Bibliography General Works Donald Southgate, Tile Passing of IN Migs, 1832-1886 (London, 1962}, though looking increasingly dated, is full of information, and it is still the nearest thing to a history of the Liberal Party, for the pre-1868 period at least. For the later nineteenth century, D. A. Hamer, l.iheral Politics in IN Age of Glmislmt4 and Rosebery (Oxford, 1972}, is the most useable account: Michael Bentley's more recent Tile ClimtJx of l.iheral Politics: Liberalism in Theory and Practice, 1868-1918 (London, 1987}, is pitched at too high a level for undergraduates. Michael Winstanley, Glmlstone and IN l.iheral Party (London, 1990), provides an excellent brief introduction. Paul Adelman, Vutorian Radicalism: Tile Middle Cfllss Experience, 183o- 1914 (London, 1984}, is a useful starting-point for this aspect of Liber­ alism. There is a mine of material in Simon Maccoby (ed.}, English Radicalism (5 vols, London, 1935-61 ). The two outstanding general works on the electoral system are by Norman Gash, Politics in IN Age of Peel (2nd edn, Brighton, 1977), and H. J. Hanham, Elections and Party Management· Politics in IN Tune of IJisrruli and Glmislmt4 (2nd edn, Brighton, 1978). Derek Fraser, Urban Politics in Vutorian &gland (London, 1976}, is an important study of the provincial towns. There is also a useful regional study by T. J. Nossiter, lrifluence, Opinion and Political Idioms in R4fmned &gland: Case Studies .from IN North East, 1832-74 (Brighton, 1975). For the Celtic fringe, see: K. 0. Morgan, Wakr in British Politics, 1868-1922 (3rd edn, Cardiff, 1980); I. G. C. Hutchison, A Political Histury of &otland, 1832-1924 (Edinburgh, 1986); K. T. Hoppen, Elections, Politics and Socie~ in Ireland, 1832-1885 (Oxford, 1984). On constitutional matters, G. H. L. LeMay's Tile Vutorian Constitution (London, 1979) provides a helpful sutvey. There is a provocative essay on the monarchy by David Cannadine, 'The Last Hanoverian Monarch? The Victorian Monarchy in Historical Perspective', in A. L 234 Bihliograp~ 235 Beier et al. (eds), The First Modem Society (London, 1989). On the devel­ opment of political parties, there are suggestive articles by Angus Hawkins, ' "Parliamentary Government" and Victorian Political Parties, c.l830-c. 1880', English Histmical Review, CIV (1989), and Hugh Herring­ ton, 'Partisanship and Dissidence in the Nineteenth Century House of Commons', Parlimnentmy 4ffairs XXI (1968). See also, D. E. D. Beales, 'Parliamentary Parties and the Independent Member, 1810-60', in Robert Robson (ed.), Ideas and Institutions of Vzctorian Britain (London, 1967), and D. H. Close, 'The Formation of a Two-Party Alignment in the House of Commons between 1832 and 1841', English Histmical Review LXXXIV (1969). For religious questions, two volumes by G. I. T. Machin are indis­ pensable: Politics and the Churclw in Great Britain, 1832-1868 (Oxford, 1977), and Politics and the Churches in Great Britain, 1869-1921 (Oxford, 1987). On the Liberal Party and the press, see Stephen Koss, The Ri.se and Fall of the Political Press in Britain, vol. 1: The Nmereentlt Century (London, 1981 ), and Alan J. Lee, The Origins of the Popular Press in England, 1855- 1914 (London, 1976). For Liberal philosophy, there are two convenient collections of docu­ ments: Alan Bullock and Maurice Shock (eds), The liberal Tradition .from Fox to Keynes (London, 1956), and Robert Eccleshall (ed.), British liberal­ ism: liberal 17zought .from the 1640s to the 1980s (London, 1986). I. The Spirit of Refonn Austin Mitchell, The W'lzWs in Opposition, 1815-30 (Oxford, 1967), is the best study of the Whigs prior to the Great Reform Act. Whig ideology has received considerable attention in recent years: see Abraham D. Kriegal, 'Liberty and Whiggery in Early-Nineteenth Century England', Journal of Modern History, Ill, (1980); E. A. Wasson, 'The Great Whigs and Parliamentary Reform, 1809-30', Journal of British Studin, XXN (1985); L. G. Mitchell, 'Foxite Politics and the Great Reform Bill', English Histmical Review, cvm (1993), and the same author's Holland House (London, 1980). There is now a useful general account of the Whig governments after 1830 by Ian Newbould, Miggery and Riform, 183D-1841: The Politics of Government (London, 1990). Two stimulating, but conflicting, attempts to delineate Whiggery are by Richard Brent, liberal Anglican 236 Bibliography Politics: Wkri:gery, Religion orui J¥mn, 183o-1841 (Oxford, 1987), and Peter Mandler, Aristocratic Government in the Age rf Jl4imn.· ~s orui Liberals, 183o-1852 (Oxford, 1990). All of these authors are critical, for one reason or another, of Norman Gash, Reaction orui Reconstruction in English Politics, 1832-1852 (Oxford, 1965), although this work remains a classic. For the 1832 Reform Act, see John Cannon, Parliomentary R4fmn, 164o-1832 (Cambridge, 1973); Michael Brock, "I'M Great R4fmn Act (London, 1973); Norman McCord, 'Some Difficulties of Parliamentary Reform', HistlJ1ical Journal, X (1967); J. Milton Smith, 'Earl Grey's Cabinet and the objects of Parliamentary Reform', Historical Journal, XV (1972). The views of a moderate-reform MP (George Staunton) may be found in M. O'Neill and G. Martin, 'A Backbencher on Parliamentary Reform, 1831-1832', HistoricalJoumal, xxm (1980). The following articles deal with various aspects of Whig politics and policy after 1832: Abraham D. K.riegal, 'The Irish Policy of Lord Grey's Government', English Historical Review, LXXXVI (1971); I. Gross, 'The Abolition of Negro Slavery and British Parliamentary Politics, 1832-3', Historical Journal, xxm (1980); Peter Dunkley, 'Whigs and Paupers: The Reform of the English Poor Laws, 1830-1834', Journal of British Studies, XX (1981 ); Abraham D. Kriegal, 'The Politics of the Whigs in Opposition, 1834-1835', Journal rf British Studies, vn (1968); G. B. A M. Finlayson, 'The Politics of Municipal Reform 1835', E11glish Historical Review, LXXXI, (1966); Richard Brent, 'The Whigs and Protestant Dissent in the Decade of Reform: The Case of Church Rates, 1833-1841 ', English Historical Review, en (1987); J. L. Alexander, 'Lord John Russell and the Origins of the Committee of Council on Education', Historical Journal, XX (1977). E. A. Smith, &rl Grey, 1764-1845 (Oxford, 1990), is the first biography of the Whig premier for seventy years. Studies of other senior ministers include E. A. Wasson, Whig Rmaissance: Lord Althorp orui the Whig Pmp, 1782-1845 (New York, 1987); Philip Ziegler, Melbourne (London, 1976); John Prest, Lord John &ssell (London, 1972); Kenneth Bourne, Polmerston: "I'M &rly rears, 1784-1841 (London, 1982); Robert Stewart, Henry Brougham, 1778-1868: His Public Career (London, 1985). See also Abraham D. K.riegal's edition of "I'M Holland House Diaries, (London, 1977). For the position of the radicals, see William Thomas, "I'M Philosophic Rtuiicals (Oxford, 1979), and the same author's essay on this subject in Patricia Hollis (ed.), Pressure .from Witlzout in &rly-Victorian Englmul Bihliograp~ 237 (London, 1974). Ronald K. Hutch and Philip R. Ziegler, Joseph Hum£: 7he Peopld MP, (Philadelphia, 1985), is a useful recent biography of a prominent radical. An essential work on nonconformity is Alan D. Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England: Church, Chapel and Social Change, 174o-1914 (London, 1976). A. D. Macintyre, 7he liberator: Daniel O'Connell and the Irish Party, 1830-1847 (London, 1965), deals with the Irish repealers. Several good studies of individual constituencies in the post-Reform­ Act era have appeared in the journal Northern History: Norman McCord, 'Gateshead Politics in the Age of Reform', IV (1969); D. G. Wright, 'A Radical Borough: Parliamentary Politics in Bradford, 1832-1841 ', IV (1969); Derek Fraser, 'The Fruits of Reform: Leeds Politics in the 1830s', VII (1972); and J. A. Jowitt, 'Parliamentary Politics in Halifax, 1832-1847', XI (1976). 2. The Slow Birth of Liberal England There is very little on the Whigs for the period 1841-52. Some infor­ mation can be gleaned from Southgate's Passing o/ the J1lhigs, Gash's Reaction and Reconstruction, Prest's Lord John Russell, and Mandler's Aristo­ cratic Government, all cited above. In addition, see F. A. Dreyer, 'The Whigs and the Ministerial Crisis of 1845', English Historical Review, LXXX (1965), and Roland Quinault, '1848 and Parliamentary Reform', Histor­ ical Journal, XXXI (1988). Norman McCord, 7he Anti-Com lAw Leagr.u (London, 1958), is the standard work on the subject. See also McCord's essay, 'Cobden and Bright in Politics, 1846-57', in Robert Robson (ed.), Ideas and Institutions o/ Vutorian Brifllin (London, 196 7). G. R. Searle, Entrepreneurial Politics in Mid- Vutorian Britain (Oxford, 1993), is a valuable new assessment of the difficulties confronting middle-class radicalism after 1846. See also N. C. Edsall, 'A Failed National Movement: The Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association, 1848-54', Bulktin o/ the Institute o/ Histor­ ical Research, XLIX, (1976). Recent biographies include Keith Robbins, John Bright (London, 1979), Nicholas Edsall, Richard Cobden: Independent Rmlical (Harvard, 1986), and Wendy Hinde, Richard Cobden: A Vutorian Outsider (Yale, 1987). On the nonconformists, R. G. Cowherd, 7he Politics o/ English Dissen~ 1814-1848 (London, 1959), is still useful. See also G. I. T. Machin, 'The Maynooth Grant, the Dissenters and the Establishment, 1845-7', 238 BibliDgrap~ English Historical Review, LXXXll (1967), and Derek Fraser, 'Voluntaryism and West Riding Politics in the Mid-Nineteenth Century', Nortltem History, xu (1977). Clyde Binfield, So Down to ~s (London, 1977), has interesting chapters on Edward Miall and on the Baines family. For the Peelites, see J. B. Conacher, The Peelites and the P~ System, 1846-1852 (Newton Abbot, 1972). Two biographies of leading Peelites are Muriel Chamberlain, Lord Aberdeen (London, 1983) and Richard Shannon, Gladstone, vol. I (1809-65), (London, 1982). 3. Lord Palmerston and Mid-Victorian Liberalism Most of the literature listed for Chapter 2 is relevant. Muriel Chamber­ lain's Lord Palmers/on (Cardiff, 1987), is a useful introduction, covering his whole career.