University College of Takestan Available online at http://UCTjournals.com Iranian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research UCT . J. Soc. Scien. Human. Resear.(UJSSHR) Volume 3,Issue2 185-198 (2015) ISSN:2382-9753 X Armenian Myths and Legends and their Impact on Armenian Beliefs and Literature Giti Faraji*1 and Ali Mohammad Poshtdar2 1PhD Student in Comparative Literature, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia. 2Department of Persian Language and Literature, Payame Noor University (PNU). ABSTRACT Original Article: Remnants and light sediments and reflections of the beliefs of Animistic and Totemistic ideological systems that have been dominant among clans and tribes residing in Armenian lands during very distant periods, that is Palaeolithic periods are still recognizable in some life habits and behaviours, Received 20 Mar. 2015 social norms, popular beliefs, various folkloric fields, tales, mythological narratives, customs and Accepted 22 June. 2015 traditions, folk songs, and proverbs of contemporary Armenian people. Published 30 July. 2015 This paper through studying beliefs and legends of Armenian people tries to prove their relationship with folkloric literature. Keywords: Legends, Old Beliefs, Armenian Nation, Folk Literature, Myth phenomena and inanimate objects like stone, wood, etc. Introduction and the secret relations between animals and their Ancient Armenian beliefs, religion, worships, and temples, a incarnation associations with each other, which all for very complex and incompatible system in various stages of their part impacted the beliefs of humans of those progress and development, are historical fruit of the periods through a series of magical actions. Beliefs formation of Armenian nation. This period, as a period of regarding mountains, boulders, trees, waters, fire, sky, spreading worshiping fire and fire temples all over and luminous objects (stars, meteors, planets), Armenian territory, lasted approximately 600 years and visualizations and imaginations about weather events, continued up until fifth century AD. Armenian beliefs are a attributing the nature of animals to humans and having part of general beliefs of the early Indo-European people reasons for being afraid of them and worshiping them, that are derived from the early beliefs of these people, their mythological narratives and beliefs, all begin from religio-mythological ceremonies, and their perception of those eras. Armenian mounts are visualized as live worship. This matter has later had a prominent impact on characters that are siblings, like mounts Ararat and the nature of Armenian nation which has been emanated Aragats which are brother and sister. Mount Anduk and from its kinship with other ethnicities during various Marut and mounts Mrav and Tajus and Zagros were periods. It has also influenced Armenian culture with very seen as bull and dragon that fundamental disagreements close relationship with other civilizations and belief worship occurs between them and often this results in fight and systems. Therefore, the course of historiography, ancient ends in mutual cursing and damnation. Sun is imagined Armenian beliefs, religion, worships, and temples can be as a bird with a ring in its beak or as a fiery girl or as a classified into three main periods: child/juvenile with burning eyes (gazelle-eyed, a) Early ethno-tribal periods that has been Haratch) or sometimes to a radiant precious stone, a contemporary with mythological beliefs and ideas luminous shiny wheel, but moonlight has been likened and witchcraft ceremonies. to a newborn child or a newly-wed groom in deathbed. b) Periods of dissociation or disintegration of ethno- Stars and galaxies are associated with personalities, tribal societies and formation of large ethnic different animals and/or their foot prints (like Milky confederacies, and formation of early governments Way as a birthplace and chaff in space) or equipments based on imagination-born ideas and religio- such as chariot, scale, and skewer, and/or thundering mythological perceptions, beliefs, and worships in clouds are likened to goat and ox. Thundering storms distant times. are likened to world's terminator dragon, and lightning c) Periods of formation of advanced governments that and fearful celestial sounds to fights, and relentless and had evident and specific religion and temples. mutinous struggles. Imagination and Nature Totemism (Symbolism( Early humans from very ancient times, believed in the expression of beliefs and ideas about natural Faraji and Poshtdar UCT Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research In this period some sort of contemplation about the and grain crops all in a way are related to the worship of kinship between tribes and human races with a common plants (Harutunian, 2001, pp. 5-10). Plantain tree is one of kinship and origin of creation, with animals, plants and the important trees worshiped by Armenians and in the sometimes in relation to natural objects has caused the ancient times Aramaic priests used its leaves and branches emergence of totemic beliefs or worships and beliefs of for fortunetelling. From the old beliefs, the sacrificed or predecessors. Among their living memories in Armenian donated pretty-faced character (Manuchehr) who is the beliefs are belief in Yervand and Yervaz the ox, dragon grandson of Anushavan Susanar can be named as an snakes rising from Sanasar and Baghdasar waters, giant example. Other trees worshipped were oak, poplar, willow dragon in the worship beliefs of Medes, sayings and tree, wild rose bush, and papyrus and from plants evergreen narratives between animals and birds that have turned into flower Hamasperam (Pahlavi word meaning plant) or flower human narrative myths and/or early human's belief etc. can be named (Acharian, 1977, p. 21). Among plants regarding the worship of (ox, ram, ewe, gazelle, bear, wolf, worshiped Lushtak (some kind of bitter plant root used as fish, water snake, stork, crane, lion cub, leopard, wild goat, the master medicinal plant that is a remedy for many pains etc). Based on the ideology of the early beliefs of and at the same time for evil eye) and also plants with wild humankind, mountains, animal, plants, nature, and many flowers and hardwood can be mentioned. Trees had their objects at the beginning were all human that later, just own gift-giving or respect day in Armenian beliefs and in without any change, have been transformed with the Armenian plant decoration day is called Zakhkard, but the intervention of the higher power. blessed and festive day of water and flowers is the day of Hambartsum or ascension, which in Armenian language is Worship of Elements the (mother of flowers festival) is accompanied by From natural elements that have been worshiped among performing worship and fortune-worship rituals (that both Armenian people from ancient times fire, water, boulders, became coordinated with Christian festivals later) some plants, trees and different flowers can be named which (Harutunian, 2001: pp. 5-10). the memory of their worship stretches to the very old habits and traditions of current times. Water and fire as two living Primaries in Armenian Beliefs personalities being siblings, as the opposite figures, are In ancient times among Armenians, at first space or galaxy always against each other (Water as a brother always puts are incarnated (visulalized). First they were imagined as out or kills his sister, fire). Fire is a sacred creature and free dual entities, heaven and earth, but later pictured as triple from any kind of evil and bad that has been worshiped by entities (earth, heaven, and sea or undersea). Its name often ancient Armenians. They swore to fire and later related fire appears as Andundak or the black occult (perpetual black) to house, family, and family center and worshiped it. Oven that is later known as "kabus" or "Karos" which appears as or fireplace is the place of fire at home that means family Sandramatik Andundets in ancient Pahlavi language. This and has always been represented in the form of tandoor and image often emerges in the form of a person climbing up an has always been kept lit. Armenians always performed all upright tree raised from the sea. It is sometimes known as an sacred ceremonies like marriage, babtism, etc. next to erect mount rose from water or sea. The latter as a helical tandoor before and even after Christianity. In a little further (ring-like), or giant fish of the seas or the tree elevated from periods, worshiping fire entered Armenian beliefs as one of the back of fish, or sometimes also in the shape of flat the official worships, and turned into one of the basic pillars ground on the horns of cow, or tree, or a mountain, always of Armenians important beliefs (worshiping the god of fire arises from the center of the world and is changed into an who is known as Bagin of fire or Hurbag), which later axis and causes the connection between earth, sky and during middle age Christianity fire-worshippers were called underground. Their center is sainted and turned into altar. "ash-worshippers" to ridicule them. One of their living Among all these one that is more famous than others and evidences that has remained among Armenian people up to can be mentioned is mount Ararat risen from famous Vastes this date, is "Chaharshanbeh sur" or bonfire, in winter or Armenian mountain range, which later turned into (during February, middle of Iranian calendar month of famous Masis myth or Noah's ark, or the famous rocky Bahman) that Armenians associate it to the sacred ritual of mountain known as Mush region in western Armenia that is fire by getting together and performing bonfire ceremony. located in Turkey today and is called mount Innaknia. The impact and traces of water worship, in the form of In some locations which were a place for worshiping idols, narratives and mythical stories about miraculous fish "the later Vank, holy pilgrimage lake, and Surb Karapet were enchanter goldfish", in places dug for irrigation in old times, build instead.