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Wetland Trail Design

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Wetland Trail Design OUTSIDE FRONT COVER (Approx. 8.5 x 11 inches, fi nished): Area outside the margin is bleed. One color ink used. United States In cooperation Department of with Agriculture United States Forest Service Department of Transportation eettllandand TTrailrail Technology & W Development Federal Highway Program Administration DDesignesign aandnd TRA T OF NS 2300 Recreation N PO E R M T T A R T A I O 2500 Watershed, P E N D U Soil, & Air A N C IT I E R D E January 2007 M S T A ATE O F ConstructionConstruction S Construction 0723–2804–MTDC 2007 Edition You can order a copy of this document using the order form on the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Recreational Trails Program Web site at: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/trailpub.htm It is also available electronically at: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/fspubs/ Fill out the order form and fax it to the distributor listed on the form. If you do not have Internet access, you can send a fax request to 301–577–1421 or send a mail request to: FHWA R&T Report Center 9701 Philadelphia Ct., Unit Q Lanham, MD 20706 Produced by: USDA Forest Service Missoula Technology and Development Center 5785 Hwy. 10 West Missoula, MT 59808 Phone: 406–329–3978 Fax: 406–329–3719 E-mail: [email protected] OF TRAN T SP EN O M R T T R A T A I P O E N D U N A C IT I E R D E S M T A AT E S O F This document was produced in cooperation with the Recreational Trails Program of the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The contents of this report refl ect the views of the contractor, who is responsible for the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily refl ect the offi cial policy of the Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specifi cation, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturer’s names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the object of this document. About the Authors Robert T. Steinholtz is a principal of Bristlecone Trails, a trail Brian Vachowski has been a project and program leader work consulting fi rm in Lakewood, CO. Bob was a landscape at the Missoula Technology and Development Center since architect and trails specialist for many years with the National 1993. He received a bachelor’s degree in forestry from the Park Service Planning, Design, and Construction Center in University of Massachusetts and a master’s degree in outdoor Denver, CO. His experience includes building 125 miles of recreation from Utah State University. He has worked for the new trails in 23 States from coast to coast. Bob has often been Nez Perce, Bighorn, Winema, and Routt National Forests in called on for his expertise by various Federal, State, and recreation, wilderness, lands, planning, rural community as- municipal agencies. He has been a coordinator or instructor at sistance, special uses, fi re, and timber positions. 20 hands-on courses covering trail-related subjects. Library Card Steinholtz, Robert T.; Vachowski, Brian. 2007. Wetland trail may be helpful for experienced workers. Techniques suitable design and construction: 2007 edition. Tech. Rep. 0723– for wilderness settings and for more developed settings are 2804–MTDC. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture included. Drawings by the author illustrate all important points. Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development A glossary is included, as are appendixes with material Center. 82 p. specifi cations. Describes materials and techniques used to construct trails Keywords: boardwalks, bogs, carrs, corduroy, drainage, in wetlands. This manual is written primarily for workers who maintenance, marshes, muskeg, piles, puncheon, recreation, are inexperienced in wetland trail construction, but it also swamps, tools, trail crews, trail planning, turnpikes You can order a copy of this document using the order Electronic copies of MTDC’s documents are available on form on the FHWA’s Recreational Trails Program Web site at: the Internet at: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/trailpub.htm http://www.fs. fed.us/eng/t-d.php Fill out the order form and fax it to the distributor listed For further technical information, contact Brian on the form. If you do not have Internet access, you can Vachowski at MTDC or Bob Steinholtz. send a fax request to 301–577–1421 or a mail request to: FHWA R&T Report Center Brian Vachowski: 9701 Philadelphia Ct., Unit Q Phone: 406–329–3935 Lanham, MD 20706 Fax: 406–329–3719 E-mail: [email protected] Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management employ- ees may obtain additional copies from: Bob Steinholtz: USDA Forest Service Bristlecone Trails Missoula Technology and Development Center 10350 W. 14th Ave. 5785 Hwy. 10 West Lakewood, CO 80215 Missoula, MT 59808 Phone: 303–233–4522 Phone: 406–329–3978 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 406–329–3719 E-mail: [email protected] Weettllandand TTrailrail DDesignesign aandnd CConstructiononstruction 2007 EDITION Robert T. Steinholtz Bristlecone Trails, Lakewood, CO Brian Vachowski Project Leader USDA Forest Service Technology and Development Program Missoula, MT 8E82A3—Trail Treatment for Wet Areas January 2007 The Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), has developed this information for the guidance of its employees, its contractors, and its cooperating Federal and State agencies, and is not responsible for the interpretation or use of this information by anyone except its own employees. The use of trade, fi rm, or corporation names in this document is for the information and convenience of the reader, and does not constitute an endorsement by the Department of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To fi le a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Offi ce of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. i Acknowledgments ny document concerning trail construction must Christy Fischer was responsible for the initial editing of this recognize the men and women who do the fi eld work— manual. Thanks also to the staff at the USDA Forest Service Awhether they are professionals or volunteers. Some of Missoula Technology and Development Center (MTDC), the most unforgettable and fun-loving people we have known who obtained additional photographs, scanned fi gures, have worked on trail crews. provided review and additional content, and edited, laid out, and printed this document. In this revised edition, the None of the construction techniques in this document work involved Bert Lindler, Sunni Bradshaw, James “Scott” are new. Most have been used for decades. Fortunately, Groenier, and Jerry Taylor Wolf. Bob Steinholtz drew the trail crews took the time to explain and demonstrate the illustrations used throughout this manual. Thanks also to construction techniques to us. The techniques described in the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Recreational Trails this manual have occasionally been modifi ed slightly to make Program for funding the revision and additional distribution of it easier to work with contemporary materials. this manual. ii Contents Acknowledgments ________________________________ ii Introduction ______________________________________1 Types of Wetlands _________________________________2 Wetlands Formed by Glacial Action _________________________ 2 Wetlands With Organic Silt and Clay Soils ____________________ 2 Silt and Clay Soils With Some Water _____________________ 2 Silt and Clay Soils With Considerable Water _______________ 2 River Deposits and Deltas ________________________________ 3 Floating Wetlands—Trembling Earth or Quaking Bog ___________ 3 Wetlands on Mountains __________________________________ 4 Carrs ______________________________________________4 Seepage ___________________________________________4 Spruce Bogs __________________________________________5 Muskeg _______________________________________________ 5 Wetlands With Wildlife That Bite Back _______________________ 5 Environmental and Accessibility Compliance ______7 National Environmental Policy Act and Other Federal Laws ______ 7 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers _________________________ 7 State and Local Agencies ________________________________ 7 Accessible Trails ________________________________________7 Field Work ________________________________________8 Turned Around _________________________________________8 Trail Layout ____________________________________________8 Reconnaissance _____________________________________8 Preliminary
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