DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis with Viva Corrections

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis with Viva Corrections Genetic analysis of the critically endangered Trinidad Piping guan (Pipile pipile): Implications for phylogenetic placement and conservation strategies Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Robinson, Louise A. Publisher University of Chester Download date 27/09/2021 02:16:54 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/346901 This work has been submitted to ChesterRep – the University of Chester’s online research repository http://chesterrep.openrepository.com Author(s): Louise Anne Robinson Title: Genetic analysis of the critically endangered Trinidad Piping guan (Pipile pipile): Implications for phylogenetic placement and conservation strategies Date: November 2011 Originally published as: University of Chester PhD thesis Example citation: Robinson, L. A. (2011). Genetic analysis of the critically endangered Trinidad Piping guan (Pipile pipile): Implications for phylogenetic placement and conservation strategies. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Chester, United Kingdom. Version of item: Amended version Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10034/346901 Genetic analysis of the critically endangered Trinidad Piping guan (Pipile pipile ): Implications for phylogenetic placement and conservation strategies Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Chester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By: Louise Anne Robinson November 2011 Acknowledgements This thesis is dedicated to my husband Anthony for his constant support throughout the course of this research. I would like to thank the University Gladstone Fellowship scheme for funding this PhD research from January 2008 to January 2011 and the World Pheasant Association for their continued support and Research Associate status awarded to me in 2008. Sincere thanks are owed to my principle supervisor Dr Ian McDowall whose unfailing academic and personal support has been essential to the successful completion of this project. I also thank my joint supervisor Dr Charlotte Hosie for her commitment to the research and providing valuable feedback throughout the course of study. This research would not have been possible without the help of Prof. John Cooper and the support of the Pawi Study Group in Trinidad who provided genetic samples of the Trinidad Piping guan and information regarding current issues. Photographs of the Trinidad Piping guan and related pictures supplied by Margaret Cooper and Kerrie T. Naranjit are highly appreciated for there visual demonstrations of issues discussed in the text. Dr Luís Fábio Silveira and Patrícia Lopes at the Universidade de São Paulo are thanked for their provision of samples from Cracid species. Special thanks are given to Patrícia Lopes for her advice on the morphology of Piping guans. Also acknowledged for their donation of samples is Chester Zoological Society who provided feathers from the red-billed curassow (Crax blumenbachii ) and black vulture (Coragyps atratus ) for use as comparator species. For the investigation of closely related species, the Lotherton Bird Garden, Cotswold Wildlife Park and Gardens and Fenton Barns are acknowledged for the provision of feather samples against which methods devised in the current research were tested. I would also like to thank my family for their boundless support and PhD students past and present for continual encouragement. Special appreciation is given to two friends in particular. Robert Swain is thanked for his friendship, support and assistance with computer software without which the progress of this research would have been significantly impeded. Additionally, Robert Coleman with his infectious positive attitude and generosity is thanked for creating an excellent working environment. Finally, I would like to honour the memory of my grandparents and of family friend Harry Shaw. I also thank Harry’s partner June Bayley for providing chicken feathers on which many of the universal primers were originally tested. Table of Contents Page N o: Abbreviations Used in the Text .................................................................... 1 List of Tables and Figures............................................................................. 3 Abstract ......................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 1 Conservation and Status of the Trinidad Piping guan 1.1 Cracids..................................................................................................... 16 1.1.1 The Piping guans ........................................................................ 17 1.1.2 Disputed Classification of the Piping guans ................................ 18 1.1.3 Current phylogeny of the Piping guans ....................................... 19 1.1.4 Geographical distribution of the Trinidad Piping guan................. 21 1.1.5 Morphology of the Trinidad Piping guan...................................... 23 1.1.6 History and ecology of the Trinidad Piping guan ......................... 24 1.2 Conservation of the species .................................................................. 25 1.2.1 Raising public awareness............................................................ 25 1.2.2 The effect of awareness campaigns on attitudes ........................ 27 1.2.3 Ecotourism .................................................................................. 28 1.2.4 Field based research................................................................... 31 1.2.5 The use of species field markers in Trinidad ............................... 32 1.2.6 Combating wildlife crime ............................................................. 33 1.3 Forensic Techniques .............................................................................. 34 1.3.1 Mitochondrial DNA ...................................................................... 35 1.3.2 Evidence of small populations within mitochondrial DNA ............ 38 1.4 Aims of the investigation ....................................................................... 39 Page N o: Chapter 2 General Methodologies and Materials 2.1 Introduction to general procedures ...................................................... 41 2.2 Biological samples used for DNA extraction........................................ 41 2.2.1 Further taxa and permits obtained during the course of study .... 42 2.3 DNA extraction ........................................................................................ 44 2.4 Mitochondrial genome regions sequenced in the current study........ 45 2.4.1 DNA amplification........................................................................ 45 2.4.2 ND2 Universal Primers................................................................ 45 2.4.3 Degenerate bases....................................................................... 46 2.4.4 Cytochrome b Universal primers ................................................. 46 2.4.5 Principles of amplification/sequencing primer design.................. 47 2.4.6 Primers used during the course of the study ............................... 48 2.5 Electrophoresis....................................................................................... 51 2.3 Cycle sequencing and data handling.................................................... 52 Chapter 3 Review and establishment of sampling methodologies for use in the current investigation 3.1 Analysis of sampling methodologies for the species of study........... 53 3.2 Museum sampling...................................................................................54 3.2.1 Maintaining museum collections.................................................. 54 3.2.2 Extraction of DNA from museum samples................................... 55 3.2.3 Trinidad Piping guan museum samples ...................................... 56 Page N o: 3.3 The importance of sampling methodology selection in endangered species research........................................................... 57 3.3.1 Invasive sampling........................................................................ 60 3.3.2 Non-invasive sampling ................................................................ 61 Methods 3.4 Comparison of blood and feather sampling......................................... 62 3.4.1 The viability of invasive sampling to the current study................. 64 3.5 Feather samples as a suitable DNA resource ...................................... 64 3.5.1 Non-invasive feather sample collection....................................... 65 3.5.2 Examination of feathers prior to genetic testing .......................... 66 3.5.3 Common feather types in genetic studies ................................... 67 3.5.4 Location of highest DNA yield within a feather ............................ 68 3.5.5 The integrity of non-invasive feather samples ............................. 70 3.5.6 Increasing the chance of DNA extraction in non-invasive Sampling ..............................................................................................71 3.6 DNA extraction, amplification and subsequent electrophoresis ........ 72 3.7 Methodology selection for the current investigation........................... 72 3.7.1 Results of the chosen sampling methodology ............................. 73 3.8 Discussion............................................................................................... 79 3.9 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 81 Page N o: Chapter 4 Comparative sequence analysis and phylogenetic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Full Text in Pdf Format
    Vol. 7: 77–84, 2009 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Printed May 2009 doi: 10.3354/esr00184 Endang Species Res Published online May 5, 2009 OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Status and conservation of the critically endangered Trinidad piping-guan Aburria pipile Floyd E. Hayes1, 4,*, Bryan Sanasie2, 5, Ishmaelangelo Samad3 1Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago 2Department of Biology, University of the Southern Caribbean, Maracas Valley, Trinidad and Tobago 3El Tucuche Hiking Lodge and Nature Retreat, Loango Village, Maracas, Trinidad and Tobago 4Present address: Department of Biology, Pacific Union College, 1 Angwin Avenue, Angwin, California 94508, USA 5Present address: 4867 Greenfield Drive Apt. 1, Berrien Springs, Michigan 49103, USA ABSTRACT: The Trinidad piping-guan Aburria pipile is endemic to the island of Trinidad, where it is critically endangered. We reviewed previously published historical records of the piping-guan and compiled reports from local residents and visiting birders. The piping-guan formerly occurred throughout much of Trinidad at all elevations, except perhaps along the west coast. Currently it is most abundant in the eastern half of the Northern Range, where considerable forest habitat remains, yet it remains rare and local. A few piping-guans may persist in forested areas of southern Trinidad, where the species was last reported in 2000. It may be extirpated in central Trinidad, where it was last reported in 1983. Hunting is clearly the major threat but appears to have declined in the past decade, at least in the Northern Range, due to recent public education campaigns. Recent sightings in areas where the piping-guan had previously not been reported for a century suggest a growing population in the Northern Range.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 , T Recovery
    Strategy 2011 , t Recovery Species anjit and P.J.K. McGowan Pawi Edited by H. P. Nelson, C. Devenish, N. Bobb‐Prescot Alesha Naranjit, Kerrie Nar The Pawi Study Group, World Pheasant Association & Bird Life International CONTENTS 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 2.0 INTRODUCTION 4 3.0 SPECIES DESCRIPTION 4 3.1 The species’ functions and values 5 4.0 STATUS REVIEW 6 4.1 Historical account 6 4.2 Current distribution and demography 7 4.3 Habitat and resource assessment 8 4.4 Threat analysis 9 5.0 VISION AND GOALS 11 5.1 Vision 11 5.2 Goals 11 6.0 OBJECTIVES 12 6.1 Goal A: The Pawi lives throughout its natural habitat 12 6.2 Goal B: Greater involvement by Trinidadians in conservation of the species 13 7.0 ACTIONS 14 7.1 Goal A - Objective 1. To provide the necessary scientific knowledge 14 7.2 Goal A - Objective 2. To promote management that will increase Pawi numbers 15 7.3 Goal A - Objective 3. To review legislation on the Pawi and land-use planning 16 7.4 Goal B - Objective 1. Improve networking and co-ordination of stakeholders 16 7.5 Goal B - Objective 2. To increase awareness within the private sector 17 7.6 Goal B - Objective 3. Promote rural livelihoods that will meet local needs and not damage the survival prospects of the Pawi and its habitat. 18 7.7 Goal B - Objective 4. Conduct awareness-raising programmes 18 8.0 WORKS CITED 20 1 List of Acronyms CBO community based organization EMA Environmental Management Authority ESA Environmentally Sensitive Area ESS Environmentally Sensitive Species IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature NGO non-governmental organization PSG Pawi Study Group SPAW Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife Protocol of the Cartagena Convention UNDP United Nations Development Programme WPA World Pheasant Association 2 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Trinidad Piping-guan, Pipile pipile, known locally as Pawi, is endemic to Trinidad, having been elevated to full species by Strahl and Schmitz in 1997.
    [Show full text]
  • TAS Trinidad and Tobago Birding Tour June 14-24, 2012 Brian Rapoza, Tour Leader
    TAS Trinidad and Tobago Birding Tour June 14-24, 2012 Brian Rapoza, Tour Leader This past June 14-24, a group of nine birders and photographers (TAS President Joe Barros, along with Kathy Burkhart, Ann Wiley, Barbara and Ted Center, Nancy and Bruce Moreland and Lori and Tony Pasko) joined me for Tropical Audubon’s birding tour to Trinidad and Tobago. We were also joined by Mark Lopez, a turtle-monitoring colleague of Ann’s, for the first four days of the tour. The islands, which I first visited in 2008, are located between Venezuela and Grenada, at the southern end of the Lesser Antilles, and are home to a distinctly South American avifauna, with over 470 species recorded. The avifauna is sometimes referred to as a Whitman’s sampler of tropical birding, in that most neotropical bird families are represented on the islands by at least one species, but never by an overwhelming number, making for an ideal introduction for birders with limited experience in the tropics. The bird list includes two endemics, the critically endangered Trinidad Piping Guan and the beautiful yet considerably more common Trinidad Motmot; we would see both during our tour. Upon our arrival in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago’s capital, we were met by the father and son team of Roodal and Dave Ramlal, our drivers and bird guides during our stay in Trinidad. Ruddy Ground-Dove, Gray- breasted Martin, White-winged Swallow and Carib Grackle were among the first birds encountered around the airport. We were immediately driven to Asa Wright Nature Centre, in the Arima Valley of Trinidad’s Northern Range, our base of operations for the first seven nights of our tour.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club
    Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club Natura Maxime Miranda in Minimis Published July 1986. LIVING WORLD is published biennially by the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club. This issue is dedicated to Rtchard ffrench. All rights reserved. Type·setting, design and page mechanicals by 8M Publica· tions, 20 Collens Road, Maraval, Trinidad. Dedication RICHARD FFRENCH was born in England and shortly after gra­ duating from Oxford University came to the West Indies with his wife Margaret. He lived in Barbados for three years and then came to Trinidad to teach at St Peter's School, Pointe-a'-Pierre. His interest in birds was alreadY well developed bu t so was his interest in music and he contributed much to the cultural life of Trinidad and Tobago in both of these fields. He is a past president of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club and edited its jour­ nal for a number of years. He was also chairman of the Board of Management of the Asa Wright Nature Centre for some years and served as a member of the board after his term as chairman. From his arrival in Trinidad to his departure in April 1985 he studied the avifauna of our two islands and produced his Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago in 1973. It is now in its fourth edition. A smaller (and cheaper) guide to the common birds has just been published and shDuld introduce the study of birds to an even wider pUblic. He has published several papers in this journal and in others and with Peter Bacon wrote Nature Trails of Trinidad.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovery of the Trinidad Piping-Guan ( Pipile Pipile )
    Expedition ID: 300605 Grant Category : Gold Grant Amount: $14,500 Project Pawi: Recovery of the Trinidad Piping-Guan ( Pipile pipile ) Team members: Jahson Alemu, Emma Davis, Aidan Keane, Kevin Mahabir, Srishti Mohais, Alesha Naranjit, Kerrie Naranjit, Bethany Stoker Contact: Aidan Keane Imperial College London Silwood Park Buckhurst Road Ascot Berks SL5 7PY [email protected] Acknowledgements The team would like to thank British Petroleum (BP), BirdLife International, Fauna and Flora International (FFI), Conservation International, Wildlife Conservation Society for funding the project. Special thanks go to Phil McGowan at the World Pheasant Association and to Marianne, Robyn and Kate at the BP Conservation Programme whose help and patience have been invaluable throughout. Project Pawi was only possible because of the generosity, support and encouragement of a large number of people within Trinidad itself, to whom we are very grateful. The team would particularly like to thank the members of the Pawi Study Group, tirelessly led by John and Margaret Cooper, for their practical help, thoughtful discussions and friendship. On ecological matters the guidance and expertise of Adrian Hailey and Howard Nelson was greatly appreciated. Grande Riviere has been at the heart of efforts to study the Pawi for many years, and once again played a central role in our project. We are indebted to owners of the Grande Riviere house for their generosity in allowing us to use the site as our base. The team would especially like to thank the guides of the Grande Riviere Nature Tour Guide Association and Mr Guy for their help and friendship. We are very grateful for the practical support provided by the University of the West Indies, Asa Wright, the Forestry Department, the Wildlife Section and the National Parks Section.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive and Agonistic Behaviors of Black-Fronted Piping Guans Candidates for Release and Reintroduced (Galliformes: Cracidae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
    Oecologia Australis 24(4):791-802, 2020 https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2020.2404.04 REPRODUCTIVE AND AGONISTIC BEHAVIORS OF BLACK-FRONTED PIPING GUANS CANDIDATES FOR RELEASE AND REINTRODUCED (GALLIFORMES: CRACIDAE) IN THE BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST Livia Dias Cavalcante de Souza1*, Alecsandra Tassoni Pereira2, Cristiano Schetini Azevedo3, Christine Steiner São Bernardo4, Pedro Ferreira Develey2 & Carlos Ramón Ruiz-Miranda1 1 Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, CEP: 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. 2 Sociedade para a Conservação das Aves do Brasil-SAVE Brasil, Rua Fernão Dias 219, CEP: 05427-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 3 Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. 4 Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Avenida dos Ingás 3001, CEP: 78555-000, Sinop, MT, Brazil. E-mails: [email protected] (*corresponding author); [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; cruizmiranda@gmail. com Abstract: The black-fronted piping guan, Pipile jacutinga, is an endemic Atlantic Forest cracid currently classified as Endangered in Brazil and globally. We present data on the reproductive and agonistic behaviors of a pair of captive reared Black-fronted piping guans reintroduced in a protected area in Serra da Mantiqueira, São Paulo state, Brazil, as well as opportunistic records of reproductive behavior of Black-fronted piping guan candidates for release that were held inside a pre-release acclimation enclosure.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Fecal Progestagens, Estrogens, and Androgens
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Undergraduate Research Symposium Posters Undergraduate Research Fall 2016 Patterns of fecal progestagens, estrogens, and androgens associated with reproduction in blue- throated piping guans (Pipile cumanensis) Leslie Ann Sterling Washington University in St Louis Helen Clawitter Saint Louis Zoo Corinne P. Kozlowski Saint Louis Zoo Michael Macek Saint Louis Zoo Anne Tieber Saint Louis Zoo Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/undergrad_research Part of the Animals Commons, Animal Studies Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Ornithology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Sterling, Leslie Ann; Clawitter, Helen; Kozlowski, Corinne P.; Macek, Michael; and Tieber, Anne, "Patterns of fecal progestagens, estrogens, and androgens associated with reproduction in blue-throated piping guans (Pipile cumanensis)" (2016). Undergraduate Research Symposium Posters. 77. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/undergrad_research/77 This Unrestricted is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Research at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Research Symposium Posters by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Patterns of fecal progestagens, estrogens, and androgens associated with reproduction in blue-throated piping guans (Pipile cumanensis) Leslie A. Sterling1, Helen Clawitter2, Corinne P. Kozlowski2, Michael Macek3, Anne Tieber3 1Washington University in St. Louis; 2Research Department, Saint Louis Zoo; 3Bird Department, Saint Louis Zoo Introduction Results Table 1: Female and male blue-throated piping guan reproductive trends. Mean Clutch Size (average ± S.E. eggs) 1.6 ± 0.07 While fecal hormone analyses are routinely employed to monitor reproduction in mammals, few studies have utilized Range of Clutch Sizes (eggs/clutch) 1 to 3 these techniques to investigate avian reproductive events.
    [Show full text]
  • Best of Trinidad | Species List April 21-28, 2018 | Compiled by Bob Meinke
    Best of Trinidad | Species List April 21-28, 2018 | Compiled by Bob Meinke GUIDE BOB MEINKE, WITH EXPERT ASA WRIGHT NATURE CENTER NATURALISTS ROODAL AND DAVE RAMLAL, AND 11 PARTICIPANTS: KELLY, JULIANA, BILL, CAROLINE, MARY ELLEN, GEORGE, JANE, SUSAN, MICAHEL, CATHERINE, and DUNCAN SUMMARY The compilation below summarizes our sightings, covering 171 bird species, seen by all or at least some of the participants. An “HO” placed after a species name means the bird was heard only and not sighted, while “LO” designates those few species only spotted by the trip leader or a lodge guide. The ordering of families and species follows the Asa Wright Nature Center booklet we used on the trip, with a few exceptions, i.e., where family affiliation or species-level taxonomy have been changed to reflect the most recent updates appearing in the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Cornell Lab of Ornithology; http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/). BIRDS Tinamidae: Tinamous (1) Little Tinamou (HO) (Crypturellus soui) Birds were heard clearly, in the heavy brush at Wallerfield (former site of Waller Air Force Base, an American installation abandoned after World War II) Anatidae: Ducks, Geese and Swans (1) Blue-winged Teal (Spatula discors) A pair of birds were seen very briefly flying near the beach during our drive to Nariva Swamp Cracidae: Guans and Chachalacas (1) Trinidad Piping-Guan (Pipile pipile) Fifteen to twenty of this critically endangered cracid (fewer than 200 are known to still exist) were watched and photographed on the hills above Grand Riviere during our stay at Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Trinidad and Tobago
    GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO FOURTH NATIONAL REPORT OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Male White-necked Jacobin (Florisuga mellivora) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY provides an update on the status of implementation of the Convention in Trinidad and Tobago, and assesses the progress of the country in meeting the 2010 Biodiversity Target. Preparation of the report was consistent with the guidelines provided by the CBD and was informed by perspectives and inputs of key stakeholders. The Report is presented in the following four (4) chapters: Chapter 1: An assessment of the status of, trends in and threats to biodiversity in Trinidad and Tobago Chapter 2: An update on the implementation of Trinidad and Tobago‟s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) Chapter 3: An overview of efforts to mainstream biodiversity into national policies, programmes and projects Chapter 4: Conclusions: Progress towards the 2010 Target and implementation of the Strategic Plan Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic State, situated appropriately between 100 2' and 11º 12' north latitude, and 600 30' and 61º 56' west longitude. The country consists of the two (2) main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and 21 smaller islands and islets. Trinidad is the larger of the two islands, with an area of approximately 4,827 km2 while Tobago has an area of 303 km2. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the country covers an area of seventy-five thousand square kilometres (75,000 km2) – almost fifteen times as large as the land area of the islands combined. Trinidad and Tobago boasts a rich biota relative to its size.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Behaviour of the Critically Endangered Trinidad Piping-Guan Aburria Pipile
    Vol. 6: 223–229, 2009 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Printed March 2009 doi: 10.3354/esr00153 Endang Species Res Published online January 2, 2009 OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Ecology and behaviour of the critically endangered Trinidad piping-guan Aburria pipile Floyd E. Hayes1, 3,*, Clifmond L. Shameerudeen2, 4, Bryan Sanasie2, 5, Brett D. Hayes1, 3, Carol L. Ramjohn1, Floyd B. Lucas1 1Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago 2Department of Biology, University of the Southern Caribbean, Maracas Valley, Trinidad and Tobago 3Present address: Department of Biology, Pacific Union College, 1 Angwin Ave., Angwin, California 94508, USA 4Present address: 307 Michigan Street, Niles, Michigan 49120, USA 5Present address: 4867 Greenfield Dr. Apt. 1, Berrien Springs, Michigan 49103, USA ABSTRACT: From 1997 to 2001 we studied a group of 6 Trinidad piping-guans Aburria pipile, a crit- ically endangered species, in northern Trinidad. The group occupied a home range of 19 ha in highly disturbed secondary forest and around small farms, and often split into smaller groups. They spent 93.6% of the time in the forest canopy >5 m above ground and only 0.2% of the time on the ground (n = 48.1 h). In early morning (n = 18.7 h), they spent 80.3% of their time perched alert, 9.3% preen- ing, 3.9% flying, 3.6% walking, 2.4% feeding, 0.3% drinking, and 0.1% perched flapping. In late afternoon (n = 8.2 h), they spent 78.6% of their time perched alert, 12.8% preening, 3.7% walking, 3.0% feeding, 1.2% flying, and 0.7% drinking.
    [Show full text]
  • The Return of the Pawi to Our Fairly Common Along the Back Roads Neighbourhood Is an Exciting and Leading Into the Forests
    www.asawright.org Tel: (868) 667-4655 Email: [email protected] May 2014 human population of the value in A Pawi at Morne Bleu keeping our wildlife, and especially Photo by Colin Smith the Piping Guan, alive. Funding through the UNDP/ GEF Small Grants programme between 2010 and 2012 enabled the Trust to engage in hands-on field training and research collaboration with participants in key rural communities where historical sightings of Pawi had been made. These included Grande Riviere, Brasso Seco, Blanchisseuse and Matura, which all benefitted from the landmark appointments of community members as Pawi Guardians, and whose efforts served to build sustainability of project efforts within our forests. Cynics among us may question whether any environmental initiative The Trinidad Piping Guan (Pipile pipile) in Trinidad can bring positive results, or Pawi is one of Trinidad’s endemic given our cavalier neglect of our THE RETURN birds. This large, black bird featured natural heritage. But we are really in our February issue once inhabited pleased to acknowledge that in most of Trinidad’s forests. But habitat recent months, several of our visitors OF THE PAWI loss and hunting have taken their toll have enjoyed the opportunity of By Peter O’Connor on this special and, beautiful creature, seeing and photographing the Pawi and over the years, sightings had at Morne Bleu, just five minutes drive become rare. up the mountain from the Lodge. For a meaningful chance of seeing They return in time for breakfast, the “Pawi Bird”, our guests would proudly showing their pictures leave Spring Hill at 3:00 a.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989
    Reprint as at 26 March 2015 Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989 Public Act 1989 No 18 Date of assent 28 April 1989 Commencement see section 1(2) Contents Page Title 4 1 Short Title and commencement 4 2 Object of Act 4 3 Interpretation 4 4 Act to bind the Crown 7 5 No derogation from other enactments 7 Administration 6 Administration of Act 7 7 Scientific authorities 7 8 Minister’s general powers 8 Part 1 Trade in endangered, threatened, and exploited species 9 Trade in endangered, threatened, or exploited species 9 10 Application for permit or certificate 9 Note Changes authorised by subpart 2 of Part 2 of the Legislation Act 2012 have been made in this official reprint. Note 4 at the end of this reprint provides a list of the amendments incorporated. This Act is administered by the Department of Conservation. 1 Reprinted as at Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989 26 March 2015 11 Grant of permits and certificates 10 12 Appeals to District Court on question of law 10 Authority to trade in endangered species 13 Permit to export endangered species 11 14 Permit to import endangered species 12 15 Certificate to re-export endangered species 12 16 Certificate to introduce from the sea endangered species 13 Authority to trade in threatened species 17 Permit to export threatened species 13 18 Permit to import threatened species 14 19 Certificate to re-export threatened species 14 20 Certificate to introduce from the sea threatened species 14 Authority to trade in exploited species 21 Permit to export exploited species 15 22 Permit to import
    [Show full text]