Marine Ecology Progress Series 450:81
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Vol. 450: 81–92, 2012 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published March 29 doi: 10.3354/meps09577 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Spatial and temporal variation in the heat tolerance limits of two abundant Southern Ocean invertebrates S. A. Morley1,*, S. M. Martin2, A. E. Bates3, M. S. Clark1, J. Ericson3, M. Lamare3, L. S. Peck1 1British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB3 0ET, UK 214 Duck Lane, Eynesbury, St. Neots, Cambridgeshire PE19 2DD, UK 3Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand ABSTRACT: While, in lower latitudes, population-level differences in heat tolerance are linked to temperature variability, in the Southern Ocean remarkably stable year-round temperatures pre- vail. Temporal variation in the physiology of Antarctic ectotherms is therefore thought to be driven by the intense seasonality in primary productivity. Here we tested for differences in the acute upper temperature limits (lethal and activity) of 2 Antarctic marine invertebrates (the omnivorous starfish Odontaster validus and the filter-feeding clam Laternula elliptica) across latitude, seasons and years. Acute thermal responses in the starfish (righting and feeding) and clam (burrowing) differed between populations collected at 77° S (McMurdo Sound) and 67° S (Marguerite Bay). Both species displayed significantly higher temperature performance at 67° S, where seawater can reach a maximum of +1.8°C in summer versus −0.5°C at 77° S, showing that even the narrow spatial and temporal variation in environmental temperature in Antarctica is biologically mean- ingful to these stenothermal invertebrates. Temporal comparisons of heat tolerance also demon- strated seasonal differences in acute upper limits for survival that were consistent with physiolog- ical acclimatisation: lethal limits were lower in winter than summer and higher in warm years than cool years. However, clams had greater inter-annual variation of temperature limits than was observed for starfish, suggesting that variation in food availability is also an important factor, particularly for primary consumers. Teasing out the interaction of multiple factors on thermal tolerance will be important for refining species-specific predictions of climate change impacts. KEY WORDS: Temperature limit · Odontaster validus · Laternula elliptica · Antarctic · Seasonality · Acclimatisation Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION czanska et al. 2008). As body temperature influences enzyme kinetics and reaction rates, temperature is a Accurately predicting the effects of environmental major determinant of physiological thresholds and perturbation on biodiversity requires an a priori the geographic limits within which species can sur- knowledge of how various biotic and abiotic factors vive (Stillman 2003, Calosi et al. 2008, 2010). Yet impact species fitness. Temperature has emerged as studies of animals in shallow seas demonstrate that a key physical variable predicting ectothermic spe- additional physical variables such as pH, salinity and cies distributions at large (Deutsch et al. 2008, Sun- wave exposure interact with biological variables day et al. 2011) and small spatial scales (e.g. Polo - such as primary productivity (Brown et al. 2010) and *Email: [email protected] © Inter-Research 2012 · www.int-res.com 82 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 450: 81–92, 2012 predation (Poloczanska et al. 2008) across a variety of photoperiod, which interact with other physical fac- temporal and spatial scales to influence physiological tors to affect the seasonal cycles of primary produc- condition and organism survival, and ultimately dic- tivity (Clarke et al. 2008, Rhodes et al. 2009) and tate species distributions (Helmuth 2002, Brierley & degree of physical disturbance by ice bergs (Brown Kingsford 2009). et al. 2004). Although annual productivity is gener- The influence of temperature on species ranges has ally higher on the Ross Sea shelf (179 g C m−2 d−1) been repeatedly shown through latitudinal patterns than the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Sea shelf (67.9 g of temperature tolerance for both species (e.g. Cm−2 d−1, Arrigo et al. 2008), Antarctic filter feeders Deutsch et al. 2008, Gaston et al. 2009, Sunday et al. become saturated with algae at fairly low concentra- 2011) and populations (e.g. Eliason et al. 2011, Sorte tions. Thus, the duration of the bloom, rather than its et al. 2011). Until recently, research within the South- peak, is likely to be a better measure of annual food ern Ocean has focussed on quantifying the responses availability (Sanderson et al. 1994, Barnes 1995). The of species to the constant cold environment (e.g. bloom duration is broadly similar in McMurdo Sound Somero & DeVries 1967, Peck 2005). These stable an- (114 ± 5 d, 1998−2006; threshold value of 0.2 g C nual temperatures are in contrast to highly seasonal m−2 d−1; Rhodes et al. 2009, K. Arrigo pers. comm.) primary productivity, which has led to the suggestion and Marguerite Bay (132 ± 13 d, 1998−2005; thresh- that food availability, rather than temperature, is the old of 1 mg chlorophyll a m−3, Clarke et al. 2008). major driver of seasonal variation in physiology In this study, we compared the thermal response (Clarke 1988, Brockington & Clarke 2001). However, of populations of an omnivorous starfish, Odontaster recent studies have shown that due to the extreme validus, and a shallow-water, filter-feeding, Ant - stenothermality of Southern Ocean marine ecto - arctic infaunal clam, Laternula elliptica (King & therms, even the small differences in thermal envi- Broderip, 1831), collected from McMurdo Sound and ronment within the Southern Ocean can be enough to Marguerite Bay in the austral spring. Two whole - cause latitude-related variation in thermal response. animal physiological metrics were used to assay Temperature-related differences between species physiological state: upper lethal limits and activity (Bilyk & DeVries 2011), populations (Morley et al. thresholds (feeding and righting ability in the starfish 2009) and vertical distributions (Morley et al. 2010) and burrowing in the clam). To gain a more compre- have been found between locations. This study aimed hensive understanding of the effects of temperature to test for population-level variation in the thermal and seasonality on these 2 species, and to test accli- tolerance of marine invertebrates from 2 locations mation capacity, further experiments were carried within the Southern Ocean and to further test for sea- out at Marguerite Bay during the austral summer, sonal and inter-annual variation in thermal limits. when shallow water temperatures were warmer and We compared populations collected off the sea - the bloom was at its peak. The latter is particularly water intake jetty in front of McMurdo Research important for understanding the effect of food sup- Station, McMurdo Sound, in the Ross Sea (77° 50’ S, ply, as the bloom is more likely to affect primary con- 166° 39’ E) with ones from North Cove, Marguerite sumers such as L. elliptica (Norkko et al. 2007) and Bay, Antarctic Peninsula (67° 34’ S, 68° 8’ W), to test will influence their seasonal physiology (Brockington for population-level differences in whole-animal 2001, Brockington & Clarke 2001, Morley et al. 2007). physiology that would be consistent with geographic Omnivores such as O. validus, which also feed on variation in the physical and biotic environment. diatoms, but whose food supply is more constant McMurdo Sound is the southernmost open-water through the year, should generally have less pro- marine environment, which is only ice free for a short nounced seasonal physiological variation (Ober- period during the summer. This region has the lowest müller et al. 2010) allowing the effects of food and recorded variation in sea temperature, with a maxi- temperature to be separated. Inter-annual variation mum recorded annual range of only 1.4°C (−1.9 to was assessed by comparing new data with previously −0.5°C, Hunt et al. 2003). This is in contrast to the published data from Marguerite Bay in relatively lower latitude location, Marguerite Bay, which has a cool (<0.3°C) and warm (up to 1.7°C) summers. near 4°C maximum annual temperature range (−1.9 to +1.8°C; Clarke et al. 2008) and is currently experi- encing some of the fastest rates of warming on earth MATERIALS AND METHODS due to climate change effects (Meredith & King 2005). These environments also have substantial dif- The austral summer covers the period from Decem- ferences in the seasonal duration of sea ice cover and ber to February and is therefore presented as across Morley et al.: Variation in heat tolerance limits 83 2 yr, e.g. 2009/10. The same nomenclature is used for Marine Laboratory, the Odontaster validus were spring studies so that it is obvious how the seasons removed and placed in 5 l aerated plastic aquaria in follow each other. Experiments were carried out at an incubator which maintained water temperature at McMurdo in the austral spring of 2009/10 and com- 0.7 ± 1.1°C (± SD) and experiments conducted within parisons made with data from the Marguerite Bay 3 wk. Marguerite Bay O. validus were collected by late winter/spring of 2010/11, i.e. same time of year SCUBA divers from 10 to 20 m from bays around with similar strength blooms measured in each sea- Rothera Research Station (67.57° S, 68.13° W) and son (simultaneous experiments at the 2 locations kept in flow-through aquaria at ambient temperature were not logistically possible). Additional Marguerite (−0.5 to 1.7°C depending on season and year). Bay comparisons were made with animals assayed Acute upper lethal limits.Acute lethal limits for all later in the summer of 2010/11 to study seasonality trials were measured at a heating rate of 1°C d−1, effects. Further comparisons of these summer data controlled by thermocirculators attached to jacketed were made with previously published data from Mar- tanks (after Peck et al.