Agos (1996-2005) Türkiye'de Yayinlanan Türkçe

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Agos (1996-2005) Türkiye'de Yayinlanan Türkçe T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ GAZETECİLİK ANABİLİM DALI AGOS (1996-2005) TÜRKİYE’DE YAYINLANAN TÜRKÇE - ERMENİCE GAZETE ÜZERİNE İNCELEME Yüksek Lisans Tezi Hülya ERASLAN Ankara-2007 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ GAZETECİLİK ANABİLİM DALI AGOS (1996-2005) TÜRKİYE’DE YAYINLANAN TÜRKÇE - ERMENİCE GAZETE ÜZERİNE İNCELEME Yüksek Lisans Tezi Hülya ERASLAN Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Korkmaz ALEMDAR Ankara-2007 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ GAZETECİLİK ANABİLİM DALI AGOS (1996-2005) TÜRKİYE’DE YAYINLANAN TÜRKÇE - ERMENİCE GAZETE ÜZERİNE İNCELEME Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Korkmaz Alemdar Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası .................................................................... ........................................ .................................................................... ........................................ .................................................................... ........................................ .................................................................... ......................................... .................................................................... ......................................... .................................................................... ......................................... Tez Sınavı Tarihi .................................. İÇİNDEKİLER GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 1. Sorun, Amaç ve Önem....................................................................................... 1 2. İlgili İncelemeler................................................................................................ 6 3. Kuramsal Çerçeve............................................................................................ 11 4. Varsayımlar...................................................................................................... 22 5. Yöntem............................................................................................................. 23 I. BÖLÜM: TÜRKİYE’DE YABANCI DİLDE BASIN....................................... 24 I.1. Türkiye’de Yabancı Dilde Basının Doğuşu................................................... 24 I.2. İlk Örnekler ve Fransızca Basın..................................................................... 26 I.3.Rumca Basın................................................................................................... 32 I.4. Ladino ve İbranice Basın .............................................................................. 37 I.5. Almanca Basın............................................................................................... 41 I.6. Arapça Basın.................................................................................................. 43 I.7. Bulgarca Basın............................................................................................... 46 I.8. Farsça Basın................................................................................................... 47 I.9. İtalyanca Basın............................................................................................... 48 I.10. İngilizce Basın ............................................................................................. 50 I.11. Diğer Dillerde Çıkan Yayınlar..................................................................... 51 I.12. Ermenice Basın............................................................................................ 52 I.12.a. Cumhuriyet Döneminde Ermeni Basını.............................................. 58 I.12.b. Günümüzde Ermeni Basını................................................................. 59 I.12.c. Agos..................................................................................................... 60 II. BÖLÜM: AGOS GAZETESİ ............................................................................ 63 II.1. Agos’un Yayınlandığı Dönem ...................................................................... 63 II.2. Agos’un Biçimsel Özellikleri ....................................................................... 65 II.3. Agos’un İçeriği ............................................................................................. 72 II.3.a. Türkiye’de Azınlık Olmak................................................................... 72 II.3.b. Türkiye’de Ermeni Olmak................................................................... 83 II.3.c. Ulus Devlet ve Küreselleşme............................................................... 95 II.3.ç. Çokkültürlülük ve Kimlik.................................................................... 99 II.3.d. Agos’un Merceğinden ‘Tarihi Olaylar’............................................. 114 i II.3.d.1. 1915 Olayları ve Agos.............................................................. 114 II.3.d.2. Varlık Vergisi Uygulamaları .................................................... 142 II.3.d.3. 6-7 Eylül Olayları ..................................................................... 147 II.3.e. Ermeni Cemaatinin Sorunları ............................................................ 153 II.3.e.1. 1936 Beyannamesi Sorunu ....................................................... 155 II.3.e.2. Vakıf Yönetimi ve Seçim Sorunları.......................................... 161 II.3.e.3. Cemaat Okullarındaki Eğitim ve Öğretim Düzeyi ................... 163 II.3.e.4. Ermeni Dilinin Öğrenilememesi ve Kullanılamaması.............. 167 II.3.e.5. Ermeni Patrikhanesi ve Agos.................................................... 170 II.3.f. Uluslararası İlişkiler........................................................................... 179 II.3.f.1. Agos’un Türkiye Ermenistan İlişkilerine Bakışı....................... 179 II.3.f.2. Agos’un Türkiye Azerbaycan İlişkilerine Bakışı...................... 191 II.3.f.3. Agos’un Türkiye - Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerine Bakışı................ 195 II.4. Agos’un 10 Yılının Değerlendirmesi.......................................................... 199 SONUÇ.................................................................................................................... 214 KAYNAKÇA .......................................................................................................... 219 ÖZET....................................................................................................................... 226 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 227 ii GİRİŞ 1. Sorun, Amaç ve Önem Bu çalışmanın konusu, Türkiye’de 5 Nisan 1996’da Türkçe ve Ermenice olarak yayımlanmaya başlayan haftalık gazete, Agos’un incelenmesidir. Agos, Türkiye’de yabancı dilde yayın yapan ya da literatürdeki kullanımıyla “Türkçe dışı yayın” yapan gazetelerin sayılarının geçmişe oranla azaldığı bir dönemde, Türkçe ve Ermenice olarak iki dilde yayımlanmaya başlamıştır. Agos yayın hayatına başladığında Türkiye’de sayıları 60 - 80 bin arasında olan Ermeni toplumunun iki yayın organı vardı: Jamanak (1908) ve Nor Marmara (1940). Agos yayın politikası, dili, gazetecilik anlayışı ve diğer açılardan her iki gazeteden de farklıdır. On yıl önce bir cemaat gazetesi olarak yola çıkan Agos, günümüzde Türkiye’deki Ermeni toplumunun yanı sıra diğer azınlıkların da sözcülüğünü üstlendiğini öne sürerek hem Türkiye’de hem de uluslararası alanda tanınan bir yayın organı haline gelmiştir. Agos’un yayın politikası, Ermeni kimliğini oluşturan dil, kültür ve tarihi değerlere sahip çıkarak, onu yeni kuşaklara taşımak, korumak ve geliştirmektir. Agos’a göre; Ermeni kimliğinin yeniden inşası ve sürekliliği, bu kimliğin moral parçası olarak gördüğü Ermenistan’ın varlığıyla sağlanacaktır. Gazete için Ermenistan’ın ekonomik ve siyasal çıkarları çok önemlidir. Türkiye-Ermenistan arasında ilişkilerde Ermenistan’dan yana tavır göstermesi bu nedenle açıklanabilir. 1 Türkiye’de yaşayan Ermenileri kapalı bir toplum olarak gören Agos, onları tanıyıp, topluma entegre etmek, onların sorunlarını Türkiye’nin gündemine sokmak ve sorunlarına çözüm üretmek misyonunu üstlenir. Gazete diğer iki yayından -Jamanak ve Nor Marmara- farklı olarak kendi toplumuyla iletişime geçebilmenin dilini Türkçe aracılığıyla sağlar. Ermenice bilen kişilerin az oluşu, yeni neslin bu dile olan isteksizliği Agos’u iki dilli bir yayın olmaya zorlar. Agos, Türkiye’de yaşayan Ermeniler ile birlikte Türkiye’deki azınlık grupların da sorunlarına sahip çıkarak azınlık haklarının savunuculuğu da yapar. Azınlık haklarının koruyuculuğunu üstlenen Avrupa Birliği, gazete için vazgeçilmezdir. Agos’a göre; AB’ye üye bir Türkiye, demokratikleşme yolunda önemli adımlar atmış bir Türkiye demektir. “Azınlık hakları”, “insan hakları”, “kimlik”, “küreselleşme”, “çokkültürlülük”, “etnik milliyetçilik”, “diaspora”, vb… kavramlar Agos’un haber metinlerinde ve köşe yazılarında sıklıkla tartışmaya açtığı konulardır. Agos, bu kavramların tartışılıp yeniden tanımlanmaya başlandığı dönemin yani küreselleşmenin bir ürünüdür. Küreselleşme olgusuyla açıkladığımız bu gelişme aslında göründüğü kadar yeni bir süreç değildir. Bu konuda ciddi deneyimleri olan Türkiye’nin yakın tarihinde üç küreselleşme döneminden söz edilebilir. İlki 19. yüzyılda gelişen evrensel hale gelmeye çalışan bir Avrupa sömürgeciliğinin yarattığı dönemdir ve bizde Tanzimat hareketine yol açmıştır. İkincisi 1939-1945 Dünya Savaşı sonrasında ortaya çıkan gelişmedir. A.B.D ve Sovyetler Birliği’nin
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