Eritrea En Eritrese Vluchtelingen

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Eritrea En Eritrese Vluchtelingen Eritrea en Eritrese vluchtelingen Mirjam van Reisen en Klara Smits Inhoud Lijst met afkortingen ........................................................................................... 5 Introductie ....................................................................................................... 7 Culturele diversiteit in Eritrea ......................................................................... 9 Opzet van dit boek .......................................................................................... 9 Redactie en auteurs ....................................................................................... 10 Verantwoording ............................................................................................ 11 Introductie ................................................................................................. 14 Vroege geschiedenis ................................................................................. 15 Koloniale periode ...................................................................................... 16 Brits en Ethiopisch bestuur ........................................................................ 18 Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog .......................................................................... 19 Vanaf de onafhankelijkheid ....................................................................... 21 Geografie en klimaat ..................................................................................... 26 Provincies en etniciteit .............................................................................. 26 Zones ......................................................................................................... 27 Klimaat en landbouw ................................................................................. 28 Economische situatie ..................................................................................... 29 Basisgegevens ............................................................................................ 29 Nationale begroting en financieel beleid ................................................... 30 Mijnbouw in Eritrea ....................................................................................... 31 Leefomstandigheden en armoede ................................................................ 32 Introductie ................................................................................................. 38 Politieke structuur ..................................................................................... 38 Introductie ................................................................................................. 56 Taalsituatie en taalpolitiek ........................................................................ 56 Groepen, talen en schriften ....................................................................... 56 De Semitische taalgroep ............................................................................ 57 De Koesjitische taalgroep .......................................................................... 60 De Nilotische taalgroep ............................................................................. 61 Nederlands leren ....................................................................................... 62 Zwarte magie en het ‘boze oog’ ................................................................ 78 Zwarte magiërs .......................................................................................... 78 Debtera...................................................................................................... 79 Buda .......................................................................................................... 80 Tebib .......................................................................................................... 80 Tonqalay .................................................................................................... 80 Zar en Qole ................................................................................................ 81 Preventie, symptomen en behandelingen van zwarte magie in Eritrea .... 81 Zwarte magie bij Eritreeërs in Nederland .................................................. 82 Vlaggen ........................................................................................................ 150 Nationaal embleem ..................................................................................... 151 Vrijheidsstrijders en martelaars .............................................................. 151 Tatoeages ................................................................................................ 152 Traditionele kleding en juwelen .............................................................. 152 Architectuur ............................................................................................ 154 Wielrenners ............................................................................................. 154 Introductie ............................................................................................... 157 Geboren in de Sinaïwoestijn .................................................................... 157 Gevlucht naar Israël ................................................................................. 158 De reis van een jonge familie .................................................................. 160 De hel die Libië heet ................................................................................ 161 Samen is één ........................................................................................... 163 Actie tegen de lange arm ......................................................................... 164 Lijst van organisaties ....................................................................................... 166 Belangrijke organisaties voor hulpverleners ............................................... 166 Eritrese organisaties in Nederland .............................................................. 168 Vocabulairelijst ............................................................................................ 171 Belangrijke notitie ................................................................................... 171 Verklarende woordenlijst ................................................................................ 177 Lijst met afkortingen BNP Bruto National Product CIA Central Intelligence Agency EASO European Asylum Support Office ELF Eritrean Liberation Front ELM Eritrean Liberation Movement EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Front EU Europe’s Unite FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IND Immigratie- en Naturalisatiedienst IOM International Organisatie For Migration kip Koopkrachtpariteit NGO Niet-gouvernementele organisatie NTA Native Theatrical Association NUEW National Union of Eritrean Women NUEYS National Union of Eritrean Youth and Students PFDJ People’s Front for Democracy and Justice PTSS Post-traumatize stressstoornis UNDP United Nations Development Programmed UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees VN Verenigde Naties VS Verenigde Staten YPFDJ Young PFDJ 5 Inleiding Hoofdstuk Mirjam van Reisen en Klara Smits 1 Introductie Eritrea ligt in de Hoorn van Afrika. Het land grenst aan Ethiopië in het zuiden, Djibouti in het zuidoosten en Sudan in het westen. Eritrea heeft een lange kustlijn aan de Rode Zee. Volgens schattingen van de Verenigde Naties uit 2016 wonen er ongeveer 5 miljoen mensen in het land. Toch is Eritrea op Syrië na de bron van het hoogste aantal asielzoekers in Nederland. Sinds 2011 is het aantal Eritrese asielzoekers vervijfvoudigd. Dit zorgt ervoor dat het Nederlandse asielsysteem plotseling te maken heeft gekregen met een groot aantal vluchtelingen met een achtergrond die voorheen vrij onbekend was. Veel Nederlanders hebben vragen. Wie zijn die Eritrese vluchtelingen, en waar komen ze vandaan? Waarom vluchten ze? Wat hebben ze allemaal meegemaakt? Dit boek geeft een brede achtergrond over het land, de cultuur en de situatie in Eritrea. Daarnaast wordt er aandacht gegeven aan de reis die de vluchtelingen hebben gemaakt om naar Nederland te komen en de problemen waar ze tegenaan lopen. Eritrea is een land van tegenstellingen. Het is een jong land dat na een lange onafhankelijkheidsoorlog tegen Ethiopië zelfstandig werd. Dit gebeurde in 1991 toen de Eritrese onafhankelijkheidsstrijders Ethiopië verdreven uit de hoofdstad Asmara. Na een referendum werd in 1993 de onafhankelijkheid officieel erkend door de Verenigde Naties. De sfeer van optimisme was groot en de hoop was dat Eritrea een democratisch land zou worden. Hiertoe werd de grondwet gemaakt en geratificeerd. Deze werd echter nooit geïmplementeerd. Dezelfde man die de Eritrese onafhankelijkheidsstrijders naar de overwinning hielp, Isaias Afewerki, is nu de eerste en enige president van het land. Zijn partij, de People’s Front For Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) is de enige toegestane partij. Vooral vanaf het einde van het grensconflict met Ethiopië tussen 1998-2000 is Isaias hard gaan optreden tegen zijn eigen bevolking. De repressie van de politieke oppositie en vrije media escaleerde in 2001, vlak na de aanval van 11 september in de VS. De G-15, een groep politici die de fundering waren voor de onafhankelijkheidsbeweging, schreven eerder dat jaar een brief naar Isaias waarin ze kritiek gaven op zijn manier van regeren en de manier waarop hij de oorlog had afgehandeld. Ze vroegen hem om democratische hervorming van het land en implementatie van de
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