Expressionsanalyse Von Chemorezeptoren Und Funktionale Charakterisierung Des Riechrezeptors OR2AT4 in Chronisch Myeloischen Leukämiezellen

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Expressionsanalyse Von Chemorezeptoren Und Funktionale Charakterisierung Des Riechrezeptors OR2AT4 in Chronisch Myeloischen Leukämiezellen Expressionsanalyse von Chemorezeptoren und funktionale Charakterisierung des Riechrezeptors OR2AT4 in chronisch myeloischen Leukämiezellen Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie an der Internationalen Graduiertenschule Biowissenschaften der Ruhr-Universität Bochum vorgelegt von STAVROS MANTENIOTIS aus Troisdorf angefertigt am Lehrstuhl für Zellphysiologie, Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. Hanns Hatt Bochum, Januar 2015 Expression Analysis of Chemosensory Receptors and Functional Characterization of the Olfactory Receptor OR2AT4 in Myelogenous Leukemia Cells Dissertation to obtain the degree Doctor Rerum Naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) at the Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology International Graduate School Biosciences Ruhr-University Bochum submitted by STAVROS MANTENIOTIS from Troisdorf Department of Cellphysiology, Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. Hanns Hatt Bochum, January 2015 Referent: Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. Hanns Hatt Korreferent: PD Dr. Matthias Schmidt „Die Wissenschaft fängt eigentlich erst da an interessant zu werden, wo sie aufhört.“ -Justus von Liebig Für meine Familie… Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die Arbeit selbständig verfasst und bei keiner anderen Fakultät eingereicht und dass ich keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Es handelt sich bei der von mir eingereichten Dissertation um sechs in Wort und Bild völlig übereinstimmende Exemplare. Weiterhin erkläre ich, dass digitale Abbildungen nur die originalen Daten enthalten und in keinem Fall inhaltsverändernde Bildbearbeitung vorgenommen wurden. (Stavros Manteniotis) Bochum, den 15-01-2015 Inhaltsverzeichnis Kapitel 1 - Einleitung ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.0 Chemosensorik - ein allgemeiner Überblick ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Die Klasse der olfaktorischen Rezeptoren .................................................................................... 5 1.1.2 Die olfaktorische Signalkaskade ............................................................................................. 7 1.1.3 Die ektopische Expression von olfaktorischen Rezeptoren..................................................... 8 1.2 Ionenkanäle und G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren in der Chemosensorik ................................ 10 1.3 Calcium als intrazellulärer Botenstoff ......................................................................................... 13 1.4 Mitogen-aktivierte Proteinkinasen .............................................................................................. 14 1.4.1 Die p44/42-MAPK ................................................................................................................ 15 1.4.2 Die p38-MAPK ..................................................................................................................... 16 1.6 Exkurs: Leukämie ........................................................................................................................ 17 1.6.1 Die chronisch myeloische Leukämie ..................................................................................... 18 1.6.2 Die CML-Zelllinie K562 ....................................................................................................... 19 Kapitel 2 - Zielsetzung ........................................................................................................................ 21 Kapitel 3 - Comprehensive RNA-Seq Expression Analysis of Sensory Ganglia with a Focus on Ion Channels and GPCRs in Trigeminal Ganglia ................................................................ 23 Kapitel 4 - Expression Profile of Ectopic Olfactory Receptors Determined by Deep Sequencing ........................................................................................................................... 27 Kapitel 5 - Characterization of the ectopically expressed OR2AT4 in human myelogenous leukemia cells ................................................................................................................................ 33 Kapitel 6 - Diskussion .......................................................................................................................... 35 6.1 RNA-Seq Expressionsanalyse sensorischer Neurone mit Fokus auf das trigeminale Ganglion ........................................................................................................................................ 36 6.1.1 Die Expression von GPCRs im trigeminalen System ........................................................... 37 6.1.2 Die Expression von olfaktorischen Rezeptoren im trigeminalen System ............................. 39 6.1.3 Die Expression von Ionenkanälen im trigeminalen System .................................................. 42 6.1.4 Differenziell-exprimierte Gene im trigeminalen- und dorsalen Wurzelganglion .................. 45 6.1.5 Die Problematik der differentiellen Expressionsanalyse ....................................................... 47 6.1.6 Zusammenfassung der Expressionsanalyse im trigeminalen Ganglion ................................. 48 6.2. Erstellung eines Expressionsprofils ektopisch exprimierter olfaktorischer Rezeptoren mittels der Next-Generation Sequenzierung .............................................................................. 49 6.2.1 Die ektopische Expression von olfaktorischen Rezeptoren................................................... 50 6.2.2 Die Entdeckung von bislang unbekannten chimären OR-Transkripten ................................ 52 6.2.3 Zusammenfassung der ektopischen Expression von ORs ..................................................... 53 6.2.4 Die Expression von olfaktorischen Rezeptor-spezifischen Bestandteilen der Signalkaskade ................................................................................................................................. 54 6.2.5 Die ektopische Expression von olfaktorischen Rezeptoren in Tumorzellen ......................... 55 6.3 Die Expression von olfaktorischen Rezeptoren in Zellen der myeloischen Leukämie ........ 55 6.3.1 Die Sandalore-induzierte Signalkaskade in der humanen CML-Zellinie K562 .................... 57 6.3.2 Die Sandalore-induzierte Signalkaskade im AML-Patientenblut.......................................... 59 6.3.3 Mögliche nachgeschaltete Ionenkanäle in K562 ................................................................... 60 6.3.4 Die physiologisch Funktion des OR2AT4 an der Proliferation ............................................ 60 6.3.5 Die Beteiligung des OR2AT4 an der Sandalore-induzierten Apoptose ................................ 62 6.3.6 Die Beteiligung der OR2AT4-vermittelten Calciumerhöhung an der MAPK-Phosphorylierung ............................................................................................................... 63 6.3.7 Sandalore erhöht den Hämoglobingehalt in K562 Zellen ..................................................... 63 6.3.8 Zusammenfassung - Die Charakterisierung des OR2AT4 in K562 und AML-Patientenblut ......................................................................................................................... 65 Kapitel 7 - Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................ 67 Chapter 7 - Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 69 Abbildungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................ 71 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ....................................................................................................................... 74 Publikationsliste................................................................................................................................... 76 Poster .................................................................................................................................................... 76 Eigenanteil ............................................................................................................................................ 77 Curriculum Vitae ................................................................................................................................ 78 Danksagung .......................................................................................................................................... 80 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................................................ 81 Kapitel 1 - Einleitung Kapitel 1 Einleitung 1.0 Chemosensorik – ein allgemeiner Überblick Die Wahrnehmung von Vertebraten umfasst die fünf Sinne Sehen, Hören, Tasten, Schmecken und Riechen und ermöglicht es ihnen, auf einwirkende Umwelteinflüsse entsprechend zu reagieren. Die auditive und die visuelle Wahrnehmung, wie auch der Tastsinn, verarbeiten Reize, die sich durch wenige physikalische Modalitäten charakterisieren lassen. Die Wellen- länge des Lichts, der Schalldruck, die Frequenz der Tonhöhe und der mechanische Druck des Ertastens ermöglichen eine einfache Form der sensorischen Wahrnehmung. Komplexere Systeme, wie das chemosensorische System hingegen, erfassen und unterscheiden eine Vielfalt an chemischen Verbindungen. In höheren Organismen umfasst die Chemosensorik
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