulother; but effect. when CanThe bringcharacter before of thehis stylemind isso brevity many ideasand condensation, in so few words; and fewyet, writers in the purelynarrative idiomatical. part of his Hework, never it quitsis sufficiently the straight perspicuous, forward pathand ofalways nar- thererative areto describeto be found for merein his effect, work yetmany he paintingsrises with which his subject, are perfect and greatmodels depth of historical of judgment, description. and extent In his of speeches, political thoughknowledge, he has and shown has ties,admirably there isdeveloped more to theblame views than and to theadmire. motives In of many the contending of his senten- par- ces,strength, he has that so oneveiled should his meaningbe disposed in obscurity,to imagine by that an hisaffectation object was of 118 INDEX. to exercise the ingenuity of his audience by enigmatical turns of ex- pression,dress, where rather the thanhearer to isimpart supposed useful to information.have little time In for a publicconsidera- ad- tion,other andspecies where of greatercomposition, variety this of illustrationis an unpardonable is required violation than inof anyna- Thyestes, the son of Pelops by Hippodamia. He had children by Ae- venge,ropa, the ordered wife themof his to brother be murdered, Atreus, and king served of Mycenae, up at their who, father’s in re- Tiberius,table. the third emperor of Rome. He was a man not destitute of talents,ferocious particularly character; forand, war; during but ofa reign a dark, of gloomy, twenty years,suspicious, made andthe byRomans their tamefully submissionsensible of to the the degradation usurpation ofto thowhich Caesars. they had fallen, Tibur,banks Tivoli, of the aAnio. beautiful Its place vicinity about was twenty so delightful, miles from that Rome, many onof the fromnoble beingRomans the chosenhad their residence villas thereof Horace, ; but itthan has fromderived all morethe magni- glory, Tigellinus,ficence of a the favourite most superb of Nero, palaces. a base and profligate character. Timagenes,of his wit, ahe native lost theof Alexandria.favour of Augustus, By the whosefreedom intimacy and the he hadseverity en- hejoyed. was banishedHe had fromwritten court. a history of Julius Caesar, but burnt it after Tiro,Tithonus, a raw the soldier; son of tirocinium,Laomedon. a noviciate.Aurora became enamoured of him, andhusband. carried Shehim throughobtained theimmortality air to Aethiopia, for him fromwhere the he gods, lived but as for-her gotof youth; to add andto herhe waspetition soon reducedthat he mightto such enjoy feebleness the beauty and decrepitude, and vigour Toga,that thehe prayeddistinguishing for that garbdeath of which the Romans, was denied hence to him. denominated gens ortogata. the talentsIt was of anworn orator; only hencein times cedant of peace, arma and togae, is used let thefor talentspeace, liumof the ; warriorand gens yield palliata, to those is of used the orator.for that people.The Greeks The wore robes the of pal- the praetexta,Roman matrons worn bywas boys the tillstola they ; toga were atra seventeen vel pulla, years mourning of age; ; toga virilis,Tunica, the a vestmanly worn gown under ; mutare the toga; togam, the poorerto assume people the who manly could gown. not meanestpurchase ofa toga,the people, wore nothingsagum, thebut militarythe tunica cloak ; tunicatus ; paludamentum, popellus, the Trachalus,general’s ancloak; orator, paludatus, a contemporary the general, of Quinctilian,dressed in his whom robe heof state.praises cution.for perspicuity and sublimity; and above all for the charms . of his elo- Trebia,salpine a townGaul, of near Latium which ; Hannibalanother of defeated Umbria the; likewise Romans. a river of Ci- Treveri,the Rhine. a people of Gaul, whose territories extended from the Maese to Tribuniconsuls, militum three from consular! the patricians, potestate, andmagistrates three from elected the plebeians. instead of the INDEX. 119 Tribuni Plebis, tribunes of the people; magistrates who were pecu- liarlyther ofthe a guardiansnegative ofthan the of rights a positive of the kind people. : it wasTheir comprised power was in onera- ofword, the government.veto, and by theThis use negative of it they was could denominated suspend intercessio.all the operations The persontreason ofagainst a tribune the wasstate inviolable, to attack sacrosanctus; his person. Therethat is wereto say, eight it was of themtrician chosen eligible in unlessthe comitia he was tributa, first adopted from the into plebeians a plebeian ; nor family. was a pa- Triumphus,Tricipitinus, athe military father ofprocession Lucretia. in honour of a victory. When a ge- relneral (literae gained laureatae), a victory heexplaining wrote a letter to them to the the senate importance covered ofwith his lau-vic- withouttory. If the it citywas innot expectation immediately of it granted,(erat ad urbem)he sometimes ; for no remained one was permittedThe procession, to hold which military consisted command of the (esse prisoners cum imperio)of the conquered in the city. ar- my,triumphalis), the conquering crowned army, with thelaurel, dux thein hisspoils triumphal taken from chariot the (currusenemy, movedvil wars, to nothe triumph Capitol, was where granted a bull (bella was sacrificednullos habitura to Jupiter. triumphos). In ci- ofOvatio, sheep ainstead lesser oftriumph, a bull. whichIn it thereceived general its walked.name from the sacrifice Triumviri,demned criminals.three officers, who had the charge of the execution of con- Tropaeum,Troja. Troy. a trophy,—properlyTrojanus, adj. a trunk of a tree, dressed in armour, in Trophonius,commemoration one of of the a victory. architects who built the temple of Apollo, at Tuba,Delphi. a trumpet, The other a straight was Agamedes. trumpet for the footlituus, a clarion —cornu,crooked aa littletrumpet at onebent end round like like the aaugur’s French rod, hornclassicum, used by the horse; the Tubarites,signal given a people by sound of Germany. of trumpet in the camp. Tumultus,mits of Italyus, means ; and aan civil army war, raised an invasionfor such ;a anywar warwas calledwithin tumul- the li- Tunes,tuarius a townexercitus. in Africa near Carthage, supposed to be Tunis. Tusculum,which he aoften town mentions, of Latium, and Frescati.from it has Ciceroentitled had a senes a villa of interest-near it, ; Tyrtaeus,ing dialogues—Tusculan an Athenian, a war Questions. poet. He was a man of considerable poe- degradationtical genius, of and slavery, has filled and thehis gloriespoems ofwith freedom. animated pictures of the U. I Ubii, a people of Germany, on the east bank of the Rhine. I Ulysses,jan war, the celebrated king of Ithaca, for his one address of the and leaders eloquence. of the Greeks at the Tro- I Unsingis,Umbria, a adistrict river of of Germany. Italy. 120 INDEX. Usipetes, a people of Germany. UticaUtens, a a city river of of Africa. that part Inh. of ItalyUticenses. called Gallia Transpadana. Valerius ( Ar.tias), a historian of the age of Marius and Sulla, of very Varroquestionable (Attacinus), authority. a native of Attax in Gaul. He wrote a poem on therthe story translated of Jason, him. in which he imitated Apollonius Rhodius or ra- Varus,prised a andRoman cut offgeneral, in Germany. who, with an army of three legions, was sur- Velitrae,Veii, a city a townof Tuscany, of the Volsci.taken by Inh.Camillus Veliterni. after a siege of ten years. Venusia,Veneti, a apeople town of Apulia.Italy, from Inh. whom Venusini. Venice derives its name. Vespasianus,Verona, a town a Romanof the Cenomani—theemperor, a wise birth and justplace prince. of Catullus. Vesta,denominated the goddess cana of fire,Vesta. the Ineldest her of temple, the Roman the sacredgoddesses, fire wastherefore kept constantlywas the duty burning, of the Vestalsas a pledge (vestales of the virgines) perpetuity to watchof the itempire. night andIt posedday, and to portendto take careterrible that calamitiesit never was to the extinguished, state. These which virgins was weresup- boundshe was by buried a vow alive of virginity in a field ; setand apart if any for of the them purpose violated (campus her vow,scel- them,cratus), and and they the enjoyed lover was considerable scourged toprivileges, death. Thereand were were treated twenty with of nem,great torespect. choose aThe Vestal. eldest was called Maxima vlrgo 5 capere virgi- Veturia,Vestini, athe people mother of Picenum.of Corlolanus. Viator,Vexillum. a courier, See Evocati. who warned the senators to attend the senate. Vigiliae,Romans watches divided by their night; night excubiae, into four watches watches, by daythe orfirst, by night.(prin.a vigi-The —third,lia) from (tertia) six to nine—second,from twelve to (secunda three—fourth, vigilia) (quarta) from ninefrom to three twelve to Vindelici, a people of Germany, whose territories extended^ from the Virgilius,lake of Constancethe chief ofto thethe RomanDanube. poets. It would perhaps be rash to safelysay that affirmed Virgil thatwas thethere greatest never waspoet any that one ever in existed whom ;all but the it elements may be andof the imagination poetical character were more were fully more under happily the blended—in guidance ofwhom judgment, feeling norHe wasin whomborn at it Andes, had a a largersmall villageportion in of the those neighbourhood qualities to of direct. Man- tua,patronised but his equally father’s by name Maecenas and circumstances and Augustus are ; unknown.and it was fromHe wasthe recommendationGeorgies, and he ofintended the one thatthe Acneidhe undertook as a compliment the composition to the other,of his INDEX. 117 makingthe composition him lineally of this descended celebrated from work Aeneas. ; and notHe living spent to ten give years it the in mittedlast finish, to the he flames;gave orders, but, happilyon his death-bed,for literature, that it it was should saved be by com- Au- gustus.powers, greatThe ancientsas they were,placed there him isnext surely to Homer; a wide intervalbut with between all his him andmore that for extraordinarydescriptive than man. heroic His poetry, genius and seems his Georgiesto have fittedis by quity.far the finestHis Eclogues poem of theare kindjuvenile which productions, has descended and, to withus from all anti-their beauties,the most areessential rather qualities copies of of Theocritus the epic histhan mind of nature. was deficient. In some He of hadthe endlessnot the varietieseye that of could, character with asrapid they andexist piercing in society, glance, nor couldseize • heand transfer action ; themand theto hispersons canvas of hisin thedrama, attributes with a offew life exceptions, and passion are ■littlewhich, better after thanhaving failures, travelled nor overwas thehe possessedvisible creation, of the couldimagination find a homeand majestic in regions flight. far beyondHis distinguishing its limits, yet qualityit uniformly is tenderness sustains ;a loftyand, throughly heart; the nor lights can of any his thing genius, be weconceived always moreperceive delightful a pure andto the kind- ear mer,than thehe hasmusic such of consummate his verses ; art,and that if heit seemshas'less almost of nature to rival than nature Ho- Visurgis,in her own the Weser,walks. a river of Germany, that divides Westphalia from Vitellia,Lower aSaxony. town of the Aequi. Volscaecynian Tectosages, forest. a tribe who dwelt in the neighbourhood of the Her- Volumnia,Volsci, a people the wife of Latium.of Coriolanus. Vulcanus,The word the is godlikewise of fire, used and for the fire. forger of the thunderbolts of Jupiter. X. Xenocrates,ceeded to hima native in the of academy. Chalcedon, the scholar of Socrates, who suc- Xenophon,eloquent expounderan Athenian, of histhe doctrines,scholar of a Socrates, philosopher, and thea general, faithful and and a fineexpedition writer. of Hethe commandedyounger Cyrus ten againstthousand his Greeks brother; in theand unfortunate wrote the historyconducted of the it. Hecelebrated likewise retreat composed with athe philosophical same talent romance with which on thehe his-had torydrawn of aCyrus model the for Great, princes, under the theMemorabilia, title of Cyropedia, the memorable in which things he has of toSocrates, posterity in thewhich life heand has, the with doctrines a captivating of that eloquence, great man. transmitted He, be- loponnesiansides, wrote awar, history, and thatcarries commences the affairs with of theGreece last yearsto the of battle the Pe- of Mantinea,writings there and is also a sweetness, several treatises simplicity, on variousand taste, subjects. that are Inpeculiarly all his 118 INDEX. his own; but in them simplicity is brightened by imagination, and luxuriancestaste is employed, of an exuberant not in supplying mind. deficiencies, but in checking the Z. Zama, a town of Africa, near which Hannibal was defeated by Scipio. > Zona,Zeno, athe girdle, founder a purseof the ; sectperdere of the zonam, Stoics. to lose a purse. A zone or betweenbelt, of which the tropic the earth of Cancer is divided and into the fivetropic ; the of torridCapricorn; zone, thethe space twO| temperateand the antarctic zones between on the souththe tropics ; and and the the two arctic frigid circle zones, on thethe spacesnorths fromsouth thepole. arctic circle to the north pole, and the antarctic circle to the A A TABLE of the Kalends, Nones, and Ides. Apr. June, Jan. August, March, May, Sept. Nov. December. July, Oct. Kalendoe. Kalendse. Kalendae. III.IV. III.IV. IV.III. Prid. Non. Prid. Non. IV.III. Prid. Non. VII.VIII.’ VII.VIII.’ Prid. Non. VII.VIII.’ VI.V. VI.V. VII.VIII.’ VI.V. III.IV. III.IV. V.VI. III.IV. Prid. Id. Idus.Prid. Id. IV.III. Prid. Id. XVII.xvm. XVIII.XIX. Idus.Prid. Id. XV.xvf. XV.XVI. XVI.XVII. XVI.XVII. XIII.XIV. XIII.XIV. XIV.XV. XIV.XV. XI.XII. XI.XII. XII.xiir. XII.XIII. X. X. X.XI. Prid.III. Kal. III.Prid. Kal. m. III. Mens. seq. Mens.Prid. Kal.seq. Mens.Prid. Kal.seq. ■ mi * '' 7 . V ^ y , ' (y 'Ld w:\ i n i oUj^ A * j , y nO^Cn/1 r HtuaJ)1 , - _. S* . A ({ f / j i <' ciJ • *■ r , ,|/| ( r , / . 7 i b '^ A '0 <^^,4 A V • '**“• •■ •' V ? I At CC.U > .::/ ^ i », O’i-1' u -