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Archaeology of the Afro-Ecuadorians in La Concepción, Ancestral Territory of the Chota-Mira Valley (Carchi-Ecuador)

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Archaeology of the Afro-Ecuadorians in La Concepción, Ancestral Territory of the Chota-Mira Valley (Carchi-Ecuador) Archaeology of the Afro-Ecuadorians in La Concepción, Ancestral Territory of the Chota-Mira Valley (Carchi-Ecuador) by Daniela Catalina Balanzátegui Moreno M.A., Simon Fraser University, 2012 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Archaeology Faculty of Environment © Daniela Catalina Balanzátegui Moreno 2017 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2017 Approval Name: Daniela Catalina Balanzátegui Moreno Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: Archaeology of the Afro-Ecuadorians in La Concepción, Ancestral Territory of the Chota-Mira Valley (Carchi-Ecuador) Examining Committee: Chair: Dana Lepofsky Position Ross Jamieson Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Alejandra Bronfman Supervisor Associate Professor Alexander Dawson Supervisor Associate Professor Rudy Reimer Internal Examiner Associate Professor Theresa Singleton External Examiner Associate Professor Anthropology Syracuse University Date Defended/Approved: June 15, 2017 ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract Historical Archaeology of the African Diaspora in the Americas urges for interdisciplinary, collaborative, and intercultural approaches to shed light on how the material culture reflects conditions of enslavement and racialization, but also process of resistance and historical reparation. This investigation is organized in five articles connected around the topic of the cultural construction of the African Diaspora identities in the Afro-Ecuadorian Ancestral Territory of the Chota-Mira Valley from the perspective of historical, collaborative, de-colonizing archaeology and anthropology. One article involves archaeological and historical analysis of ceramics associated with household contexts of enslaved people in the 18th century Jesuit Andean Hacienda of La Concepcion to reconstruct creativity in production/consumptions of ceramics. Two articles articulate the historical narratives and politics of memory of the Afro-Ecuadorians, mainly from Afro- Ecuadorian Women. The last article focuses on a collaborative approach to reconstruct an 18th century cemetery. Furthermore, this study involves a collaborative project with the African descendant community of La Concepción and CONAMUNE-Carchi (Coordinadora Nacional de Mujeres Negras / National Coordinating Committee of Black Women) Keywords: Afro-Ecuadorian past, Collaborative Archaeology, Cimarronas, African Diaspora ceramics. iv Dedication Para la líder, maestra, hacedora de la palabra y mujer cimarrona afroecuatoriana , Barbarita Lara v Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Ross Jamieson for his continuous support during the last seven years, specially the last period of my Phd. study and research. His patience, motivation and knowledge encouraged me to explore my academic interests and continue my graduate education. I would also like to thank the two members of this dissertation committee, Dr. Alejandra Bronfman and Dr. Alexander Dawson. I will always remember Alejandra encouraging me to keep writing about the African-descendant women, and be confident to start changing the role of women archaeologists and historians. I thank Alec for his insightful comments, and suggestions on my research, for his inspiring conversations about critical thinking in history, for his academic support to contribute as a Latin-American researcher, but most important for his emotional support among these years. I also thank to Dr. Hugo Benavides for his comments on both articles, Narratives of the Afro-Ecuadorian past and Cimarrona Soy, but especially for our conversations and living experiences. Thanks to the families, authorities and friends of La Concepción that opened their homes to our team and my family. We will always be grateful for your support at all levels, working with us as partners, thinking together about collaboration, experiencing multivocality, writing and speaking with us about the Afro-Ecuadorian history. I thank to Angel Chalá, president of GAD La Concepción, our team of collaborators Delgado family, Luis David Padilla, David Carcelén, and Bryan Carcelén. I thank to the two representatives of CONAMUNE-Carchi, Olguita Maldonado and Barbarita Lara. To Olguita, “19 de Noviembre” school principal, for being a bridge between our research, the children and youth. I would like to offer my deepest thanks to Barbarita, who has been part of this thesis, as co-author and the mentor of our learning about the Afro-Ecuadorian history. She has taught us how to be active supporters of their continuous resistance to racism and gender violence. Thanks Barbarita for sharing “la palabra que esta suelta”, I am here to keep transmitting your voice and break historical silences. vi Thanks to my hermandad, my sisterhood; my beloved daughter Rafaela, my sister of soul, colleague and friend, Ana María Morales; my aunts Anita and Elita, my sisters Eduarda and Salomé, and my mother Gabriela. Thanks to Rafaela, for your immense and unique love during this journey, for your patience, smiles, and conversations and support. This thesis is yours too. Thanks to Ana María, this thesis is also part of our dialogues, actions, and learning from la palabra and la hermandad. Thanks to my wonderful friends who supported me in many ways during these last years, contributed to my research and life, Gretchen, Katie, Sarah, Silvia, and Ruth. I would like to thank to Ivan, my lovely husband and best friend who has been supporting my research, my beliefs, my feminist position, and our work with the Afro- Ecuadorian community. I also thank my son who gave me the light from inside to write the final lines of this thesis. Thanks to my father Byron for his support and kindness. My immense gratitude goes to my wonderful brother, Leonardo, who has helped me as an assistant, as a friend, and has brought happiness and strength to my daughter and me during these last years. Furthermore, thanks to all women and men who support Latin-American hermanas, compañeras, feministas to study and be respected as academic, as leaders, as humans. vii Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................ ii Ethics Statement .............................................................................................................. iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ iv Dedication .......................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ viii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... x List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xi Glossary .......................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 2. Ceramics, Practice and Creolization: Enslaved African- descendants in the Eighteenth-Century Jesuit Hacienda of La Concepción, Northern Andes of Ecuador .............................................. 4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5 Historical Background ........................................................................................................ 9 The enslaved population in La Concepcion ............................................................ 11 Colonial ceramics ................................................................................................... 12 Ceramics from the Teresa Montero Site .......................................................................... 14 Colonial Vessels .............................................................................................................. 18 Wheel-made Unglazed Coarse Earthenware ......................................................... 18 Glazed Coarse Earthenware Vessels ..................................................................... 21 Colonial Pasto Ceramics ................................................................................................. 25 African Diaspora Ceramics .............................................................................................. 26 Pipes ................................................................................................................................ 27 A Special object with a Bakongo cosmogram ................................................................. 29 Figurine ............................................................................................................................ 32 Coarse earthenware fragments with incised decoration ......................................... 33 Discussion ......................................................................................................................
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