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Upper Swabia As an Example

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Upper Swabia As an Example German Agrarian Institutions 77 order to explore uniformities and contrasts in political activity. Part of the reason for the neglect no doubt has been because the best research has GermanAgrarian Institutionsat the been done on political programmes which do not seem to be the result of Beginningof the Sixteenth Century: Upper such differences.1 Even Engels who gives the most detailed analysis of interest groups in German society at the beginning of the sixteenth century, Swabia as an Example relating class interests to ideological positions, confines himself to the grossest generalizations about differences within rural society. Working within Engels' tradition East German historiography has on occasion begun a more David Sabean* sophisticated analysis [Loesche, 1961]. The question boils down to whether in peasant uprisings or other protests against outsiders villagers act with solidarity or whether well articulated This paper deals with three dynamic fact.ors leading to. rural social interest groups within the village press for different ends or indeed whether change in the years before 1525. The rise of population changed differences cancel themselves out, inhibiting revolt. Not all groups in rural man/land ratios, brought alterations in inheritance customs, ?nd society are equally capable of articulation of interests or in expressing them­ helped create a class of landless agricultural labourers. Alterations selves in political activity. in the nature of market relationships changed the ~alan~e b~tween To some degree the question of rural social articulation is governed by city and country and introduced new wage relati~nshtps. in ~he the degree to which rural society is integrated into the market. A particu­ 'd 'th the putting out system Increasing articulation coun trysi e wt · · · d f larly good example of the problem is afforded by the analysis of Russian of state institutions led to attempts to rationalise arme . orce, society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. brought taxation to pay for larger and more comflex armies,. and Working with a model based on Western European experience, Russian changed the relationships between central ~uthonty ?nd sub1ects. observers expected class differences to be translated into political conscious­ The effects of these changes should be investigated regionally before ness within village society. A recent systematic comparison of each Russian generalisations about all .of Central Eu_ropeare made, and the paper province in its participation in the fourth Duma fails to find any differences shows how one such regional study might be done. in political activity between different classes of peasants from Kulak to the poorest member of the rural community in most of the Russian regions Historical research on Central Europe dealing with the peasa?,trY o~ wit!1 [Vinogradofj, 1974]. The conclusion is that for most of Russia the market peasant political activity has not been sufficiently concerned ,~1th ~oc10Io~1- was hardly existent and that therefore politically conscious differences failed cal uestions. It has been assumed that the ~egree ~f ru~al social differen?a­ to arise. In the Baltic provinces, however, rural society was fully integrated tionqeither has not been great or has been of msuffic1entmterest for analysmg into the market, which led to the transformation of agricultural structure articular problems at hand. The research that has bee? done has ten~ed to and the articulation of clear social differences and consequent political p fine itself either to questions relating to legal categories [Seldner, Koppl~r, ideology and activity [ibid. 129-194]. ;:ilbauer, etc.] or to gross measures of stratification such a~ frc:;quencydish While agriculture was oriented towards the market by the early sixteenth tributions of land holding. We know, for example, very httle. ~bo:;uc d century in Central Europe, the degree to which regional variations existed questions as how the internal working of the farm-tenant families 1 ere is not generally clear from the literature, nor is it clear to what degree from those of day labourers. village. social differences were articulated and conscious to village members. Nowhere is this approach clearer than in research devoted to the Peasant As a consequence of a rising population, the sixteenth century saw increased War-Marxist and non-Marxist alike. Smirin [1956: 192, 497 ff], for exampled specialization based on market exchange-one thinks immediately of vini­ enetrates no further into the society than to ment10n that the area aro?U culture, dairying, and rural textile production. To what degree these changes 11.emmingenwas important for wheat'cultivation. Franz [1965 : 22] mentions wrought significant sociological differences needs to be investigated. that the Remstal was particularly heavily populated because of thhl effe~ts This paper does not attempt to do what the author would like to see of viniculture but makes no more of the fact. Nowh_eredoes. an st~1=an done-that ·is to survey regional differences in social structure and market systematically explore regional differences ~ pop~atto:i density, m~bil1~, . orientation. Rather the purpose is to raise questions from an intense analysis village structure, social stratification, or mtegratton mto the mar et m of one region which participated in the Peasant War so as to provoke dis­ c:ussi.onfrom those whose specializations afford far more expertise on other *University of Pittsburgh. This article.was p~esentedto ~\Memmi7-en qo~t;!~f:; rc:gionsthan the author [Sabean, 1972] is able to muster. ~~ ~~~~~iti:i~ :ii:;.,bm!t:~~:t:dzZ:::ci1;;f;:s1cileft pzc;;;.g! ~s printed ••••·In:carryjng out this task .the paper will. be concerned .with. various insti tu- here by kind permissionof P. Blickle, editor and OldenbourgVerlag, umc · 78 The German Peasant War of 1525 German Agrarian Institutions 79 tions that express themselves at the village level. In doing so we will deal striking a balance between population and resourses. Although Wuerttemberg with certain structural problems and change effected by population, the appeared in the eighteenth century and even now as an area of extreme frag­ market, and the state. The treatment will be rather uneven, with greater mentation of agricultural land, it does not seem that such great fragmenta- attention given to the first of these considerations. It is important at the tion took place in the sixteenth century. Rather a dependent group of land­ outset to be clear about the way the problems are posed. The early six­ less labourers arose, with villages displaying great differences in wealth and teenth century was a period of population rise for Central Europe, but the in .the distribution of land. The inception of a violent fluctuation in popu­ question most simply put is not whether and to what extent population lation levels does not seem to have affected this social differentiation. rose. For systematic and comparative analysis the proper question is related . The effects of the Thirty Years' War altered the structure, reducing a to the balance between population and resources at the village level. How village of 1,000 to as low as 400. Recovery was slow since taxes were high, are the balance of population and changes in its level expressed in the peasants were heavily indebted, domestic animal herds had been decimated, structure of social relationships? It is not enough, when one speaks of the fields left uncultivated, buildings destroyed, and seed in short supply. Many market, to allude to increased monetarization of peasant economic activity peasants simply refused to take on inheritances, while many who wanted or to refer generally to increased penetration of market relationships. The land. could o~tain it: The result in the first generation was to develop a issue is to analyse exactly in what way changes in relationship to the market relatively undifferentiated group of farm tenants on small properties. Suc­ affects any particular peasant and how the experiences of different rural cessive generations partitioned each inheritance, so that by 1720 when the groups vary. Do these changes bring about consequent changes in attitudes pre-war population level of ca. 1,000 was re-established, a completely or social relations between various rural groups? How do regions vary in different distribution of land and wealth had taken place. Between 1720 and response to change, for example, bocage vs. open fields, hilly vs. plains, 1760 the population tended to rise only very slightly, the mechanism of dairying vs. viniculture, grain vs. market gardening, agricultural vs. rural , this stability being apparently on the fertility side. Between 1760 and 1800 industrial. the population could come close to doubling. With regards to the state it is likewise not enough to compare directly Th~re are. a 1:umbe~of lessons here that need to be stressed. A person different institutions such as Leibeigenschaft. This is a common error most born mto this village m 1520 or 1570, 1660 or 1750 would face radically recently evidenced in Gerlach's [1974] comparison of the Bauernkrieg with different societies simply in regards to the way population densities were the 1381 peasant uprising in England. The fact that the peasant programmes related to the means of production. Population density is only one issue· one in both uprisings inveighed against 'unfree' relationships, led the author to must also consider the rates of change and the mechanisms of change.' The confuse different institutions-such as English serfdom, South German rules of succession to property, the division of labour, and mechanisms of Leibeigenschaft, and different forms of personal bondage in other parts of social control are crucial institutions that channel forces of change into new Germany. The central sociological question is a broader one relating to the sets of social relationships. How these social relationships find political degree of penetration of the state into the village, how this is institutionalized, expression either within the village or external to it is one of the issues that and how it affects social relationships inside the village.
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