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Bioclimatic Design in Traditional Architecture for Hot Dry Climate (Ethos of Past, Viability in Present)

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Bioclimatic Design in Traditional Architecture for Hot Dry Climate (Ethos of Past, Viability in Present) International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017, pp. 1401–1410, Article ID: IJCIET_08_05_151 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=5 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN IN TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE FOR HOT DRY CLIMATE (ETHOS OF PAST, VIABILITY IN PRESENT) Shruti H Kapur Assistant Professor, CT Institute of Architecture and Planning, Jalandhar, India. ABSTRACT Bioclimatic design of a building is the design which govern the climate of each region, aims to ensure the necessary conditions with minimal energy consumption, utilizing the available environmental sources .The main aim of the bioclimatic design is to help save energy for lighting as well as heating and cooling of buildings. Various techniques used for bioclimatic design are thermal protection shell, passive solar systems techniques and natural cooling and natural lighting techniques .The main aim of bioclimatic design is to adapt the buildings with the local climate of the environment and to ensure that thermal comfort conditions are maintained inside. Traditional settlements are sustainable with regard to their environmental context as well as available resources. This paper aims at investigating the environmental behaviour of vernacular architecture and identification of different along with the study of the factors that majorly contribute in achieving a pleasant environment along with thermal comfort within traditional buildings and their surroundings. Based on the principles of traditional architecture known for centuries identify strategies that provide human comfort condition in buildings. Key words: Bioclimatic architecture, Passive Design ,Orientation, Ventilation System. Cite this Article: Shruti H Kapur Bioclimatic Design In Traditional Architecture For Hot Dry Climate (Ethos Of Past, Viability In Present). International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp. 1401–1410. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=5 1. INTRODUCTION The word bio climatic deals with living organism and climate. Energy conservation keystone is architecture. Building, as they're designed and used nowadays, contributes to serious environmental issues because of excessive consumption of energy and different natural resources. Typical design typically fails to take advantage of passive style ways like building orientation, shading, insulation, day lighting, and natural ventilation. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1401 [email protected] Bioclimatic Design In Traditional Architecture For Hot Dry Climate (Ethos Of Past, Viability In Present) 2. BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN AS CONNECTION TO NATURE Bio climatical design, it means the design that contains a connection to nature. Thus bioclimatic design is that the style of building taking into consideration of the precise climatic condition of the place, mistreatment natural resources to cut back the environmental impact, and check out to resolve energy consumption. Renewable energy is the clean energy, which might be perpetually updated and frequently used. It's harmless or harm minimum for the natural surroundings. Moreover, its resources are widely distributed, so is fit for using in native. The renewable energy principally includes solar, wind, water, biomass, geothermal and ocean energy, and different non-fossil energy. It’s the time, the world is debating on the temperature change issue or brooding about the long run energy that is essentially due to use of fossil fuel(A, summer thermal and daylighting conditions in 19th century traditional buildings of morocco, 2006). The prevailing building that is liable for use of huge quantity of energy for lightening, heating, cooling and varied energy run equipment’s largely utilized by fossil fuels. Because of that we are loosening energy fuels more and more, and that we aren't giving care on this issue. Today’s intention ought to be to switch this fuel by alternative energy that is free and out there in abundance at the instant. However, alternative energy has not been utilized in such an outsized issue or that expectation specially in the building sector to switch the utilization of fossil fuels. The intention here is to focus on style prospects relating to the utilization of solar technology. 3. CASE STUDY Demonstrated that thermal mass and building envelope affect the indoor microclimate: solar passive features of the heritage building: the case of the Gohar Mahal, Bhopal The heritage buildings use solar passive techniques to portray a sensitive approach to energy consciousness needed for indoor comfort conditions. The study case of Gohar Mahal- a Heritage building of Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) is taken into account. Gohar Begum, the first women ruler of Bhopal, built the building in 1820. The inbuilt passive concepts applied by our ancestors to this Gohar Mahal, a palace besides Bhopal upper lake are analyze by taking all the solar passive elements(Fig.1). This study demonstrated that the thermal mass and building envelope of this structure has a major impact on stabilizing inside temperatures, affecting indoor mechanisms and thus providing thermal comfort. Figure 1 Verandahs All Around The Courtyards Figure 2 Rear View of Gohar Mahal http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1402 [email protected] Shruti H Kapur 3.1. Passive solar design of buildings 3.1.1: Landscaping: Trees, plants and water body near by help the building to keep cool in summer by evaporation cooling. Water bodies like ponds, lake or fountains in the landscape help reduce microclimate air temperature around the buildings. Ground cooling by earth berming keep the inside temperature much down in summer and moderate in winter (Fig.2). Maximum openings are towards the lakeside i.e. in southwest direction, to get the cool air in and let the hot air out. This makes building much cool in summer. 3.1.2. Orientation The long wall is at south side and maximum openings are given at wall that is lake side to capture the prevailing summer wind. The main rooms are facing North with small openings and attached with huge courtyards and verandahs. 3.1.3. Site location and site conditions Water evaporation has a cooling effect in the surroundings. It takes up heat from the air through evaporation and causes significant cooling especially in hot & dry climate zone. This is observed in at the site also. 3.1.4. Openings, Semi Openings and Built Form There are four courtyards; two of them divide the building longitudinally in three parts and transversely in two parts (Fig.5). The central courtyard of a typical traditional house was a very common passive solar device and was often considered the lung of the house(Fig.4). Figure 3 Air Funnel Figure 4 Low Ht. Parapets Figure 5 Courtyard Effect In Gohar Mahal more space is around the building, this provide prevalent and effected cross- ventilation through a series of openings from the rear/entrance door, through the central courtyards and out of an opening at the entrance/rear. This was the 'air funnel' of the house (Fig.5). The entrance lobby acted as a wind funnel focusing the incident wind into the courtyard that lay on this air funnel, which in turn ventilated the living areas grouped around it. 3.2. Building envelope Building envelope components are the key determinants of the amount of heat gain or loss and wind that enters inside the building. 3.2.1. Walls Most of the walls are made of adobe bricks. Walls are of varying thickness i.e. from 5’3” to 2’2”. All the walls are thick massive walls as to increase the time lag. The plaster provided is lime plaster with surkhi (Fig.6). http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1403 [email protected] Bioclimatic Design In Traditional Architecture For Hot Dry Climate (Ethos Of Past, Viability In Present) Figure 6 Doors and windows/Tapered walls 3.2.2. Roof Few rooms (lake side) have double roof (false ceiling). Building that has few roof /ceilings with a air gap in between is a good concept of passive cooling. Two types of construction are used for roofs and floors. The traditional method is to lay closely spaced timber beams and cover them with flagstones and then layers of lime, jute and surkhi. 3.2.3. Windows, Doors, Ventilators and other openings All the window shutters and frames are of timber. Windows at the windward side are mostly placed at floor level; their sizes are 4’2”x2’8”. Wind catchers are provided in the form of hexagonal shaped. In verandahs also windows are provided which aerated the verandah and keep the temperature down even in hot summer afternoons (Fig 7). 3.2.4. Doors Timber doors are usually rectangular in shape and the dimensions of the doors are varied place to place. The entrance doors are quite huge. But most of the internal door height is about 5’3”-5’6’’ only. Tapered walls are here for easy movement of air from low pressure to high pressure. Figure 7 Windows and ventilators in Gohar Mahal 3.2.5. Ventilation and other openings For natural ventilation, the flow of air is caused by the pressure of the wind (cross ventilation) or by the buoyancy effect of temperature differences between inside and outside (Stack effect). Almost all the ventilators are inclined i.e. highly elevated at outside and low at inside. The arch shaped ventilators are highly tapered these are for spot light i.e. lightning the whole room naturally. Highly elevated small openings keep the room cool. Numbers of jharokhas are also given for free flow of wind. 3.2.6. Sun Shades and chajjas Shades play important role for protecting the building from direct sunlight. In Gohar Mahal shades of flagstone are provided all the four sides of the building. Generally they are slightly inclined and 900mm wide. They are supported on stone cornice. They are perfect to gain direct solar radiation in winter and shades in summer (Fig.8).
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