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Delpaese E Le Forze Armate
L’ITALIA 1945-1955 LA RICOSTRUZIONE DEL PAESE STATO MAGGIORE DELLA DIFESA UFFICIO STORICO E LE Commissione E LE FORZE ARMATE Italiana Storia Militare MINISTERO DELLA DIFESA CONGRESSOCONGRESSO DIDI STUDISTUDI STORICISTORICI INTERNAZIONALIINTERNAZIONALI CISM - Sapienza Università di Roma ROMA, 20-21 NOVEMBRE 2012 Centro Alti Studi per la Difesa (CASD) Palazzo Salviati ATTI DEL CONGRESSO PROPRIETÀ LETTERARIA tutti i diritti riservati: Vietata anche la riproduzione parziale senza autorizzazione © 2014 • Ministero della Difesa Ufficio Storico dello SMD Salita S. Nicola da Tolentino, 1/B - Roma [email protected] A cura di: Dott. Piero Crociani Dott.ssa Ada Fichera Dott. Paolo Formiconi Hanno contribuito alla realizzazione del Congresso di studi storici internazionali CISM Ten. Col. Cosimo SCHINAIA Capo Sezione Documentazione Storica e Coordinamento dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD Ten. Col. Fabrizio RIZZI Capo Sezione Archivio Storico dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD CF. Fabio SERRA Addetto alla Sezione Documentazione Storica e Coordinamento dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD 1° Mar. Giuseppe TRINCHESE Capo Segreteria dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD Mar. Ca. Francesco D’AURIA Addetto alla Sezione Archivio Storico dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD Mar. Ca. Giovanni BOMBA Addetto alla Sezione Documentazione Storica e Coordinamento dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD ISBN: 978-88-98185-09-2 3 Presentazione Col. Matteo PAESANO1 Italia 1945-1955 la ricostruzione del Paese el 1945 il Paese è un cumulo di macerie con una bassissima produzione industriale -
La Ricostruzione Dell'immaginario Violato in Tre Scrittrici Italofone Del Corno D'africa
Igiaba Scego La ricostruzione dell’immaginario violato in tre scrittrici italofone del Corno D’Africa Aspetti teorici, pedagogici e percorsi di lettura Università degli Studi Roma Tre Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Educazione Dottorato di ricerca in Pedagogia (Ciclo XX) Docente Tutor Coordinatore della Sezione di Pedagogia Prof. Francesco Susi Prof. Massimiliano Fiorucci Direttrice della Scuola Dottorale in Pedagogia e Servizio Sociale Prof.ssa Carmela Covato Anno Accademico 2007/2008 Per la stella della bandiera Somala e per la mia famiglia Estoy leyendo una novela de Luise Erdrich. A cierta altura, un bisabuelo encuentra a su bisnieto. El bisabuelo está completamente chocho (sus pensamiemto tiene nel color del agua) y sonríe con la misma beatífica sonrisa de su bisnieto recién nacido. El bisabuelo es feliz porque ha perdido la memoria que tenía. El bisnieto es feliz porque no tiene, todavía, ninguna memoria. He aquí, pienso, la felicidad perfecta. Yo no la quiero Eduardo Galeano Parte Prima Subire l’immaginario. Ricostruire l’immaginario. Il fenomeno e le problematiche Introduzione Molte persone in Italia sono persuase, in assoluta buona fede, della positività dell’operato italiano in Africa. Italiani brava gente dunque. Italiani costruttori di ponti, strade, infrastrutture, palazzi. Italiani civilizzatori. Italiani edificatori di pace, benessere, modernità. Ma questa visione delineata corrisponde alla realtà dei fatti? Gli italiani sono stati davvero brava gente in Africa? Nella dichiarazioni spesso vengono anche azzardati parallelismi paradossali tra la situazione attuale e quella passata delle ex colonie italiane. Si ribadisce con una certa veemenza che Libia, Etiopia, Somalia ed Eritrea tutto sommato stavano meglio quando stavano peggio, cioè dominati e colonizzati dagli italiani. -
Asmara's Colonial Heritage
Asmara’s Colonial Heritage: Preserving a problematic chapter in the history and the building of a nation R6 Anne Marte Aure Brent Patterson 1 July 2020 Cover page Asmarinos back at the once forbidden Market Square. Courtesy Sami Sallinen.1 1 https://samisallinen.photodeck.com/-/galleries/asmara CONTENTS Asmara under Italian occupation 4 Eritrea fghting for independence 16 Underlying values in heritage politics 19 Asmara’s heritage conservation facing UNESCO’s 21 European bias Conclusion 25 Bibliography 27 Asmara under Italian occupation The boundaries of Eritrea were, as was the case for other post-colonial countries, established during the “Scramble for Africa” in the late 19th century. Eritrea became an Italian colony in 1889 with the port of Massa- wa on the Red Sea as its frst capital. Six years later, Asmara became the new capital when the Italian government merged four existing villages into one. Located 2000 metres above sea level, the surrounding highlands offered milder climatic conditions and better water supply than the initial capital. With plenty of land and few people, Italy’s Eritrean colony was seen as “an absolutely new country” that was to be peacefully built by hard-working Italian families.2 At this time, Italy was struggling with poverty and the lack of land pri- marily in the southern parts of the country. As a direct consequence, a signifcant number of poor peasants began leaving for the Americas. The Italian Prime Minister, Francesco Crispi, was worried about the de- mographic development and the consequences this could have for the building of the Italian nation.3 In his speeches, he played upon national- ist and expansionist rhetoric where reproduction and expanding borders would be necessary to survive. -
Università Di Pisa
UNIVERSITÀ DI PISA SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO IN STORIA, ORIENTALISTICA E STORIA DELLE ARTI CICLO XXIII GLI ITALIANI NELL’ERITREA DEL SECONDO DOPOGUERRA 1941 – 1952 Candidato: Dott. Nicholas Lucchetti Tutor: Chiar.mo Prof. Marco Lenci SSD: M – STO/04 Anno accademico 2010 – 2011 1 INDICE Abbreviazioni, p. 4 Ringraziamenti, p. 6 Introduzione, p. 7 Capitolo 1. L’Amministrazione militare britannica dell’Eritrea, p. 13 1.1 La struttura del governo d’occupazione e i rapporti con gli italiani, p. 13 1.2 “L’Informazione” (1941), p. 17 1.3 L’“Eritrean Daily News” – “Il Quotidiano eritreo”, la politica britannica nei confronti degli eritrei e le contraddizioni del mantenimento in servizio degli italiani, p. 21 1.4 La PAI durante l’Amministrazione britannica, p. 29 1.5 La Guardia di Finanza durante l’Amministrazione britannica, p. 31 1.6 L’Arma dei Carabinieri durante l’Amministrazione britannica, p. 35 Capitolo 2. La politica tra gli italiani d’Eritrea, p. 39 2.1 Il movimento antifascista, il GUI e l’Amministrazione britannica. 1941 – 1943, p. 39 2.2 1944. La fondazione del CLN e del PDCI, il caso Del Giudice, p. 56 2.3 “Resistenti”, guerriglieri e fascisti d’Eritrea 1941 – 1945, p. 66 2.4 1946. La sospensione di “Voci di casa nostra”, il referendum istituzionale, “La Repubblica” ed il “Corriere di Asmara” di Franco Pattarino, p. 85 2.5 1947. La sospensione del “Corriere di Asmara”, la nascita del CRIE, lo sciopero degli operai dell’ARAMCO, la crisi del CRIE, “Ficcanaso”, l’MSI “eritreo”, p. 96 2.6 1948. La manifestazione per l’eccidio di Mogadiscio. -
Remarks Made by H.E. Mr. ESTIFANOS Afeworki, Ambassador
Remarks Made by H.E. Mr. ESTIFANOS Afeworki, Ambassador of the State of Eritrea to Japan and Dean of the African Diplomatic Corps on the Occasion of the National Day of the Peoples Republic of Algeria in Tokyo December 20, 2019: Your Excellency Mr. Mohammed El Amine BENCHERIEF Mrs Amira Lotifia BENCHERIEF Citizens of AlGeria present Honorable Guests present (all protocol observed) First and foremost let me express, in may capacity as a Dean of the African Diplomatic Corps here in Tokyo and as Ambassador of the State of Eritrea, our deep respect and unfathomed love for the brave Algerians who sacrificed their life for freedom and dignity – the sole reason why we are all gathered here to commemorate and celebrate the National Day of Algeria today. The glory of this day shall always be shared with all the people of the 54 independent countries in our beloved continent of Africa - not only because the heroes and heroines of Algeria ascertained by a historic armed struggle their inalienable right to self-determination and independence in 1962 but because it is also these same heroes and heroines who have established the benchmark for all African nation states and oppressed people in the world that there is no going back on the long arduous road which is destined towards human emancipation in general and the preserving the dignity of the colonized people of Africa in particular. On this auspicious occasion, I would like to share briefly how the revolutionary experience affected my generation and the generation of our fathers who fought in World War II and subsequent wars in Korea peninsula and the Congo. -
01 Study Trip
01_study trip asmara, eritrea 05.-14. november 2010 Friday 05. November Departure from Trondheim/Oslo. We met in Copenha- gen and travelled together with Egypt Air via Cairo. Saturday 06. November 02:50_arrival Asmara airport paper work. Even before landing we understood that Asmara was 19:00_dinner at the Ambassador’s residence rather different from what we had seen before. The whole city was pitch dark, and impossible to spot from Kari and Svein answered our many questions, and we the airplane window. And after landing we were met got a better understanding of how the country works. with lots of paper work, luggage chaos and registrations Narve (intern at the embassy) and Mari (junior expert at of all our electrical equipment. UNICEF) also attended, and gave us the view of some- one of our age. Afterwards they took us to Zara, and we 05:00_arrival at the Crystal Hotel got to try the nightlife in Asmara. That first night we went to sleep to the morning prayers from one of the city’s mosques. 12:00_we met with Kari Bjørnsgård (the Norwegian Ambassador in Eritrea) and Svein Bjørberg after a few hours of sleep. They showed us where the embassy was, before tak- ing a short walk around the city. First impressions were that the city is tidy and clean, with broad avenues and spacious piazzas. Can this be where the 500.000 inhab- itants of the city live when the streets feel rather emp- ty? Then we had lunch at Casa degli Italiani. Afterwards exchanged dollars to nakfa, which again meant a lot of Sunday 07. -
Tibereh Tesfahuney
Remembering unique Eritreans in contemporary history An autobiography Of Tibereh Tesfahuney Scanned, compiled and edited By Emnetu Tesfay Stavanger, Norway June 2014 Introduction Tiberih Tesfahuney was born in Asmara, Eritrea in 1947. Teberh Tesfahunegn was one of the first lead female artist and freedom fighter. At the age of 16, Tebereh Tesfahunegn (sometimes spelled Tesfahuney) joined MaTA in 1963 as dancer and later a singer joining other famous artists like Ato Atowebrhan Seghid and Tewelde Redda. Tiberih Tesfahuney scored her biggest hit in the mid-1960s with “Tegezana Abi Hedmo” – or “Our Lovely House” (is infested with bedbugs and fleas) – which was a criticism of Ethiopia‘s occupation and was subsequently banned. This lead to her fleeing to Sweden in 1970, but that lasted only for a few years. In 1975, Tiberih Tesfahuney returned to Eritrea and joined the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front. Two years later during a battle in Adi Hawesh, a piece of shrapnel from a RPG left her deaf in her left ear. The EPLF sent her to Sudan to recover from the injury. In 1985, the EPLF office in Sudan eventually decided to send her to Germany to get treatment for her hearing. She stayed there until 1994, when she returned to Eritrea once again. Upon her return, she opened a bar called Ab Hedmo – after her favorite song – in the town of Dekemhare. Tiberih Tesfahuney published her autobiography – Two Lives: A True Story – in 1999. It was originally written in Tigrigna, the majority of it has been translated into English – which you can find HERE. -
Italy's Colonial Futures
Italy’s Colonial Futures: Colonial Inertia and Postcolonial Capital in Asmara Mia Fuller Asmara is no longer a secret. --Naigzy Gebremedhin (2007, 25) The mal d’Africa of the nineteenth century has been supplanted by the mal d’Europa of the twentieth century. --Ruth Iyob (2005b, 271) Italy hardly appears likely to acquire colonial territories in the future, though it participates in some of the West’s wars and peacekeeping efforts (the Iraq coalition and NATO’s assault on Qadhafi’s regime; Eritrea and Lebanon) – all of them, from one point of view, legacies of the colonial era. Instead, this article takes into consideration a different sort of colonial future: one inherent in an unconcluded colonial past. Italy certainly has a colonial past, albeit one that is often described as rimosso (“repressed” or “displaced”), suggesting it is less than accessible, and perhaps hard to locate. Although it is true that most Italians are poorly informed about their country’s past deeds and misdeeds in Eritrea, Somalia, Libya, the Dodecanese Islands, Ethiopia, and Albania, I claim here that rather than invisible, the traces of Italy’s colonial ventures are ubiquitous. This is true of Italy itself, if one knows where to look, but in this essay I am interested in the former colonies above all. In Asmara, the capital city of the ex-colony of Eritrea, I describe Italy’s colonial inertia, or how Italy’s once-vigorously implanted colonial signature has sustained momentum and shows every promise of continuing to do so. When Italian colonizers left in the post-World War Two era, their refashioning of built, cultural, and social environments to their own specifications did not vanish with them.1 On the contrary, Italians’ architectural and urban interventions, along with social, economic, and linguistic reminders of their occupation of Asmara, have been preserved quite faithfully. -
Preservation of Societal Values and Parcel of the Government’S the Beneficiaries Expressed Efforts to Ensure Social Justice
Vol 23. No.84 Wednesday, December 21, 2016 Pages 8, Price 2.00 NFA INAUGURATION OF HOUSING PROJECT In line with a plan to regroup stated that the housing project scattered villages in Sel’a sub- was implemented in collaboration zone, over 150 residential houses with Zara Mining Company, Segen constructed at a cost of 10.6 million Construction Company and the Nakfa were recently inaugurated. Anseba regional administration. Mr. Ali Mahmud, Governor of Eng. Zeregabir Hidray from Anseba region, explained that the regional Department of every national is entitled to have Infrastructure, pointed out that access to social service and that the a total of 15 million Nakfa was construction of residential houses allotted for the housing project. and regrouping of villages is part PRESERVATION OF SOCIETAL VALUES and parcel of the Government’s The beneficiaries expressed efforts to ensure social justice. satisfaction with the implementation of the housing project and said that In a recent meeting with Mendefera Sub-zone, Ms. Fawzia for the preservation and transfer Mr. Wuela Mohammed Ali, they look forward to the launching representatives of communities in Hashim, Minister of Justice, called of noble societal values to future Administrator of Sel’a sub-zone, of similar facilities. generations. She pointed out that Eritrea’s REHABILITATION OF NEEDY FAMILIES traditional legal system has been the source of stability and maintaining The branch office of the Ministry of Labour and Human Welfare in a society proud of its cultural Anseba region has rehabilitated 20 needy families from the sub-zones of identity. Ms. Fawzia further noted Hagaz, Elabered, Halhal and Adi-Tekelezan with livestock. -
The Eritrean Liberation Front: Social and Political Factors Shaping Its Emergence, Development and Demise, 1960-1981
The Eritrean Liberation Front: Social and Political Factors Shaping Its Emergence, Development and Demise, 1960-1981 A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in African Studies (Research) Michael Weldeghiorghis Tedla Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Jon Abbink Prof. Dr. Robert J. Ross Leiden, the Netherlands August, 2014 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures, Tables and Maps ............................................................................... v List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgments.................................................................................................... vii Abstract .................................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Problem Statement and Rationale .............................................................................. 1 Research Questions and Scope of the Study .............................................................. 4 Theoretical Considerations ........................................................................................ 4 Methodology ............................................................................................................. -
Dejazmatch Haregot Abbai
Remembering unique Eritreans in contemporary history A short biographical sketch Of Dejazmatch Haregot Abbai (Compiled and edited from electronic sources) By Estifanos Ghebremichael Temelso Kragerø, Norway June 2012 List of content Early life and personal data Early political contributions As mayor of Asmara Private life Late life End of life Personal data Dejazmach Haregot Abbai Mayor of Asmara (1963- 1974) Personal Details Spouse Woizero Lemlem Gebrekidan Father Bahri Negassi Abbai Habtezion Mother Woizero Leah Mesmer Born May 9, 1909 Arbaete Asmara, Eritrea Died Around july, 1979 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Burial Holy St. Mary Cemetery (Asmara) Religion Orthodox Tewahedo Haregot Abbai 1909-1979 (later Fitawrari Dejazmach) was an Eritrean businessman, investor and politician. In the 1960s, he became a Mayor of Asmara, the Eritrean Capital City (then the second largest city in Ethiopia. Early life Haregot Abbai was born in Arbaete Asmara , Eritrea on May 9, 1909 to parents Bahri Negassi Abbai Habtezion and Woizero Lia Mesmer. After completing his fundamental education at St. Giorgio School in Mendefera, Eritrea, he initially worked on his family farm and eventually joined the Italian civil administration working in the Genio Civile, Comando Truppe and Deposito offices. As a young man and starting a new family, in the early 1920s he developed his aptitude for business by working part time with local Indian merchants (commonly referred as Banyans in Eritrea). His entrepreneur flair came in handy when in the 1930 he began to participate in the cotton yarn trading and freight transport businesses and owning a small fleet of low bed and small sized trucks. -
Asmara: Piccolo Roma
Asmara: Piccolo Roma ERIC LAFFORGUE Asmara listed by Unesco as a world heritage on July 8. Asmara in Eritrea may be compared to Miami, even if it lays 2356m above sea level : it offers a concentration of incredible Att deco, Neo-Romanesque, Rationalist, Modernist, and Futurist architecture thanks to the Italian colonizers who left in 1941. Mussolini had the ambition to create the « Second Roman Empire » across Libya, Eritrea and Somalia. In 1890, Eritrea became the first territory to fall under Italian Rule. Like Hitler, he wanted to express his power via architecture. Before the WW2, 50000 Italians were living in Asmara and the town was called Piccolo Roma. Mussolini told the best architects from Italia to build the most modernist and futurist buildings in Eritrea, that became a land of innovation. Those beautiful buildings must not hide the fact that the city was ruled by apartheid. Only the Italians could enjoy the city center and its architecture. Asmara was an utopian city project but with strict segregation. Outside, natives were living in poor conditions. Nowadays, the numerous bars and restaurants are full of « asmarinos » with black skin, but it was not the case under Mussolini power. The old Italian buildings are now occupied by native people, who take a kind a revenge on the way their parents and grand parents were treated by the colonialists. In 1941 during WW2, Eritrea was seized by the British. They built nothing, only some old letter Boxes can be seen in the streets. Then Ethiopia took power, and Eritrea gained independence only in 1991 after a long war.