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When and Why Is Pre-Treatment of Substrates for Anaerobic Digestion Useful?

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DOCTORAL T H E SIS Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering My Carlsson Waste Science and Technology When and why is Pre-Treatment of ISSN 1402-1544 ISBN 978-91-7583-376-7 (print) Substrates for Anaerobic Digestion Useful? ISBN 978-91-7583-377-4 (pdf) Digestion Useful? Anaerobic of Substrates for is Pre-Treatment When and why Luleå University of Technology 2015 My Carlsson When and why is Pre-Treatment of Substrates for Anaerobic Digestion Useful? My Carlsson Luleå University of Technology Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Waste Science and Technology Printed by Luleå University of Technology, Graphic Production 2015 ISSN 1402-1544 ISBN 978-91-7583-376-7 (print) ISBN 978-91-7583-377-4 (pdf) Luleå 2015 www.ltu.se Ingenting försvinner, allt finns kvar! Tippen, SVT, 1993 Abstract Anaerobic digestion (AD) plays a key role in the recovery of renewable energy, in the form of biogas, and nutrients from waste materials. Pre-treatment of AD substrates has the potential to improve process performance in terms of increased methane yield and solids reduction, but pre- treatments are not yet widely implemented into full-scale AD systems. The aims of this thesis were to identify conditions that determine when pre-treatment has a positive impact on an AD system and ways to improve the practical utility of pre-treatment impact assessment. Key steps towards meeting these aims were to determine and critically analyse effects of pre-treatments on AD, and current evaluation schemes at three levels: AD substrate level – Direct effects on the substrate’s chemical and physical characteristics and its biodegradability/bioavailability; Local AD system level – Effects of pre-treatment on the AD process and its outputs, required inputs and (local) upstream and downstream processes. System boundaries are “at the gate” of the AD plant and the system analysis may consider energy and/or financial parameters; Expanded AD System level – Includes indirect effects of pre-treatment, with system boundaries including external processes. The system analysis may address environmental and/or economic effects. Different substrate traits represent different types and degrees of limitations to optimal AD performance that can be met by different pre-treatment mechanisms. Most importantly, potential mechanical problems must be handled by dilution and/or homogenisation and unwanted components, as generally found in source-sorted food waste from households (FW), must be separated. These traits may hinder the actual operation of AD and the potential for recovery of nutrients, which is often the motivation for biological waste treatment. When these practical barriers are overcome, pre-treatment focus may be directed towards maximizing the conversion of organic material to biogas, which is potentially limited by the rate and/or extent of hydrolysis. Lignocellulosic structures and aerobically stabilised biological sludge represent significant barriers to hydrolysis, which can be overcome by pre-treatment-induced solubilisation. Other particulates are merely hydrolysis-limited by their size, which can be reduced by specific pre-treatments. Finally, substrates may contain non-biodegradable organic compounds, which need to be chemically transformed in order to be converted to biogas. The substrates considered for AD incorporate these traits in varying degrees and even among substrates of the same category, such as plant material and excess sludge from wastewater treatment (WWT), the potential effect of pre- treatments may vary considerably. Overcoming the substrate barriers via pre-treatment may potentially improve the AD system by enhancing operational stability, increasing methane yields and solids reduction under similar operating conditions to those without pre-treatment or by increasing methane productivity by allowing reductions in hydraulic retention time without changing the methane yield. However, the required inputs as well as the associated effects on related sub-processes must also be considered. The ultimate usefulness of a pre-treatment in a specific system is determined by the mass- and energy balance and the associated financial or environmental costs/values of inputs and outputs. The accuracy and applicability of pre-treatment impact assessment is challenged by method limitations and lack of transparency. A common measure of the pre-treatment effects is COD solubilisation, but the interpretation is complicated by the application of different measurement approaches. In addition, solubilisation of COD as a result of pre-treatment does not necessarily i translate into increases in operational methane yields. This is due to potential formation of refractory compounds and the fact that hydrolysis is not necessarily rate limiting for all particulates. Pre-treatments’ effects on biodegradability and degradation rates can be better assessed by BMP tests (biochemical methane potential), provided that the test conditions are appropriate and the tests’ limitations are properly considered. However, extrapolation of BMP results to continuous processes is complicated by the batch mode of the tests. On the other hand, results from continuous trials allow assessments of methane yields in practical systems and the digestate’s physico-chemical properties, but are inevitably tied to the specific process conditions tested. Thus, results from multiple experimental conditions, possibly strengthened by computer simulations, are necessary for generalisations of pre-treatment effects on AD process performance. Pre-treatments have the potential to considerably improve AD systems, but their implementation must to be guided by the actual improvement potential of the specific substrate and valued in their specific context with respect to process design and framework conditions. ii Sammanfattning Anaerob behandling/rötning spelar en viktig roll för återvinning av förnybar energi, i form av biogas, och näringsämnen från avfallsmaterial. Förbehandling av biogassubstrat har potential att förbättra rötningsprocessers prestanda i form av ökat metanutbyte och nedbrytning av organiskt material, men förbehandlingar är ännu inte införda på bred front i fullskaliga biogassystem. Syftet med denna avhandling var att identifiera förhållanden som avgör när förbehandling har en positiv inverkan på ett biogassystem och hur den praktiska nyttan av förbehandlingsstudier kan förbättras. Viktiga steg mot att uppfylla dessa mål var att bestämma och kritiskt analysera effekterna av förbehandlingar på biogasprocessen samt utvärderingsmetoder på tre nivåer: Substratnivå - Direkta effekter på substratets kemiska och fysiska egenskaper och dess nedbrytbarhet/biotillgänglighet; Lokal systemnivå - Effekter av förbehandling på biogasprocessen och dess produkter, energiinsats och (lokala) uppströms och nedströms processer. Systemgränsen är "vid grinden" av biogasanläggningen och systemanalysen kan fokusera på energi och/eller ekonomiska aspekter; Utvidgad systemnivå - Inkluderar indirekta effekter av förbehandling med systemgränser som inkluderar externa processer. Systemanalysen kan fokusera på miljö- och/eller ekonomiska effekter. Olika substrategenskaper representerar olika typer och grader av begränsningar för optimal nedbrytning i biogasprocessen som kan motverkas av olika förbehandlingsmekanismer. Först och främst måste potentiella mekaniska problem hanteras genom utspädning och/eller homogenisering och oönskade komponenter, som i allmänhet finns i källsorterat matavfall från hushåll, måste separeras. Dessa egenskaper kan störa driften av biogasprocessen och potentialen för återvinning av näringsämnen, vilket ofta är motivet för biologisk behandling av avfall. När dessa praktiska hinder har övervunnits kan förbehandlingsinsatserna fokusers på att maximera omvandlingen av organiskt material till biogas, som potentiellt är begränsad av hastigheten och/eller graden av hydrolys. Lignocellulosa-strukturer och aerobt stabiliserat biologiskt slam representerar betydande hinder för hydrolys som kan övervinnas genom förbehandlingsinducerad solubilisering. Hydrolysen kan också begränsas av partiklarnas storlek, som kan reduceras genom specifika förbehandlingar. Slutligen kan substraten innehålla organiska föreningar som inte är (anaerobt) biologiskt nedbrytbara, som måste ombildas kemiskt för att kunna omvandlas till biogas. Biogassubstrat har dessa egenskaper i varierande grad och även bland substrat av samma kategori, såsom växtmaterial och överskottsslam från avloppsreningsverk (WWT), kan den potentiella effekten av förbehandlingar variera avsevärt. Biogassystemet kan potentiellt förbättras när substratbegränsningar övervinns med hjälp av förbehandling, genom förbättrad processtabilitet, ökat metanutbyte och minskad mängd torrsubstans i rötresten under liknande driftsförhållanden som de utan förbehandling eller genom att öka metanproduktiviteten genom att möjliggöra rötning vid kortare hydraulisk uppehållstid utan att ändra metanutbytet. Dock måste de nödvändiga insatserna i form av energi samt effekter på relaterade processer också övervägas. Den slutliga nyttan av en förbehandling i ett specifikt system avgörs av mass- och energibalansen och de ekonomiska eller miljömässiga kostnaderna/värdena av energiinsatser och rötningsprodukter. Utvärdering av förbehandlingseffekter och dess relevans utmanas av metodbegränsningar och brist på transparens. Ett vanligt mått på förbehandlingseffekter är COD-solubilisering, men tolkningen av dessa resultat försvåras
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