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Term Changes of Raptor Populations in Northern Cameroon

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Term Changes of Raptor Populations in Northern Cameroon THE JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH A QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. VoL. 35 SEPTEMBER 2001 NO. 3 j. RaptorRes. 35(3):173-186 ¸ 2001 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc. LONG-TERM CHANGES OF RAPTOR POPULATIONS IN NORTHERN CAMEROON JEAN-MARCTHIOLLAY Laboratoired•colog•e, E.N.S. 46, rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris cddex05, France ABSTRACT.--Comparativemid-dry-season counts of diurnal raptors (42 species)were performed in sim- ilar conditionsalong nine road transects(total = 1359 km) in 1973 and 2000 in representativeareas of northern Gameroon to assesschanges in abundance of species over the last three decades. The transects covered Sudanian and southern Sahelian woodlands, savannas, cultivated areas, and wetlands. Additionally, in 2000, three protected woodlands and one new artificial wetland were censusedto doc- ument the raptor community of these habitats. All four broad categories of raptors (vultures, other resident species, Afrotropical, and Palearctic migrants) exhibited a decline in numbers,and only two speciesincreased significantly, against 14 which decreasedand 24 which did not showpopulation changes.Overall, vulturesdeclined by 67%, notably the formerly abundant Hooded (Necrosyrtesmonachus) and White-backed (Gypsafi•canus) Vultures and Rfippell's Griffons (Gypsrueppellii). Their decreasewas striking in everyhabitat and area. All large eagles (sevenresidents and three Palearcticmigrants) also decreasedsignificantly (83%). Only the two smaller •nigratoryWahlberg's (Aquila wahlbergi) and Booted Eagles(Hieraaetus pennatus) remained fairly stable or increased. Nine of the 11 smaller Alkican residents did not change markedly; only the Black-shoul- dered Kite (Elanuscaeruleus) increased three-fold and the Dark Ghanting Goshawk(Melierax metabates) decreasedsignificantly (62%). The five medium-sizeAlkican migrants either decreasedor increased, but not significantly,especially when differencesin ecologicalconditions between years were taken into account.Among nine Palearcticmigrants, kestrels decreased dramatically, whereas harriers remained at least stable. The new Maga Lake and associatedrice fields were decidedly poorer in most Palearctic migrantsthan were the former natural humid grasslandswhich they replaced.Habitat modificationdue to the rapidly increasinghuman pressureexplained most changes.However, the collapse of vulture populationscannot be accountedfor by these changesor by persecution. KEYWORDS: Raptors;population changes; savanna; Careerfort. Cambiospoblacionales de rapacesa largo plazo en el norte de Gamerfin RES(•MEN.--Gomparmnoslos conteos de rapaces diurnas a mediados de la estacitn seca (42 especies) los cuales fueron realizados en condiciones similares a lo largo de nueve transectosde carretera (total = 1.359 km) en 1973 yen el 2000; en areasrepresentativas del norte de Gamerfin, con el fin de evaluar los cambios de abundancia de las especiesen las ultimas tres dtcadas. Los transectoscubrian bosques sudanesesy sur-sahelianos, sabanas,areas cultivadasy humedales. Adicionalmente en el 2000, se hici- eron censosen bosquesperturbados protegidos yen un nuevo humedal artificial con el fin de docu- mentar la comunidad de avesrapaces de estoshabitats. Las cuatro categoriasde rapaces (buitres, otras especiesresidentes y las migratoriasaœrotropicales y palearcticas)mostraron una disminucitn en sus nfimeros, solo dos especiestuvieron un incremento significativoen contraposicitn de las 14 que dis- minuyeron y 24 que no mostraron cambiosde poblaci6n. En general los buitres disminuyeronen un 67%, de los cualessobresalen notablemente los anteriormente abundantesNecrosyrtes monachus, Gyps rueppellii.Su disminuci6n fue alarmante en cada area de habitat. Todas las grandes•tguilas (siete resi- dentes y tres migratorias palearcticas) tambitn disminuyeron significativamente (83%). Solo dos pe- quehasrapaces migratorias Aquila wahlbergiy Hieraaetuspennatus permanecieron estables o aumentaron. 173 174 THIOLLAY VOL. 35, NO. 3 Nueve de la 11 especiesresidentes africanas no cambiaron significativamente;solo Elanus caeruleusin- crement6 tresveces mientras que Melieraxmetabates disminuy6 significativamente (62%). Lascinco mig- ratorias africanasde tamariDmediano disminuyerono aumentaron pero no en forma drfistica,espe- cialmente cuando las diferencias en las condiciones eco16gicasentre aftos fueron tenidas en cuenta. Entre las nueve migratoriaspalearcticas, los cern•calosdisminuyeron dramfiticamente, mientras que los aguiluchospermanecieron por lo menDs estables.La nueva represa Maga y los cultivosasociados de arroz fueron definitivamentemas pobres (en cuanto a migratoriaspalearticas respecta), que los pasti- zaleshfimedos que reemplazaron.La modificaci0n de hfibitatsdebido al rfipido aumento de la presi0n humana explica la mayorfade los cambios.Sin embargo el colapsode las poblacionesde buitresno puede ser atribuido a estoscambios o a la persecuci6nhumana. [Traducci6n de C6sar Mfirquez] Raptors are usually conspicuous,at the top of derlying factors involved such as habitat changes, food chains and sensitive to contaminants and dis- shiftsin habitat selection,or dynamicof local pop- turbance (Newton 1979). They haveoften substan- ulations. tial ecological requirements in terms of foraging STUDY ARF• habitats, nest sites,and abundance, or diversityof food resources.Therefore, they may be suitablein- During the last 30 years,i.e., between our two censuses, d•cators of the quality of ecosystems,e.g., large the human population of Cameroon has tripled, from about 5 to 15 million. The northern part of the country scaledegradation, changes in land use,or insidious has alwaysbeen the most denselypopulated and, as a environmental contamination. When such changes result, a region with a high deforestationrate and the come from climate change or human population highest proportion of cultivated lands (Encyclopaedia growth, they may occur slowlyand become appar- Universalis1974, EncyclopaediaBritannica 1998). Defor- estation data are inaccurate for northern Cameroon be- ent after long periodsof time. Long-term monitor- causethe natural vegetation is not moist forest but open ing of raptor communitiesis rare in Africa (Thiol- canopy deciduouswoodlands that are often heavily de- lay 1998) or involvesonly eagles (Brown 1952, graded rather than cleared, and cultivatedareas may re- 1955, Gargett 1990). I had the opportunity to do tain numerous large trees (WCMC 1994, Igemonger et extensiveraptor surveysat a 27-yr interval in an al. 1997). area of West Africa where substantiallandscape The study area extends acrossthe transitionfrom the Sudanian to the Sahelian woodlands (9ø10-11ø30'N), changes occurred under a combination of human along a south-northgradient of decreasingannual rain- population growth and large-scaledevelopment fall (900-700 mm). Accordingly,the length of the rainy programs.Such an evolution is common to many seasondecreases from May-October to July-September tropical countriesand theseresults may be indic- Mean annual temperature reaches 28øC, the hottest months being March-May and the lowestmean temper- ative of a widespread situation. The aim of this aturesin Januaryranging 19-13øCfrom south to north. study was to assessthe long-term changes,or sta- The main vegetationzones (see Letouzey 1968, Louet- bility,in abundanceof diurnal raptors (Falconifor- te 1981) include the Benue river plains in the south, the mes), both African speciesand Eurasianmigrants, Mandara mountainsalong Nigeria (northernmostexten- along the sametransects recensused in similar con- sion of the Cameroon mountains ridge, highest peak = 1442 m), the Sahel in the central northern part and the ditions (observer, methods, season) nearly three inundation zone of the Logone river along the Chad bor- decadesafter the first survey.The area harboreda der (Fig. 1). The southwesterncorner of our studyarea rich raptor community and was an important win- (westand north of Garoua, mostlytransect A, Fig. 1) was tering zone for Palearcticspecies (Thiollay 1978a). the northernmost extension of the rather dense, now These broad countsover large areas (6036 raptors fragmented, Sudanian woodlands. Elsewhere, the first three protected areassurveyed (see below) were the only on 2636 km) give a general picture likely to be significant, forest-like patches within a mostly cultivated representativeof regional trends, but they do not landscape. provide information about mechanisms and un- Cultivated areas are now a dominant feature of most Figure 1. Road countsand surveyareas in northern CareerDon.Dashed lines are internationalborders, black dots are main towns and dotted areasare protected areassurveyed. Solid lines are roads where raptor countshave been done and letters along them refer to the transectidentification (see StudyArea and Appendix). SEPTEMBER2001 LONG-TERM CHANGES OF RAPTORSIN CAMEROON 175 LAKE CHAD )NDJAMENA NIGERIA CHAD WaSa I H t D Mora x• MA Yagoua œ \ KALFOU ) k / c CHAD I 30km Vlayo Kebi GAR 0 UA •' 176 THIOLLAY VOL. 35, NO. 3 landscapes.Main crops are millet (rainy season),cotton, (H) Mora-Waza (11ø25'N-13ø34'E). Cultivated fields sorghum (dry seasonin wet lowlands) and locally maize were still the dominant habitat along the first half of this or onions (irrigated). Traditional fields are dotted with road transect,these fields then gaveway to the woodland isolated trees (e.g., Adansonia, Bombax,Butyrospermum, of the Waza National Park fringes and finally to the tree- Khaya,Acacia), often regularly pruned for fodder. Trees lessinundation zone,
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