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Bibliography

General Works

Donald Southgate, Tile Passing of IN Migs, 1832-1886 (, 1962}, though looking increasingly dated, is full of information, and it is still the nearest thing to a history of the Liberal Party, for the pre-1868 period at least. For the later nineteenth century, D. A. Hamer, l.iheral Politics in IN Age of Glmislmt4 and Rosebery (Oxford, 1972}, is the most useable account: Michael Bentley's more recent Tile ClimtJx of l.iheral Politics: in Theory and Practice, 1868-1918 (London, 1987}, is pitched at too high a level for undergraduates. Michael Winstanley, Glmlstone and IN l.iheral Party (London, 1990), provides an excellent brief introduction. Paul Adelman, Vutorian : Tile Middle Cfllss Experience, 183o- 1914 (London, 1984}, is a useful starting-point for this aspect of Liber• alism. There is a mine of material in Simon Maccoby (ed.}, English Radicalism (5 vols, London, 1935-61 ). The two outstanding general works on the electoral system are by Norman Gash, Politics in IN Age of Peel (2nd edn, Brighton, 1977), and H. J. Hanham, Elections and Party Management· Politics in IN Tune of IJisrruli and Glmislmt4 (2nd edn, Brighton, 1978). Derek Fraser, Urban Politics in Vutorian &gland (London, 1976}, is an important study of the provincial towns. There is also a useful regional study by T. J. Nossiter, lrifluence, Opinion and Political Idioms in R4fmned &gland: Case Studies .from IN North East, 1832-74 (Brighton, 1975). For the Celtic fringe, see: K. 0. Morgan, Wakr in British Politics, 1868-1922 (3rd edn, Cardiff, 1980); I. G. C. Hutchison, A Political Histury of &otland, 1832-1924 (Edinburgh, 1986); K. T. Hoppen, Elections, Politics and Socie~ in Ireland, 1832-1885 (Oxford, 1984). On constitutional matters, G. H. L. LeMay's Tile Vutorian Constitution (London, 1979) provides a helpful sutvey. There is a provocative essay on the monarchy by David Cannadine, 'The Last Hanoverian Monarch? The Victorian Monarchy in Historical Perspective', in A. L

234 Bihliograp~ 235

Beier et al. (eds), The First Modem Society (London, 1989). On the devel• opment of political parties, there are suggestive articles by Angus Hawkins, ' "Parliamentary Government" and Victorian Political Parties, c.l830-c. 1880', English Histmical Review, CIV (1989), and Hugh Herring• ton, 'Partisanship and Dissidence in the Nineteenth Century House of Commons', Parlimnentmy 4ffairs XXI (1968). See also, D. E. D. Beales, 'Parliamentary Parties and the Independent Member, 1810-60', in Robert Robson (ed.), Ideas and Institutions of Vzctorian Britain (London, 1967), and D. H. Close, 'The Formation of a Two-Party Alignment in the House of Commons between 1832 and 1841', English Histmical Review LXXXIV (1969). For religious questions, two volumes by G. I. T. Machin are indis• pensable: Politics and the Churclw in Great Britain, 1832-1868 (Oxford, 1977), and Politics and the Churches in Great Britain, 1869-1921 (Oxford, 1987). On the Liberal Party and the press, see Stephen Koss, The Ri.se and Fall of the Political Press in Britain, vol. 1: The Nmereentlt Century (London, 1981 ), and Alan J. Lee, The Origins of the Popular Press in , 1855- 1914 (London, 1976). For Liberal philosophy, there are two convenient collections of docu• ments: Alan Bullock and Maurice Shock (eds), The liberal Tradition .from Fox to Keynes (London, 1956), and Robert Eccleshall (ed.), British liberal• ism: liberal 17zought .from the 1640s to the 1980s (London, 1986).

I. The Spirit of Refonn

Austin Mitchell, The W'lzWs in Opposition, 1815-30 (Oxford, 1967), is the best study of the Whigs prior to the Great . Whig ideology has received considerable attention in recent years: see Abraham D. Kriegal, ' and Whiggery in Early-Nineteenth Century England', Journal of Modern History, Ill, (1980); E. A. Wasson, 'The Great Whigs and Parliamentary Reform, 1809-30', Journal of British Studin, XXN (1985); L. G. Mitchell, 'Foxite Politics and the Great Reform Bill', English Histmical Review, cvm (1993), and the same author's Holland House (London, 1980). There is now a useful general account of the Whig governments after 1830 by Ian Newbould, Miggery and Riform, 183D-1841: The Politics of Government (London, 1990). Two stimulating, but conflicting, attempts to delineate Whiggery are by Richard Brent, liberal Anglican 236 Bibliography

Politics: Wkri:gery, Religion orui J¥mn, 183o-1841 (Oxford, 1987), and Peter Mandler, Aristocratic Government in the Age rf Jl4imn.· ~s orui Liberals, 183o-1852 (Oxford, 1990). All of these authors are critical, for one reason or another, of Norman Gash, Reaction orui Reconstruction in English Politics, 1832-1852 (Oxford, 1965), although this work remains a classic. For the 1832 Reform Act, see John Cannon, Parliomentary R4fmn, 164o-1832 (Cambridge, 1973); Michael Brock, "I'M Great R4fmn Act (London, 1973); Norman McCord, 'Some Difficulties of Parliamentary Reform', HistlJ1ical Journal, X (1967); J. Milton Smith, 'Earl Grey's Cabinet and the objects of Parliamentary Reform', Historical Journal, XV (1972). The views of a moderate-reform MP (George Staunton) may be found in M. O'Neill and G. Martin, 'A Backbencher on Parliamentary Reform, 1831-1832', HistoricalJoumal, xxm (1980). The following articles deal with various aspects of Whig politics and policy after 1832: Abraham D. K.riegal, 'The Irish Policy of Lord Grey's Government', English Historical Review, LXXXVI (1971); I. Gross, 'The Abolition of Negro Slavery and British Parliamentary Politics, 1832-3', Historical Journal, xxm (1980); Peter Dunkley, 'Whigs and Paupers: The Reform of the English Poor Laws, 1830-1834', Journal of British Studies, XX (1981 ); Abraham D. Kriegal, 'The Politics of the Whigs in Opposition, 1834-1835', Journal rf British Studies, vn (1968); G. B. A M. Finlayson, 'The Politics of Municipal Reform 1835', E11glish Historical Review, LXXXI, (1966); Richard Brent, 'The Whigs and Protestant Dissent in the Decade of Reform: The Case of Church Rates, 1833-1841 ', English Historical Review, en (1987); J. L. Alexander, 'Lord John Russell and the Origins of the Committee of Council on Education', Historical Journal, XX (1977). E. A. Smith, &rl Grey, 1764-1845 (Oxford, 1990), is the first biography of the Whig premier for seventy years. Studies of other senior ministers include E. A. Wasson, Whig Rmaissance: Lord orui the Whig Pmp, 1782-1845 (New York, 1987); Philip Ziegler, Melbourne (London, 1976); John Prest, Lord John &ssell (London, 1972); Kenneth Bourne, Polmerston: "I'M &rly rears, 1784-1841 (London, 1982); Robert Stewart, Henry Brougham, 1778-1868: His Public Career (London, 1985). See also Abraham D. K.riegal's edition of "I'M Holland House Diaries, (London, 1977). For the position of the , see William Thomas, "I'M Philosophic Rtuiicals (Oxford, 1979), and the same author's essay on this subject in Patricia Hollis (ed.), Pressure .from Witlzout in &rly-Victorian Englmul Bihliograp~ 237

(London, 1974). Ronald K. Hutch and Philip R. Ziegler, Joseph Hum£: 7he Peopld MP, (Philadelphia, 1985), is a useful recent biography of a prominent radical. An essential work on nonconformity is Alan D. Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England: Church, Chapel and Social Change, 174o-1914 (London, 1976). A. D. Macintyre, 7he liberator: Daniel O'Connell and the Irish Party, 1830-1847 (London, 1965), deals with the Irish repealers. Several good studies of individual constituencies in the post-Reform• Act era have appeared in the journal Northern History: Norman McCord, 'Gateshead Politics in the Age of Reform', IV (1969); D. G. Wright, 'A Radical Borough: Parliamentary Politics in Bradford, 1832-1841 ', IV (1969); Derek Fraser, 'The Fruits of Reform: Leeds Politics in the 1830s', VII (1972); and J. A. Jowitt, 'Parliamentary Politics in Halifax, 1832-1847', XI (1976).

2. The Slow Birth of Liberal England

There is very little on the Whigs for the period 1841-52. Some infor• mation can be gleaned from Southgate's Passing o/ the J1lhigs, Gash's Reaction and Reconstruction, Prest's Lord John Russell, and Mandler's Aristo• cratic Government, all cited above. In addition, see F. A. Dreyer, 'The Whigs and the Ministerial Crisis of 1845', English Historical Review, LXXX (1965), and Roland Quinault, '1848 and Parliamentary Reform', Histor• ical Journal, XXXI (1988). Norman McCord, 7he Anti-Com lAw Leagr.u (London, 1958), is the standard work on the subject. See also McCord's essay, 'Cobden and Bright in Politics, 1846-57', in Robert Robson (ed.), Ideas and Institutions o/ Vutorian Brifllin (London, 196 7). G. R. Searle, Entrepreneurial Politics in Mid- Vutorian Britain (Oxford, 1993), is a valuable new assessment of the difficulties confronting middle-class radicalism after 1846. See also N. C. Edsall, 'A Failed National Movement: The Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association, 1848-54', Bulktin o/ the Institute o/ Histor• ical Research, XLIX, (1976). Recent biographies include Keith Robbins, (London, 1979), Nicholas Edsall, : Independent Rmlical (Harvard, 1986), and Wendy Hinde, Richard Cobden: A Vutorian Outsider (Yale, 1987). On the nonconformists, R. G. Cowherd, 7he Politics o/ English Dissen~ 1814-1848 (London, 1959), is still useful. See also G. I. T. Machin, 'The Maynooth Grant, the Dissenters and the Establishment, 1845-7', 238 BibliDgrap~

English Historical Review, LXXXll (1967), and Derek Fraser, 'Voluntaryism and West Riding Politics in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', Nortltem History, xu (1977). Clyde Binfield, So Down to ~s (London, 1977), has interesting chapters on and on the Baines family. For the , see J. B. Conacher, The Peelites and the P~ System, 1846-1852 (Newton Abbot, 1972). Two biographies of leading Peelites are Muriel Chamberlain, Lord Aberdeen (London, 1983) and Richard Shannon, Gladstone, vol. I (1809-65), (London, 1982).

3. Lord Palmerston and Mid-Victorian Liberalism

Most of the literature listed for Chapter 2 is relevant. Muriel Chamber• lain's Lord Palmers/on (Cardiff, 1987), is a useful introduction, covering his whole career. Donald Southgate, The Most English Minister (London, 1966), examines the domestic impact of Palmerston's foreign policy. See also, Kingsley Martin, The Triumph of Lord Palmers/on (2nd edn, London, 1963). For the impact of the Crimean War, see Olive Anderson, A liberal State at War (London, 1967), and her essay on 'The Administrative Reform Association' in Patricia Hollis (ed.), Pressure from WUhout in Ear!Y• Vu:torian England (London, 1974). More generally, there is J. B. Con• acher's monumental The Aberdeen Coalition, 1852-55: A Study in Mid• Vu:torian P~ Politics, (Cambridge, 1968). A recent assessment of Palrnerston's leadership is essential reading: E. D. Steele, Palmers/on and liberalism, 1855-1865 (Cambridge, 1991 ), but see also, the important article by P. M. Gurowich, 'The Continuation of War by Other Means: Party and Politics, 1855-1865', Historical Journal, :xxvn (1984). The high politics of the late-1850s is covered by Angus Hawkins, Parlitunen4 P~ and the Art of Politics in Briklin, 1855- 1859 (London, 1987). Derek Beales, England and Italy, 1859-60 (London, 1961 ), deals with an important formative influence on the Liberal Party. David F. Krein, The Last Palmers/on Government: Foreign PolU:y, Domestic Politics and the Genesis of SpendiJJ Isolation (Iowa, 1978), is a useful brief study of the 1859-65 ministry. A back-bench Liberal's view of the Palmerston era is provided by T. A. Jenkins (ed.), The Parliamen• tary Diaries of Sir John Trelawny, 1858-1865 (Royal Historical Society, Camden Series, 1990). 's classic, The Englirh Constitution (London, 1867; 1963 edn with introduction by R. H. S. Crossman), is very much a description of the Palmerstonian regime. Bibliography 239

D. G. Wright has written two useful articles on provincial cities in the early 1860s: 'Bradford and the American Civil War', Joumal of British Studies, vm (1969), and 'Leeds Politics and the American Civil War', Northern History, IX (1974).

4. The Rise and Fall of Gladstonian Liberalisin

The two outstanding recent studies of Gladstone are H. C. G. Mat• thew's Glmistone, 1809-74 (Oxford, 1986), a compilation of his intro• ductions to the Gladstone Diaries project, and Richard Shannon's Gladstone, vol. I (1809-65), (London, 1982). See also, the stimulating essay by Boyd Hilton, 'Gladstone's Theological Politics', in Michael Bendey and John Stevenson (eds), High and Lbw Politics in Modern Britain (Oxford, 1983), and the review article by Paul Smith, 'Liberalism as Authority and Discipline', Historical Journal, XXXII (1989). Agatha Ramm, WUliam Ewart Glmistone (Cardiff, 1989), is a short biography covering the whole of Gladstone's career. Two works by J. R. Vincent are of great importance for our under• standing of grass-roots Liberalism: 7he Formation of the British Liberal PartJ, 1857-1868 (2nd edn, Brighton, 1976), and Pollbooks: How Vutorians Voted (Cambridge, 1967). A recent work adopting a different approach is Eugenio F. Biagini's libertY, Retrenchment and Riform: Popular Politics in the Age of Glmistone, 1860-1880 (Cambridge, 1992). For the 1867 Reform Act, see F. B. Smith, 7he Making of the Second R4orm Bill (London, 1966), and Maurice Cowling, 1867: Disraeli, Glad• stone and Revolution (Cambridge, 1967). For the , see James Winter, 'The Cave of Adullam and Parliamentary Reform', English Historical Review, lXXXI (1966), and the same author's biography of &bert Lbwe (Toronto, 1976). Specific elements in the Gladstonian Liberal coalition of the 1860s are dealt with by G. I. T. Machin, 'Gladstone and Nonconformity: The Formation of an Alliance in the 1860s', Historical Joumal, xvn (1974); Lawrence Goldman, 'The Social Science Association, 1857-1886: A Context for Mid-Victorian Liberalism', English Historical Review, CI (1986); and Christopher Harvie, 7he lights of Liberalism: Uni:oer~ Liberals and the Challmge of , 186G-86 (London, 1976). Aspects of Liberal policy between 1868 and 1874 are dealt with by the following: J. P. Parry, Democracy and Religion: Glmistone and the Liberal Part;, 1867-1875 (Cambridge, 1986); E. D. Steele, Irish lmuJ and British 240 Bibliograp~

Politics (Cambridge, 1974); Bruce L. Kinzer, 7he Ballot Qgestion in Nme• teenth Century English Politics (New York, 1982); Thomas F. Gallagher, '"Cardwellian Mysteries": The Fate of the British Army Regulation Bill, 1871', Historical Journal, XVIII (1975). Also relevant to this period is Jonathan Spain, 'Trade Unionists, Gladstonian Liberals, and the Labour Law Reforms of 1875', in Eugenio F. Biagini and Alastair F. Reid (eds), Currents of Radicalism: Popular Ro.dicalism, Organised lAbour and PartJ Politics in Britain, 1850-1914 (Cambridge, 1991 ). For the difficulties facing Gladstone's first ministry, see J. P. Parry, 'Religion and the Collapse of Gladstone's First Government, 1870- 1874', Historical Journal, XXV (1982). D. A. Hamer, 7he Politics of Ekclbral Pressure (Brighton, 1977), is useful for the problems posed by mainly nonconformist pressure groups. See also, Paul McHugh, Prostitution and Vutori.an Social &form (London, 1980), a case study of the contagious diseases agitation. Lawrence Goldman (ed.), 7he Blind Vutoru:m: Henry F011JCett and British liberalism (Cambridge, 1989), deals with one of Glad• stone's radical critics. T. A. Jenkins (ed.), 7he Parliamentary Dio.ries of Sir John Trelawny, 1868-1873 (Royal Historical Society, Camden Series, forthcoming, 1994), provides a critical account of events from the view• point of a Liberal back-bencher. Gladstone's 'retirement' in 1875 is covered by Matthew Temmel, 'Gladstone's Resignation of the Liberal Leadership, 1874-5', Journal of British Studies, XVI (1976).

5. Whigs, Radicals and Gladstonians

H. C. G. Matthew takes his study of Gladstone from 1875 to 1886 in the introductions to Volumes IX and X of 7he Gladstone Diaries (Oxford, 1986, 1990). The classic account of Gladstone's political re-emergence is Richard Shannon's Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation 1876 (2nd edn, Brighton, 1975). See also Ann P. Saab, JU/m:tant Icon: Gladstone, Bulgaria and the Working Classes, 185 6-187 8 (Harvard, 1991) and Marvin Swartz, 7he Politics of British Foreign Policy in the Era of Disraeli and Gladstone (London, 1985). On the , there is a stimulating essay by Richard Shannon, 'Midlothian: 100 Years After', in Peter J. Jagger (ed.), Gladstone, Politics and &ligion (London, 1983). D. A. Hamer, 'Gladstone: The Making of a Political Myth', Vutori.an Studies, XXII (1978), is an interesting study of popular perceptions of the 'Grand Old Man'. On the other hand, the continued importance of Whiggery Bibliograp~ 241

thoughout this period is asserted by T. A Jenkins, Glodstone, u-7ziggery and the Liberal P~, 1874-1886 (Oxford, 1988). T. 0. lloyd, Tile General Election w1880 (Oxford, 1968), is the only study we have of a late-nineteenth-century election, though it is not entirely satisfactory. An interesting case study of the difficult relations between a Liberal MP (Gladstone's eldest son) and his constituents, is provided by Michael Bentley, 'Gladstonian Liberals and Provincial Notables: Whitby Politics, 1868-1880', Historical Research, LXIV (1991). Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher, 4frica and the Vr.ctorians: Tile Ojficial Mind wImperialism (London, 1961 ), remains the classic account of imperial policy in the 1880s. Irish policy, during the early years of the second Gladstone ministry, is the subject of Allen Warren, 'Forster, the Liberals, and New Directions in Irish Policy, 1880-1882', Parliamentary History, VI (1987). An inside view of Forster's Irish administration is provided by T. W. Moody and R. Hawkins (eds), Florence Amoi4-Forster's Irish Journal (Oxford, 1988). For radicalism, there is T. W. Heyck's Tile Dimensions wBritish Rmlic• alism: Tile Case wIrelmul., 1874-1895 (Illinois, 1974), though his compu• tational work needs to be treated with caution. There is a good modem edition of Tile Radical Programme 1885 (ed. D. A. Hamer, Brighton, 1971 ). By far the best modem biography of Chamberlain is Richard Jay's : A Political Study (Oxford, 1981). The recent tendency to play down the effectiveness of Chamberlain as a radical leader is reflected in Alan Simon, 'Church Disestablishment as a Factor in the General Election of 1885', Historical Journal, xvm (1975), and Roland Q.rinault, john Bright and Joseph Chamberlain', Historical Journal, xxvm (1985).

6. The Crisis of Late-Victorian LiberaliSJD

For the Third Reform Act, see Andrew Jones, Tile Politics wJl4imn 1884 (Cambridge, 1972), and M. E. J. Chadwick, 'The Role of Redistribu• tion in the Making of the Third Reform Act', Historical Journal, XIX (1976). A famous article by J. P. Comford, 'The Transformation of Late-Victorian ', Vr.ctorian Studw, VI (1963), explores the impact of the 1884-5 reforms on the electoral system. Several accounts now exist of Gladstone's Irish Home Rule initiative and its effects on the Liberal Party, offering a variety of interpretations. J. L. Hammond, Gladstone and the Irish Nation (2nd edn, London, 1964), 242 takes an heroic view of Gladstone's conduct, while Gordon L Goodman, 'Liberal Unionism: The Revolt of the Whigs', Vrctorian StudW, m (1959), applies a 'class' analysis to the Liberal schism. A B. Cooke and John Vmcent, The Governing Passion: Cabinet Govemmmt anJ Pmp Politics in Britain, 1885-86 (Brighton, 1974), adopts an uncompro• mising 'high politics' approach to everything. W. C. Lubenow, Parlia• mentary Politics anJ 1M Home R1.de Crisis: The British House of Commons in 1886 (Oxford, 1988), and T. A Jenkins, Glodsflme, MWgery anJ 1M Liberal Pmp, 1874-1886 (Oxford, 1988), in spite of their differences of method, both arrive at anti-determinist conclusions concerning the Liberal schism. Other important recent contributions are Alan O'Day, Parnell and 1M First Home R1.de Episode, 1884-7 (Dublin, 1986), James Loughlin, Glodsflme, Home Ruk and 1M Ulster Qgestion, 1882-1893 (Dublin, 1986); H. C. G. Matthew (ed.), The Glodsflme Dimies, vo1 X (Oxford, 1990); and Graham D. Goodlad, 'The Liberal Party and Gladstone's Land Purchase Bill of 1886', Hirtorical]ournal, XXXII (1989). For the alienation of the Liberal intelligentsia, see Christopher Harvie, The Lights of Liberalirm: Universi9 liberals and 1M Challenge of Democracy, 186o-86 (London, 1976), and T. Dunne, 'La trahison des clercs: British Intellectuals and the First ', Irish Histor• ical Studies, xxm (1982). Attitudes towards Gladstone and his Home Rule Bill, among Liberal activists and the rank and file, are dealt with by P. C. Griffiths, 'The Liberal Party and the in 1886', Hirtory, LXI (1976), and Graham D. Goodlad, 'Gladstone and his Rivals: Popular Liberal Perceptions of the Party Leadership in the Political Crisis of 1885- 1886', in Eugenio F. Biagini and Alastair F. Reid (eds), Currents ofRtuiic• alirm: Popular Rmlicalism, Organired lAbour and Pmp Politics in Britain, 1850- 1914 (Cambridge, 1991). There are sutprisingly few studies of constituencies, for the 1880s, but see Janet Howarth, 'The Liberal Revival in Northamptonshire, 1880-95: A Case Study in Late-Nineteenth Century Elections', Histor• ical Joumal, xn (1969), A W. Roberts, 'Leeds Liberalism and Late• Victorian Politics', Northern Hirtory, V (1970) and E. Jaggard, 'Political Continuity and Change in Late-Nineteenth Century Cornwall', Parlia• mentary Hirtory, XI (1992). More generally, there is D. W. Bebbington, 'Nonconformity and Electoral Sociology, 1867-1918', Hirtorical Joumal, xxvn (1984). The best general survey of the post-1885 electoral system may be found in Part 1 of Neal Blewett's The Peers, 1M Parties anJ 1M Peopk: The General Ekctions of 1910 (London, 1972). Bihliograph:J 243

An optimistic assessment of policy developments during Gladstone's final years is provided by Michael Barker, Gladstone and Radicalism: The Reconst:nu:tion of Liberal Policy in Britain, 1885-94 (Brighton, 1975). For a different view, see D. A. Hamer, : Intellectual in Politics (Oxford, 1968). See also T. W. Heyck, 'Home Rule, Radicalism and the Liberal Party, 1886-1895', Journal of British Studies, xm (1974). For the post-Gladstonian years, Peter Stansky's Ambitions and Strategies: The Struggle for the Leadership of the Liberal Parry in the 1890s (Oxford, 1964), is a blow-by-blow account. David Brooks (ed.), The Destruction of Imd Rose• bery: From the Diary of Sir Edward Hamilton, 1894-1895 (London, 1986), has a useful introduction. For the last years of the century, see H. C. G. Matthew, The : The Ideas and Policies of a Post-Glad• stonian Elite (Oxford, 1973). There is an excellent new survey of the Liberals after 1886 by G. R. Searle, The Liberal Party: Triumph and Disin• tegration, 1886-1929 (London, 1992). Index

Where the title 'Lord' is used, it should be understood that this was the courtesy title of a peer's son, and not a peerage in itself. Such individuals were therefore eligible to sit in the House of Commons.

Aberdeen, 4th Earl ( 1784-1860), Baines, Edward (1800-90), 59, 71, 76, 81, 82, 98 101 Aberdeen, 7th Earl (1847-1934), Ballot, Secret, 11-12, 33, 65, 129, 213 131, 132, 139 Acton, 1st Baron (1834-1902), Banbury, 17-18 177,208-9 Baring, Francis Thornhill Adam, William Patrick (1796-1866),33,62 (1823-81), 162 Bath, 17, 61, 134 Adams, Francis (1840-91), 186, Beaconsfield, 1st Earl ( 1804-81), 187 50, 70, 71, 76, 92-3, Ill, 122, Administrative Reform 124, 137, 144, 154, 156-7, Association, 84, 93 158, 162-3, 164, 165, 167, 'Adullamites', 121-2, 123 200,201,230 'Alabama' affair, 144 'Bedchamber' crisis, 32 Albert, Prince (1819-61), 36, 53, Bedford, 17 69, 70, 71, 78,81,89,152 Bedford, 9th Duke (1819-91), 165 Althorp, Lord (1782-1845), 5, 6, Birmingham, 1, 14, 100, 133, 8-9,10,21-2,23,39 184-5 American Civil War, 95, 101, 129 Bolton, I 7, 125 Anti-Corn-Law League, 34, 37, Bradford, 14,16-17,95,100-1, 47,48,52,54,65-6,86-7 113 Arch,Joseph (1826-1919), 156 Bradlaugh, Charles (1833-91), Argyll, 8th Duke ( 1823-1900), 83, 184 127, 168, 177 Brand, Henry Bouverie Army Regulation Act, 129, 130-1, (1814-92),3,94,97-8,99 132, 138-9, 140 Brand, Henry Robert Arnold, Matthew (1822-88), 119, (1841-1906), 175,181 219 Brett, Reginald (1852-1930), 160 Auckland, 1st Earl (1784-1849), Bright,Jacob (1821-99), 136 55 Bright,John (1811-89): Ayrton, Acton Smee (1816-86), and finance, 47, 52, 140, 142 93,94 parliamentary reform, 64, 65, 100, 123, 132 Bagehot, Walter (1826-77), 103, religious and social issues, 61, 116 62,68-9, 201, 218 Index 245

'Litde Englander', 76, 79, 86-7, radical imperialism, 170-2, 218 89, 156, 157, 158-9, 163, and Ireland, 174, 175, 176-7, 170, 171, 172, 180 204,207,209,211,215,219 as a Minister, 127-8, 142, 145, , 29-30, 34, 49-50, 62, 168 63, 114 and Ireland, 174,211,215 Chester, 17 Brighton, 17 Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley Bristol, 23 (1827-96), 127, 180 Broadhurst, Henry ( 1840-1911), China War, 76, 85-6, 104 182 Church disestablishment, 16, 28, Brodrick, George Charles 96-7,134-5,166-7,186, (1831-1903), 129,202 191-2,213, 220 Brooks's Club, 40, 84 Church rates, abolition, 15, 17, 28, Brotherton,Joseph (1783-1857), 37,96-7 62 Churchill, Lord Randolph Brougham and Vaux, 1st Baron (1849-95), 208 (1778-1868), 3, 25 Civil Service reform, 129, 130, 132 Bruce, Henry Austin (1815-95), Clarendon, 4th Earl (1800-70), 127, 133-4, 140, 142 55,56,57, 72, 73,127,152 Bryce,James (1838-1922), 129 Clay, Sir William (1791-1869), Buller, Charles (1806-48), 10-11, 21,61,96 53,61 Cobbett, William (1762-1835}, 10 Burials Act, 184 Cobden, Richard (1804-65): Burke, Thomas Henry ( 1829-82), free trade and finance, 37, 47, 176 52-3,64-5,93-4 Buder,Josephine (1828-1906), parliamentary reform, 65-6 136 religious and social issues, 61-2 Butt, Issac (1813-79), 128, 137 '', 64-5, 76, 79, 84,86,93-4,99,162,220 and Ireland, 100, 175 Cambridge, 17 and Whigs, 56, 66-7, 90 Campbell, Sir john (1779-1861), Colchester, 136 49-50 Coleridge, 1st Baron (1820-94), Campbell Bannerman, Henry 153 (1836-1908), 216 Collings,Jesse (1831-1920), 187 Canning, 1st Earl (1812-62), 83 Colman, Jeremiah]ames Cardwell, Edward (1813-86), 127, (1830-98}, 191 132, 165 Conservative Party, 23-4, 28-9, Carlisle, 6th Earl (1773-1848), 3 32-3,34,46,50,55-6, 70, 76, Catholic emancipation, 2, 20, 45 87,92-3,102,122-3,124-5, Cavendish, Lord Frederick (1836- 132, 143-5, 165-6, 192, 193, 82), 176 197, 210, 217, 222-4 Chamberlain, Joseph. Contagious Diseases Acts, 135-6 (1836-1914}: Coppock,James (1798-1857), 40 and radicalism, 133, 157, 162, Corbett, Archibald Cameron 168-9, 179-80, 181, 182, (1856-1933}, 214 184-93,208,213,216, Com Laws, 30,33-4,46-9,50-1, 217-18,230,231 53-6 246 Index

Courtney, Leonard (1832-1918), see also Ballot, Secret 170,171,172 Elgin, 9th Earl (1849-1917), 213 Cowen,Joseph (1831-1900), 188 Ellice, Edward (1781-1863), 34, Crimean War, 76, 81-5, 87 39 Elliot, Hon Arthur (1846-1923), Dalhousie, 13th Earl (1847-87), 175,215 213 Employers' Liability Act, 184 Derby, 14th Earl (1799-1869), Encumbered Estates Act, 63 22-3,26,29,50,69, 70,88, Escott, Thomas Hay Sweet 89,90-2,122,123 (1844-1924), 188, 189 Derby, 15th Earl (1826-93), Evans, General De Lacy 168-9,182-3,204-5 (1787-1860), 62 Dicey, Albert Venn (1835-1922), Exeter, 17, 23 129,202,219 Ewart, William (1798-1869), 11, Dilke, Sir Charles ( 1843-1911), 12, 61 144,162,168,169,170-2, 177,179-80,191,192,218 Factory Acts, 8, 61-2, 73 Disraeli, Benjamin see Farmers' Alliance, 166, 183-4 Beaconsfield 1st Earl Fawcett, Henry (1833-84), 137, Dixon, George (1829-98), 133 162 'Don Pacifico' affair, 79, 103-4 Financial Reform Associations, 64 Duncannon, Lord (1787-1847), 6, Finsbury, I 26 Duncombe, Thomas Slingsby Fitzmaurice, Lord Edmond (1846-1935), 175,181 (1796-1861), 13, 37, 61,62 Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl (1786-1857), Dunkellin, Lord (1827-67), 122 6, 47 Durham, lstEarl (1792-1840), 3, Fitzwilliam, 6th Earl (1815-1902), 25,39 165 Durham letter, 67,97 Forster, William Edward (1818-86), 101, 131, 133, 152, Eastern Question, 153-9 168, 173-4, 175, 176 Ebrington, Lord ( 1783-1861), 6 Fortescue, ( 1823-98), Ecclesiastical Titles Act, 69, 70 127, 139, 141 Edinburgh letter, 47, 53-4 Fox, Charles james (1749-1806), Education, 8, 12-13, 33, 59-60, 3-4 97, 129, 131, 133, 139, 184, Free Trade, 33-4, 46-9, 50-1, 52, 186, 190, 191-2 56,57,64-5, 70, 71,87, see also Voluntaryism 111-1,202,229,230,232 Elcho, Lord (1818-1914), 121 , 11-12, 29, 30, 63-4,65-6,69-70,73,82-3, General Elections: 86,88-9, 90-l, 94-5, 100-1, 1832,9-10 112-14, 120-l, 129-30, 1835,23-4 160-1 229 1837,28-9,31,44 1832 Act, l-2, 5-6, 7, 15, 20, 78 1841,34 1867 Act, 122 1847,59-60 1884 Act, 179, 182, 188, 189, 1852, 70-1 199-201 1857,85-7 Index 247

1859, 90, 104 Greville, Charles ( 1794-1865), 1865, 103, 104 36-7,80 1868, 124-6 Grey,Albert(l851-1917), 175 1874, 142-6 Grey, 2nd Earl (1764-1845), 2-4, 1880, 165-7 5,6,8,9,23,25-6 1885,190-3,197,199-200,223 Grey, 3rd Earl (1802-94), 47, 1886-1990,210,222-5 52-3,55 George, Henry (1839-97), 185, Grey, Sir George (1799-1882), 62, 186, 187 72, 82, 101, 127 Gibson, Thomas Milner Grosvenor, Lord (1825-99), 121 (1806-84),62,86-7,90, 100 Grosvenor, Lord Richard Gladstone, Herbert (1854-1930), (1837-1912), 193 181,182,203,205 Grote, George (1794-1871 ), 8, 11, Gladstone, William Ewart 12, 13, 14, 18, 32, 37,40 (1809-98): Ground Game Act, 183-4 as a , 50, 68, 71, 76, 82, 83,89,90-1,98 Hadfield, George ( 1787-1879), 48 relationship to Liberalism, Halifax, 14, 59,62 110-20 Halifax, lst Earl see Wood, Sir leadership ofLiberal Party, 106, Charles 122-4, 141, 153, 167-9, Hall, Christopher Newman 177-83,190,193,206-10, (1816-1902), 114 215,216,217,219-22,231 Hamilton, Edward (1847-1908), first ministry, 127-45, 152, 180-l, 193 172-3 Harcourt, Sir William 'retirement', 14 7-8 (1827-1904), 142, 165 return to politics, 151, 153-6, Harris, Frank (1856-1931), 187 158-9,162-8,230 Harrison, Frederic (1831-1923), second ministry, 168-84, 189 129 Irish Home Rule, 203-10, Hartington, Lord (1833-1908): 220-1 and Whig tradition, 31, 98-9, Gloucester, 17 127,212 Gloucestershire, 7 leadership of Liberal Party, Glyn, George Grenfell (1824-87), 151-4,157-62,164-8,231 40, 138-9, 140 and imperialism, 169-71 Goderich, 1st Viscount and Ireland, 172-7, 209, 214, (1782-1859), 2 215,218-9 Gosch en, George Joachim and succession to Gladstone, (1831-1908), 127, 190 179-81,190,207,211-12, Graham, Sir James (1792-1861), 217, 218-19 22,29, 76,83,98 Hatherley, lst Baron Grant, Charles (1778-1866), 2 (1801-81),127 Granville, 2nd Earl (1815-91), 72, 'Hawarden Kit', 203-4, 205 89, 120, 127, 147, 151-3, 154, Hawes, Benjamin (1797-1862), 60 157, 159, 164-5, 168, 173, Herbert, Sidney (1810-61), 50, 68, 180, 205, 231 76,82,83,90,98 Greg, William Rathbone Hibbert, John Tomlinson (1809-91), 66 (1824-1908), 139 248 Index

Hobhouse,John Cam Kinglake, Alexander (1809-91), (1786-1869),6,52 93,99 Holland, 3rd Baron (1773-1840), Kinnear,J. Boyd {1828-1920), 3,6 214 Horsman, Edward {1807-76), 89, 121 Labouchere, Henry (1831-1912), , 6, 8, 26, 33, 91-2, 171,172,182,188,220 132,174,182,189,201,210, Labour Party, 225-6, 232-3 211, 220 Labour Representation League, Hull, 23 137, 155, 156, 165 Hume,Joseph (1777-1855), 8, 11, Lambeth, I, 60 12,21,37,40,47,61,62, Lancashire, 125, 143, 166, 193, 63-4,65 222,225 Hunt, Henry {1773-1835), 10 Lancashire, South, 115 Land reform, 100, 161, 182, 185, 186,187,190,213,220 Imperial policy, 144, 160, 163, Lansdowne, 3rd Marquis 169-72,182-3,184,185,202, (1780-1863),3,25,55 214 Lawson, Sir Wilfrid (1829-1906), Ipswich, 17 135, 171, 172, 182, 188 Ireland: Layard, Austen Henry (1817-94), Church question, 20,21-3, 24, 86 25-6,122-3,128,130,207, Leeds, 1, 14,16,23,59,200 230 Lefevre, G.J. Shaw (1831-1928), famine, 62-3 170, 191 Home Rule, 203-10, 214-16, Leicester, 14, 27-8 220-1 Lewis, Sir George Cornewall land reform, 128-9, 137, 173-6, (1806-63), 72,86,88 219 Liberal Imperialists, 220 University Bill, 128, 137 Lib-Labs, 232 Irish MPs: Liberal party, social composition Repealers, 20-2,29,35,36-7, of, 104-5, 126-7, 146, 198-9 54,60,67-8 Liberal Registration Association, Brigade,69, 70,76,97-8,115 102 Home Rulers, 137, 162, 166, Liberal Unionists, 210-11,212, 173,202-5 214-15,217,223-4,232 Italian unification, 89-90,97, 99, , 58,96-7, 101,229-30 134-5, 144, 145, 161 Licensing reform, 133-4, 135, 182, James, Sir Henry {1828-1911), 220 142 Lichfield House compact, 24-5, 39 Judicature Act, 129, 131 Lincoln, Lord see Newcastle, 5th Duke Kars debate, 84-5 , 85, 160, 165, 221-2 Kimberley, 1st Earl (1826-1902), Local government reform, 161, 98, 127, 141, 170,209,211 184, 187 King, Hon P.J. Locke {1811-85), London,59-60, 104,125,143, 69 166, 199-200, 222 Index 249

Lowe, Robert (1811-92), 121, 123, National Education League, 133, 127, 132, 139-40, 142, 161 134, 144, 145, 151, 186 Lucy, Henry (1843-1924), 158 National Liberal Federation, 155, 156,157, 184-5,216,220-l, Macaulay, Thomas Babington 230 (1800-59), 49-50, 60, 62, 72, National , 101, 110 123-4, 130 Mackintosh, Charles Fraser National Reform Union, 101, 156 (1828-901), 214 Navigation Acts, 57 McLaren, Duncan (1800-86), Newcastle, 23, 113, 160 213-14 Newcastle, 5th Duke (1811-64), Maidstone, I 7 50,82,83,90,98 Manchester, I, 14, 17,85,86-7, Nonconformists: 100,113,125,160,200 character of, 14-20,47-8, Marylebone, I 125-6,199,221 Maule, Hon. Fox (1801-74), 72 and Irish Catholics, 21, 123, Maynooth Grant, 59,60-1, 70 137,214-15 Melbourne, 2nd Viscount and radicals, 18, 126, 186-8, (1779-1848),2,23,24-5,31- 191-2 2,39,44 and Whigs, 18-19,27-9, 37-8, Miall, Edward (1809-81), 58, 59, 58-61,68-9,70,161 134, 145 and Palmerston, 95-7 Middlesborough, 113 and Gladstone, 114-15, 133-6, Middlesex, 125 154-6,184,221 Midlothian campaigns, 162-5, Northbrook, 2nd Earl 166,167,202 (1826-1904),98, 171,180 Mill,John Stuart (1806-73), 119 Norwich, 17 Milton, Lord see Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl O'Brien, William Smith Molesworth, Sir William (1803-64), 67 (1810-55), 10-ll, 40 O'Connell, Daniel ( 1775-1847), Moreton, Hon. Augustus ( 1804- 20-1,24,25-7,28,32,37,67 62), 7 , 17 Morley,John (1838-1923), 130, 'Orsini' affair, 77, 87-8 171-2, 182, 185, 186, 191, Osborne, Ralph Bernal 218,221 (1802-82),62,80, 100,135 Morley, Samuel (1809-86), 48, 58, O'Shea, Katharine ( 1845-1921), 93, 96, 114-15 204 Morpeth, Lord (1802-64), 7, 62, O'Shea, William Henry ( 1840- 72 1905), 176 Mulgrave, 2nd Earl (1797-1863), Oxford University, 115 26 Mundella, Anthony John (1825-97), 160, 164 Palmer, William W aldegrave see Municipal Corporations Act, 27-8 Selborne, lst Earl Palmerston, 3rd Viscount National Agricultural Labourers' (1784-1865), 2, 3, 55,57-8, Union, 156 62,66,68, 70,73 250 Index

Palmerston (cont.) , 35, 39-40 Liberal leader, 76-106, lll-12, Reid, Thomas Wemyss 115, 120, 121,231 {1842-1905), 160 'Palmerstonian' tradition, 152, Richard, Henry (1812-88), 133, 157,163,169,171,172,218 !56 Parkes,Joseph (1796-1865), 40 Richmond, 5th Duke Parnell, Charles Stewart {1791-1860),2,5,22 {1846-91), 173, 175, 176, , 1st Marquis {1827-1909), 203-4,215 98,127,211 Peel, Sir Robert ( 1788-1850), 8, Roebuck, John Arthur (1801-79), 23-4,30,32-3,34,35,40,46, II, 18, 37, 61, 62, 79-80,82, 50,51,52-3,54,55,57-8,59, 88,89,100 68, Ill, 229 Rogers,]. E. Thorold {1823-90), Peelites, 46, 50, 53, 56, 57-8, 63, 129 68,69, 70-l, 72, 76,82,83, Rosebery, 5th Earl (1847-1929), 87,90,98, Ill 162,213,220 Playfair, Lyon (1819-98), 142 Russell, Lord John ( 1792-1878): Plymouth, 134 and Whig tradition, 3, 19, 71-3, Political economists, 8, 47 99 Poole, 18 and electoral reform, 5, 6, Poor Law Amendment Act, 8 29-30,69,82-3,90,91,94, Potter, Sir John (1815-58), 86-7 121-2 Press, the, 80-l, 96, 112, 219, 231 and nonconformity, 19, 27, Act, 62 59-61,68-9 Public Worship Regulation Act, and Ireland, 22-3, 24, 25-6, 37, 147 61-2, 67-8, 115, 123 as Whig leader in Commons, 'Radical Programme', 185-90,208 29-30,36-7,44,46-7,50- Radicals: 6 character of, 9-14,47,63-7, Prime Minister, 56-8,61-2, 170-2,181-2,184-8,191, 67-70, 76, 121-2 218,231-2 political eclipse in 1850s, 71, and Ireland, 21, 123, 174-5 82-3,87-8,116,127 and nonconformists, 18, 126 Ruthven, Edward (1772-1836), 12 and Whigs, 13-14, 32, 35, 39-40,56,60-2,63-4,72- Salford, 17, 85, 125 3,157,158-9,161-2,179- Salisbury, 3rd Marquis 80, 190-l, 192-3,211-13, {1830-1903), 189,201,204, 218-19,231-2 217,219 and Russell, 29-30, 36-7, Schleswig-Holstein question, 99, 52-3,68-9 104 and Palmerston, 76, 79-80, , 1-2, 19-20, 34, 38, 86-7,88-9,91,93-5,99- 58-9,60, 70,97,102-3,122, 102 124,143,166,213-14,223-4 and Gladstone, 116-17, 122-3, Seeley,John Robert (1834-95), 132, 140, 156, 165, 177-8, 202 208,216,220 Selborne, 1st Earl (1812-95), Reform Association, 39-40 72-3, 131, 141 Index 251

Seymour, Lord ( 1804-85), 72 Turner,James Aspinall (d.l867), Sheffield, 1, I 7, 200 86-7 Shrewsbury, 17 Shuttleworth, Sir Ughtred Kay (1844-1939), 193 Alliance, 134, Sidgwick, Henry (1838-1900), 135, 144, 151, 161 202,219 University reform, 15, 27, 129, Slavery, abolition, 2, 8, 15, 30 130, 131-2, 135 Smiles, Samuel (1812-1904), 118-19 Victoria, Queen (1819-1901), Smith, Goldwin (1823-1910), 129, 31-2,35,36,53,69, 70, 71, 219 78, 81, 89, 152, 167-8, 189, Smith, William Henry (1825-91), 210 104 Villiers, Hon Charles Pelham , 185, 201-2 (1802-98),30,54,61,90, 100 Social Science Association, 129 Voluntaryism, 37-8, 59-60, 61, Southampton, 95 70,97 Southwark, 165 Spencer, 5th Earl (1835-1910), 98, 158, 177, 211 , 34, 102-3, 124-5, 166, Spring Rice, Thomas 223-4 (1790-1866), 24 Warburton, Henry (1784-1858), Stanley, Edward see Derby, 14th ll' 21 Earl Ward, Stanley, Edwardjohn (1802-69), (1797-1860), 11,54 39 Wakley, Thomas (1795-1862), 61 Stansfeld,James (1820-98), 94, Westminster, 125 139, 175 Whigs: Stephen, Leslie (1832-1904), 129 character of, 2-9, 33-4, 39-40, Stockport, 17, 37, 125 44-5,46-7,49-50,71-3, Storey, Samuel (1840-1925), 188 79, 151-3, 157-62, 197-8, Sunderland, 17 231-2 Surrey, East, 134 and Ireland, 21-4, 25-7, 28-9, 33, 35,36-7,54,62-3, Tavistock, 17 67-9,97-8,123,172-7 Tennyson-D'Eynecourt, Charles and nonconformists, 18-20, (1784-I86I), II, 30 27-8,33,37-8,59-61,131, Test and Corporation Acts, repeal, 161, 166-7 15, 19,27,45,51 and radicals, 13-14, 24-5, Thompson, General T. Perronet 29-30,32,36-7,60-2, (I783-1869), 11, I2 161-2, 168, 171, 175-6, Tithe Commutation Act, 27 177-82, 190-1, 192-3 Tower Hamlets, I Melbourne's administration, reform, 136-7 25-34 Trelawny, Sir john (1816-85), 95, Free Trade crisis, 46-7, 53-6 96-7,98, 106, 128 and Peelites, 56-8,68,71,76 Trevelyan, George Otto and Palmerston, 83-4, 98-9 (1838-1928), 160-1, 191 and Gladstone, 123, 127, 141, 252 Index

Whigs (cont.) 10, 14,39,52-3,57,62,63, 145-6, 157-9, 164-5, 69, 72, 101, 127 167-9,172-5,177-8,190 Worcester, 17 'revolt of, 210-15, 218-19 William IV ( 1765-1837), 8, 23-5, 30-1, 35 Yarmouth, 17 Willis, William ( 1835-1911), 182 York, 17, 23 , 17 Yorkshire, West Riding, 7, 14, 59, Wood, Sir Charles (1800-85), 6, 62, 70