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UNIVERSITÀ’ DEGLI STUDI DI TRIESTE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES Sedi consorziate: Università degli Studi di Trieste, Università degli Studi di Udine, Università di Cluj-Napoca, Università Eötvös Loránd di Budapest, Università di Klagenfurt, Università Jagellonica di Cracovia, Università Comenius di Bratislava, Università MGIMO di Mosca, l’Università di Nova Gorica e l’Istituto di Sociologia internazionale di Gorizia - ISIG. XIV CICLO DEL DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN _____________________________________________ POLITICHE TRANSFRONTALIERE PER LA VITA QUOTIDIANA TRANSBORDER POLICIES FOR DAILY LIFE African Caribbean Pacific and European Union Collaboration on Trans-border Policies Settore scientifico-disciplinare SPS/06 - STORIA DELLE RELAZIONI INTERNAZIONALI DOTTORANDA GEORGIANA GLIGOR COORDINATORE PROF. LUIGI PELLIZZONI RELATORE / SUPERVISORE / TUTORE PROF. ANNA MARIA BOILEAU ANNO ACCADEMICO 2010 / 2011 African Caribbean Pacific and European Union Collaboration on Trans-border Policies Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………5 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………6 1. General presentation of the research………………………………………6 2. Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………8 3. Objectives………………………………………………………………….9 4. Methodology……………………………………………………………....10 5. Contribution and limitations………………………………...…………….13 6. Structure…………………………………………………….…………….13 Chapter 1. History of the collaboration between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific states……………………………………………………………..15 1.1. The Beginnings. The Need of the Yaoundé Agreement………………...15 1.2. The Lomé Conventions……………………………………………….....17 1.3. The Cotonou Partnership Agreement………………………………...….22 1.4. Changes in the European Union Delegations resulting from the Lisbon Treaty…………………………………………………………..………..30 1.5. Revision of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement in 2010…….………..33 2 African Caribbean Pacific and European Union Collaboration on Trans-border Policies Chapter 2. The need for development…………………………………………………..38 2.1. African Union, a parallel to European Union…………………………..38 2.2. Country strategy papers as a tool……………………………………….47 2.2.1. Country profile: Lesotho………………………………….…..51 2.2.2. Country profile: South Africa…………………………...…….55 2.3. Western and Central Africa……………………………………..………58 2.4. Northern Africa………………………………………………………….66 2.5. The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa……..…..………68 2.6. Pacific Agreement on closer economic relations……..…………………73 2.7. The Association of Caribbean States………………….………………...74 Chapter 3. The purpose of a Partnership Agreement…………….…………….………...77 3.1. The collaboration between the European Union and the countries under the European Neighbourhood Policy………………………………………...77 3.2. Financial project sources in Lesotho and in South Africa………….…...80 3.2.1. Lesotho……………………………..………………………….81 3.2.2. South Africa…………………………………….……………..84 3.3. The evolution of the projects co-financed by the European Union in Lesotho and in South Africa in the past 10 years………………….…………89 3.4. Parallel between Different Partnership Agreements…………………….93 3 African Caribbean Pacific and European Union Collaboration on Trans-border Policies Chapter 4. Trans-border projects in South Africa and Lesotho………………….………99 4.1. Description of trans-border projects involving key resources…….…….99 4.1.1. Lesotho Action Fiches………………….…………………….102 4.1.2. South Africa Action Fiches……………..……………………113 4.1.3. Cross-border Projects……………….…….………………….120 4.2. The contribution to regional development……………………..………126 4.3. Visibility of the European Union…………………………….….……..130 4.4. Prejudices of European Visitors to South Africa and Lesotho…….…..133 Chapter 5. Challenges and the way forward……………………….…………………...141 5.1. The impact of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement on Trans-border Policies……………………………………………………………………...141 5.2. Effects and Risks of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement revision and of the new European Union approach towards development…….……………148 5.3. Predictions……………………..……………………….………………154 Conclusions and recommendations……………………………………..………………164 Acronyms……………………..………………………...…………………..…………..171 Bibliography……………………..………………………...………………..…………..175 Annexes……………………..………………………...……………………..………….181 4 African Caribbean Pacific and European Union Collaboration on Trans-border Policies Acknowledgements This dissertation presents a study which was supervised by my coordinator, Dott.ssa Anna Maria Boileau. I would like to thank her whole-heartedly for the valuable advice and support throughout the project. I owe my deepest gratitude to Professor Alberto Gasparini, for the great opportunity to study and perform the research within the “Transborder policies for Daily Life programme”. My life has been enriched in both personal and intellectual terms as a result. Last but not least I thank David Martinez de Prins, from the European Union Delegation to Lesotho, who was a source of inspiration and support throughout my field research. He and his family, welcomed me to Lesotho, helped me to understand the local culture. His help was also invaluable in enabling me to visit and observe some of the trans-border projects between Lesotho and South Africa. 5 African Caribbean Pacific and European Union Collaboration on Trans-border Policies Introduction “I dream of the realization of the unity of Africa, whereby its leaders combine in their efforts to solve the problems of this continent. I dream of our vast deserts, of our forests, of all our great wildernesses.” (Nelson Mandela) 1. General Presentation of the Research The study presents the collaboration between the European Union and the African, Pacific and Caribbean States focusing on Lesotho and South Africa. Both countries are very rich in natural resources. The motivation of this paper comes from discrepancy between this richness and the quality of life of the people living there. The social, political and economic development has its challenges, but if addressed in a suitable manner, the risks and negative effects could be reduced. The racial oppression in South Africa should definitely not have been a model for development in the African nations. Nowadays almost all the states across the African, Pacific and Caribbean states, have achieved political independence. While aiming to increase the development reforms, special attention should be paid to the protection of human rights. Unfortunately, instability, insecurity and violence are still encountered. The research performs a local level of investigation of the daily life in the countries mentioned. The Cotonou agreement represents the international level. Its impact on the trans- border policies between Lesotho and South Africa represents the trans-national level. The individual or local level is represented by the daily life context in these countries. The theoretical and the practical approaches towards international cooperation are often different. Even though several commitments exist, there is always a gap between theory and 6 African Caribbean Pacific and European Union Collaboration on Trans-border Policies practice. The objectives of the research will be summarized in the beginning and also some reasons why the objectives are worthwhile. The research thesis includes an Introduction, five chapters, the conclusions and the recommendations. The research study is framed by: • The Collaboration between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states; • The Cotonou Partnership Agreement and its revision in 2010 as well as new agreements; • The Country strategy papers and the national and regional development programmes; • The European Partnership Agreements (EPAs); • The Millennium Development Goals; • The actual socio-economic situation of the countries as well as the international situation at a moment of financial crisis; • The European Union Delegations and other national or supranational organizations, like African Union; • European Neighbourhood Policy; • The Lisbon Treaty; • The European Development Fund (EDF); • The Budget support; • The International aid donors and other trade actors; • The EU-ACP strategic partnership; • EU rules, procedures, financial regulations; • The Caribbean and the Pacific; • The regional and geo-political realities of Lesotho and South Africa (Lesotho being landlocked in South Africa). 7 African Caribbean Pacific and European Union Collaboration on Trans-border Policies 2. Hypothesis The research forms two hypotheses: I. The signing of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement by Lesotho and South Africa eased the trans-border cooperation for daily life in the two countries; II. The recent socio-economic and political development is due to the collaboration between the EU and the ACP states. In order to see if the hypotheses are confirmed, the paper starts by presenting the history of the collaboration between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Knowledge of the partnership agreements, of the current socio-economic situation of the countries, as well as the supra-national organizations is needed. Firstly, the hypotheses are based on the Signing of the Cotonou Agreement. Secondly, we have to analyse both the socio-economic situation and the cross-border cooperation at the states level. The questions asked before starting the research were: - How does the Cotonou Agreement improve the policies for daily life in Lesotho and South Africa? - What is the future of Cotonou Partnership Agreement and the EU-ACP collaboration? - What is the difference between Cotonou