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Afro Women's Organizations in Contemporary Ecuador

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Afro Women's Organizations in Contemporary Ecuador Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 10-23-2020 1:00 PM Blackness, Gender and the State: Afro Women's Organizations in Contemporary Ecuador Beatriz A. Juarez-Rodriguez, The University of Western Ontario Supervisor: A. Kim Clark, The University of Western Ontario A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Anthropology © Beatriz A. Juarez-Rodriguez 2020 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Juarez-Rodriguez, Beatriz A., "Blackness, Gender and the State: Afro Women's Organizations in Contemporary Ecuador" (2020). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 7385. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/7385 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ii Abstract This dissertation presents an ethnographic analysis of the Afro women’s social organization CONAMUNE (Coordinadora Nacional de Mujeres Negras del Ecuador), the political thought and praxis of its members and their entanglement with myriad ethno- racial political spaces in contemporary Ecuador. CONAMUNE is an umbrella organization comprised of Afro women’s grassroots organizations from different provinces of Ecuador. In addition to their activities within CONAMUNE, many of the women with whom I worked have sought out positions of government employment or political representation (as teachers and principals, as employees of government ministries or programs, as local municipal councillors, etc.), through which they bring their lived experience into state spaces. In this context, I carried out a political ethnography among CONAMUNE members that focuses on Black women as political subjects and knowledge producers through fieldwork conducted in the Afro-Ecuadorian Ancestral Territory of Imbabura and Carchi, in the northern Ecuadorian highlands, from May 2018 - May 2019. Drawing on three bodies of literature – anthropology of the state, Black feminism, and Afro-Latin and African diaspora studies – my research is an attempt to think with and alongside Afro women who shared their lives and stories with me. By focusing on those debates that resonate with the political practices, discourses and lived experiences of Afro-Ecuadorian women, the reflections presented here emerge from a process of thinking together as Afro women about ourselves as subjects of our own history and particular experiences and as political subjects and thinkers. Paying attention to how Afro women make sense of their lives by resignifying their past, theorizing their present and imagining their future offers an opportunity to understand the cultural construction of African diaspora identities in the Ancestral Territory of Imbabura and Carchi as well as interrogate the textures of the political from the perspective of Afro women. Afro- Ecuadorian women have been redefining the “political” and the racial state not as white- mestizo or indigenous and masculine spheres but rather as spaces for Afro women to occupy, navigate, lead, and transform. CONAMUNE members are building their own iii social organization while simultaneously advancing their gender and ethno-racial projects in different political spheres. Keywords: Afro Women’s Organizations, the State, Black Feminism, African Diaspora, Gender, Racial and Social Justice, Ecuador, Political Ethnography. iv Summary for Lay Audience This dissertation analyses Afro women’s social organizations in contemporary Ecuador, based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the provinces of Carchi, Imbabura and Pichincha in the northern highlands of Ecuador, between May 2018 and May 2019. This dissertation focuses on the lived experiences and political practices of members of CONAMUNE (Coordinadora Nacional de Mujeres Negras del Ecuador, National Coordinator of Black Women in Ecuador), which is an umbrella organization comprised of Afro women’s grassroots organizations from different provinces of Ecuador that was founded in 1999 in the First National Congress of Black Women of Ecuador in Ambuquí, Chota-Mira Valley, Imbabura. CONAMUNE aims to promote gender equality and to strengthen Afro women’s identity and pride as a strategy to eradicate poverty, sexism and racism but also gain political participation. This ethnographic research shows how Afro women move through the obstacles of racism, political exclusion and marginalization, and gender violence to imagine, create and transform lives for themselves and their communities by advancing projects such as the Ancestral Territory or Ethnoeducation from a gender perspective. This research also shows the multiple ways in which Afro women engage with and participate in “the state” by using several strategies and taking on diverse roles. In doing so, they are weaving together webs of relationships, institutions and projects rooted in their lived experiences and evolving political program. v Co-Authorship Statement Chapter six is based on a co-authored chapter written with my research collaborator and CONAMUNE leader Barbarita Lara reflecting on a community project to recuperate collective memory of an old cemetery. Through phone call conversations in August and September 2019, Barbarita gave me more context and information about her experience in this process. Some of the material drawn upon and cited in the analysis is based on conversations that Barbarita had with family and community members that pre- date my fieldwork in the Chota Valley. I initially drafted the chapter, and she provided me with feedback about my interpretations of her work and involvement in this process. This co-authored chapter will appear in the edited volume Antropología y Arqueología Afro Latina, edited by Daniela Balanzategui and Edizon León, to be published in Spanish in Ecuador in 2021. vi Acknowledgments I want to express my most sincere gratitude to so many different people who have contributed in special ways to my personal growth and academic success. This would require thinking beyond my doctoral program and going back to those days when I was in Venezuela at IVIC, planning to apply for the PhD program at the Department of Anthropology in the University of Western Ontario. It would also require thanking all the wonderful people in Ecuador I have had the honour of getting to know. Working as an anthropologist at the Center of Anthropology in Venezuela, my colleagues Hortensia Caballero and Krisna Ruette encouraged me to pursue a career in academia. They helped me to search for different anthropologists who were working on political anthropology in Latin America and led me to Kim Clark. Coming to Canada and to Western University to work with Kim has been a life- changing experience. Kim has been the most wonderful and supportive supervisor and mentor. She has not only provided me with a stimulating and inspiring intellectual environment to learn and develop my thinking but also she has prioritized my needs as a Afro Venezuelan woman who left her family in an especially complex situation in Venezuela. Gracias infinitas, Kim, por tanto amor y apoyo siempre! Tania Granadillo has not only supported me since the first day I arrived in London in August 2016, but also became my mentor and my sister. Our daily conversations about how to navigate North American academia allowed me to survive so many changes and challenges during my doctoral program. Gracias, Tania, por tanto! Special thanks to my colleagues Abdulla, Katya and Caro from the Anthropology Department who always believed in me and my work, who through hugs or smiles filled with joy and understanding the tough first years of my doctoral program. My doctoral experience was also shaped by the invitation to participate in Amanda Grzyb’s research project “Surviving Memory in Post-Civil War El Salvador,” which gave me the opportunity to apply my skills and learn new ones alongside a team of colleagues who provided so much friendship and support. Thank you, Amanda. Randa Farah was a great support to me vii early in my program and through my comprehensive exam process, and I am very grateful for her kindness. I also want to express my gratitude to all of the Afro women in Ecuador who allowed me to be part of their lives, families and spiritual world. I would like to thank Barbarita, mi querida Barbarita, who with her magic, tenderness, passion, love and wisdom took my hand in a journey of encounters with our ancestors, encounters of love and healing among old souls that allowed me to grow in sisterhood. Gracias por creer en mí, Barbarita! Special thanks to Olguita for her sweet company and constant support every day of my fieldwork and up to the present. I would like to thank Iván Lara who became my friend since the day I met him. Thank you, Iván, for introducing me to Barbarita and for instilling in me a profound love for the Ancestral Territory. Thanks to the Lara Calderón sisters, specially to Ofelita and Toita, for all those conversations and encounters that made me feel part of their families. Special thanks to Catherine Chalá, Sonia Viveros, Gaby Viveros, Nieves Méndez, Luisa Ortíz, Sayra de Jesús, Inesita Folleco, Isabelita Folleco, María Folleco, Maribel Padilla, Mercedes Acosta, Oberlisa Ogonaga, Alejandra Palacios, Iliana Carabalí, Rubí, Julia, Betty, Anita
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