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TITLE Romania: A Selection of Teaching Materials. Education for Democracy Project. INSTITUTION American Federation of Teachers, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE [92] NOTE 56p. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use - Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052)

EDRS PRICE MFOI/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; *Current Events; *Democracy; Foreign Countries; Global Approach; *Instructional Materials; Multicultural Education; Secondary Education; Social Change; Social Studies; *World History IDENTIFIERS Global Education; *Rumania

ABSTRACT These classroom materials on Romania are intended to be used in U.S. history, European history, world history, area studies, or current affairs courses. The naterials are designed to offer an historical framework for considering current events, as well as sone insight into the events, ideas, issues, and personalities involved in Romania's struggle for democracy. The naterials include maps, a timeline, geographic information, and a series of articles from newspapers and magazines. (DB)

*********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** ' I

LLIL OEM MT OF ROUCATOm ROMANIA 1.0.0.4*ra 011eadtimmomollimmck EDUCAllONM. RESOUNCES MFORMADON COMER WWI fry eavanoM ,s brim Mil101kocall me .11PCOMI .17 Me VOW o ftbsvaste 0 CIIISOgsa Awe limo ~Ai I. owes A NI/00010400 MOW oparommagNI (P. IIMMICiat moat do KA .001110110, Mineeel OIDCOP SELECTION OEM imiler OF TEACHING "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIALS MATERIAL BEEN GRANTED BY 11'N C'

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)

We need free trade unions, free mass media, lots of different structures until Romania has a civil society, elections are of no significance. The parties are only names. If we are lucky, a good government could emerge and give us freedom and liberty. But only a civil society can assure it. Gabriel Andreescu

AMERICAN FEDIv A TION OFIf AC,HEle,, AFLCI.0

2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE NOTE TO TEACHERS

These supplemental classroom materials on The entire packet can be banded out at one Romania were produced by the American Federation time, with students given two or three weeks to of Teachers to be photocopied for use in secondary read the unit. One or two classes can be devoted schools in conjunction with the Education for to discussion, and students can then be asked to Democracy's Classroom-To- Classroom project. choose an activity as a long-term project. Recent events in Eastern Europe mark a major change in the post-World War H world.After In World History or European History courses, decades of Soviet domination and communist dic- sections can be assigned as additional reading, tatorship, Eastern European countries aredemanding scheduled to coincide with historical periods in and achieving democracy, human rights and an end to the general course of study. Essays answering the Soviet Unities military presence. the section questions, or activities could be as- The democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe signed, perhaps as extra credit. should help American students gain a greater ap- preciation of and interest in the subject of history and For students in World History, European His- attain a deeper understanding of the ideas and prin- tory or Current Affairs courses who wish to do ciples of democracy, for which millions of Eastern a term paper or project on Eastern Europe, Europeans have risked their lives. both the packet and the resource guide can be We hope that this collection of materials on offered. Romania will offer an historical framework for con- sidering current events, as well as some insight into the One or two reading selections from each section events, ideas, issues, and personalities that have can be assigned to students. In American His- propelled Romania's continuing struggle for tory courses, this could be done either to coin- democracy. A timeline and maps are induded to give cide with the historical period in the general a basic historical context.Editorial cartoons, a course of study, or as supplemental material resource guide, and suggested classroom activities are when U.S. foreign policy or U.S.-Soviet rela- also included. tions are being discuss( Materials were designed to be used in American History, European History, World History, Area We hope that the series of materials will be a useful Studies or Current Affairs courses. We have tried to contribution to the historical, current affairs and design tine packet to be flexible enough to be used in primary source resources available to U.S. educators. many different ways. Some suggestions are: Suggestions and cowman from teachers are wel- come, please send them to: Using the material as a unit to be completed in one week to a week and a half. The timeline and Education For Democracy Project maps can be handed out the first day, with each American Federation of Teachers section as assigned reading for succeeding clas- 555 New Jersey Avenue, N.W. ses.Section questions can be used for Washington, D.C. 20001 homework, and students can be asked to pick one activity as a long -term project.

about the education for democracy project

Education for Democracy, a joint project of the by more than 150 prominent Americans. Its purpose Americas Federation of Teachers, the Educational is to encourage schools to impart to students the learn- Excellence Network and Freedom House, was ing necessary for an informed, reasoned allegiance to launched in 1987 with a statement of principles signed the ideals and practices of a democratic society.

3 BEST COPY Wit ABLE ROMANIA

Size: 91,699 sq. mi. (Slightly smaller than Oregon.)

Capital: Bucharest

Population: 23,153,475

Ethnic Groups: 89.1% Romanian; 7.8% Hungarian; 1.5% German; 1.6% Ukranian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy.

Government: Led by the National Salvation Front, which took power after the fall of Nicolae Ceausescu on December 22, 1989. President Ion Iliescu is a former Communist Central Committee member. Prime Minister Petre Roman heads a governing council largely composed of former Communist officials. CENTRAL EUROPE

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POST-WORLD WAR II

Warsaw Pact Member States TIMELINE

100s The legions of the Roma emperor Trajan are stationed in the area o' the Thracian tribe (Dacians). What is to become the Romanian nation is formed through the union of the Romans and the native populations.

500s Slavic tribes begin to settle in this area.

600s Bulgarians also begin moving into the area.

864 The Bulgarian Tsar, Boris, converts to Christianity and brings it in its eastern, Byzantine form to the region. This is the origin of Romania's Orthodox faith.

900S Hungarian (Magyar) advances drive the Romanians into the Carpathian mountains, where an independent kingdom is established in Transylvania.

1000s Transylvania is conquered by King Istvan of Hungary and is incorporated into his ,Qngdom. (A large Hungarian minority becomes established in Transylvania, and a debate over whether these lands should be considered Hungarian or Romanian continues to this day.1

1241 A Mongol invasion destroys all records of Transylvania's early inhabitants. [It is not until the end of the 20th century that documents are found to prove that two Romanian principalities had been established: one to the south called Valachia and one to the east called Moldavia. They remain separate until 1774 when they are combined under Turkish rule./

1417 Valachia surrenders to the Islamic forces of Turkish Sultan Muhammad I. but is allowed to maintain its ruling family, territory and religion.

1600s Michael the Brave, with the support of Christian Europe, wins several battles against the Turks. and establishes Romania as a kingdom in the Hapsburg-ruled Holy Roman Empire. 'Although their independence was short-lived. Romanians celebrate Michael as a national hero -- the tirst leader to bring all the Romanians of Valachia. Moldavia and Transylvania together under a single rule.Full national unity will not be realized again until 1918.1

1608 After re-gaining control, the Turks move the Romanian capital to Bucharest. The three principalities are again divided and a series of local rulers are appointed to help administer Turkish rule.

1700s As the Sultan's power begins to decline, direct rule is imposed. Greek Voivods (princes are used as Turkey'! agents. Each voivod is only allowed to rule for a brief period, and the Romanians suffer as each new ruler attempts to leave office taking as much from the people as possible.

1806 The Ruuian Empire, at war with the Turks, demand Moldavia and Valachia. As a counter, Napoleon urges the Sultan to dethrone the ruling princes in these lands. After defeating Napoleon,

6 BEST COPY AVAILABLE the Russians seize both principalities. During the six-year Russian occupation, the people are made to surrender their produce and are subjected to forced labor. Resisters are sent to Siberia.

1848 Inspired by the French. a nationalist movement emerges, and sporadic uprisings break out. At Russian insistence, the Turks put down the rebels.

1859 An attempt to unite Moldavia and Valachia under the name of Romania is blocked. However, one prince, Alexander Cum, is named ruler of both regions. His progressive land reforms go far enough to infuriate the landowners and the Church. but not far enough to please the peasants. He is deposed in 1866 and replaced by a German prince: Carol of the Hohenzollerns. Although these lands are still considered part of the Turkish Empire, Caro! establishes a liberal, independent government.

1877 Russia and Turkey again go to war. The Romanians side with the victorious Russians. and in 1878, the Treaty of Berlin recognizes Romania's full independence. Transylvania. still a part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, remains outside of the new state.

1881 The prince is crowned King Carol.

1907 A major peasant uprising is violently repressed.

1914 King Carol I dies and his nephew, Ferdinand I takes the throne. With the onset of World War Romania declares itself neutral.

1916 Romania enters the war on the side of the Allied forces against the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires.

1919 As one of the victors in the war, Romania is able to re-acquire a great deal of historical territory: Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia (part of Moldavia) and the Banat.

1920s The country enters a period of political uncertainty, as political parties on the left and the right jockey for power. Ferdinand's son, Crown Prince Carol, is so little respected, he is forced to renounce any claim on the crown. Instead, Carol's five-year-old son is proclaimed heir. Ferdinand dies in 1928, and Carol begins plotting to return and regain the crown from his son.

1930 Carol is crowned Carol U. ruler of a republican monarchy.

1933 Th. Iron Guard. a fascist organization. assassinates the prime minister.

1937 In the 1930s, fascist forces throughout Europe gain strength. Carol II, fearful that Nazi Germany would supportHungarian invasion to reclaim Transylvania, signs a treaty with Germany that gives it broad influence over Romanian domestic policies.

1938 Right-wing parties. with the exc., :ion of the Iron Guard, establish a government. After several months, Carol II ousts the new government, and proclaims a royal dictatorship. All political parties are banned, except for Carol U's National Rebirth Front.

7 1939 With the outbreak of World War U, Romania again declares itself neutral, but quickly feels the effects of the war. Germany and the Soviet Union sign an agreement (HitlerStalin Pact), which divides up Eastern Europe between the two powers and forces Romania to relinquish territory: 40% of Transylvania to Hungary, Dobruja to the Bulgarians, and Bessarabia and Bukovina to the Soviet Union.

1940 Carol 11 abdicates in favor of his son Michael. A military dictatorship is formed, led by General Ion Antonescu and backed by the Iron Guard, it aligns itself with Germany. A reign of terror begins.

1941 General Antonescu, seeking to regain Bessarabia and Bukovina, sends Romanian armed forces join the German invasion of the Soviet Union.

1944 In response to Antonescu's failed military policy, King Michael organizes a coup, overthrows the government, and declares support for the Allies. As the Soviets and the Allies begin to close in on Germany, the Red Army enters Romania. The Soviet occupation force tolerates the establishment of a coalition government, but begins to place Romanian communists in key government positions.

1945 In March, King Michael, under e,treme Soviet pressure, accepts the installation of communist Petru Groza as prime minister. After objections by the United States and Great Britain, it is agreed that elections will be held.

1946 Through fraud, the elections sweep a communist-led government to power. Antonescu is tried and executed. Many non-communist politicians are imprisoned.

1947 With communist dictatorship firmly established. King Michael is forced to abdicate the throne, and a Romanian People's Republic is proclaimed. Banks and industries are nationalized.

1948 New "elections" are held, but only one list of candidates is on the ballot. A treaty of 'friendship. collaboration and mutual assistance" is signed with Moscow, firmly binding Romania to the Soviet Union. A period of Stalinist repression and purges of the communist party. [By June of 1950, 192,000 people will have been expelled from the ranks of the Communist Party.]

1951 In September, ten Roman Catholic priests are tried on charges of espionage and anti-state activity. All receive long prison terms.

1952 A newconstitution is written, almost identical to the Soviet Union's. In an internal battle for control of the Romanian Communist Party, a nationalist faction, led by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, takes power.

1953 In the Soviet Union,Stalin dies.

1955 In response to the creation of NATO, the Soviet Union establishes the Warsaw Pact, a formal military-political alliance with the nations of the Soviet bloc. The People's Republic of Romania joins.

1960s Gheorghiu-Dej begins to loosen ties with the Soviets, and openly cultivates ties with Tito's Yugoslavia, Mao's China and the West.

8 1964 In April, the Romanian Workers' Party proclaims Romania's neutrality in the split between China and the Soviets, declaring that China has the right to develop its own "road to socialism.'

In May, a USARomanian joint trade agreement is announced.

In June, Romania announces the release of practically all of the political prisoners jailed over the previous three years.

1965 Dej dies. Nicolae Ceausescu, Dej's cellmate during the war, is named the new First Secretary of the Communist Party. The country's name is changed to the Socialist Republic of Romania.

1967 Romania is the only Warsaw Pact nation that does not break off relations with Israel after the Silt Day War.

1968 Despite its membership in the Warsaw Pact, Romania criticizes the Sovietled invasion of Czechoslovakia and does not send troops.

1969 Believing that Romania is moving away from the Soviet camp, U.S. President Richard Nixon pays an official visit to Ceausescu.

1970s Despite Romania's foreign policy, repression mounts under Ceausescu's rule.

1980 In a joint statement with Great Britain, Romania criticizes the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

1983 After borrowing heavily to finance massive building projects, Ceausescu announces that he will pay off the nation's $21 billion foreign debt. He imposes strict domestic austerity measures; food is rationed, heat is restricted in the winter, and electricity is rationed, leaving entire cities dark during the night. Withiu five years, the nation has the lowest standard of living in Europe.

1986 A human rights group, Helsinki Watch, describes the totalitarian control in Romania as the most repressive in Eastern Europe. In Romania it is illegal to speak to foreigners. Paper is rationed, ann ill typewriters must be registered with the police. Since Ceausescu has declared that the population must rise from 22 million to 30 million by the year 2000, every woman is expected to bear five children. All forms of birth control and abortion are illegal. All women are required to have a gynecological exam every three months to insure that they are obeying the law. Abandoned children live on the streets and swell the ill-equipped orphanages, where they receive little food and almost no adult attention. All decrees are enforced by the secret policethe Securitare.

1987 Soviet leader Gorbachev visits Romania. Ceausescu states that the liberalization occurring in some other Eastern European nations will not take place in Romania.

In November, after long years of energy rationing, thousands of truck and tractor workers in Brasov demonstrate in protest over low living standards. They attack the local Communist Party headquarters and burn it.Authorities move in quickly and arrest hundreds. An unknown number are killed; prison sentences of 5.10 years are handed out to the leaders of the strike.

1988 Ethnic tensions are heightened in March when Ceausescu announces a policy of 'urbanization," with plans to destroy 11,000 villages and resettle the inhabitants. 50,000 of those to be relocated are Hungarians. 1989 In July, after reports that Romania has begun construction of a barbed-wire fence along its boraer with Hungary, officials from both nations meet to discuss Romania's treatment of ethnic Hungarians.

On November 17, Romania seals its border with Hungary. A week later at the Romanian Communist Party's 14th Congress, Ceausescu is reelected General Secretary, and denies any suggestion that reforms are necessary.

On December IS, demonstrators surround a church in Timisoara to prevent the arrest of a priest, Laszlo Tokes, a prominent spokesman for the rights of ethnic Hungarians. On December 17, the army opens fire on demonstrators in Arad and Timisoara; hundreds are killed. Protests soon spread to other cities.

On December 20, Ceausescu declares a state of emergency in Timisoara. On the 21st, the revolt spreads to Bucharest, where security forces fire on demonstrators. Ceausescu is shouted down at a staged rally.

On December 22. army units join the rebellion. Ceausescu, party leader and head of state, resigns and flees. A group of communist/ and ex-communists declare themselves to be the National Salvation Front, and seizes power.

On December 23, the new government captures the Ceausescus. Street fighting occurs between the army, which backs the new government, and elements of the secret police still loyal to Ceausescu.

On December 25, the Ceausescus are given a 'trial,' summarily sentenced to death and executed. The secret police battle the rebels until December 2$, the provisional regime's deadline for security forces to surrender or face execution.

On December 29, the National Salvation Front vows to hold free elections in April and to establish a democracy. Leaders declare that they will not run in the elections. Ion Iliescu, a former member of the Communist Central Committee, assumes the presidency as the head of the National Salvation Front.

No independent figures are given, but it is reported that upwards of 2,000 fatalities occurred during the December fighting.

1990 On January 12, up to five thousand demonstrators gather in Bucharest to protest continuing communist control of the government. They march to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where the National Salvation Front is headquartered, shouting, "Down with communism!' "Who elected them?' and 'What is the Front biding?'

On January 23, the Front declares that, contrary to an earlier promise, it will compete in the upcoming national elections. Ion Iliescu announces that he will run for president.

On February 9, the new provisional Parliament, the Council for National Unity, convenes.

In March, the Student League and other opposition organizations hold protest demonstrations and begin hunger strikes.

Elections ans held in May, the first elections since 1937. The National Salvation Front wins 66% of the vote. Iliescu becomes president with 85 % of the 'tote. Anti-government demonstrations continue.

10 In response to government calls to stop the protests, securitate police and pro-government mine workers rampage through Bucharest on June 13. Student leaders are beaten and arrested. and offices of the anti-Front political parties and other independent groups are ransacked. Seven people are reported killed.

On July 13, more than 200,000 anti - government protestors rally in Bucharest's Victory Square, to demand the release of the student leaders and to protest the Front's actions.

On October 18, Premier Petre Roman offers legislation for rapid free-market reform.

On December 15, a crowd of 8,000 marches in Timisoara to commemorate the first anniversary of the street demonstrations that led to the ouster of Ceausescu. They call for a 'second revolution' against the Iliescu government, still dominated by former communists.

Opposition parties continue to ask for new elections and a coalition government. Dissatisfaction .with the government's inaction against the Securitate and continued poor economic performance seems to be growing.

1991 In Hungary, on February 25, leaders of the Republics of Romania, Hungary, Poland, Czecho- slovakia, Bulgaria and the USSR sign a formal protocol dissolving the Warsaw Pact. An Index of Readings

I. "Romania: When the Lights Went Out," Europe: A Tapestry of Nations, by Flora Lewis.

IL "Ceausescu Bear Hunt Shows a Dictator Hunting for Honor," The Milwaukee Journal, January 13, 1991, &

"Where Policemen Outnumber Pigeons," by Mircea Dinescu, Uncaptive Minds, May/June/July 1989.

Excerpt from "Report from Romania: Down with the Tyrant," by Robert Cullen, The New Yorker, April 2, 1990.

IV. "New Masks, Old Faces," by Vladimir Tismaneanu, The New Republic, February 5, 1990, &

"Street Theater," by Anna Husarska, The New Republic, February 5, 1990.

V. "June 20, 1990 Protest by the Student League," Uncaptive Minds, August/September/October 1990.

VI. "Homage to Goiania," by Vladimir Tismaneanu, The New Republic, July 30/August 6, 1990.

12 ROMANIA: 11W ison-s WENT ram 467 AnwarSovietplanning1967, Sadat'sbloc and his in helpeddramatic breaking spectacular establish trip relations ofvisit thereconciliation. to contactswith lerusalem. Israel that after ItIt led refusedwas theto theEgyptian Six toonly Day follow Warsaw PresidentWar the in vakiaPactin thecountry and 1984 did which notOlympics participate denounced iaBut Los withit Angeles. thewas troops, 1968 also Soviet theand only the invasion Warsawonly one of Pact Czechoslo-to take member part to make scarcely any ROMANIA almostthedoxeffort othersStalinist to totally experiment had systemsilenced, backlit with and andaway. economica asycophantic glum, 11 has deeplyreform, a witty,"cult depressed maintaining of saucy personality" population, a rigidly long ortho-which after intellectual elite, The Lights Went Out tanceershasrichest tosuffered createthan country mutters farthe worseSolidarity in of the *privations"Thank region, movement. 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Nixon 13 466 It helped to arrange was secretly sible level." Somehow the texture of Romanian society doesn't seem 14 to have 468 traditionalthemuch conventional to Byzantine do with dogmas. communism at all, though despotism, functioning by It is much Ettuors: more reminiscent of the the windy slogans fear, venality, cultiva- express worst robewhoof royal deliberatelyand British her dalliances. and attracted Russian ROMANIA: TIW attention with the extravagancedescent, was a breathtaking WI-.NT OMIT ofworld her figureward- 4(W) directlyonecracy.tion family. or patronageof indirectly deviousness Some and, say above that to circumventfor the secret police. oneall, out the of unquestionable every four Romanians an unbudgeable, swollen bureau- Others say no, it is whim of one worksman, Forcenterumns"the some forlast and, yearsthe romantic." nopeople afterward, doubt. whose The for it many whose Her biographer,Athente Palace Hannah lintel names provided the glitter of names fattened police dossiers. was an international Pakula, called her gossip col- Oregon.three.happened, TheIt is climatehard or whetherto tellIt is a relatively large runs to extremes;it wasin awhether typicalthe resuk.country, Romania's twelfth 'difference" in area in Europe, the size of year the temperature provoked what one in andpapereyed, shabby,in the awkwardlyall lobby day with long. andmiserable dressed byNow the the elevators police men who pretended to readwas the still elegant but the comfortable on each floor were occupiedare by still sharp- there, but the hotel is dark same news- chairs beaches.balancein Bucharestrot of The in plains, summer. descends But scenery is awesome in parts, in the plateausnature and mountains,favored it topographically,to 11F during the long, hard riven and woods and peaks of the Carpa- winter andwith up a generousto horse-drawna slowroom place and cheap cartmoving can furniture no fasterRomania with the has always been littlea landrefrigerators of great beauty that and greatnor further with the centuries thanveneer splitting off. never work in each hardship, a flowersIn thethiansother alongside Danube in Transylvania flows the areas it is bucolic, bright fields through a deep narrow roads. Peasantand the traditions raw majesty of gorge cut between !nerd red rolling over gentle hills, the Iron Cates, where are strong; vil- cliffs.wild- andmentsofpeople Latin the inThracian."whomalphabets. musk, Herodotus astronomy They had and Under Emperormove. The Traian, original inhabitantsdescribed as "the most valiant an advancedmedicine civilization and with wrote in both were Dickens, a and righteous the Creek achieve- Overtivesname aslagers witha they quarterof such ansing have aristocratic and of for thedance centuries. names as rhe New Life" and flaunt their brilliantlyproprietor, they have been But the lands they till or "In the Socialist Way." embroidered costumes noturned longer intobear collec- the strongtheeration.in populations roots The and conquest merged, high culture.A.D. sth after long, stubborn was followed by intensive colonizationcreating a new Daco-Roman The Latin poetcampaigns Ovid lived spanning Rome conquered Dacia more than a gen- ethnicity withmuch of his in which families.fivethough farm workers the Like the rest of the men have been drained off are women. 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Historians disagree on,the and dominant resisted assimilationview is that by withdrew the Roman legions about the mixture of large numbers of the waves of invading to tighten peo- erstherealisticdazzling andgeneral professors dramatist blondsparkle actresses whoof could century. In Western Eugene lottesco, exciting European culture. Theresuch as Elvin Popescu eyes, Romania was embodied figures who wereor thewriters ingeniously and paint- sur- were part of in culture.nium. The languageBut the people who moved into Europe were unable to organize their societyand the customs remained in the second half a the miNen- firmly based on Latin in the face of trigue,uted highto the life, saying refugees thatAs World War II 5 approached, Bucharest "Romanian isn't and espionage. The be at home anywhere, a nationality, it's s profession." was a fabled capital of in-dowager Queen Marie, and who contrib- inof itsAftersucceedingBulgarian eastern, the onslaughts conversion of the Bulgarian Tsardominion in ByzantineDacia, Christianity form. That by Goths, Stan, Avars, was the origin of Romania's Ortho- Boris in 8114, during a periodwas brought to the region Bulgan and Marlin. 16 dos faith. It had lost all ties wills Rome. Magyar advances drove the cessfulthe seventeenth efforts to wrench century, free Michael from Turlush the Brave suzerainty. At the start KOMANuc THE LIGHTS wr.N.r OUT did amass enough support 471 of conqueredsecondtribespeople and half intoestablished by of the Kingthe Carpathians, tenth Stephen an century. independent and where TransylvaniaIn the theykingdom eleventh became wasin .century,Transylvania incorporatedknown theyas the in were intotheVlach memberedHabsburgfromSince Christian the emperor,as Roman Romania'spowers althoughperiod to leadingwin he battles it broughtwas national and the hero Romanians because for the short-lived. 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By the start had entered decline of local rulers from the theirtopalities, theexisting annals east, one documents called weresouth combinedMoldavia. of the confirm Carpathians, underThey the remained developmenta uniform called separate Turkish Valachia, of two administration.until Romanian and 1774, the otherwhen princi- that palities.anduncertainas reinforcement Turkey's Creeks tenure agents. from warof the theirBut sought Phanar these stewardship. by hospodars shifting Thus to direct they district of Constantinople were chosen (princes) were given brief and felt obliged to extract rule of the princi- thensoughtsuccumbing against help from the to theTurks, the Bulgars overwhelmingThe but Turkish alland the the sovereigntiesadvance TurkishSerbs, first hadexpansion. against begunof the Hungaryregionin Joint the Christianfifteenth were and century. Valachia standaverageas selvesmuch for reign wereasbribery, possible was said exaction two to have andoften corruption, been men thoughof culture fromand their a half subjects years. Soas thequickly word as Phananot possible. came The to drastically reducing the the hospodarsand intelligence. them- tothe Sultantainforces, Battle its Muhammad withdynasty,of Nikopol expeditions territory in I in1;96. 1417, train and Valachia butFrance religion. in subjection was and Resistance finally Burgundy, was forced allowed continued were to capitulate defeatedto main- under at Afterpopulation.recognize important Meanwhile, the victories, independenceMany Russia Empress peasants was Catherinepressing fled the oppressive regime, nineteenth century, St. Petersburg's influence in- of Valachia and Moldavia under Russian hard againstdemanded the Turks. that Turkey wasknownRomanianHungarian the origin as Vlad rulerleadershipof the Tepes Vlad story IV. (Vlad untilof HisDracula, thethe full deathImpaler) name the ofvampire. was thebecause Vlad unbelievably Some Dracul, of his say atrocities. but thecruel hemyth localwas Ile Russianprincescreased.power. Inof occupation To theMoldavia counter early andof it, the Napoleon principalities, urged with the requisition Valachia in s8o6. It led to a disastrous six-year of resisters to Siberia. The Romani- Sultan to dethrone the of their pro- of nineteenth-centurysatanicsubjectshis depraved connotations, who ritualssought novelist was his revenge behavior deliberately Bram by wasStoker's defaming spreadmonstrous horror him.to Western enoughstory. But with His toEurope orsupposedinspire without by the ansduce,covertimes, neverBulgarians, forced lostalways forgot. laborterritory, bringingwho By and their remember butdeportation distress. count,it was athe Once costlyRussiansRussia failure. asinvaded Unlike Christian theirthe liberatorsneighboring country thirteen from Romania invaded Russia to re- collapsedallBucharest.tomb his liescrimes afterin Romanians a he littlehim. did chapel Overmount are the ofon an two next aneffective mindsisland two centuries, aboutoppositionin Lake his Snagov, memory, there to the were Tusks, notbecause fitfulfar butfrom but for it generally17 unsuc- Athe nationala Turks, beacon movementRomanians for the Romanian emerged, feelIn the a deep-rootedrevolutionary intelligentsia. inspired by hostility yearFrance, 1848 there were uprisings 'Ile 'lurks, at Russian mos- 18 and fear of Russia.which had becomein several places. 472 EUROPE ROMANIA: 1111: liciris )1' 1' .1- princenameTreatyknee, putofwasof Romania Parisdown named in the 1856. and as rebels. the to An proclaim ruler attemptEuropean of both neutrality to influenceunite regions the was in principalitieswas blocked,1859. enhanced He but was under a by singleAlex- the the VictoriabeenQueenwho became horn Marie, and Princess of KingFerdinand's Tsar Ferdinand AlexanderMarie wife, of Edinburgh,I, was H.was and adamantly less her afervently favorsgranddaughter anti-German. were pro.Geon.m. firmly ofShe ForQueen 1441and En. ruler,placed,farianander enoughreforms accordedCuza, by generalto infuriateda pleaseman hereditary of agreement, progressivethe the peasantry. landowners rights, withviews was He a Charles,andbut Germanwas despotic the deposed Church secondprinceling. ways in without son0366whose Theof and Princeagrar-going new re- ofgland offerforwhich andthe of side firstRussia.territory totwo join (She fromyears in diedthe of other. cominginWorld $938. The War war.)as Central Romania I, Thecourted Powerscountry again by each promisedfacedstayed sidethe neutral choiceto with return an searchGermany,Charlesstatus of Anthony whicha its ruler noble wouldwith of housesIfolienzollem-Signiarirqten. legitimate provoke were claimrivalry to from a title the but Beforeimportant without the the Europeanunity power of desirabk fount for countries in andwasmoreRussian-held resultinga emotional disaster, Bessarabia,in bringingasthe well fallSo asof both Bucharest.andeconomicRomania Germans the Allies declaredimportance With and offered the Russians war Bolshevik Transylvania,to on the Austro-Hungary intoRomanians. revolution the ofcountry much in on August az 1916. It constitutionstates.Belgian independence. based on Princethe liberalThe Charles, country Belgian who remained constitution romanized nominally hisof 1811.name under afterto Carol, the accepted a new withOctoberatin theRomaniagreat 1917Central cost. andbroke ByPowers Russia's thedown terms in into withdrawalDecember, ofscavenging the Treaty from taking bands. theof Bucharest,Romania war, An thearmistice Russian out signed of was the forces on signedwar May withonTurkishsia Russia's formal and empire, Turkey recognition side but and went it developedwas of to its rewarded,war full again independence. autonomous inby the Treaty government. Authority of Berlin was When inrestored 1878, Rus- however, Romania pined sionsTransylvaniana7, trade 1918, had route half to betoof border Constantsa Dobnidjagranted was on wasadvanced affording Danube ceded eastward, accesstransport,to Bulgaria to andthe the with Black far-reachingrailroads only Sea. the and Hungary'spledge conces- the oilof overnephewcrownedHungarian the province Prince King Empire, Carol Ferdinandof Dobnidia. remained in 1881. of HohenzollernButHavingoutside Transylvania, nothe heir, new named he state. part arranged his Princeof rightful the to Austro-Carol havesucces- was his daystoRomaniafields. emergebefore It was again Germanyon athe nationaldeclared winning signed catastrophe. war side. the on On armisticethe November Central Then, acknowledging Powerson so, November when in another German its 9, defeat, :918, attempt troops two developmentandsor. his Francophile of a strong supporters,Political middle power class.whose was The policy held opposition was tightly to encouragebyConservatives Liberal Party the leader Jon Brilliant' vania,theevacuated King fulfilling returned in accordance the toold Bucharest. dreamRomania with of the national then surrender proceeded unity. terms But to inthere proclaimWestern remained theEurope. incorporation the of Transyl- weretheyissue.younger divided immigrated There pro-German into had the in been largeold group. nobility, fewnumbers Thein the who standing afterward. country tended of before JewstoRussia's favor becameindependence, Russia, failed an sqos andabrasive rem- a but gary'sCommunistbitiousproblem capital. invasion of obtaining revolution.Budapest, of further Allied Thedefenseless Hungarianrecognition, Treaties territoryinof complicated theSaint turmoil and Germain, occupation by of Romania's Bela Trianon of Hun- am- Run's and businesses,werehition considered sparked and against a peasantcauseThe the country of large uprising poverty landowners.was in becausein Romania social, ofpolitical againsttheir money-lending and the financial Jews, who trouble when King garianwarmaniaNeuilly but had minorityfinally still hoped satisfying fixed within to internationally obtain majorRomania, by aspirations. the a recognizedinitial source 1916 They of continuingagreementborders, kft an less to than important Hun- irredentism, enter the Ro- RomaniaCarol died into at the the war beginning as an ally of of World his relative War I.the He Kaiser. had tried His nephew,to bring PEST COPY AVAILABLE And others.as well as the traditional ethnic minorities of Germans, r) Jews, Gypsies of474 Partythe population collapsed were because Thepeasants, ofinternal its failed leaving political pro-German the situationSocialists policy. was and Eighty unruly. the Com- percent The old Conservative Itt(H.F. packed off into exile, Thealong new with leader his flamboyant, was the pro-Nazi redheaded Marshal Jewish Ion Antonescra. Carol 141/MANtA: 1.1:MTS WENT ou'r mis-was475 versyinmakemunists 1934 overup the withfor a Communist it promisedlittle by audacity; of their agrarian Party customaryas a was result,reform outlawed. working their and leadershipexpropriation, classThere base. was was finallyfierce Theyarrested passedcontro-tried and to opposed,andthetress, Iron seize Magda Guard rallying power Lupescu. still tofor was the itself The notmarshal, alonesated.new regime whoin It Januarytried proceeded launched to mist 194i. Marshal toa But reignapply the ofAltOfteSCU the terror, terror but army was to forceddinand'soverby the the tolegislature successionson,renounce was but ahis notorious,to toright the no monarchy.toone's the extravagant thronesatisfaction. Crown and playboy. his Prince And five-year-old there Carol,Iv a925, was King son hetrouble Fer-was 5on,coobledcountrysuppressedthe Iron on into aGermanGuard German thethe warinNazis' troops itsvictory on turn, Germany'sRomanianin Romania, toexecuting gain territory.counterparts,side. which all Once of declared Bythe again, February, leaden.Antonescu war Bucharest on Though there the took Soviet gam- thehe were Carolbackwherirecognized fromItKing in 1930. hisFerdinand asown next son. indied, Heline Carol finallyunder plotted succeededa regency to return council. and and was But take crowned two the years throne King later popularRomaniaUnion. Great declared Britain wardeclared on the war United on Romania, States. andjoining after the Pearl Nazis Harbor, was at first , because Romania was rewarded with Bessa- opposederallyprominence. known to the Itas usedinterwar the IronvariousIn fascist Guard. this names time powers; 'The of in government'sdisorder, various Romania periods, a supported right-wing foreign but itpolicythe terroristwas Balkan gen-was organization rose to becamethrownrabia, since the clear previous the thnl German Rumania Hiller-StalinBut lilt/861011 when had agreement. againthe ofcast:ally chosenRussia lists thein May arrivedlosing usai side,horn had publicStaIingrati and it gradually over- occupationcountryandEntente financed in of chaos. 1934the by Rhineland the andIn Nazis,193B, opposed and hopingthe annexation IronItaly's to Guard regain invasion andof control, Austria. its of deathEthiopia King But, teams Carol supported and kept bannedHitler's the executionants,keepdiscontentrecruited thetheir Liberals, of olganizalkurs.l'lwincreased. Iron then Gust& kaders.the SocialThe eager Theoutlawed Ifour fin)ertnicials tour i14.11011 maul joined puhtk ones and to idbut the supportwereparties without Communists, the hada Nationaldirectioncoup managed mounted who Peas-after had to the seebargainWarall political whichII began with sideparties the right wouldbelligerents andafter payproclaimed the theHitler-Stalin as most his a father royalfor pactRomania's haddictatorship. in done 939, participation.inthe WorldWhen. King Wartried World Ito lieto Thebeforetheby reversal Kingwar the on Michael, was formalAugust in the armistice, which23, nick 1944 overthrewof tonneSovietsigned to troopsin Antonewuregain Moscow poured Transylvania on and intoSeptember switched the but country too is,sides late 1944. even in soughtmadeinHitlerFrance, the first offeredagreementscabinet. but, to getdissatisfied economic When promises with the Romania's aid withKing of but territorialtheir refused, demanded rivalsoffers, expansionHitler which he inclusion then outmaneuvered partly turned from dismemberedof the Britainto IronGermany. him Guardand andthe firsttonescuto prevent accepted was Soviet tried a coalition anddomination,As executed ingovernment the despiteother in 1946. countriesand wartime encouraged occupiedAllied agreements.organization by the Red of An- Army,a the Soviets at sarabiacountry.wasBulgaria restored andThe since northernSoviets, to 1913, Hungary. stillBukovina. was at Aspeacereturned a Southernconsequence, with to Germany,Bulgaria Dobrudja, Carol again, were twicewas andawarded forced takenTransylvania Bes-tofrom abdi- inunderminingfromnational early the 1945. bloc.start, the TheThere and accords agreement Stalin simply withwas weren't was Rooseveltcautious that enough postwar about and Communists Churchill notgovernments being signed too to bewereflagrant atinstalkd Yaltato be in shipwascate crownedbackedin September by King, the Ironrim°.but asGuard. His a puppetson Michael, in the byhands then of twenty, a military once dictator- again 21 Ofdemocratic MoscowMinistera splinter Andreipurgeand leftist antifascist. Vishinsky,peasants' Norietliekss, partywho hadcalled been he the sent thePloughman's prosSoviet .tutor Deputy Front. at the Foreign Sfltallprewar tritrials, t . I o installi IIS.a.. (02a as Premier. Croza was head22 theand476 Liberals,the ignited by States far the objected most popular, because were the excluded. National Peasant Party and 1.:11111111: thehad added "I)ci" to his surname Atm he was Hite,ums. in it After the arrival id the Soviets and his ROMANIA. 1111.t(1:111' II NI n111 In, Item ni that oil in flu m bywhich Moscowthen, would the inCommunists hold December elections.In hadresponsero45 They established on naming tookto an place appeal themselves a broadly in fromNovember based Kingin key Michael, government the Big Three agreed in ministriess946. But governmentSovietunscrupulous,a time, support returning as Minister subtlywhatever in January cunningof Commitilicalion,the Mown* man,1945. skilledline Ile wasof 1w althe wentoutbiddingknown moment. oil asto Muslim Ileanhis ailihitini,rivals int was secre- III, countrythestrengthand next put until year, theircould peace it candidates was not was beprovided concludedmeasured. on athat single with InSoviet the governmentAustria. Romanian.peace forces That could bloc assured remain list treaty adequate signed so that their in the railroads,tiveButin shout Bucharest he claims washis personal an cafes.which ethnic fewCheerghiu-Deilife, Romanian of but his his commodes dnIkl, and was milkhe junior couldhad figure been Inadvance. wasothers inIn the patty. a worker, on the seen at limes usse he treatyKhrushchevtime for was Soviet signed, sought influence in to Stalinrelax to be tensionsnever firmly accepted implanted. with the an West Austrian that peace the Austrian treaty. It 1915, providing the legal basis on which the Ro- was not until Nikita awkwardPauker,became athe bobgrim-faced, party's and woreFirst lumpyFrom Secretary. ill-fitting womanoutside, mannish who the keptmost suits. her visible There iron-gray member hair ofin the leadership war no more was Ana an turnedSovietsmanian northern peacegovernmentagain, treatyawarded Transylvania couldceded southern s?cure Bessarabia from DobmdiaSovietHungary, and withdrawal toestablishingnorthern Bulgaria in Bukovina again, the country's but to the 1957. The Ro- re- newlyuncertainandofficialtelling paintedimage visit to of usedWarsawand what polished. one was in of happening1947. the luxurious She inwent Romania old by Orient train than airExpress herservice arrival specials, Warsaw station had been totally de- was still on an followerswerecurrent still frontiers. verywere close imprisoned. to AfterMoscow, theThe 1946 non-CommunistNational elections, Peasant however, politicians Party, whichwhen and theirRomanianhad Communists herPolishker'sstroyed escort train dignitaries in pulledwasthe war, even up lined made ingreater an up open intoto than greet a clearing crater that her. between of Thejust twisted outsidecontrast the tracks. elegant the between city, So Mrs.where her Pan- and the can and the almosttoSocialmajority create all Democrats of support, theEastern Romanian wasEurope.which outlawed. Workers'led New to a elections forced AParty. split mergerThatwas maneuveredpattern with the Communists, within the was followed in operettadevastation.lipsof her rouged, decorations.honor At their eachguard, moustaches window Sonic wearing were as the extravagantwaxed obviously train and slowed corseted,twirled. red to and a Thenstop theirblue cheeksuniforms and with came Ana Pau-were the men treaty4o5singlewith out oflist theof "friendship, presented the Soviet 44 sects Union, bycollaboration inthe the firmly People's assembly. binding and Democratic mutual Shortly Romanian assistance" before Front, policy the which elections, claimed a were called in sn411 with a was signed madeRomania'sker. noShe concessions. clomped vanishing toShe past.theThe ground,wasmen bornaround eyes Ana steelyher Rabinsohn, and lips sternlydaughter of were nothing more than a Moldavian Jewish set. She ofThen, sweepnistits membership, withpurges into the itsbegan. other ranks admitted politiciansThe right party after new hadoutthe people ofwar.been the moreIn swollenway, ogio, carefully the it bythrew internal gorging vetted out t11 all for percentit reli-could to Moscow. Commu- publisher.Marcelforebutcher, going Pauker, and But to hadZurich she a taughtRomaniandeveloped to study Hebrew astudentmedicine. consuming ate Bucharestwhose There interest father she in met Marxism, and married joined synagogue school be- was a newspaper schooling,someabilityi944 manand coup. bybutwho midIle a had waslong -1950 spentThe theexperience announced leaderson the of war awas of laborer inits agitatioo,prism,Cheorge strength wills and atjailCheorghiu-Dej,only escaped and a few labor butyears before of formal the 03 st dark-eyed, rather hant: 720,000 card carriers. camps. Ile careerhadarrest,afterthe Communist from livedonly study thoseain yest. the in ofParty UnitedherShe her filthy, hadincomrades Slates,um the solitary and usual wherewas cell.experiences electedthat her The during husband to main its theof Central underground differencelate represented 19201 Committee inshe work, herthe 94 inSoviet478 Romania, trade organization.she landed in That prison was again. only an In utterlude,isoo, there however. Back EUI1()11E. was a Soviet- moreand were effective delighted. way to Cheorghiu-Dej force down ROMANIA: THE LIGHTS the pill of Stalmisin. had found that WENT OUT nationalism was 479 a homeaandRomanian special she with was Red exchange them released Army in division 1944 ofto prisonersMoscow. wearing of Romanian Duringafter the themajor's prisonersthe occupation war, uniform she of war helped of ofandBessarabia, organizemarched a political nomicrope.productivehaving The policy, increasingSoviet impulse built leader that determinedthe arguments with Khruslichey,on trying to imitate the Soviet's Common Market to reverse the Eastern was giving Westernwho Eu-had observed Besides, lie bloc's wasthe o- mentnewcommissar. manifestoand establishing reviving theAna the Cominform. Pauker's official international visit She to was Warsaw not Communist to becomewas for the Foreignmove- meeting which drafted a maniapleased,catingmodel eachwas anticipatingin sharplystateeach a country, opposed.special benefits and to increasetask. cooperation East Cerinany Bucharest becausewas determined of their and C7echoslovakiaindustrial base. But and trade by allo- heavy-industry were Ru- accessgaria'sworld'sMinister Dimitrov.totop until Stalin. Communist two AlongShe months was withfigures, later,said Mrs. alongto butPauker be she withthe andalready only Yugoslavia's Cheorghiu-Dej, Romanian ranked Tito amongwith andFinance direct Bul- the signtopolicy the of developmentof defiance self-sufficiency to Moscow. of Romania'sUnaware of these underlying and grandiose projects. The Soviets were arguments and what economy,they the public applauded to continue its would mean any countrybeLukacs)Minister budged. hadVasikappeared Butbeen [AMA the plundered,to Romanian (ancompose ethnic had aHungarian Communists sturdy lost a leadership fifth whose ofwere its real territorytroikahaving name that trouble. and,was could Laszloon Thenottop standingdissatisfactionworst difficulties, in with and their people a packed feuckload of workers, oilers. In the found ingenious summer of losti b asked waiting seento be as taken the source to ofways the to show general a man a andresistedof that, Pews had collectivization, were hadover toallowed 12 pay percent heavy to which emigrate ofreparations the was population inimposed the to earlythe belonged slowlySoviets. years, but tobutThe inexorably.restive Cemians, peasants minorities. Turks thetellshoutederately Hungarian"spontaneous you." ambiguous, down There revolution demonstration" a wily answer whichwere revealed reports all: later of uprisings neut:al question: "How of approval for the 111are Transylvaniathings"We're here?" not during allowed liegovernment, to a delib- totallyinliatiootoSerbs deal dependentand, with.and most virtually Monetary of on all, all Moscow, privatethereform,.introduced large savings.and number Moscow The of suddenly, RomanianHungarianswas not entirely wiped leadership were outpleased difficult both was mented.tookarmed.Eastern the Undoubtedly,action But Europe it and, the was never'clear whether Sovietwas that two Romanian although credible, the that fall. One rumor reachingarmy divisions other partshad been of dis- or other Romanianreport troops was never docu- andmentswith itsthen, toresults. eliminate in sop, thefirst The "cosmopolites,"the "nationalists"break between whichamong Stalin in his theand Communist context Tito gave meant rivals Gheorghiu-Dej the argu- revivingaccepteddemand nationalism.removal because of he Soviet hadCheorghiu-Dej made,the He had all the streets larger concernsforces theuneasy following situationmost precipitated of the people's the joyous at the time. year, which Khrushchev reaction for decision to powerLuca,nonethnic Later, With RomaniansCheorghiu-Dej some shrewd and wasdetours, intellectuals, to take he credit continued especially for creating to Mrs. consolidate somePaukerfrom dis- and thehis Soviets on foreign policy. But at the time, he was always munistsoutrewrittenbeen the Redgivenwould to Army, Russianclaim that the never have had the slightest chance an ironicnames, assertion rebaptized because in in Romanian. that Romanians had "liberated" and cinemas, which kid themselves, with- Ile casehad thehistory Com- beganceededaltoin step, it had to inproviding feel escapingto be the moved attractantnew from headquarters from satellitedom, of Belgrade. more independence.for however, When the Cominform Tito the demonstrably RumanianHe aimedin Bucharest gradu-leader suc- saw"nationalism"there-explained pro-Moscow Pact, but and the as an increasingly obstreperouspurgespeople to pretendin the"cosmopolitanism." leadership that he had shrewdly Romania by the devious charges of member. Afterremained ,962 it in the War- at power. He even gotten rid of ally, Ind the people waited the growing coolness toward the Russians9 ej or BEST COPY AVAILABLE prohibited Pact maneuvers on its territory and began .?G to diverge from 481) F 111s idd1MANKA: 11W 1161111i WENt 15111' 485 toseenWiwitimid he HIM.Inmantompeneltrawl Intu im4k bumflksignii wits F rouesthat In vans:nesof hi Hone lint however, in Itinissine's NA'11), Soviet a pally,lodger/ units uncooperative stolid have came been In Simi inh, the Komoisions have alto refused thatkidseverewith who smilea cold, testy when loyal said they levier.a wind. led him."A Ile didn't As summit whim whetsleader, they he luck lucked great hits.. pains Ile1)ultsitS pommo u1 Km" Central dap. enunaik wlsn timed hinr with lam in the &willed him as "a skinny iewsiMsopoo-MuseowIruguilivit,ally bat en mule whenAy legato ell timethe by some Mytress lusts, 4114 Alless Itunisnia the the of timeschism New ounstitutell of Tilsitmeolied death a point in ntiglibuting of openly declared policy. The attempts to reestablish s hornet un a vital MissMe,"'Ilse"Outto coning moist werelay'1%e God," eminentmade hislank Now "Tlsinking lulives paspersonality Unison today sworn polar owlet beacon,"of of adulation. star,"international the lily Sip"Ilelnitnien Ceasitescu'slid of think,politicalCesupsic"the ofwho and this imaginative guides," scientific earth," nibs ofsonliontaniato Unionounist pony, apetty mono( andptoseloviesed peaty mine andpotties alhal cubonlinale with "Ana equal coma petty,noble." he a onlyWhet II wasa pettyreel ratted family and ae titleweiphvigerstoo of wasVice accorded Premier,even surpassed andthe righttheIn Stalin'sNib, key to thehejob consounidened made mostof control ealiaralpidhis wife, of party Isegiugtaphen.Elena, encomia. personnel. his secuoid-in lier She .commend, with the "good donetheand"ownRomanian befoce. theory Moscow, sued orMuttodecimation practice socielison,"it unlike advanced theof of "building indspendenoe,otheras no the reel gonna Voodoo socialism"ewe between of and aideology, delis, andItalian Communist broughtlu noluilowCommunists departures nothe leaden internal party's had in Rumanianherpublishedand lender "HomageWriters smile replacessaid, to Comrade"By theyour sun wisdom,Elena an aCosuiescu" greyyoupromotion are day," our on readsmother, the in the theoccasion aofficiallygovernment. valiant of A poem offered by the Union of anthree,innovations. intelligent, without Cheorghissti having educatedOnce relinquished man again,died who on therea was MarchSul ofthenappeared power.so, Premier; so6s, to at be Chivuthe a age Stoics, of silly. a Itoika. There was Ion Maurer, womanvirtues.ascentareproud as who discreetcompanionto Elena glory has was conquered aboutas theyofburn the ere the factsMagnificent all garrulousdaughter the of secretsthe reigningofabout Man." a of landowner science,the Thecouple's Ceausescus' official thein livesa worthy bttk biographies professedbefore southern and the pastyasthewho(*Lied First stalwartwas had President, Secretary.to had the who a Politburo andhad He thcolae long had in thedune Ceausescu, decadecoveted Gheolglisuecs sous ordains!.only forty-seven bidding atand the was time, (minim climb through the -SS.party Ceaupncu hierarchy, look rising all of being an ethnic over activityworkedCarpathianBut once wasin avillage installed thattextile she and factory. wasin made power chosen Theher beside queenway only asher claimof a husband,girlthe made ballto Bucharest, on shefor May insistedearly l)ay where political in on lino. shebeing didcommunisthealthyKlansman, not change movement coming the policies from hum a pourof Mee his (dimly, *slilyWNW, teens Cheutehiu-Del, and being lune tithes and in It soon became cleat who was the absolute boo. Cealliefeu having been involved with the reshufflingrue:treated luminary not thejust in restas her a of consort,ownCeautescu's the right. governing a fast methodlady, apparatus but of as rule aso political wasthat to rely on his family and to keep him and could never forget everyone owed and inlellec plaitstandardsthetofinnan straddle West, or affaitseven pursueandthe mild or Moscowclamp internally. matavegstachallenge. the - Peking tightest Its developmentseinfutcod divide possible end them.lidseek plainon inopionsi tugRomania at espeuithi the costrelenting continued ofof livingcorn. with RomaniaChinesedecisionsresultPosition was anddelegates locum !squiringsuch privilege nothinga told a directly rulingWesterners could fromtobe moved onthey high, dislikedthrough that doingits even bureaucracy. business Comma with nit stilling, paralysed hierarchy, with the most trivial il. The andpeoplecare his to aroundbeportraits photiqpasolted him. show Ilse bun(.esuanco hair in the is midst is a tonsilof ihddien man, is which standing is seldom above noted the because Ste takes with a wow mule, though he holds himself curly, hos eyes narrow, his nose sharp, Buttimesinsulated, there people couldso distant be little Thoughfrom doubt the theireveryday in a imagessystem life wereofof suchthe ubiquitous, country, stringent that andthe some- leadingcers- couple were so woodined whether they actually knew what was going on. ?8 nouncedIsalszed483 comingthat so Whenpercent loud of illnessshortages throughout because the FORUM: acute, Ceausescu an- country was due to well beyond snore totalitarianThere seemed mismanagement to be a degree of of the sadism country and A megalomania Inge that went ROMANIA: THE LIGHTS VilkINT OUT 48 wentoilmitted,gluttony. and to perbes. Ile sfoundmantis, poundsprescribed m no the of eggs, empty meatthougha "scientific markets. diet" he Sharp-tongued did (or health Romanians said pound of butter, s.s pounds of cooking not say how these items purposes. It per- builtoftenandpart triumphalofanthills by old foreign Bucharest of avenue.apartment diplomats, was Some blocks. razed butof the tomostCentral buildfine people old anotherhealing villas were andweremonumental *Medbut left, wafer occupiedinto luiimi wereOM- reefedcameWeedit was whenwas with a rationed newCeausescua had contribution of in stones. sob). visited One Ile ato missing ledofhistoric the by few helicopter.town ideology, known shortly "dieteticafterward Marxism."and incidents of disorder was cigarettesneededtheavailable two andtohours only get small occasionally. quickof but packets attention water ofPeople promised coffee from would a because doctor daily get upor a toatmedium spersuade Or 4 ofA 110catholic, a plumber10 set d happened to he on. Kent currency.Sovietsintegration Iluge refused in tubes planning "ruble ofEnergy methane oil" by andComecon, was gas, petroleum also which critically the looked hadSoviet shod. like economic crudeBecause rockets, bloc, of Romania to be bought with hard t rejection of the Ceauleicu.itto was moonlight. dangerous Nobody The to national beimagined caughtles currency, the withthat circumstances, unauthorisedhe the might hi, was (all, notforeign foreignbut of he great currency. wasobservers use, at least and speculated about after- werePukehinny usingplacedhadhotels a more rightbuiltatop than fortocity enterforeign thebuses ration anyone's tourists,for oftheir electricity. home fuel. The laght streets, bulbs and were left in a dim gloom at night. at any hour to see if they over ao watts even the hesuccessiontempered,human drinks, enough chases self-indulgent which to women,hisbe modal.father son gets was Few Nicu into preparing supposed wouldfights," really onefur that him. official behis "Iable high-hying,don't confided, to 'Mud hold "butthatthehot sescupenaltiesandwest lintliday,apartment no Except longer 'IV (or dwellerson stations special sale. caughtRefrigerators broadcastoccasions, using onlysuch forbiddenhad two to behours electricunplugged a night. In as celebration of a Ceau- heaters risked in winter, any therehe'srepression,rise incompetent." be to a a battle position so of much factionsYet where nobody deprivation, orpower a greatoutside might suchupheaval? the be coocentratomi familytransferred It seemedhad been smoothly. ofthat powerallowed so much Would could to c.lande-nilicly.awlwattevent, souse hung it was Bulgatean(Alm such Assparts dreary, underground broadcasts,of the plopagandistic country. whichBulgarian-Romanian Bulgarian could televises be 'IV received schedules that dictionary people nn Bucharest circulated took to was sitionpuzzlement.Romanians,bring anof highexplosive askedThe importance, editor reliefwhat oftheywhen saidthe expected, Communist theblandly, dictator tended"Life Fartyultimately always to paper furrow bringsdisappeared. 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Romania its hadindustrious, if exhausted atohumnight par sell. the orof A stockingspassing authoritiesW00110 on andtold part word aboutadded of aboutthe a sadly, goatfriend a country cheese it who takes was familyit so produced ecstaticlade whninanotal to mikeatand having els happy found was willing to hale to 'queensnaredofwhen Soviet necessary, by in thralldomonits witown, and Oil no inwishes,evasion longerinternational on anda consolation.ducking ingratiation. relations 4,10-1% onlyIt has possible to escaped be hopelessly mid a bowing measure en- is nothing different mittnow fist Solalasety movreswist III Poland People mumbled and tsingrdBut these was bodging Ilk the social cuticula, which developed im the 'miaow 3 (1 Ceausescu Bear Hunt Shows A Dictator Hunting ForHonor Milwaukee Journal, January 13, 1991

1Editor's Note: The following article describes a bear and Germans - are pressed to the sidewalks, soldiersin hunt organized for the benefit of Romanian dictator front, two rows of secret police behind. The knowing Nicolae Ceausescu, who was toppled in the revolution (informed) throng is silent. of December 1989.Verging on a parody, the story of The agitators stare into people's eyes, shake the hunt is an authentic document of the Ceausescu them and bellow at each of them, 'Long live Nicolae dictatorship. a lesson on the technique of maintaining Ceausescu, most beloved son of the Romanian people!" power. The account first appeared in the German until each joins the cry. newspaper Die Zeit and was translated into English by 5:30 P.M.: More than five hours have passed The World Paper./ since the crowds were ordered to the streets. They October 10, 1984 stand tired, hungry, thirsty and listless. That same hour a beet-red helicopter appears 2 A.11.:Thedirectorof thezooin to the northeast and a commotion breaks out around the Marosvasarhely is awakened by the telephone.The Laposnya hunting lodge. Only Comrade Ceausescu has secretary of the district party council gives him brief a red helicopter!It lands on the court d'hormsur in instructions: The director is to dress immediately and front of the castle. A man dressed as a hunter steps report to work. gracelessly from the copier - Ceausescu's double!In Two members of the secret police are waiting the twilight, uncertainty...who knows where the real in front of the main building. Two large brown bears Ceausescu disembarked? are to be delivered immediately, and with the utmost The real one had flown in early that afternoon. secrecy, to the representatives of the Bucharest State Circus, who have been waiting for an hour. The circus October 12, 1914 peopletranquilize,tieandtoadthebearsby 9 A.M.: The throng of invited guests from the wheelbarrow into the special truck. They take off. Romanian Communist Party and the government, the 4 A.M.: The car stops in a small clearing. press and the diplomatic corps, falls in place to the The soldier-like prison guards curse as they struggle rhythm of a military march. with the bears. The animals, foaming at the mouth, are Ceausescu's arrival marks the climax. A thrown io the ground and, still tied, bite into the ceremonial column is led by the secret police. dew-covered grass. The beaters orders are to rouse the bear and direct him A veterinarian rushes to examine them and toward the bunting tower. nods with satisfaction; the bears, muzzled to prevent Activity in the clearing is suspect. The two them from eating or drinking before the hunt begins, bearstranquilized again - are freed. They gradually must have already goes three or four days without food. awaken and appear in the arena unsteady and bellowing. Their jaws are locked with steel clamps, their hind legs The keenest falcon of the Carpathians begins tied to tree trunks. to take aim, first closing his right eye and then his lett 3 A.M.: A dark green armed helicopter lands while his finger rests tensely on the trigger. One sharp nearby and the special Pioneer Division perfectly shot,then a second loud bang. Bloodspews camouflages the bun and the horse's body with pine fountain -like from the bear's chest near his heart. branches and leaves. Eighty yards away, the Pioneers The other bear, apparently sensing his end is clear trees and bushes from a 20-yard radius and in a near, bellows dangerously, attempting to escape;ct half-hour build a stand in the clearing for Ceausescu. seems he was able to free one of his legs, The marksmen in the treetops are silent. They October 11, 1984 are completely satisfied with the current situation. 4 A.81.: Air surveillance, under way for 10 After all, through their joint efforts they have already days now, enters Phase 2: Ceausescu's air force flies felled one of the bears.The collaboration went into the air space between Dods and the Goergeny planned; the moment Ceausescu placed his first tinter Alps. Now the bravest warrior of the Carpathians can on the trigger thelittlered LED lamps onthe battle the bears protected by jets and attack helicopters. sharpshooters rifles' rifles lit up, and when Crausesol By the order of the Party, all industrial, trade, cultural squeezed, the three marksmen also fired - with sileni..crs and administrative activitieshaltinthe town of so that this small technical auistance could be rendered Szasegen. The inhabitantsHungarians, Romanians with the utmost discretion. 31

BEST COPY AVAILABLE And so the hero of the battle at Goergeny The bear stands frozen; he was not hit. Ceausescu conquered the first giant beat with only two shots. throws his rifle to the ground hysterically and slams his Meanwhile, the other bear is pulling at his bindings fist on the stand's railing. He fired, so the bear must with unbelievable might. The thin .steel wire little by have been hit! A president does not fire a second time. little saws deeper Into the bones of the ailing animal. The marksmen in the trees save the dramatic situation. One last yank at the binding and the animal is free. Their dampened shots slice through the animals chest. The racket confuses the doomed bear and he The giant wavers a few moments in a pool of its own attempts to escape.Ceausescu, up above, red in the blood and falls. face and shaking, lifts his weapon. His consternation is The national anthem follows and Ceausescu, understandable; he has never had the opportunity to fire visibly pleased, waves from th, stand and descends the at a wild animal at such close range. And so the brave ladder.He pauses on the first rung to lift his chest hunter firth without aiming! proudly and is awarded the gold medal for the best The band breaks offs there is a pained silence. marksman in Romania in 1984.

Where Policemen Outnumber Pigeons Mircea Dinescu, Uncaptive Minds, May-June-July 1989

This is an incredible country -- a country border guards point their weapons toward their own where people can't even immolate themselves publicly country, where wheat is harvested on television but rots because of a shortage of matches, or bang themselves in the fields, where workers are called 'proprietors' so because of a shortage of rope. Look at Bucharest, well that they can be made to buy what the Constitution says on its way to becoming the first European city without is rightfully theirs; their means of livelihood. Streetcar a single church, when policemen outnumber pigeons, conductors are obliged to buy their streetcars, drillers and black marketers have succeeded in introducing a their own drills, and peasants have to purchase the new kind of currency: Kent cigarettes. There's also the porches in their own yards.... disease of gigantism that measures human happinese in When you go home, toll everyone that Cod has cubic meters of concrete. It's an absurd land where the turned his back on Romania. Report From Romania: Down With The Tyrant Robert Cullen, The New Yorker, April 2, 1990

In bare outline, Nicoiac Ceausescu's life him a special place in the annals of Communism. and career closely resembled Stalin's. Like Stalin, His brother, Hie, became a vice-minister of de- he was born in poverty -- to a peasant family from fense. A second brother, Nicoiae Andruta, became a village called Scornicesti, about a hundred miles a lieutenant general in the security forces. A third west of Bucharest.lie received only a few years brother,toti,became the first vice-chairman of the of education before, at the age of eleven, he left his state planning agency. Ceausescu's youngest child family, moved to the capital, and found work as a and namesake, known as Nicu, became the head of shoemaker's apprentice. Like Stalin, he became a the Communist youth organization and then the Communist and a revolutionary while still in his Party leader in Sibiu, Transylvania. But the most teens.The Romanian press first noticed him in despised beneficiary of Ceausescu's nepotism was 1936, when the government tried him on a charge his wife, Elena.I spoke about her with Vladimir of Communist activity, convicted him, and sen- Tismaneanu, who is now a scholar at Philadelphia's tenced him to eighteen months In jail; he received Foreign Policy Research Institute.In the fifties an additional six months' sentence for a courtroom and sixties, Tismaneanu, the son of a ranking outburst. Like Stalin, he got his higher education Romanian official, attended school with Nicu Ceau- from fellow revolutionaries in trouble with the law; sescu. Mrs. Ceausescu, he remembers, behaved he spent most of the time between 1936 and 1944 much u any other mother until her husband be- in jail with other Party members. came the leader. Tismaneanu knew that things had By 1947, the government was firmly in the changed when an edition of the official Romanian hands of the Communists, and Ceausescu, as one encyclopedia listing the year of her birth as 1917, of the few Romanian Communist Party members a year before her husband's, was recalled and whose allegiance predated the arrival of the Sovi- destroyed. The next edition said she was born in ets, was well launched on a government career. 1919," Tismaneanu recalled, smiling. Mrs. Ceau- He brought certain talents to it.Ion Mihai Pacepa sescu then decided that she wanted a doctorate in who served as the director of Romania's foreign- chemistry, though she had never completed grade intelligence forces until 1978, when he defected, school. In 1967, she approached one of Romania's described Ceausescu as a man of "native intelli- most respected chemists, a professor at the Poly- gence, phenomenal memory, and iron will." technic Institute of Bucharest named Costin Neni- Ceausescu cams to power, in 1965, and tescu, and asked him to award her one.He re- positioned himself u a reformer and a nationalist. fused.Mrs. COMMIS then found a more pliant Alone among the WEICW Pact leaden, he publicly professor, at a provincial university in the town of opposed Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia in Iasi. She received her doctorate, and soon thereaf- 1968. Many Romanian intellectuals joined the ter became the chairman of the National Council Party in those years, and the Nixon administration for Science and Technology; the Romanian media singled Ceausescu out as America's favorite East- began to praise her as one of the world's most ern European leader he was the only one it invited distinguished scientists.Textbooks and scientific to the White House. But Ceausescu's devotion to encyclopedias were published under her guidance. liberal reforms lasted only as long as it took him to The unfortunate Professor Nenitucu went into eliminate the old Stalinists In the Party who might premature retirement. have challenged him for power, He gained control Mrs. Ceausescu had meanwhile added over the military in 1969, and became president in political work to her scientific duties.She joined 1974. He bad accrued power co gradually at first the Romanian Communist Party's Central Commit- that for years many Romanians and many outsiders tee in 1972 and became a member of its ruling who studied the country could not quite believe board, the Political Executive Committee, in 1974. what he had become. Romanis became a dlarchy, and Mrs. Ceausescu Once he had achieved power, he preserved MIS so feared that people referred to her only as it by means of a nepotism so rife that It assures She.I spoke with a man named Vasi le Negrescu,

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who was the director of the state's metals-trading program still destroyed thousands of urban homes company in the nineteen-seventies. After an earth- and a hancffill of villages. quake demolished the company's headquarters, in Ceausescu had a purpose in all this de- 1977, Negrescu solicited relief donations from struction. "He truly believed in the Soviet model foreign companies with which he did business. He of the ninteen- thirtles -- in building a new society," collected two million dollars for the construction of a Romanian historian named Din Giurescu, who a new headquarters building and deposited it in the now lives in this country, told me last year."If state bank. One day, ready to begin the project, he you want to have this type of society, you need a called the bank's director about withdrawing the totally new type of human being-- a being who funds. The money was no longer there, the banker will willingly, cheerfully, and diligenly carry out said, because "She took it."Negrescu knew pre- all the 'orders given by the leadership.To have cisely whom he meant, and he knew there was such an individual, you must create a new environ- nothing that either of them could do about it. ment for him. If you allow this individual to be on Romania is a fertile land, and only gross his own, to have personal reactions, then he will mismanagement could drive it to abject poverty. oppose this new society, because that's human The Ceausescu, provided just that.In the early nature. But if the individual Is totally dependent on years of the regime, Romania borrowed deeply the collective from his birth to his exit, then he will from abroad to build heavy industry -- particularly react according to the will of the collective." petrochemical factories, which would rely on im- The Ceausescu, ordered the clearance of a ported oil.But world oil prices soared, and there swath of land in the center of Bucharest about three was little demand for Romania's industrial produc- miles long and a quarter of a mile wide for the tion. Ceausescu then determined that repayment of centerpiece of systematization, which they called the debt would be the nation's highest priority, lest the Boulevard of the Victory of Socialism. Roger it fall under the influence of foreign creditors. To Kirk, the American Ambassador to Bucharest at the accomplish this, he squeezed the consumer sector time of the demolition, estimated that at least forty unmercifully, shipping much of the country's food thousand people lost their homes; some of Roman- abroad.In April of hut year, the government ia's oldest churches and monasteries were either triumphantly announced that the debt had been destroyed or moved.The new boulevard runs paid, but no improvement in consumer supplies diestraight across the belly of the city, flanked by followed.The stores in Bucharest last summer parallel rows of nearly identical white ten-story offered some peas and pickles in jars and a little apartment buildings, ornamented with balconies and flour; at the butchers' counters, people could buy columns. The boulevard is about ninety yards wide pigs' heads and pigs' knuckles, but there was no -- wider, Ceausescu's architects liked to boast, than sign of any of the intermediate parts of the animal. the Champs-Elysees. At its west end looms a new While Ceausescu was paying off the debt, House of the People, on which construction started he was also pouring resources into a demolition- in 1986, and which covers as much ground space and-construction program he called "systemiza- as the United States Capitol, and has about a thou- tion." When he announced the program, in 1974, sand rooms, many of them the size of respectable it struck many Romanians as a benign version of college gymnasiums. The interior decor features urban renewal.But over the years Ceausescu white marble, enormous columns, and gilt.Ac- transformed it. Had he completed his "systemiza- cording to Lieutenant Colonel Mihai Evores, an tion,"it would have razed the majority of the Army officer, who showed reporters around the nations thirteen thousand rural villages, because nearly completed building in January, Ceausescu villager with populations of Woe than two thousand dropped by two or three times a week to supervise people were d=ro-ed "economically unviabis," and the construction, and on almost every visit he the populations would have been transferred to ordered design changes. "He changed the scale or apartment blocksIndesignated agro-industrial the materials of the staircase in the south foyer centers. In the towns and cities the program would twelve times," Evora said. have rued more thee ninety per cent of existing In Eastern Europe, urban design has al- housing; along with donna of churches, and rs ways been inseparable front politics. The careful placed them with concrete apartment blocks. As it preservation or reconstruction of old and venerable happened, Ceausescu had neither the time nor the pans of Budapest, Prague, and Warsaw were state- money to "systemize" the entire country, but his ments of respect for national heritage and an tuber- 34 -3-

lion that the values of the past have not been lost. dawn. From my hotel window I could see march- The Boulevard of the Victory of Socialism makes ers in phalanxes of several hundred moving through a statement that deliberately belittles the contribu- the sixeets below, and I went downstairs to follow tions of vanished generations, and claims the Ceau- them. The paraders, carrying icons and their sescu era to be a gigantic, irreversible stride for- banners, filed through sleepy, quiet neighborhoods ward. Few urban landscapes in the world equal its toward Strada Borzoi, the starting point for the scale. In fact, its only true rival may be an avenue parade. Middle-aged men in tan suits escorted that existed solely as an architect's model:the them. Once in a while, one of the escorts would grand avenue that Adolph Hitler planned for Ber- give a signal, and his group would practice a chant; lin. "Ceau- su -cu, Er-o-Ism! Roma -ni-a, Com-muti- The Ceausescus demanded and received ism!"Many groups wore costumes; there were constant public veneration. I visited Bucharest last girls in diaphanous whits dresses, dancers in color- summer, a few days before the principal national fully embroidered peasant clothes with cockaded holiday -- August.23rd, which celebrates the 1944 hats, and wiry young athletes in bright-red shirts, anti-German coup. Walking around the city in the red sweatpants, and red caps.As the paraders late afternoon, I often came to wooden police neared Strada Hazel, they bunched up, stopped, barricades blocking off a few streets.Beyond the and waited. Some draped their filmy red banners barricades were throngs of people rehearsing for on the curb or the pavement and sat on them, to the big holiday parade -- practicing chants, and protect their costumes. Some propped themselves waving poles bearing signs and portraits.After- against lamppost; and smoked or chewed sunflower ward, they would stream put the barricades with seeds.Here and there, a man in a suit walked their poles slung over their shoulders like miners' through a group with pen and paper, and wrote shovels. One common slogan, in white letters on down names. Parade participation was an obliga- a red banner, read "1965.1989. THE ERA OF tion that rotated among the staff members of every NICOLAE CEAUSESCU. THE GOLDEN ERA." factory and office. The leaders of each workplace The portraits were all of Elena and Nicolae Ceau- Party cell designated the appropriate number of sescu.Recent photographs of Ceausescu show a marchers and made sure they attended. man with gray hair, a deeply lined face, and suspi- At the head of the line, on Strada Berzei, cious, hawklike eyes. The ubiquitous official was a cordon of policemen. Behind them I could portrait, however, depicted him as he perhaps see the military segment of the parade. Dark-green looked years ago -- with a bushy brown pompa- tanks, mobile anti-aircraft guns, and trucks filled dour, smooth cheeks, and a kindly smile playing with troops waited on the cobblestones while en- the full pink lips. gines idled, filling the air with exhaust fumes. I Few in Bucharest could escape that face as wanted to walk farther, to get ahead of the parade the holiday approached. Romania has one televi- and watch it go past, but the policemen stopped sion channel, which at that time broadcast for three me. Only people with special passes could stand hours each evening. I caught most of the program along the line of march, a policeman explained. on August 22nd. The newscast led with a long The parade, it turned out, was only three blocks report on a reception at which the two Ceausescus long, and went put a temporary reviewing stand in clinked glasses with the diplomatic corps. A report front of a museum under construction on Strada on counties that bad overfulfilled their production Stirbei Voda. Only invited diplomats, selected plans in honor of the holiday was next, and that officials, and the Ceausucus watched it in person. completed the news. Then came a musical hour. The rest of the nation could see it on television.I A choir massed under Ceausescu's portrait sang a turned around and headed back to my hotel. Along long hymn in praise of the nation's leader.The the way, I passed a line of people at a sidewalk music was followed by a documentary film about table where someone was selling butter.It was the the achievements of the Romanian economy, which only spontaneous crowd I saw that day. consisted principally, of clips showing the Ceauses- On television, the parade made an impres- cus snipping ribbons, inspecting dams and facto- sive spectacle. A military band, standing in forma- ries, and greeting happy workers, wbo were carry- tion across the avenue from the reviewing stand, ing the official portraits. provided background music. Legions of chanting The next day, cheers and chants and the workers marched past the cameras, their faces sound of marching foot awakened me shortly after almost obscured by the forest of Ceausescu por-

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traits and banners.The girls in white dresses people loved him, Ceausescu, as he aged, displayed pirouetted prettily.As they passed the reviewing acute fears of poisoning and germs. He had radia- stand, the young men in the special red costumes tion detectors installed in his °filets and residenc- broke ranks and regrouped to spell "C-B-A-U-S-B-- es, and employed special bodyguards to taste all his S-C-U" in precise block letters. Then they formed food before he ateIt, Immediately after duty the Roman numerals -- "IX, X, XI, XII, XIII" -- required him to shake the hand of a stranger, he that designated the Party congresses over which washed his right hand in alcohol. On a journalists' Ceausescu had presided,The cameras panned tour of Ceausescu's Bucharest residence after the often to the reviewing stand, where the Ceausescus revolution, I found among some papers strewn on stood, smiling and waving -- she In a white dress, a coffee table in the entrance hall a document from he in a dark suit.In contrast to the custom at a hospital laboratory certifying that a case of cook- Soviet parades, where the Party leadership lines up ing oil sent to the residence's kitchen had been on top of the Lenin Mausoleum in political pecking tested and found free of contaminants, A Bucha- order, the Ceausucus stood in regal isolation. rest physician I spoke with told mu that all the There would be no pictures the next day that ana- children who presented the Ceausescus with flow- lysts might use to spot a potential successor. ers were selected in advance, sent to hospitals, When the last marcher had passed, soldiers examined, and certified free of Infection before rolled out a red carpet from the reviewing stand to they were permitted to prefer their cheeks for his tiny street. A single black car drove up, and the kiss. Ceausescus walked to it, side by side. At the curb, Ceausescu created a vast security apparatus a dozen or so schoolchildren In red neckerchiefs to protect his regime.It is estimated that by the lined up with bouquets of flowers In hand. One by end of the seventies three million people-- out of one, they stepped up to one or the other of the a total population of twenty-three millionworked Ceausescus and presented their bouquets.Coati- or informed for the Securitate,The Securitate sescu accepted them with practiced ease, taking a maintained a collection of handwriting samples bouquet in his right hand, embracing the child with from sixty per cent of the population. Anyone with his left, and kissing a proffered young cheek. As a typewriter had to register it. Mall and telephones he kissed, the right arm swung out toward a aide, were routinely monitored.As a result, anyone standing just out of the camera's view. The flow- tempted to send a letter to, say, Amnesty Interna- ers disappeared, the arm swung back and Ceau- tional had to assume he would be caught,An sescu was ready to greet another youngster. The unpublished law, Decree 408, required Romanians ritual consumed but a moment or two. Then, with to report to the police any contacts they had with a final smile and wave, the Ceausucus got into the foreigners. A physician in the provincial city of back seat of the car and were driven away. They Medias told me about some of the equipment found looked proud and happy. in the Securitate headquarters there after the revo- Ceausescu profused to believe that careful- lution. On the ground floor was a bank of electron- ly orchestrated ceremonies represented the adula- ic equipment that could tap, and record conversa- tion of a prosperous and grateful people. Two tions from, any telephone in the city.In the base- years ago, In a meeting with John C. Whitehead, ment was a chamber with an operating table, a the Reagan Administration's Deputy Secretary of device for electroshock, and various Instruments State, he complained about an American newspaper for torture, including needles and a vise. In a hag article that portrayed him as unpopular."I'm secreted in a wall were files listing the sexual extremely papules,' he said."I have evidence of specialties of several dozen women, who were it every day, Every time I make a speech, people being blackmailed and forced to ensnare others. rise and applaud." He also upbraided Whitehead Until December, the vast majority of the Romanian for a reference that President Reagan bad made to people feared the Securitate and submitted weakly Romania's economic difficulties, and asked whether to its control. the President knew that Romanians' per capita A handful of people did not.But the income had been rising steadily for eight years. regime had a method similar to the South Afri- Whitehead concluded that Ceausescu must have can practice of banningof silencing people with- surrounded himself with sycophants who made up out creating the kinds of martyrs to human rights statistics to please him. that might have attracted condemnation from out- Whether or not he truly believed that his side the country.In the fall of 190, Silviu Bru-

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can, a seventy-two-year-old Communist who had were likely to encounter him, once edited the Party newspaper, composed a letter A poet named Dan Desliu had left Roma- criticizing nearly every upset of Ceausescu's rule; nia in 1987 to live in Canada with his wife, a operating quietly and secretly, he got five other pianist who had defected during a foreign tour. aging former members of the elite to agree to Its Then he decided that in the years left to him he contents and managed to smuggle a copy out of the wanted to oppose the regime in his native country. country, and it was published early in 1989. After Desliu, who was then sixty-one, returned to Bucha- Interrogating Brucan, the Securitate forced him to rest In 1988 and got an open letter published move to a two-room cottage In the village of Da- abroad in the spring of 1989. He suffered three maroaia, outside Bucharest. Police erected a spot- months of house arrest. Thereafter, the Securitate light to illuminate his doorway day and night, and summoned him periodically for further interroga- prevented him from receiving visitors or leaving tion and Intimidation. At the last of these sessions, the village. on December 12th, his interrogator mocked the Occasionally, foreign journalists would country's handful of dissidents."Can't you see manage to meet and Interview dissidents. In early that in our country everything is silent?" the inter- 1989, a poet named Mircea Dinescu told a reporter rogator asked."Nothing is moving and nothing for Liberation that God had turned his face away will ever move." from Romania. The Party expelled him, and he On Sunday, December 17th, after two days lost his Job on the editorial board of a literary of rioting in Timisoata, Ceausescu convened a magazine.Securitate agents showed up on the meeting of the Political Executive Committee of the street in front of his house and stood guard, putting Romanian Communist Party. According to a tran- him under the same kind of house arrest that Bru- script that was published some three weeks later by can suffered, Last August, 1 called on a dissident the newspaper Romania Libera, there was a tele- physicist named Gabriel Andreescu at his apartment communications hookup from the meeting room in in southern Bucharest. For sight years, Andreescu Bucharest to remote sites where some of his gener- had quietly struggled against the regime, principally als and security men were monitoring events.In by smuggling out letters and essays of protest to the transcript, Ceausescu demander,: to know why Western human-rights groups. For almost as long, the military had yet to open fire on the Timisoara the regime had tried to intimidate him.He had demonstrators. "Why didn't they shoot?" he asked spent a month in prison in 19118, and the police had Defense Minister Vasile Miles. "They should have recently threatened to commit him to a mental Insti- shot to put them on the ground, to warn them -- tution unless he emigrated or abandoned his politi- shot them in the legs." Apparently addressing his cal activities.I dropped in on him uninvited, and own commanders on the scene, Ceausescu said, he hesitated before agreeing to an interview. Once "Everybody who doesn't submit to the soldiers -- committed, however, he responded in earnest when I've given the order to shoot. They'll get a warn- I asked why Romania, in contrast to countries like ing, and if they don't submit, they'll have to be Poland and Hungary, had never developed more shot.It was a mistake to turn the other cheek....in than an atomized dissident movement. Partly, he an hour, order should be reestablished In Timi- said, it was the country's history and tradition; Its soars." people had been conditioned to submit during the Ceausescu left shortly afterward for a centuries of Ottoman rule, and neither the pre- previously planned three-day visit to Iran, apparent- Communist Romanian aristocracy nor the Commu- ly unaware of how fragile his situation had be- nist regime had done much to change that.And come. His support in the Romanian army had been partly, he went on, it was the efficiency of the eroding for years. Securitate. No Communist country had developed But the regime had other forces atits a dissident movement under conditions of unbridled disposal troops of the Ministry of the Interior, Stalinism. As if to demonstrate the veracity of the and Securitate agents trained for combat. On latter point, Securitate agents arrested me as I left Sunday, December 17th, thousands of Timisoara Andreescu's apartment, and expelled me from the demonstrators moved through the city. Many country within hours. They summoned Andreescu broke into bookstores, tors apart displays of books for several days of interrogation, and after he by and about the Ceausescu, and set them afire on refused once again to emigrate they exiled him to the pavement. A large group gathered outside the a small town called Buzau, where no foreigners gray granite Communist Party headquarters, on the

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broad Boulevard of August 23rd, The Prime Min- isolated and crushed if their revolt failed to spread, ister, Constantin Ducalescu, who had been sent began telling friends about it in carefully veiled from Bucharest to restore order, appeared on a phone calls: "There is a big storm, and the sky is balcony along with the local Party leader, and both red." officials told the crowd to go home. The crowd Ceausescu returned to Bucharest on De- booed, and more cries of "Down with Ceausescu!" cember 20th, and immediately addressed the nation rang out. The officials withdrew, and the demon- on television.Anyone who expected him to be strators, emboldened, broke into the building, tore conciliatory was disappointed. He called the Timi- portraits of Ceausescu from the walls, and hurled soars demonstrators "a few group[s] of hooligan them through the windows.They broke into a elements," and said, "On the basis of data available storeroom and found cues of such delicacies as so far, one can say with full conviction that these coffee and salami, which the party had been hoard- actions of a terrorist nature were organized and ing. These were liberated. A fire truck came to unleashed in close connection with reactionary, the scene, presumably to disperse the crowd by imperialist,Irredentist,chauvinist circles,and spraying It with fire hoses. The crowd seized the foreign espionage services In various foreign coun- truck and burned it.At that point, according to tries."He scheduled a demonstration of support Sandor Ricsok, armed men in civilian clothes for the regime the following day, in the square in opened tire; he presumed that they were Securitate front of the Central Committee building.The agents. Party apparatus got to work organizing a crowd The shooting spread to other quarters of and handing out the usual banners and portraits. the city on Sunday night, in what Timisoarans As the rally began, it appeared that the came to call "the massacre."Exactly how many regime would once again be able to demonstrate people died will never be known. Some witnesses that the people were, If not loyal, at least docile. said that Securitate agents in trucks picked up Ceausescu, wearing a black fur hat, stepped out bodies and hauled them away to prevent a complete onto the second-story balcony.Mrs. Ceausescu count.The city hospital, I was told, counted a and members of the Political Executive Committee hundred and ten dead before its list of victims was flanked Wm. A crowd of several thousand people confiscated by the Securitate.However, reports had assembled, under a thicket of banners and that thousands of people died in Timisoara, and portraits."To begin with, I would like to extend tens of thousands in the rest of the country in the to you...warm revolutionary greetings," Ceausescu ensuing week, were doubtless exaggerated, by said, with unintended Irony. Cheers and chants of people who could not believe that a regime so "Ceausescu! Romania!" answered him. feared could fallwithout taking an enormous A lamppost wobbled, and its lamp fell to amount of victims with it.A month after the the ground, shattering with a loud cosh. The events, the now government announced a revised woman standing next to it shrieked. Immediately, national count of six hundred and eighty -nine dead the people around her assumed that she had been -- a figure that seems creditable. shot by the Securitate.Someone shouted "Tim'. The confrontation in Timisoam continued soars! Timisoaral" to suggest that another massacre for three more days, with government forces either had begun. Some young people at the edge of the unable or unwilling to kill enough of the city's crowd chose that moment to unfurl a homemade three hundred and fifty thousand people to end the banner they had secretly been carrying: "DOWN uprising. Gradually, power began to swing to the WITH CEAUSESCU." Other people began to run demonstrators. Os December 20th, the rebellion away. gained control of one of the olty's largest factories, The noise and confusion seemed to startle a petrochemical plant called Solventul, and threat- Ceausescu. He stopped speaking and waved his ened to burn it down unless all prisoners in the city arms."What! No, no...Hello, hello," he said, jail were released. The Securitate let the prisoners apparently thinking that something was wrong with go. More important, the rest of Romania began to the microphone. He looked, for a moment, old, hear about the events in Timisoara. Most people in bewildered,andvulnerable.Mrs.Ceausescu Bucharest told me that they had first learned about stepped to the microphone and called for silence. what wu going on by listening to the BBC or The confusion lasted for three minutes, during Radio Free Europe on December 15th. Some of the which Romanian television interrupted the broad- Timisoarans themselves, afraid that they would be cast and played a patriotic song. Then Ceausescu 35 -7-

resumed his speech, which offered to raise pensions as a traitor's suicide, and a later account by the and the minimum wage. There were even a few military confirmed that Milea had shot himself obedient cheers and chants from the front of the rather than carry out his orders. Many Romanians crowd.But the damage to the regime had been nevertheless believed that Ceausescu had ordered done.The shrieks and the confusion, combined Milea's summary execution. However it occurred, with the interruption of the broadcast, had pro- Milea's de':11 did not bend the Army to Ceauses- duced a moment of weakness, and that, in turn, cu's will. By that time, many of the soldiers and had punctured irreparably the notion that the people junior officers had defected to the crowds in the of Bucharest would once again submit weakly to streets. A crowd surged against the Central Com- Ceausescus' rule. mittee building and began to break in. Ceausescu, The center of the turmoil was the universi- his wife, and some of his entourage wein toa ty, a few blocks from the Central Committee build- landing pad on the roof, squeezed into a helicopter, ing.There was ironic justice in this.In 1968, and fled the city. Ceausescu had. decided that Romania needed a At the Central Committee building, mean bigger population to fulfill his plans, and had is- while, power seemingly lay for a moment on the sued a decree banning abortions. For a few years, littered floor, available to whoever had the wit and the birth rate in the country shot up, until women determination to grab it.I spoke with a witness to found alternative, albeit often crude and dangerous, all of the events in the building, Valentin Oabriel- forms of birth control. The children born in the escu, who had been an officer in the Romanian late sixties and early seventies were called "decree Army during the Second World War and afterward babies," and, because nothing else in society ex- had joined the National Peasants' Party. He was In panded with the birth rate, they had always been the square when Csausescu's helicopter took off, particularly deprived.There were never enough and he entered the building a few minutes later.In shoes, or toys, or classroom space for them. the confusion, Oabrielescu recalled, no one seemed Decree babies at the university made up a good to be In charge.PrimeMinister Dascalescu came part of the crowd in the streets of the capital that out onto the balcony end announced that Ceauses- day, and decree babies were the Army conscripts cu's somata had been dismissed. According to on whom the fate of Ceausescu now depended. a later newspaper account, there was a short -lived The regime responded hesitantly and Inef- effort by a member of Ceausescu's Political Execu- fectually to the turmoil in the streets. Around the tive Board, Ills Verde!, to form a successor gov- country, the Securitate rounded up dissidents but ernment.About an hour later, Ion Milieu ar- not all.Tanks and armored personnel carriers rived... patrolled the streets out did not control them. Some soldiers received orders to fire, and shot into the air. Others, possibly Securitate agents, wound- ed and killed demonstrators. Some fired tear gas. Some used fire hoses to try to disperse the crowds. But the regime's ability to intimidate had vanished, perhaps because of Ceausescu's display of weak- ness, because of the people's knowledge of what had happened elsewhere In Eastern Europe, and because of an exhilarating sense that Romanians were finally standing up and asserting themselves after decades of humiliation. Ceausescu's downfall came the next morn- ing. He made a final effort to speak to the angry crowds from the balcony of the Central Committee building. The people booed and, according to one witness, throw things at him Including potatoes and shoos. He retreated inside the building and again ordered the Army to fire on the crowds.What happened next was that the Minister of Defense, Vasil. Wu, was shot. His death was announced

:39 111.111111.15111111111EleignommilIMIIII Ths Romis *Vs hear look.

NEWMASKS, OLD FACES

By Vladimir Tismaneanu

Revolutions tend to be drawn in black and white. killed have a personal interest in his quick and private The revolutionaries, naturally enough. tend to death? Who are these people who constitute the new romanticize their rebellion's roots, to idealize regime? And are they using the myth of revoluuonary their victory, and to demonize their enemies. justice and military expediency to hide other motives? This alone does not make the revolutionaries liars or To answer these questions, we must understand the their revolutions illegitimate. A stylization of history nature of the revolutionary upheaval in Romania. On can be essentially true without true to every de- the one hand, there was undoubtedly a spontaneous tail, But it also can be essentially,Me, and that is the revolt from below, the first luccessfit1 plebeian revolu- danger looming in Romania today: that the lineaments tion in the Soviet empire, On the other hand, it teems. of revolutionary change will be used to disguise ideo- there did ealet an tetra-Party conspiracy, long prepared logical continuity. by disenchanted cadres from the government and the Qiiestions about what is true and blur in the story of military burooscracits. This movement was directed Romania's revolution begin with the execution of the narrowly et the CIPOUNICIII and their corneae. The Ceausescu.. As the story is told, Nicola. and Elena Party bureawists, inspired by Mikhail Gorbachey's re- Ceausescu fled Bucharest by helkopier just after noon form from above, wanted to humanise socialism, not on December 29. They wore captured by the army later replace it. By contryst, the grass-roots activists, particu- that day. The new government, facing fierce resistance WO the student leaders, wanted to dismantle the Com- from pro-Ceausescu forces, felt it could not risk a fair munist order and establish a Westernstyle democracy, (and inevitably prolonged) trial. As leng as the dictator At the moment, Judging 1Vom the composition of the and his wife remained alive, their followers might some- Council of the National Salvation Front now to control. how manage to spring them and use them as a rallying the Party faction seems to be winning out. Its president. point. Hence the quick Christmas executions, a mere Ion lliescu, is a seasoned Party apperatchik. Dorn to a acceleration of a certain conclusion. Of course it would longtime Communist family, he studied in Moscow in have been gratifying to see the CIPIRIOISCUI on trial. the early 1950s, when he socialized with Gorbachev. Nuremberg-fashion, their crimes detailed before the then a Komsomol !seder at Moscow University. In 1966, world. But circumstances in Suchatem, the new leaders as chairman of the Romanian Students' Association. claimed, were too volatile to allow such an approach. lliescu participated in repressive campaigns against stu- Many Romanian intellectuals thirds the best solution dents who expressed their solidarity with the Hungarian would have been to skip a trial, with its predetermined revolution. Laser he became the leader of the Romanian outcome, and simply kill the Ceeuseecus on the spot. Communist Youth Union (UTC) and ingratiated him- Why offer them a chance i0 defend themselves against self with Ceausescu to the extent that in early 1971 he the irrefutable? Moreover, as the tape of the trial shows, became the Party secretary in charge of ideology. True. theirs was a trial in name only. The lam of the pram- he refused to abide all of Ceausescu's whims and was tors remain invisible, their names secret. In this sense gradually marginalized. But his participation in Party ac- Romania's new leaders chose the worst of all ahem& tivities continued. At the 12th Congress of the Roma- west tyrannicide pretending to be law. By attempting nian Communist Party in 1979, Ilietcu was elected a to keep the revolution pure, they sullied it. member of the Central Committee, serving as chief of Such, at any rate, are the various versions of the the Party orpnization in Iasi. In the 19110s he was ap- accepted story. But could there have been more to the pointed chairman of the State Committee for Waters regime's action? Did those who adored Ceausescu and later director of the lirchnical Publishing House in Bucharest. Until December 29, 1919, Illescu did not Vt.sotMlit TlialsnitAnn, a resident scholar at the For- make any public disavowal of the regime or its Indef.. eign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia. left Ro- The National Salvation Front chose Virgil Slagureanu mania in 1911. He is now completing a history ofitoma- to read its fins communique on Romanian televiston man communism. Magureanu is a professor at the Party academy who tor

PHIMMI11111. 19111 1141 vow MIS 11 it I? 41) UST COPYAVAILABLE the past I S years has taught smermlk socialism, which in newspaper Roadnia Were published Maidu's true biog. Romania meant Ceausescu Thought. The secretary of Mph,, including his tenebrous links with the hated Se. the NSF Council is Martian Dan, Ilieecu's short-lived MUM. Maids of mine who have formed the pro. successor as head of the UTC and fanner propaganda Welton, piondistic Group for Social Dialogue indicate boss of the Bucharest Communist Pam °rp:anon. that many Romanians have misgivings about Mullu's His area of expertise is also scientific socialism. "Brmapartin" ambitions. Indeed. some intellectuals The first deputy chairman of the NSF Council is Do- wonder whether his hysterical performance before the mitru Masilu, who in the 1970s served as the command. mob was a sip of mental illness, or simply a continua. er of the security police school in amass, a township tion of his role as a provocateur in Saueiuse. lust outside Bucharest. Masdu held the sank of a &Kurt- The chairmen of the commission dealing with inter- tate colonel and was one of Ceausescu's speechwriter* national relations is Silviu Brucan, a Party veteran for more than a decade. He broke with the dictatorship whose dissident record indicates Gorbaclievite svmpa. two years ago, when he smuggled out of Romama a re- thin. In the 1950e Brucan served as lie acting editor of port for the United Nations Youth Commission on hu- Sarum, the Communist Party's official dads.. In the man rights violations. Placed under house arrest, Matilu 1970s. with Ceausescu's permission. he published a resurfaced immediately after Ceausescu's escape from number of books in the United States (by Praeger Pub- Bucharest on December 22. On January 12 Muilu was lishers in New York), in which. not surprisingly. he acclaimed by a Bucharest mob as he histrionically refrained from any criticism of the regime's abysmal chanted. "Death to Communism" On January 13. the human right record. Even in his latest book, florid

same time formerly forbidden video. in the fact that the WNW pie- Street Theater tapes of Tina Turner and Michael p1=$ used to praise the "Falcon Jackson were introduced. On Decem- of the Carpathians" are now eagerly SUOMILST ber 211 came the first full-length film:denouncing the vicious moot. nags Croton no erne The Groat Dictator ( 1040). with Charlie For the first two weeks after the WW1" went the dam Chaplin playing the merciless ruler revolution. the newspaper's atm- 414-Today is Cluisueus. of a country called Tommie. um was divided between reproduc- the madman's gone." The news also changed des. ing the decrees. programs, and nen- The lighting was over in SOON of maticall only because the "he" des of the National Salvation Prom the cuy by the fifth day of the revoke whose speeches and schedule used tin perfectly wooden lastsmagth bon. The Palace Square in from of to occupy 50 percent of the news printing ft-Amer', forbidden morn- the former Central Committee budd-hole was no more. Several new dal. als (teat of the Helsinki agreements. ing smelled of wet ashes free lies appeared. such as the evening basic facts about Amnesty Interns- burnedout buildings. The tanks still Lthereena and roureof Woe (Free tional, installments from Rai Hew had their engine, running. but the Youth). Rename LAM didn't bother :oat. a book by a Securitate defec- soldiers, in helmets and long heavy to change its already apt tide. but it tor); and denouncing the Ceausescu coats reminiscent of World Wart. took off tit logo "Worker, of the clan (a half-page reproduction of were carelessly walking around ac- World. Unite" and started trying to Elena's grades when she was ten cepting food and cigarettes from the tire up to its name. years old showing that she failed ev people. In the streets and squares The previous Communist Party ery subject but music, spent, and thin orange candles stuck in pious organ Samna (Spark) underwent manual work a huge document from of bread burned to commemorme strange mutation. In the fins days ofCeausescu's son's &oak numerous the deed. a Romanian tradition. the fighting the word "Pepondis" (of photographs of Nicolae's sumptuous On day sic. almost overnight. the the people) was added to the tit* palaces). task of rebuilding began. In the townthen the whole thing was changed to Trying to make sense apolitical center teams of architects SitiOSINI Mivervi. which means truth. There life by following the press was con- the damage. Trucks took away tars is a telling precedent to this muta- fusing. Take the formation of the flattened by charges take. Windowtion: Law's first newspaper was new government: the otilit of the glass was replaced. returned called him !Spark). later to be re- prime minister. his deputy, and the to houses they had *mewed under named Previa (Truth). defense minister were announced fire: white flap still hung *ow the .4deviinoi is now a "sociopolitical nine days before the puhlicsuon of a dooming. independent daily." Some 90 per- decreedaw of the National Salvation Inside the 'IV studios. the Nat** cent of its editors are from Samna, Front Council dm stated: "Roma- al Sal, MOO Front keesedes=r and it is produced in the "Cam kin- nia's government is set tip at the su- for calm. declarations if fed." a frightfa Stalintu wedding- preme body of state admmistostion." messages of support from all ewe cake as budding in the owls of Moe- How supreme it is was explained in the country and front aimed, and cow University. Mumma TOIL now the decree: the council appoints the iestaarancn about the cuy's tap wa deputy editor, told me that "then is prime minister, who then proposes ter (it was not contaminstod). The no continuation" between the two the Cabinet that has to be approved broadcasts. at first spontaneous. papers. "The oversealous s en by the council. Oh yes, and all deci- even chaotic. quickly took shape. of Ceausescu simply it coming sions of the government can be en The messages of suppers 'eye way le to work, but the maion *Jut nulled by the Front if they are con. communiques and decrees. At the staved." he said He saw nothing Meted "contrary to the interests of

se nit *ow atm *LK POsioriv L 1080 41 BEST CMNAM Sono luln at the Crewmen 119871. Brum did not directly communism. Born to a high- ranking nemmilenna (w- challenge the disastrous course of Rosman commu- ily, he is the son of the late Valuer Roman.a Spanish atm. His official break with Ceausescu occurred in Civil War and Conan111111 veteran who, until his deathin November 1987. when he issued a warning against the 1981. was a member niCesustscu's Central Committee use of violence to stop working-dam unrest in Brasov. and the director of the Communist Party's publishing Later, in March 1989. he was instrumental in convinc- house. Petre Roman, who got his Ph.D. from the Um- ing he other Party veterans to sign a letter condemn- venity of Toulouse in Prince. is a professor of hydrau- mg the president's economic and social policies. lic engineering at the Polnethitical Institute in Ruche- The foreign minister. Sergiu Ce lac. wis until 197$ test. Until December he was an uncntical member of Ceausescu's personal interpreter for Russian and En- the Romanian Communist Party. glish. a position that was the equivalent or a directorial That any one of dame former apparatchiks and office in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Celac a per- technocrats should toy to return to Romania's post- sonal friend not only of the new president but also of revolutionary government is perhaps understandable. Stefan Andrei. Ceausescu's long-time foreign minister But that this particular group should come back jointly. and until the revolution one of the dictator's closest to such high positions. is worrisome. Celac and Roman associateskept a low profile as an editor of the Scien- graduated from the taw elite Russian high school in tific Publishing House in Bucher:E. Bucharest, and through the years visited frequently As for the new prime minister, the 43year-old Petre with both Hiescu and Brucan. All of these men have Roman is a symbol of the "new look" of Romanian belonged to an inforunddiscosion group on the impact

the Rontanian people. as food. heating. electricity. Those on felielleeliTinell the death penalty. The obvious nest question u the are mod more permeate aught. which die Front had abolished two legitimacy of the Front itself. In an moms dun this kind of democratic weeks enlier: outlawing the Commu- imeryiew with Silvio Brum. a lead- *onion. We won because we want nist Mr and riming a special ing 1:ember of the council and dean-red deraecrecv. and we want it be. commission to deal with complaints ence grist of the new regime. I asked cause a modern society there is no of those who suffered under the about the mechanisms inside the other soy. Camino dictatonhip. Front that will prevent it from turn- The ant day's press reaction was ing into another dictatorship. the first sign that not all is quiet on A. The only gunmen I can think AMeek after Brucan the From hone. Roasts Libre of is the development of pluralism spoke to me about the strongly sawed may of manipu- inside the Front and outside the Front's leguimacy, the lating the crowd and asked that he Front. szedeitt red. Fnday. January 12. step dorm. That some evening dug. Q But you are the ones who are a national day of mourning ing a TV broadcast the three men setting the rules of the game. by the 'Vent. some 3.000 people from thew* declared almost in uni. A. That's the product of the demosonsted in Bucharest outside son that they should not have given revolution. the Mint, of Foreign Affairs build- in to the crowd and they annulled Q Yes. but there was no agree- ing. the Front's headquarters. They the 111-bmw-old decree that out- ment made. Some people Just found chimed. "Down wish communism!" lawed it Communist Pam% tits fate themselves in the TV studio and be. -Deeds for death!" "Who elected is to be decided by a national refer- came members of the Front. in ea ad timer "What is the Front hiding?" endum., hoc way. And: "Down with Brune* The In emly December Cornett; lou- A. Yes. its an ad hoc body. but we doesomtnnion went on for more den. Wm had been ambassador to did it. That's our legitimacy. that we than It hours. which is very impres- the L'niesi Stases from 1967 to '77. did it. sive in Ironing weather and in a returned to Romanis after a fellow-. Q Does the fact that you fought cower? where for decade' there was ship at the Smithsonian Institution's mama a dictator by itself give you not a Nagle unofficial public Wilson Center. In late December he ter misty meeting. took din u deputy foreign minis- A. Oh v.ei. the fact that we were That evening the president of the ter. but died of a Man attack dm the only ones who deposed Gauen- From. Ion Ihestu. the first deputy laser. Is a meeting shortly before his cu gives us legitimacy. We could chairmen. Dunutru Matilu. and the death. tasked him the same question have taken advantage of that. We prime minister. Feat Roman. tried that I pet to Innen shout the Front didn't have to have 110101111. to have e dialogue with the crowd and s swim of checks and balances. Q, But sou said yourself that the while steadies on a tank outside the Without hesitating. he said that the youth. the students. demanded elec- *MOW Iliescu was asked to explainwuchdes is the street. H. dins.' tions. You have to respect their will. his activity during the past five Years know hear *Way events would con- A. Weil. we could reach an agree. (which Me did h Wahl was asked the firm hie mot& mint with them ... same (whirls he didn't I. Q But then you would not govern late a night the three men ap- ANNA MAUNA as a legitimate government. you peared hi the window of the ministry would remain provisional... and announced concessions to the Anna thamieka is a foreign etior at A. Well. we could manage if we demonstrators by issuing three de- the Polish independent daily Geale wanted. with such popular measures crees: cellist a national referendum wykewas.

liMpe Tilt MN ash ti itIS 4'' REST COPY AVAILABLE of the scientific revolution on contemporary socialism. nomenon limited to the top leadership. I have known tun by Roman's father and by Mihai Drapnescu. a Comtism Vedas Thdor sincewe were sociology stu- Parts, technocrat who is now the deputy prime minister. dents in Bucharest. I have also known him as the official In one of Iliescu's first interviews, he went out of minstrel of the Ceausescu court, specializing in well- his way on French television to distingtish the Roma- paid hosannas. And I have known him as the author of man revolution from the other movements in Eastern several scurrilous anti- Semitic yersifications and racist Europe. Romania's. he said. was a spontimeous anti- pamphlets. Then, on December 21, llidor sent abroad dictatorial outburst, involving no Party action or plot. a furious ants-Cesimescu manifesto, denouncing his for- But then a videotape was smuggled out of Romanis mer idol for being "the most bloodthirsty, .eriminal in and broadcast on French TV. Clandeminely filmed Romanian history, a monster worse than Stalin and during the first NSF Council meeting, it showed the Hitlera Belkanie Caligula." Moreover, liador argued, new defense minister. Col. Gen. Nicobar MiNania the massacre in Tintiacsara convincer him that "it was man with well-known pro-Soviet leaningmentioning not the Russians, the Hungarians. and the Jews who the existence of this organisation for the past six were threatening Romania." but the bloodthirsty tyrant months. When confronted with this entimeassing doc- whom he had so lavishly poised only several years ago. ument. the usually soft-spoken Pare Roman lost his Similar views have been voiced by other erstwhile temper and accused the foreign media of slandenng bootlickers. Mikan Gheorghiu, who served as presi- the new regime. dent of the Academy of Social and Political Sciences. But why should these people refuse so acknowledge appeared on Romanian television so express his disgust that a conspiracy existed? Would that notestablish their with Cla111.$01'11 "primitive obscurantism." Constantin revolutionary bona fides? Why do they mod the myth of Bonin, COINO31801. former chief of staff, was ap- an unorganised revolt? The likely answer is that they pointed by the new regime to be deputy minister of the need anti-Communist camouflage. U they admit that a economy and lost his job only under pressure from the Party plot existed, than their sudden appearance at the student movement. The list of these sunshine patriots balcony of the well-guarded Central Committee build- could be continued ad nauseam. ing in Bucharest's Palace Square on December 22. In all fairness to the new regime, one should men- 1989, might begin to look more Ws preemptive Party tion that it includes genuine dissidents, such as the art coup against the people's revolution don the fulfill- historian Andrei Mem and the literary critic Mihai ment of that revolution. Sara. appointed ministers of culture and education, The composition of their NSF Council might come respectively. The State Committee for Radio and Tele- under greater scrutiny as well, with Romanians object- vision is headed by the dissident writer Aurel Dragos ins that former apparatchiks hold most el the key posi- Munteanu (although plenty of holdovers are still sem- tions while true opponents of the Communist regime ing on its stall). have been assigned to largely ceremoad posts. And. Yet no crucial ministry has vet been assigned to some- finally. Ceausescu's execution might appear not only as one who really opposed the dictatorship. It is true that a tvrannicide but also as a method of mincing him. given the ubiquity of Ceausescu's cult, one could not find a large contingent of suitable officials untainted by col- collies. 1 have a personal reason foe believing in laborationists'. But a sufficient number could be found. this darker version of Romania's revolution. In Some examples should suffice: the electronics engineer II 9BO I was walking in a Sucharmt park with a Radu Filipescu, who was arrested in the early 19.01 for professor from the Party among, a man now distribution of anti- Ceausescu leaflets; the hums cntic closely linked to the ruling team. Amain; a confider*. Dan Prtrlicli, one of the most courageous opponents of nal voice. he whispered to me: "Wo area group that will the regime: the sociologist Alin Teodorescu, who dared soon get rid of the Ceausescu tribe." Nth* time, know- to cnticize the antiHungarian policies under Ceausesc u, in* the man and his institution. I suspected a provoca- the economist Ion Slags, who in the 1970s refused to tion. But apparently he was telling the Inuh. There did serve as the president's economic adviser. In any case .1 exist a group who wished to supplant the ruling tyrant sense of decency should prevent those who participated and establish their own oligarchy. They did not want to directly in the ideological orgies of C.causuicuism from topple state tocialism, only to rationalise it. As practi postunng as longtime resistance fighters. !tonere of realpolitik, they walked the Inswing corm Apart from one's sense of revulsion, though, does 11 dors of power, cultivated the narcissistic ego of the matter? In its initial statement, the NSF pledged to be 3 general secretary, and waited for their hour to come. transitional government, with no pretense of monopo- Now it has come. They left it to the students, the work- bang political power. Unfortunately. Silvio Srucan has ers, the soldiers, and the millions of aver Romanians now announced the NSF's intention to present its ()%% ri who took to the streets last December at pus an end to candidates in the April elections. Brucan, who h I the Ceausescus. Then, at a critical moment, Iliescu and emerged as the most articulate of Romania's new lead his associates climbed the crest of the historical wave. ens. said in an interview with the FINIgnalTIORel No wonder true Romanian revolutionmin have begun London on December 29 that he did not see any re] Sn to question their leaders' democratic pustestations. for the NSF not to enjoy he benefits of its revolution 1J I Nor is the return of old faces and oM voices a phe. ictore. But leaders of the newly formed oppose.

me tut %Its RIK OM 014.10111, I. IOW SST COPY AVAN= groupsamong them the Democratic Party, the which they were schooled: control the media; fragment als, and the National Peasantshave already expressed and isolatetheopposition; buy °lithe rest withpromises. their concern that these benefits include the NSF's Can the Went do anything to help prevent the Roma- attempt to set up its cells at workplaces. and thus con- nian revolution from being hijacked? Certainly the solicit. its current pre-eminence. Western media should become aware that thisis Brucan has also denied that the NSF had any links with danger, and strive to identify genuine proponents of the now defunct Romanian Communist Party, and has democracy in Romania and monitor their struggle proclaimed that communism is "irrelevant" in Romania. against any who might subvert democracy. And pnvate Yet many Romanians have noticed how. regrouped with- and public organizations should contribute to the dem- in the NSF's top leadership. Gorbachev's disciples are ocratic parties, as they did to Solidarity, the advice and revamping their Marxist creed. Knowing how much Ro- wherewithal that is needed to conduct a political cam- manians execrate the Communist Party, these leaders paign. Today's Romanians have nerer known a free are stnving to rescue socialism by abandoning its Com- election. The danger is that, deceived by communism's munist image. And they pursue the Bolshevik strategy in new face," they never will.

44 Romania

Protest by the Student League

on June 14, 1990, invaded the Ion Mircu Architectural Insti- On June 1), government forces broke up a three- tute, the University of Bucharest, the Medical and Pharmaceut- month-long protest on University Square by those opposed ical Institute, and the March 6 university complex. to the National Salvation Front. Fighting occurred be- We protest the attacks on male and female students and tween demonstrators and police; shortly thereafter, vi- teaching staff. olence engulfed the better part of Bucharest. in a televised address the next day. President Iliescv called on the min- We protest the sicking of our classrooms, laboratories. ers of the Jiu valley to come to Bucharest and reestablish and administrative offices. order. When they came, dity'untteihee a nvii-dt0 siign We protest the defilement and destruction of the libraries of terror. With lists of names and addresses in hand, they of the Depanment of Literature and the School of Architecture went looking for oppositionists and student activists, beat- We protest the confiscation of typewriters, photocopiers, ing up whomever they found. Before they returned horns, duplicating machines, and other equipment, documents, and President Nem thanked don at 0 special ceremony for valuables belonging to legally constituted student organizations. saving the revebuian. The stolen items were either gifts from international organi- The following protest, which was published in the zations or the property of students and teaching staff. June 20 issue of Rontinia Libert wits addressed to the We protest the acts of violence perpetrated by the miners parliament, the president, and the government. in certain neighborhoods of Bucharest. Students and intellec- tuals, who were the main victims of these act*, were virtually hunted down.

The student organizations that have signed this protest deny We protest the unjustified detention of students by the min- that they were in any way responsible for triggering the acts ers, in flagrant violation of the laws guaraning freedom of of violence which took place on June 11 movement to individuals. The student organizations have repeatedly criticized vio- We protest the climate of terror this violence has created lent behavior. They have firmly declared that all their actions in the capital, a climate that jeopardizes fundamental democratic have been, are, and shall be peaceable. Democracy is incom- and human rights. patible with any display of violence, whether by isolated in- We protest the pusivity of the police force, which failed dividuals, organizations, or spontaneously formed groups. to protect institutions of higher learning, restrain aggressors, Moreover, we herewith restate our conviction that democracy and conduct inquiries at the scenes of crimes. is only possible in a climate of legality. in which freedom of We protest the truncated coverage given by Romanian ra- speech.is guaranteed for every shade of opinion. Any attempt dio and television to the events of June 13- I S. 1990 in Bucharest to limit the free expression of opinions causes great harm to the process of democratization in Romania. We protest the repeated presentation of the events of lune 13 !which we condemn above, in the absence of coverage at We state our complete opposition to the violent acts per- the acts of violence perpetrated by the miners on June 14.15 petrated on June 13, 1990 against government institutions. If it is established that students participated directly in those acts. In conclusion, we demand the formation of a parliarne n these persons can in no way be considered representative of tary commission of inquiry to consist of representatives:tuidll our organizations. political parties present In parliament. This commission would delecnne The student organisations reaffirm their apolitical charac- ter: they support no political party nor group engaged in the the sequence of events on June 13-IS, 1990; struggle for political power. However, the students cannot be those directly or indirectly responsible for the violence indifferent to attempts to stifle the opposition forces, for if the committed on those dates, concentrating on those acts opposition wars to disappear, democracy itself, along with the directed against institutions of higher learning and stu very possibility of acting in accordance with civic responsibtl dent organisations; !tin, would disappear also. the extent of the government's responsibility for trig- We therefore protest the violation of the autonomy and gering these events and for failing to prevent the break immunity of the universities by detachments of miners who. down of public order.

page 26 Uncap. e`.t 45 Romania

The commission would see toitthat the final report, Documents confiscated by theminers on June 14. 1990: in its entirety, is presented in the media. inventory of documents Equipment confiscated by the miners on June 14, 1990: file of international contacts 6 mechanical typewriters. 24 electric typewriters, 2 electronic telephone directory typewriters, l office calculator, 1 pocket calculator, 2 video list of members of the League cameras, 3 video caustics, 2 fax machines, 4 megaphones, photocopies of legal documents. 2 photocopiers, 2 duplicating machines, 1 video recorder. We avow that owing to the theft of the inventory I computer, I radio caucus player, 2 telex machines, 1 tape the above list was compiled in the recorder, 50 rolls of film, notebooks, adhesive tape. pencils, presence of witnesses. The miners have refused to make a statementin this matter felt-tipped pens, typewriter ribbons, cans of food. This list was drawn up by Mire la Moldovan andBasil Con- This equipment came from donations made to the Student stantinescu on June 15. 1990. League by various international organisations and private in- dividuals, and was in perfect working order.

46 smelled insufferably of disinfectant.Suddenly a group The Ramaim mesas pis Whet of plaindothed individuals commandedus to stop. Their arrogant, insulting behavior betrayed themas Se- curitate men, and they ordered us togo back to the ho- tel. In any cue the rood was Winked, and within minutes police trucks arrived in she squire to dismantle thetents of the hunger strikers and the platform the demonstra- tors had erected for speeches. hotesters were beaten up HOMAGETO GOLANIA and forcibly removed, and the hunger strikers were transported to unidentified army hospitals. This proved to be only the list stage. It won't long By Vladimir niXd/V40111 before thousands of incensed citlient, mostly students. began demonstrating against the government's brutal IlL'CHAUST evacuation of the square. kluotetnu futilely implored I went to Romanip on June 9 expecting to witness stone the cruwil tu mid violence. Bet there were apparently unpleasantness between the yr:liniment and the oppo- enough planted provocateurs to keep the mob's collec- iition. The sit -in staged by students, worker, and in- tive wrath roiling. (During the tumult pictures were tak- tellectuals at University Square was approaching its en in which former Steuritate officers can be seen third month, and President kin Iliescu had not do. among the crowd.) As teenagers threw hundreds of Mo. rliSeti his opinions of dissidents, Following his elec- lotov cocktails at the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the tion on May 10, official publications of the Nolan& Rotoanian Soria of Interludes. the army made no ef- Salvation Front embarked on a smear campaign SO HI fort to interim. In a scene reminiscent of East Germa- independent intellectusls and magazines. Leaden of ny early this year, the mob stormed the former building the opposition parties were accused of being on the of the Recuritate, and a group of "demonstrators" set payroll of Western secret twice,. Student lindens Ore to the ninth Boor-whew the most sensitive ides panicularly the charismatic Marian Munteenu, one of were stored. Thin appalling dhplay of collective drlin. the main orators in University Squirewere prepos urn continued for the neat two days, a terrifying illustra- terously charged with having served as members of the tion of the nature of power in post-Ceausescu Romania. Securitate during the Ceausescu regime. Still, I war could have anticipated the outburst of reactionary pop- Ceausescu's downfall w the result of two ele- ulismindeed, a Stalinistfascist orgyI saw in Bucks- menu: a spontaneous, ati-Communist, and pro - rett between June 13 and June IS. Western Will movement from below, and a The sit-in began during the election campaign, on long-planned coup d'Iltat organised by a coali- April 24. In the drab world of Romania's pseudo- tion of disenchanted Party spparetchiks, top Securitate normalisation (Iliescu ran under the slogan "a plesi- officials, arid some army generals. Illescu's rise to prom- dent for our peace of mind"), University Square had inence and the Front's hegemony were not the result of been a political bonfire of fantasy and inspiration. The popular will but of the general confusion that followed original purpose of the demonstration was to desond the collapse of the Cutworm regime. The ruling group enactment of Point S of the "Proclamation of Tinioa- is made up of committed Leninists, power-hungry tech- ra." which proposed that "the electoral law p hit nocrau. political adventurers, and demagogues. includ- for the first three consecutive Inhibit e tight of ing some with criminal monk. Add to this strange mix- former Communist activists and of former %etiolate ture some ecstatic idealists and ambitious political officers to run in elections." The demand was not wt, scientists, and you have a picture of the sisr pinnacle. I and the former Communists of the NU received a lend. had two long convmations with the Front's acting slide vote in the election. Conceding defeat, the major chairman, Nkolse 1. Dunthru, a romantic Mantist con- organisations that had participated In this "Commune vinced that under his guidance !tar would of Bucharest" moved out of*, WW1. and by June the "party of incorruptiltles." In a thecountry whereturli;rnrit7p- co dwindling number of protesters were asking for Sul: Lion, nepotism, and sordid intrigues are endemic. this more than allowing one independent television simian. sounded almost pathetic. As dissident writer Donn Tu- But Iliescu refined to negotiate with his critics, de- donsn puts it, the interests of*, popular uprising and nouncing them as geleill.nifflithe or tromps. (Is re- the palate conspiracy were bound to collide. sponse, supporters of the demonstrators dubbed the lb stay in power and stabilise his government. Iliescu square Goiania, the country of the geleni and the "Ant clearly accepted a pact with the !aunts'e and the arm'. sone free of not-communism.") Iliescu need only have two forces directly implicated in the Tinware massa- waited another week. The Bickering anarchist fire le the cres of December IMO( they would guarantee his paw. heart of Bucharest was almost entinguished. er, in return for which he *mold ensure their itimair%ti a ail. Put at 4 a.m. onjune IS I was awakened at my howl by Then, under pressure from below, he instated a Vasil' Gotta, a philosopher and civic activist from lira. purge of the secret police. The Sacrum, hm, e% er. soy, whom I had left an hour earlier. He urged mew go refused to accept this huntiation and boycotted the out to the street "The civil war has started." Tie air democratic process by organising a tents of pi %,)t a-

is INS NI* 'mous ?ANN MOW 11. IMO 47 BEST COPY MILANI none that came to a climax with the June uprising. It is foreign journalists. I left immediately, but thenext day very likely that its members exploited Uiescu's anguish- Muntinnu was charged with "anti-state activities"and es to prt :opt him into irrational actions. taken m a penitentiary hospital. As for theminers, they Instead of using the legal tools at his command, Uiescu had lelt Bucharest after holdinga huge awing where appealed to an extralegal force, the coal miners, giving flies= thanked them for their selflesscommitment to them his presidential blessing to exert unbounded terror the defense of Romani.,'s "young democany." in Bucharest on June 14 and 13. While the official media were lambasting the opposition, the students, and the What was the purpose of the mitten' vigilan intellectuals for their alleged "Iron Guard" affiliations tism, and who inspired the clash.? In whose and for being morally responsible for the violence, the interest was it to create a state of general miners rampaged through the headquarters of the Na- panic and unrest? According to tikolae Man. tional Peasant and Liberal parties, savagely beat up the olescu, the editor of Rename Entrant andone of the students, and ransacked the offices of independent country's most influential intellectuals, thereare three newspapers. I saw 'hem in full exercise of their mission, possible interpretations. together with their civilian "coordinators," carrying lists The kit; propagated by Ihincu and Mae Minister of those who had dared to criticise the president, the Petro Roman, maintains that the miners pied a prime minister, the W. and the official story about the fascist coup inspired by inimical foreipt ..C.,::".Illts:cu Romanian revolution. According to &mew Wm, the claims that his regime was dweatened bya right-wing. country's largest independent daily, among the miners Iron Guard-type rebellion, in which the independent one could identify active members of the Snuritate and groups that participated in the University Ilimare meat of its so-called "special anti- terrorist units." ings scald in accordance with a plan concerd bysome In addition to the better-known targets of ',melon, unnamed Western spy agencies. In sewed discussions the regime used the miners to "cleanse" the Gypsy with top members of Iliescu's meow, I herd the neighborhoods. Unlike the other victims, Gypsies have same leitmotiv: the University Stone aleonstrations virtually no contact with the foreign media. According to were fomented by the West, which cannot 11101 iaelf to an independent intellectual association, the Group for the victory of a 14i-center formation in etagiMOM Eu Social Dialogue, the government exploited a widespread mono country. Even some sophisticated political scien chauvinism to accuse the Gypsies of having been an in- tists urns Iliescu's advisers refuse so admit dist political strument of the "fascist" rebellion. After the pogroms opposition is a normal phenomenon within &democracy. and deportations Gypsies suffered during World War II, The second scenario, suggested bysome opposition they were now victimised in the name of anti-fascism. forces, sees the NIT as the chief culprit and responsible I was with some friends in the building of the Group for the escalation of violence following the provocativ e for Social Dialogue when the miners arrived,accompa- evacuation of University Square. The whole spiral of vi- nied by a delegate of the NIT- sponsored "Free Youth olence, they say, is Iliescu's well-designed plan to mo Foundation," the reincarnation of Nicu Ceausescu's nopolie power, compromise the opposition, and estab Communist Youth Union. The only Group member pre- lish a noCommunist dictatorship. But this scenario sent at the time was Gabriel Andreescu, a physicist and operates with the same demonic stereotypes as the goy human rights activist persecuted by the Ceausescu re- ernment's: it attributes considerable imaeliation to its gime. It was only thanks to his persuasive power that the enemy, and it assumes that the government is indiffer- miners left without serving us the lesson they had already ent to international opinion. It's unlikely the Illescu and administered to other designated victims of their "work- his supporters would have gone out of the way to cre intclass justice," as the Front propaganda described it. ate a natation that has isolated Romania nearly as totally On June 16 1 visited Munteanu at the Emergency as it wes as the end of the Ceausescu regime. Hospital. I found him smiling stoically, witha large The third and most convincing scenario is Manoles. wooden crucifix on his chest, his left leg broken, cu's. In an article in Amens Limns be takes into wounds on his skull, and marks of a monstrous whip- account the existence of irrational forces both within ping on his back. To his right was a young boy, unable the ming team and among some oppo*on groups. to utter a word, compile/1y smashed by torture. This There was no clear-cut government conspiracy, but living corpse was Munteenu's brother, whom the min..'there was a deliberate attempt by Securitawlinked top era had taken for the student leader and treated accord- officials to contain and manipulate the discontent of ingly.one of the many "errors" in Illescu's search for cenais social groups, primarily students, intellectuals, what he called an "original democracy" that is,a non- and sere radical anti-Communists. illander, distortion. Western, non-pluralistic regime. and semantic fraud were used to faintest' E image of a Munteanu told me that the police had asked himto go beleamtered power. According to this imerpretaucini. to University Square to calm down the demonstrators, the "irroclamation of Timisoner art the were an and that he was later chased by minersas a "turbulent government demonstrations in Univeni Square re Instigator." Bus before we could finishour converse- flected a real state of mind among large MIA of the non, we were informed that Vice Premier Casimir Romainen population. Far from having been inspired lonescu had called and threatened to haveMunteanu from abroad, the protests were homegrown and 'pima. removed to an army clinic if he continuedis speak to neous their anti-Communist ardor. Ate certain mo.

am AMP& IMO US WIWilli it 48 N$T Cloy AVAILAILE menc. however, elements of the former Securitate man- Romanians in TirguMures, the soil can best he de. aged to infiltrate and manipulate these expressions of scribed as Illescu's personal secret police. Itis %cry public dissatisfaction. Only this scenario, says Man - Ifltely that the SRI was instrumental in organizing the olescu, explains why one could recognize former Secur- miners' retaliations. Nobody else could have provided 'tate officers among both the demonstrators and the the miners with lists of names, addresses, and pictures miners on pone IS. The purpose of the Seeuritate was to of all opponents of the Iliescu regime. arrest Romania's democratic evolution and force Iliescu My hypothesis is that the succession of bloody e% ems to toughen his stance against the opposition. in mid! June cannot be understood without reference to What Mano lescu fails to point out is that the Securi- the personal conflict between Iliescu and Stanculescu. as t ate has never been a monolithic organization. Even well as to the role played by the different factions of the now there are two secret police organizations in Roma- secret police. Since this struggle has not come to an end. nia: one is subordinated to the defense minister. Gener- new outbursts of violence can be predicted. In all of the al Victor Stanculescu, Ceausescu's former military aide, current political confusion, one thing is now apparent: who was entrusted with the protection of the Central lUescu has lost control of the country. Stanculescu rules Committee budding in December 1919. (It was Stan- the army and may yet prove himself powerful enough to culescu's treason that made possible Ceautescu's rapid launch a coup; anti Mogureoinies faction is practicing the capture. pseudotrial. and execution in December old techniques of diversion and deception, enhancing a 19119.) This faction of the Securitate would have a state of hysteria. So long as Iliescu and the Front contin- strong interest in helping Stanculescu establish a mili- ue to be at the mercy of this political mails. rejecting the tary dictatorship to suppress what they would label the spirit of dialogue and resorting to assault squads to si- "democratic anarchy." His strategy of destabilising the lence the opposition, no genuine democratization can government was seen at work in the June uprising, most take place. Until then, the very mention of a state °fiats in obviously in the army's refusal to restore order. Romania will remain an embarrassing joke. Another faction is represented by the Romanian Ser- vice of Information ORD. headed by Virgil Magurtanu, VLADIMIR TISMANLANU is a resident scholar at the For- a former political science professor at the Communist eign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia and au- Party school and an Iliescu loyalist. Created in March thor of le Stork of Civil Sentry: Intisiteadsel herr Move- 1990. following ethnic strife between Hungarians and Amu us Ms Seim ilet, forthcoming from Routledge.

4 9 Suggested Questions

I. Romania: When the Lights Went Out

1. What does Flora Lewis mean when she says that Romania under Ceausescu was more like despotism than communism? Do you agree?

2. Why does the history of Transylvania make it a likely place for unrest to begin?

3. How does Flora Lewis explain Romanian opposition to Soviet foreign policies, at the same time that Romanian leaders were mirroring Soviet domestic policies?

4, What does Lewis mean when she says that Romania did not have the "social cohesion which developed into the Solidarity movement in Poland?"

II. Ceausescu Bear Hunt/ Where Policemen Outnumber Pigeons

1. Why do you think that someone would set up an elaborate charade like the bear hunt? What does it tell you about Ceausescu and his rule?

2. Why does the caption say that Ceausescu is "hunting for honor?" What else might he be hunting for?

3. Why does Dinescu say that "God has turned his back on Romania?"

4. Dinescu was arrested and sent into internal exile because of the passage that you just read.In light of the bear hunt, why would these few sentences be seen to be a crime against the state?

Down With the Tyrant

1. What do the bear hunt and the change in Elena's year of birth tell you about the Ceausescu government's attitude toward history? toward truth? Why would this require that all typewriters be registered?

2. What does Cliurescu mean when he says that if you want a "new society" you need "a totally new type of human being?" How does Ceausescu set about producing this "new man?"

3. How was Romania's economy disrupted by Ceausescu's policies?

5() 4. Why would Cullen compare Ceausescu's plan for Bucharest with Hitler's plan for Berlin? What is he trying to say about both men?

IV. New Masks, Old Faces/ Street Theater

1. Why might Ceausescu's trial and execution have been rushed and held in secret?In your opinion, does this strengthen Tismaneanu's claim that Ceausescu's overthrow was as much a communist coup as a democratic revoiution?

2. What does Tismaneanu mean when he says that the new rulers wanted to "humanize [communism], not replace it?" What does he offer as proof?

3. According to Husarakz, what did Brucan mean when he said that "the watchdog is in the street?" Has this proven to be true?

4. According to Tismaneanu, what was the "Bolshevik strategy" for maintaining power? What does he recommend for Western policy toward the new Romanian government?

V. Protest by the Student League

I. According to the students, what would happen if the opposition forces were to be crushed?

2. What are the students' demands?

3. What kind of equipment was confiscated from the students? Where did the students get it from?

4. Why would this type of equipment be seized by the mirfirs? By the government?

VI. Homage to Golonia

1. What does "Golonia" mean literally? As Tismaneanu and the protesters used it?

2. According to Tismaneanu, how did the coal miners come to be in Bucharest on lune 14 and 15?

3. According to Romania Libera, who was seen in the crowd of miners? Why is this so significant?

4. What dots Tismaneanu predict for Romania's future? Do you agree? Why? Why not?

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What is being said about the pace of change in Eastern Europe? Some people would argue that Romanian leaders have hit the pause (or even the rewind) button.Do you agree? Why? Why not?

52 Suggested Activities

1. Read the quote by Gabriel Andreescu on the cover page, Using this quote and your knowledge of the Bill Of Rights, design a model Bill Of Rights for a democratic Romanian government.

2. Research the tactics used by Martin Luther King Jr, and A. Philip Randolph in winning civil rights for African Americans.Compare them with the tactics being used by Romanian dissidents to try to win democracy, and human and civil rights for their country. Write a report explaining the advantages and disadvantages that each group of people had in their struggle.

3. Choose one country in Eastern Europe other than Romania and make a timeline of events in its quest for freedom. Illustrate your timeline. If a computer is available, draw your timeline, using the Time liner computer program. Cover the time period 1930-1991.

4. Divide students into small groups. Assign each group one country that has emerged from dictatorship (Czechoslovakia, Poland, Haiti, the Philippines, Spain, Japan, Argentina, Panama, Chile, etc,) and have them research the circumstances under which the dictatorship was ended (or perhaps not yet completely ended). Within each group have two students consider what effect external forces may have had, two others what institutions played key roles (churches, unions, civic groups, the military, etc.), two others what role(s) the most significant leader(s) played.

Reorganize students into new groups according to their specialty. Each new group should prepare to argue that the factors that they studied (outside forces, internal institutions, or outstanding leaders) were most important 'laWingingdown the dictatorship. Each student should then write a short essay on what combination of factors seems necessary to successfully defeat a dictatorship.

5. Think about the needs and difficulties that might be inherent in separating the press, property, industry, student organizations, an educational system, the arts and other civic institutions from the state. Follow the newspapers over the next several weeks, noting different problems that the Romanians and other Eastern Europeans will have to overcome if they are to create a stable democratic society.Develop a scrap book documenting the growth, or lack thereof, of independent civic institutions in Eastern European countries.

6.Consider the fate of such short-lived democratic governments as the Russian Provisional Government of 1917, Weimar Germany in the 1920's, Czechoslovakia in 1946-48, of Brazil from 1945-64. Split the class into four groups and assign one of the countries to each. Have them look at the political traditions, economic conditions,relations between the socio/economic classes, character of the activist movements, role of external forces, and roles of the key individuals in their country. Have each group report on what factors they think are

53 necessary for a democratic society to flourish. Ask the class to try to use these findings to look at the past and present of Romania.

7. Many Romanian observers believe that the present government achieved power through a successful coup. Have students read press reports on the failed Soviet coup of August 1991, then write a research paper explaining the reasons that the coup against Gorbachev might have failed, while the coup against Ceausescu succeeded.

8. Have students read the enclosedAmerican Educatorinterview with Romanian labor leader Catalin Croitoru andlor theUncaptiveMinds Kale of Smaranda Enache. Ask students to identify someone in their community who was involved in the struggle to establish a democracy in another country or to extend it in this country (an emigre from a dictatorship, civil rights activist, voting rights activist, civic and enmnr,nity group members, immigrants rights activist, etc.). Have them conduct an interview and write an oral history.

9. (Asthere are adult themesand violence in this series, this assignment should be for older students, and might be made optional.)

Have the class watch the segments of 1,Claudius(PBS, Masterpiece Theater) that depict the rise and fall of the Emperor Caligula, another egocentric totalitarian ruler.Split the class into three groups and have each group write and perform a one act out of play on the rise and fall of Nicolae Ceausescu. Assign one group to do the opening act, the second to do an act from the middle of the play, and the third to do the final act.

10.(For students who have already completed American history and American government courses, this would be a challenging undertaking, and could be adapted as a final exhibition project in an advanced-level government or history course.)

Split students into small groups to prepare a presentation on "Democracy in America," aimed at Romanian students. Students may wish to use any combination of essays, letters, literary and historical quotes, photographs, video, audio tapes, or any other media, to address such themes as: history; government; culture; the evolution of rights and responsibilities; popular attitudes toward the democratic system; strengths and weaknesses of American political arrangements; the civic society; union and disunion in a multicultural, multi-partisan society; hopes (and/or fears) for the future. Resources

Histories, Articles & Essays

Ash, Timothy Garton.The Magic Lantern.New York: Random House, 1990.

Brzezinski, Zbigniew.The Soviet Bloc: Unity And Conflict.Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.

Cassian,Nina. Life Sentence.New York: WW. Norton, 1990.

Cullen, Robert. "Report From Romania." inThe New Yorker,April 2, 1990.

Fischer-Galati, Stephen.20th Century Romania.New York: Columbia University Press, 1970.

Fischer-Galati, Stephen.The Socialist Republic of Romania.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1969.

Fischer-Galati, Stephen. "Romanian Nationalism" in Peter F. Sugar and No J. Lederer, editors,Nationalism In Eastern Europe.Seattle: University Of WUshington Press, 1969, pages 373-396.

Florescu, Radu R. & Raymond McNally.Dracula: Prince Of Many Faces.Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989,

Floyd, David,Romania: Russia's Dissident Alfr.New York: Praeger, 1965.

Gate, Charles.The Politics Of Modernization In Eastern Europe.New York: Praeger, 1974.

Gati, Charles.The International Politics Of Eastern Europe.New York: Praeger, 1976.

Gati, Charles.Eastern Europe And The World.Lincoln, NB: Cliff Notes, 1978.

Gati, Charles.The Bloc That Failed.Bloomington, IN: University Press, 1990.

Hunt, Kathleen. "Letter From Bucharest." inThe New Yorker,July 23, 1990. lonesco, Eugene.Rhinoceros, and other plays.New York: Grove Press, 1960.

lonesco, Eugene.Notes And Counter Notes. NewYork: Grove Press, 1964.

lonesco, Eugene.The Colonel's Photograph.New York: Grove Press, 1969.

lonesco, Eugene.The Killing Game.New York: Grove Press, 1974.

lonesco, Eugene.The Hermit.New York: Viking Press, 1974.

lonescu, Ghita.Communism In Romania.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964.

55 Jelavich, Barbara.Russia And The Formation Of The Romanian National State 1821-1878. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1984,

ICligman, Gail.The Wedding Of The Dead: Ritual, Poetics, And Popular Culture In7-kansyl- vanta. Berkeley: University Of California Press, 1988.

Keefe, Eugene, et al.Area Handbook For Romania.Washington D.C,: American Univer- sity, 1972.

Lamont, Rosette.lonesco: A Collection Of Critical Essays.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1973.

Larrabee, F. Stephen. "Eastern Europe: A Generational Change." inForeign Policy.No. 70, Spring 1988.

Manes, Norman.On Clowns.New York: Grove Press, 1991.

Nelson, Daniel.Romanian Politic: In The Ceausescu Era.New York: Gordon&Breach, 1988.

Pacepa, Ion Mihai.Red Horizons.Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1987.

Pascu, Stefan.A History Of Transylvania.Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1982.

Popovici,Titus. The Stranger.Bucharest: Meridians, 1962.

Porter,Ivor. Operation Autonomous: With S.O.E. In Wartime Romania.London: Chatto & Windus, 1989.

Roberts, HenryL. Romania: Political Problems Of Agrarian State.Hamden, Cr: Archon Books, 1969.

Periodicals

East European Reporter.London: Ear European Cultural Foundation. Quarterly; $32per year; 71 Belmont Avenue, London N17 AX, United Kingdom.

Journal Of Democracy.Washinipon: National Endowment For Democracy. Quarterly; $24 per year; PO. Box 3000, Dept,3D,Denville, NJ 07843.

Radio Free Europe's Report On Eastern Europe. Washington:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, U.S. Government. Weekly; Free; 1201 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036.

Uncaptive Minds: A Journal Of Information And Opinion On Eastern Europe.New York: In- stitute For Democracy In Eastern Europe. Bimonthly; $15 per year, $10 for AFT members; Whole sets 1987-1990 available for $40; 48 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. (212) 677-5801.

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