Asmara Architecture a World Heritage
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Amembassy Nairobi T1 1 Parana
AMEMBASSY NAIROBI T1 1 PARANA Wooll'UT ABA 4993/1 111105 •LNY CCCCC ZZH R 271006Z APR 76 FM AMEt,IBASSY ADDIS ABABA TO RUEHC/SECSTATE. WASH DC 9152 INFO RUTABA/AMCONSUL ASMARA 7298 RLEHEG/AMEMBASSY CAIRO 692 RUC;MM/AMEMBASSY KHARTOUM 2585 RUDTC/AMEMBASSY LONDON 937 Fc UOD I/AMEMBASSY MOGAD IS CIO 4304 R1EHMO/AMEMBASSY MOSCOW 336 R LIESAI/AMEMBASSY NAIROBI 3043 RUFNP S/AMENBASSY PARIS 2979 R UMJPG/USLO PE KING 071 ADDIS AEABA 4993 E.O. 11652: GDS TAGS: PFOR PINT • SUBJECT: THE SETTING FOR ETHIOPIA'S LEFTWARD LURCH 1. EMBASSY WILL BE ATTEMPTING IN OTHER MESSAGES TO MAKE SENSE OF DEVELOPMENTS IN ETHIOPIA IN PAST FEW WEEKS, AND THEIR IMPLICA - TIONS FOR US POLICY. THIS MESSAGE TRIES TO OUTLINE, IN OVER SIMPLIFIED TERMS, SOME OF THE MAJOR BACKGROUND ELEMENTS AGAINST—' WHICH FUTURE REPORTING CAN BE VIEWED. 2. THE REVOLUTION THAT BEGAN OVER TWO YEARS AGO HAS PRODUCED A NUMBER OF .DESIRABLE CHANGES- -- ` LAZ REFOR::; BETTER USE OF TRAINED MANPOWER; REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME IN FAVOR OF LOW INCOME GROUPS; ATTEMPTS TO EXTEND GOVT SERVICES MORE WIDELY, ESPECIALLY TO THE RURAL AREAS; THE BEGINNINGS OF LOCAL SELF—GOVERNMENT IN THE FORM OF PEASANT ASSOCIATIONS AND URBAN ORGANIZATIONS, ETC. HIGH COFFEE PRICES, A GOOD GRAIN HARVEST, AND COMPETENT MANAGEMENT OF NATIONALIZED BUSINESS ENTERPRISES HAVE. MINIMIZED ECONOMIC STRESSES. ALTHOUGH R IS I tsIG PRIGS HAVE REDUCED T F. CO NOM IC EZNEFITS THAT 'POOR L3: PEOPLE EIGHT OTHER S • HAVE EXPER IE NCED , THIS GOVT HAS NEVERTHELESS IMPROVED 'EH:Li -MATER IAL itZLFARE, IN SOME CASES TO A SUBSTANTIAL DEGREE. -
Organized Crime and Instability in Central Africa
Organized Crime and Instability in Central Africa: A Threat Assessment Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: +(43) (1) 26060-0, Fax: +(43) (1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org OrgAnIzed CrIme And Instability In CenTrAl AFrica A Threat Assessment United Nations publication printed in Slovenia October 2011 – 750 October 2011 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Organized Crime and Instability in Central Africa A Threat Assessment Copyright © 2011, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Acknowledgements This study was undertaken by the UNODC Studies and Threat Analysis Section (STAS), Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs (DPA). Researchers Ted Leggett (lead researcher, STAS) Jenna Dawson (STAS) Alexander Yearsley (consultant) Graphic design, mapping support and desktop publishing Suzanne Kunnen (STAS) Kristina Kuttnig (STAS) Supervision Sandeep Chawla (Director, DPA) Thibault le Pichon (Chief, STAS) The preparation of this report would not have been possible without the data and information reported by governments to UNODC and other international organizations. UNODC is particularly thankful to govern- ment and law enforcement officials met in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Uganda while undertaking research. Special thanks go to all the UNODC staff members - at headquarters and field offices - who reviewed various sections of this report. The research team also gratefully acknowledges the information, advice and comments provided by a range of officials and experts, including those from the United Nations Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, MONUSCO (including the UN Police and JMAC), IPIS, Small Arms Survey, Partnership Africa Canada, the Polé Institute, ITRI and many others. -
Country Travel Risk Summaries
COUNTRY RISK SUMMARIES Powered by FocusPoint International, Inc. Report for Week Ending September 19, 2021 Latest Updates: Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, India, Israel, Mali, Mexico, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine and Yemen. ▪ Afghanistan: On September 14, thousands held a protest in Kandahar during afternoon hours local time to denounce a Taliban decision to evict residents in Firqa area. No further details were immediately available. ▪ Burkina Faso: On September 13, at least four people were killed and several others ijured after suspected Islamist militants ambushed a gendarme patrol escorting mining workers between Sakoani and Matiacoali in Est Region. Several gendarmes were missing following the attack. ▪ Cameroon: On September 14, at least seven soldiers were killed in clashes with separatist fighters in kikaikelaki, Northwest region. Another two soldiers were killed in an ambush in Chounghi on September 11. ▪ India: On September 16, at least six people were killed, including one each in Kendrapara and Subarnapur districts, and around 20,522 others evacuated, while 7,500 houses were damaged across Odisha state over the last three days, due to floods triggered by heavy rainfall. Disaster teams were sent to Balasore, Bhadrak and Kendrapara districts. Further floods were expected along the Mahanadi River and its tributaries. ▪ Israel: On September 13, at least two people were injured after being stabbed near Jerusalem Central Bus Station during afternoon hours local time. No further details were immediately available, but the assailant was shot dead by security forces. ▪ Mali: On September 13, at least five government soldiers and three Islamist militants were killed in clashes near Manidje in Kolongo commune, Macina cercle, Segou region, during morning hours local time. -
Delpaese E Le Forze Armate
L’ITALIA 1945-1955 LA RICOSTRUZIONE DEL PAESE STATO MAGGIORE DELLA DIFESA UFFICIO STORICO E LE Commissione E LE FORZE ARMATE Italiana Storia Militare MINISTERO DELLA DIFESA CONGRESSOCONGRESSO DIDI STUDISTUDI STORICISTORICI INTERNAZIONALIINTERNAZIONALI CISM - Sapienza Università di Roma ROMA, 20-21 NOVEMBRE 2012 Centro Alti Studi per la Difesa (CASD) Palazzo Salviati ATTI DEL CONGRESSO PROPRIETÀ LETTERARIA tutti i diritti riservati: Vietata anche la riproduzione parziale senza autorizzazione © 2014 • Ministero della Difesa Ufficio Storico dello SMD Salita S. Nicola da Tolentino, 1/B - Roma [email protected] A cura di: Dott. Piero Crociani Dott.ssa Ada Fichera Dott. Paolo Formiconi Hanno contribuito alla realizzazione del Congresso di studi storici internazionali CISM Ten. Col. Cosimo SCHINAIA Capo Sezione Documentazione Storica e Coordinamento dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD Ten. Col. Fabrizio RIZZI Capo Sezione Archivio Storico dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD CF. Fabio SERRA Addetto alla Sezione Documentazione Storica e Coordinamento dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD 1° Mar. Giuseppe TRINCHESE Capo Segreteria dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD Mar. Ca. Francesco D’AURIA Addetto alla Sezione Archivio Storico dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD Mar. Ca. Giovanni BOMBA Addetto alla Sezione Documentazione Storica e Coordinamento dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD ISBN: 978-88-98185-09-2 3 Presentazione Col. Matteo PAESANO1 Italia 1945-1955 la ricostruzione del Paese el 1945 il Paese è un cumulo di macerie con una bassissima produzione industriale -
La Ricostruzione Dell'immaginario Violato in Tre Scrittrici Italofone Del Corno D'africa
Igiaba Scego La ricostruzione dell’immaginario violato in tre scrittrici italofone del Corno D’Africa Aspetti teorici, pedagogici e percorsi di lettura Università degli Studi Roma Tre Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Educazione Dottorato di ricerca in Pedagogia (Ciclo XX) Docente Tutor Coordinatore della Sezione di Pedagogia Prof. Francesco Susi Prof. Massimiliano Fiorucci Direttrice della Scuola Dottorale in Pedagogia e Servizio Sociale Prof.ssa Carmela Covato Anno Accademico 2007/2008 Per la stella della bandiera Somala e per la mia famiglia Estoy leyendo una novela de Luise Erdrich. A cierta altura, un bisabuelo encuentra a su bisnieto. El bisabuelo está completamente chocho (sus pensamiemto tiene nel color del agua) y sonríe con la misma beatífica sonrisa de su bisnieto recién nacido. El bisabuelo es feliz porque ha perdido la memoria que tenía. El bisnieto es feliz porque no tiene, todavía, ninguna memoria. He aquí, pienso, la felicidad perfecta. Yo no la quiero Eduardo Galeano Parte Prima Subire l’immaginario. Ricostruire l’immaginario. Il fenomeno e le problematiche Introduzione Molte persone in Italia sono persuase, in assoluta buona fede, della positività dell’operato italiano in Africa. Italiani brava gente dunque. Italiani costruttori di ponti, strade, infrastrutture, palazzi. Italiani civilizzatori. Italiani edificatori di pace, benessere, modernità. Ma questa visione delineata corrisponde alla realtà dei fatti? Gli italiani sono stati davvero brava gente in Africa? Nella dichiarazioni spesso vengono anche azzardati parallelismi paradossali tra la situazione attuale e quella passata delle ex colonie italiane. Si ribadisce con una certa veemenza che Libia, Etiopia, Somalia ed Eritrea tutto sommato stavano meglio quando stavano peggio, cioè dominati e colonizzati dagli italiani. -
Somalia: Al-Shabaab – It Will Be a Long War
Policy Briefing Africa Briefing N°99 Nairobi/Brussels, 26 June 2014 Somalia: Al-Shabaab – It Will Be a Long War I. Overview Despite the recent military surge against Somalia’s armed Islamist extremist and self- declared al-Qaeda affiliate, Al-Shabaab, its conclusive “defeat” remains elusive. The most likely scenario – already in evidence – is that its armed units will retreat to small- er, remote and rural enclaves, exploiting entrenched and ever-changing clan-based competition; at the same time, other groups of radicalised and well-trained individ- uals will continue to carry out assassinations and terrorist attacks in urban areas, in- cluding increasingly in neighbouring countries, especially Kenya. The long connec- tion between Al-Shabaab’s current leadership and al-Qaeda is likely to strengthen. A critical breakthrough in the fight against the group cannot, therefore, be achieved by force of arms, even less so when it is foreign militaries, not the Somali National Army (SNA), that are in the lead. A more politically-focused approach is required. Even as its territory is squeezed in the medium term, Al-Shabaab will continue to control both money and minds. It has the advantage of at least three decades of Salafi-Wahhabi proselytisation (daawa) in Somalia; social conservatism is already strongly entrenched – including in Somaliland and among Somali minorities in neigh- bouring states – giving it deep reservoirs of fiscal and ideological support, even with- out the intimidation it routinely employs. An additional factor is the group’s proven ability to adapt, militarily and politically – flexibility that is assisted by its leadership’s freedom from direct accountability to any single constituency. -
The Case of African Cities
Towards Urban Resource Flow Estimates in Data Scarce Environments: The Case of African Cities The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Currie, Paul, et al. "Towards Urban Resource Flow Estimates in Data Scarce Environments: The Case of African Cities." Journal of Environmental Protection 6, 9 (September 2015): 1066-1083 © 2015 Author(s) As Published 10.4236/JEP.2015.69094 Publisher Scientific Research Publishing, Inc, Version Final published version Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124946 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license Detailed Terms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Journal of Environmental Protection, 2015, 6, 1066-1083 Published Online September 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jep http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2015.69094 Towards Urban Resource Flow Estimates in Data Scarce Environments: The Case of African Cities Paul Currie1*, Ethan Lay-Sleeper2, John E. Fernández2, Jenny Kim2, Josephine Kaviti Musango3 1School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa 2Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA 3School of Public Leadership, and the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (CRSES), Stellenbosch, South Africa Email: *[email protected] Received 29 July 2015; accepted 20 September 2015; published 23 September 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Data sourcing challenges in African nations have led many African urban infrastructure develop- ments to be implemented with minimal scientific backing to support their success. -
International Geography Exam Part 2
2018 International Geography Bee 7. Which of these Washington cities is driest due to rain International Geography Exam - Part 2 shadow? A. Seattle B. Tacoma Instructions – This portion of the IGB Exam consists of C. Bellingham 100 questions. You will receive two points for a correct D. Spokane answer. You will lose one point for an incorrect answer. Blank responses lose no points. Please fill in the bubbles 8. The Karakum Desert in Central Asia is bordered by completely on the answer sheet. You may write on the what two mountain ranges? examination, but all responses must be bubbled on the A. Ural and Atlas answer sheet. Diacritic marks such as accents have been B. Caucasus and Hindu Kush omitted from place names and other proper nouns. You C. Hindu Kush and Yin have one hour to complete this set of multiple choice D. Caucasus and Ural questions. 9. All of these contain parts of the Kalahari Desert 1. Which of these best defines the term intergovernmental EXCEPT which of the following? organization? A. South Africa A. a multinational corporation B. Kenya B. a treaty with multiple nations as signatories C. Namibia C. an organization composed of sovereign states D. Botswana established by a charter or treaty D. an international aid agency 10. All of these border the Red Sea’s western shore EXCEPT which of the following? 2. Which of the following is an example of an A. Saudi Arabia intergovernmental organization? B. Egypt A. the United Nations C. Djibouti B. the International Red Cross D. Sudan C. the Quartet D. -
Asmara's Colonial Heritage
Asmara’s Colonial Heritage: Preserving a problematic chapter in the history and the building of a nation R6 Anne Marte Aure Brent Patterson 1 July 2020 Cover page Asmarinos back at the once forbidden Market Square. Courtesy Sami Sallinen.1 1 https://samisallinen.photodeck.com/-/galleries/asmara CONTENTS Asmara under Italian occupation 4 Eritrea fghting for independence 16 Underlying values in heritage politics 19 Asmara’s heritage conservation facing UNESCO’s 21 European bias Conclusion 25 Bibliography 27 Asmara under Italian occupation The boundaries of Eritrea were, as was the case for other post-colonial countries, established during the “Scramble for Africa” in the late 19th century. Eritrea became an Italian colony in 1889 with the port of Massa- wa on the Red Sea as its frst capital. Six years later, Asmara became the new capital when the Italian government merged four existing villages into one. Located 2000 metres above sea level, the surrounding highlands offered milder climatic conditions and better water supply than the initial capital. With plenty of land and few people, Italy’s Eritrean colony was seen as “an absolutely new country” that was to be peacefully built by hard-working Italian families.2 At this time, Italy was struggling with poverty and the lack of land pri- marily in the southern parts of the country. As a direct consequence, a signifcant number of poor peasants began leaving for the Americas. The Italian Prime Minister, Francesco Crispi, was worried about the de- mographic development and the consequences this could have for the building of the Italian nation.3 In his speeches, he played upon national- ist and expansionist rhetoric where reproduction and expanding borders would be necessary to survive. -
Sufism and the Sacred Feminine in Lombok, Indonesia
religions Article Sufism and the Sacred Feminine in Lombok, Indonesia: Situating Spirit Queen Dewi Anjani and Female Saints in Nahdlatul Wathan Bianca J. Smith Centre for Islamic Culture and Society, University of Mataram, Mataram 83125, Indonesia; [email protected] Abstract: This article is a feminist ethnographic exploration of how ‘indigenous’ notions of a ‘sacred feminine’ shape Sufi praxis on the island of Lombok in the eastern part of Indonesia in Southeast Asia. I demonstrate through long-term immersive anthropological fieldwork how in her indigenous form as Dewi Anjani ‘Spirit Queen of Jinn’ and as ‘Holy Saint of Allah’ who rules Lombok from Mount Rinjani, together with a living female saint and Murshida with whom she shares sacred kinship, these feminine beings shape the kind of Sufi praxis that has formed in the largest local Islamic organization in Lombok, Nahdlatul Wathan, and its Sufi order, Hizib Nahdlatul Wathan. Arguments are situated in a Sufi feminist standpoint, revealing how an active integration of indigeneity into understandings of mystical experience gives meaning to the sacred feminine in aspects of Sufi praxis in both complementary and hierarchical ways without challenging Islamic gender constructs that reproduce patriarchal expressions of Sufism and Islam. Keywords: sacred feminine; divine feminine in Sufism; Sufi orders; female saints; female leadership Citation: Smith, Bianca J. 2021. Sufism and the Sacred Feminine in in Sufism; Dewi Anjani; Nahdlatul Wathan; Lombok; Indonesia; indigenous feminine Lombok, Indonesia: Situating Spirit Queen Dewi Anjani and Female Saints in Nahdlatul Wathan. Religions 12: 563. https://doi.org/10.3390/ 1. Introduction rel12080563 The ‘sacred (also read as divine) feminine’ as cultural praxis is an under-researched area in the anthropology of Sufism in Indonesia, mostly because normative Sufism as Academic Editors: Milad Milani, organized through the tariqa, like Islam, is structurally and ideologically patriarchal and Zahra Taheri and Aydogan Kars formally speaks to a male audience. -
Università Di Pisa
UNIVERSITÀ DI PISA SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO IN STORIA, ORIENTALISTICA E STORIA DELLE ARTI CICLO XXIII GLI ITALIANI NELL’ERITREA DEL SECONDO DOPOGUERRA 1941 – 1952 Candidato: Dott. Nicholas Lucchetti Tutor: Chiar.mo Prof. Marco Lenci SSD: M – STO/04 Anno accademico 2010 – 2011 1 INDICE Abbreviazioni, p. 4 Ringraziamenti, p. 6 Introduzione, p. 7 Capitolo 1. L’Amministrazione militare britannica dell’Eritrea, p. 13 1.1 La struttura del governo d’occupazione e i rapporti con gli italiani, p. 13 1.2 “L’Informazione” (1941), p. 17 1.3 L’“Eritrean Daily News” – “Il Quotidiano eritreo”, la politica britannica nei confronti degli eritrei e le contraddizioni del mantenimento in servizio degli italiani, p. 21 1.4 La PAI durante l’Amministrazione britannica, p. 29 1.5 La Guardia di Finanza durante l’Amministrazione britannica, p. 31 1.6 L’Arma dei Carabinieri durante l’Amministrazione britannica, p. 35 Capitolo 2. La politica tra gli italiani d’Eritrea, p. 39 2.1 Il movimento antifascista, il GUI e l’Amministrazione britannica. 1941 – 1943, p. 39 2.2 1944. La fondazione del CLN e del PDCI, il caso Del Giudice, p. 56 2.3 “Resistenti”, guerriglieri e fascisti d’Eritrea 1941 – 1945, p. 66 2.4 1946. La sospensione di “Voci di casa nostra”, il referendum istituzionale, “La Repubblica” ed il “Corriere di Asmara” di Franco Pattarino, p. 85 2.5 1947. La sospensione del “Corriere di Asmara”, la nascita del CRIE, lo sciopero degli operai dell’ARAMCO, la crisi del CRIE, “Ficcanaso”, l’MSI “eritreo”, p. 96 2.6 1948. La manifestazione per l’eccidio di Mogadiscio. -
Remarks Made by H.E. Mr. ESTIFANOS Afeworki, Ambassador
Remarks Made by H.E. Mr. ESTIFANOS Afeworki, Ambassador of the State of Eritrea to Japan and Dean of the African Diplomatic Corps on the Occasion of the National Day of the Peoples Republic of Algeria in Tokyo December 20, 2019: Your Excellency Mr. Mohammed El Amine BENCHERIEF Mrs Amira Lotifia BENCHERIEF Citizens of AlGeria present Honorable Guests present (all protocol observed) First and foremost let me express, in may capacity as a Dean of the African Diplomatic Corps here in Tokyo and as Ambassador of the State of Eritrea, our deep respect and unfathomed love for the brave Algerians who sacrificed their life for freedom and dignity – the sole reason why we are all gathered here to commemorate and celebrate the National Day of Algeria today. The glory of this day shall always be shared with all the people of the 54 independent countries in our beloved continent of Africa - not only because the heroes and heroines of Algeria ascertained by a historic armed struggle their inalienable right to self-determination and independence in 1962 but because it is also these same heroes and heroines who have established the benchmark for all African nation states and oppressed people in the world that there is no going back on the long arduous road which is destined towards human emancipation in general and the preserving the dignity of the colonized people of Africa in particular. On this auspicious occasion, I would like to share briefly how the revolutionary experience affected my generation and the generation of our fathers who fought in World War II and subsequent wars in Korea peninsula and the Congo.