Marine Ecology Progress Series 385:77
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Trophic Interactions Within the Ross Sea Continental Shelf Ecosystem Walker O
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2007) 362, 95–111 doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1956 Published online 6 December 2006 Trophic interactions within the Ross Sea continental shelf ecosystem Walker O. Smith Jr1,*, David G. Ainley2 and Riccardo Cattaneo-Vietti3 1Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA 2H.T. Harvey and Associates, 3150 Almaden Expressway, Suite 145, San Jose, CA 95118, USA 3Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Universita` di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy The continental shelf of the Ross Sea is one of the Antarctic’s most intensively studied regions. We review the available data on the region’s physical characteristics (currents and ice concentrations) and their spatial variations, as well as components of the neritic food web, including lower and middle levels (phytoplankton, zooplankton, krill, fishes), the upper trophic levels (seals, penguins, pelagic birds, whales) and benthic fauna. A hypothetical food web is presented. Biotic interactions, such as the role of Euphausia crystallorophias and Pleuragramma antarcticum as grazers of lower levels and food for higher trophic levels, are suggested as being critical. The neritic food web contrasts dramatically with others in the Antarctic that appear to be structured around the keystone species Euphausia superba. Similarly, we suggest that benthic–pelagic coupling is stronger in the Ross Sea than in most other Antarctic regions. We also highlight many of the unknowns within the food web, and discuss the impacts of a changing Ross Sea habitat on the ecosystem. Keywords: Ross Sea; neritic food web; bio-physical coupling; ecosystem function; ecosystem structure; pelagic–benthic coupling 1. -
Taxonomy and Diversity of the Sponge Fauna from Walters Shoal, a Shallow Seamount in the Western Indian Ocean Region
Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region By Robyn Pauline Payne A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae in the Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Supervisors: Dr Toufiek Samaai Prof. Mark J. Gibbons Dr Wayne K. Florence The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. December 2015 Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region Robyn Pauline Payne Keywords Indian Ocean Seamount Walters Shoal Sponges Taxonomy Systematics Diversity Biogeography ii Abstract Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region R. P. Payne MSc Thesis, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Seamounts are poorly understood ubiquitous undersea features, with less than 4% sampled for scientific purposes globally. Consequently, the fauna associated with seamounts in the Indian Ocean remains largely unknown, with less than 300 species recorded. One such feature within this region is Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount located on the South Madagascar Ridge, which is situated approximately 400 nautical miles south of Madagascar and 600 nautical miles east of South Africa. Even though it penetrates the euphotic zone (summit is 15 m below the sea surface) and is protected by the Southern Indian Ocean Deep- Sea Fishers Association, there is a paucity of biodiversity and oceanographic data. -
Isodictya Palmata Class: Demospongiae Order
Remains of sponges can be found along the shoreline. Isodictya palmata Class: Demospongiae Order: Poecilosclerida Family: Isodictyidae Genus: Isodictya Distribution This species occurs in the Demospongiae is the most diverse class of sponges, including more boreal and sub-arctic North than 90% of the known species commonly known as Atlantic. It is widespread at demosponges. In this class the order Poecilosclerida is the largest both sides of the North and most diverse order, with 25 families and several thousand Atlantic Ocean, as far south species. One of these families is Isodictyidae. This family contains as the British Isles in the a great variety of species with a wide global distribution. The east and the Gulf of Main genus Isodictya is a North Atlantic species in this family. It is in the west. found from Newfoundland to North Carolina and occurs in Nova Scotian waters. Habitat For the most part sponges occur on bedrock. They attach They are benthic, living at themselves firmly to solid surfaces. The hard substrate is the bottom of seas, lakes or typically located at the base of rock cliffs and consists of rivers. At Burntcoat Head outcrops, boulders, and rock debris of decreasing size. This they occupy the species is most often seen on rocky locations at depths of 10 surrounding coastal area. metres and further down to about 37 metres. Depths vary with geographic location. Some other species range from intertidal to hadal depths. Food These are suspension Ambient water is drawn into the body of the sponge through feeders. Minute particles of minute openings (ostia). -
Proposal for a Revised Classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera) Christine Morrow1 and Paco Cárdenas2,3*
Morrow and Cárdenas Frontiers in Zoology (2015) 12:7 DOI 10.1186/s12983-015-0099-8 DEBATE Open Access Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera) Christine Morrow1 and Paco Cárdenas2,3* Abstract Background: Demospongiae is the largest sponge class including 81% of all living sponges with nearly 7,000 species worldwide. Systema Porifera (2002) was the result of a large international collaboration to update the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on morphological data. Since then, an increasing number of molecular phylogenetic studies have considerably shaken this taxonomic framework, with numerous polyphyletic groups revealed or confirmed and new clades discovered. And yet, despite a few taxonomical changes, the overall framework of the Systema Porifera classification still stands and is used as it is by the scientific community. This has led to a widening phylogeny/classification gap which creates biases and inconsistencies for the many end-users of this classification and ultimately impedes our understanding of today’s marine ecosystems and evolutionary processes. In an attempt to bridge this phylogeny/classification gap, we propose to officially revise the higher taxa Demospongiae classification. Discussion: We propose a revision of the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on molecular data of the last ten years. We recommend the use of three subclasses: Verongimorpha, Keratosa and Heteroscleromorpha. We retain seven (Agelasida, Chondrosiida, Dendroceratida, Dictyoceratida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Verongiida) of the 13 orders from Systema Porifera. We recommend the abandonment of five order names (Hadromerida, Halichondrida, Halisarcida, lithistids, Verticillitida) and resurrect or upgrade six order names (Axinellida, Merliida, Spongillida, Sphaerocladina, Suberitida, Tetractinellida). Finally, we create seven new orders (Bubarida, Desmacellida, Polymastiida, Scopalinida, Clionaida, Tethyida, Trachycladida). -
Carnivorous Sponges of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans
&DUQLYRURXVVSRQJHVRIWKH$WODQWLFDQG $UFWLF2FHDQV 3K\ORJHQ\WD[RQRP\GLVWULEXWLRQDQGPLFURELDODVVRFLDWLRQVRIWKH &ODGRUKL]LGDH 'HPRVSRQJLDH3RHFLORVFOHULGD -RQ7KRPDVVHQ+HVWHWXQ Dissertation for the degree of philosophiae doctor (PhD) at the University of Bergen 'LVVHUWDWLRQGDWH1RYHPEHUWK © Copyright Jon Thomassen Hestetun The material in this publication is protected by copyright law. Year: 2016 Title: Carnivorous sponges of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Phylogeny, taxonomy, distribution and microbial associations of the Cladorhizidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) Author: Jon Thomassen Hestetun Print: AiT Bjerch AS / University of Bergen 3 Scientific environment This PhD project was financed through a four-year PhD position at the University of Bergen, and the study was conducted at the Department of Biology, Marine biodiversity research group, and the Centre of Excellence (SFF) Centre for Geobiology at the University of Bergen. The work was additionally funded by grants from the Norwegian Biodiversity Centre (grant to H.T. Rapp, project number 70184219), the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (grant to H.T. Rapp), the Research Council of Norway (through contract number 179560), the SponGES project through Horizon 2020, the European Union Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (grant agreement No 679849), the Meltzer Fund, and the Joint Fund for the Advancement of Biological Research at the University of Bergen. 4 5 Acknowledgements I have, initially through my master’s thesis and now during these four years of my PhD, in all been involved with carnivorous sponges for some six years. Trying to look back and somehow summarizing my experience with this work a certain realization springs to mind: It took some time before I understood my luck. My first in-depth exposure to sponges was in undergraduate zoology, and I especially remember watching “The Shape of Life”, an American PBS-produced documentary series focusing on the different animal phyla, with an enthusiastic Dr. -
Porifera) in Singapore and Description of a New Species of Forcepia (Poecilosclerida: Coelosphaeridae)
Contributions to Zoology, 81 (1) 55-71 (2012) Biodiversity of shallow-water sponges (Porifera) in Singapore and description of a new species of Forcepia (Poecilosclerida: Coelosphaeridae) Swee-Cheng Lim1, 3, Nicole J. de Voogd2, Koh-Siang Tan1 1 Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore 2 Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity, Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 3 E-mail: [email protected] Key words: intertidal, Southeast Asia, sponge assemblage, subtidal, tropical Abstract gia) patera (Hardwicke, 1822) was the first sponge de- scribed from Singapore in the 19th century. This was A surprisingly high number of shallow water sponge species followed by Leucosolenia flexilis (Haeckel, 1872), (197) were recorded from extensive sampling of natural inter- Coelocarteria singaporensis (Carter, 1883) (as Phloeo tidal and subtidal habitats in Singapore (Southeast Asia) from May 2003 to June 2010. This is in spite of a highly modified dictyon), and Callyspongia (Cladochalina) diffusa coastline that encompasses one of the world’s largest container Ridley (1884). Subsequently, Dragnewitsch (1906) re- ports as well as extensive oil refining and bunkering industries. corded 24 sponge species from Tanjong Pagar and Pu- A total of 99 intertidal species was recorded in this study. Of lau Brani in the Singapore Strait. A further six species these, 53 species were recorded exclusively from the intertidal of sponge were reported from Singapore in the 1900s, zone and only 45 species were found on both intertidal and subtidal habitats, suggesting that tropical intertidal and subtidal although two species, namely Cinachyrella globulosa sponge assemblages are different and distinct. -
MOLLUSCA Nudibranchs, Pteropods, Gastropods, Bivalves, Chitons, Octopus
UNDERWATER FIELD GUIDE TO ROSS ISLAND & MCMURDO SOUND, ANTARCTICA: MOLLUSCA nudibranchs, pteropods, gastropods, bivalves, chitons, octopus Peter Brueggeman Photographs: Steve Alexander, Rod Budd/Antarctica New Zealand, Peter Brueggeman, Kirsten Carlson/National Science Foundation, Canadian Museum of Nature (Kathleen Conlan), Shawn Harper, Luke Hunt, Henry Kaiser, Mike Lucibella/National Science Foundation, Adam G Marsh, Jim Mastro, Bruce A Miller, Eva Philipp, Rob Robbins, Steve Rupp/National Science Foundation, Dirk Schories, M Dale Stokes, and Norbert Wu The National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs sponsored Norbert Wu on an Artist's and Writer's Grant project, in which Peter Brueggeman participated. One outcome from Wu's endeavor is this Field Guide, which builds upon principal photography by Norbert Wu, with photos from other photographers, who are credited on their photographs and above. This Field Guide is intended to facilitate underwater/topside field identification from visual characters. Organisms were identified from photographs with no specimen collection, and there can be some uncertainty in identifications solely from photographs. © 1998+; text © Peter Brueggeman; photographs © Steve Alexander, Rod Budd/Antarctica New Zealand Pictorial Collection 159687 & 159713, 2001-2002, Peter Brueggeman, Kirsten Carlson/National Science Foundation, Canadian Museum of Nature (Kathleen Conlan), Shawn Harper, Luke Hunt, Henry Kaiser, Mike Lucibella/National Science Foundation, Adam G Marsh, Jim Mastro, Bruce A Miller, Eva -
Marine Ecology Progress Series 371:297
Vol. 371: 297–300, 2008 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published November 19 doi: 10.3354/meps07710 Mar Ecol Prog Ser NOTE Intraspecific agonistic arm-fencing behavior in the Antarctic keystone sea star Odontaster validus influences prey acquisition James B. McClintock1,*, Robert A. Angus1, Christina P. Ho1, Charles D. Amsler1, Bill J. Baker2 1Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA 2Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA ABSTRACT: The importance of intraspecific social behaviors in mediating foraging behaviors of marine invertebrate keystone predators has received little attention. In laboratory investigations employing time-lapse video, we observed that the keystone Antarctic sea star Odontaster validus dis- plays frequent agonistic arm-fencing bouts with conspecifics when near prey (injured sea urchin). Arm-fencing bouts consisted of 2 individuals elevating the distal portion of an arm until positioned arm tip to arm tip. This was followed by intermittent or continuous arm to arm contact, carried out in attempts to place an arm onto the aboral (upper) surface of the opponent. Fifteen (79%) of the 19 bouts observed occurred near prey (mean ± 1 SE, 13 ± 1.6 cm distance to prey; n = 13). These bouts lasted 21.05 ± 2.53 min (n = 15). In all 5 bouts that involved a large individual (radius, R: distance from the tip of an arm to the center of the oral disk; 45 to 53 mm) competing with either a medium (R = 35 to 42 mm) or small (R = 25 to 32 mm) individual, the large sea star prevailed. The only exception occurred in 2 instances where a medium-sized sea star had settled onto prey and was subsequently challenged by a larger individual. -
The Role of Body Size in Complex Food Webs: a Cold Case
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This chapter was originally published in the book Advances in Ecological Research, Vol. 45 published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who know you, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial From: Ute Jacob, Aaron Thierry, Ulrich Brose, Wolf E. Arntz, Sofia Berg, Thomas Brey, Ingo Fetzer, Tomas Jonsson, Katja Mintenbeck, Christian Möllmann, Owen Petchey, Jens O. Riede and Jennifer A. Dunne, The Role of Body Size in Complex Food Webs: A Cold Case. In Andrea Belgrano and Julia Reiss, editors: Advances in Ecological Research, Vol. 45, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2011, pp. 181-223. ISBN: 978-0-12-386475-8 © Copyright 2011 Elsevier Ltd. Academic press. Author's personal copy The Role of Body Size in Complex Food Webs: A Cold Case UTE JACOB,1,* AARON THIERRY,2,3 ULRICH BROSE,4 WOLF E. ARNTZ,5 SOFIA BERG,6 THOMAS BREY,5 INGO FETZER,7 TOMAS JONSSON,6 KATJA MINTENBECK,5 CHRISTIAN MO¨ LLMANN,1 OWEN L. -
Marine Benthic Populations in Antarctica: Patterns and Processes
FOUNDATIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH WEST OF THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA ANTARCTIC RESEARCH SERIES , VOLUME 70, PAGES 373-388 MARINE BENTHIC POPULATIONS IN ANTARCTICA: PATTERNS AND PROCESSES Andrew Clarke British Antarctic Survey. High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge eB3 OET. U.K. Sampling difficulties have meant that there have been more studies of population patterns than of proc esses in Antarctic benthos, but a number of generalizations can be made. Benthic marine invenebrates in Antarctica have species/abundance relationships similar to those found in temperate or tropical regions but, several striking examples of gigantism notwithstanding. most species are small. Diversity is generally high, particularly in comparison with the Arctic, although some taxa (for example molluscs) are low in diversity when compared with temperate or tropicaJ faunas. Most species produce larger eggs than related non-polar species, and embryonic development is typically slow. Although the Southern Ocean contains fewer taxa reproducing by feeding pelagic larvae than elsewhere, such larvae are by no means absent. Somewhat paradoxically, these larvae are often released in winter. Post-juvenile growth rates are typically slow, and recruitment rates are slow and episodic. The low temperature slows many biological processes, but other fac tors are also involved. Ice is an irnponant factor in many biological processes, and the recently described sub-decadal variability in the e"tent of winter sea-ice is likely to e"ert a profound influence on benthic ceo- 10gica1 processes in Antarctica. I, INTRODUCTION 2_ ECOLOGICAL PATfERNS It has long been traditional in ecology to draw a distinc 2_1. Ecological PaJtems in Antarctic Benthos: Species Size tion between the study of pattern and process. -
Recruitment, Growth and Mortality of an Antarctic Hexactinellid Sponge, Anoxycalyx Joubini
Recruitment, Growth and Mortality of an Antarctic Hexactinellid Sponge, Anoxycalyx joubini Paul K. Dayton1*, Stacy Kim2, Shannon C. Jarrell1, John S. Oliver2, Kamille Hammerstrom2, Jennifer L. Fisher3, Kevin O’Connor2, Julie S. Barber4, Gordon Robilliard5, James Barry6, Andrew R. Thurber7, Kathy Conlan8 1 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America, 2 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California, United States of America, 3 Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon, United States of America, 4 Swinomish Indian Tribal Community, La Conner, Washington, United States of America, 5 Cardno Entrix, Gig Harbor, Washington State, United States of America, 6 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, United States of America, 7 College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America, 8 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Abstract Polar ecosystems are sensitive to climate forcing, and we often lack baselines to evaluate changes. Here we report a nearly 50-year study in which a sudden shift in the population dynamics of an ecologically important, structure-forming hexactinellid sponge, Anoxycalyx joubini was observed. This is the largest Antarctic sponge, with individuals growing over two meters tall. In order to investigate life history characteristics of Antarctic marine invertebrates, artificial substrata were deployed at a number of sites in the southern portion of the Ross Sea between 1967 and 1975. Over a 22-year period, no growth or settlement was recorded for A. joubini on these substrata; however, in 2004 and 2010, A. joubini was observed to have settled and grown to large sizes on some but not all artificial substrata. -
Inferred from Stable Isotopes Ratios Baptiste LE Bourga, Alice Blancharda, Bruno Danisb, Gilles Lepointa, Camille Moreaub, Quentin Jossartb, Loïc N
Feeding ecology of Southern Ocean seastars inferred from stable isotopes ratios Baptiste LE BOURGa, Alice BLANCHARDa, Bruno DANISb, Gilles LEPOINTa, Camille MOREAUb, Quentin JOSSARTb, Loïc N. MICHELa. Contact: [email protected] a: Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liège, 4000 Liège Belgium, b: Marine Biology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels Antarctic continent and Southern Ocean subjected to strong and 213 seastars (16 species) were sampled in western Antarctic contrasted impacts of climate change => Impacts on marine (South Shetland Islands, Coronation Islands, Western Antarctic food webs? Peninsula) and near subantarctic islands (South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, Falkland Islands) during the summer Sea stars will be subjected to new stress and environmental constraints due to climate change Stable isotope ratios of C (δ13C), N (δ15N) and S (δ34S) in tegument were measured by CF-EA-IRMS Objective: Investigating trophic ecology of antarctic seastars Examples of sampled seastar species Examples of sampled seastar species Falkland (pictures: Dirk Schories and Norbert Wu) Islands (pictures: Shawn Harper and Dirk Schories) South Shetland Islands Coronation Island Western Antarctic South Peninsula Georgia Sandwich Islands Lophaster sp. Odontaster validus Glabraster Labidiaster and Acodontaster sp. antarctica annulatus Analyses of variance and post-hoc tests show differences in stable isotope ratios between the South Shetland Islands and South Georgia South Shetland Islands Number of individuals ≥ 5: