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Sustainable Trail Bridge Design U.S. Department of Transportation United States Department of Agriculture Federal Highway Administration Sustainable Trail Bridge Design Forest National Technology & 2023–2805P–NTDP March 2020 Service Development Program 2300–Recreation Sustainable Trail Bridge Design Notice Ordering Information This document was produced in cooperation with You can order a copy of this document using the the Recreational Trails Program of the U.S. Depart- order form on FHWA’s Recreational Trails Program ment of Transportation’s Federal Highway Adminis- website <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rec- tration in the interest of information exchange. The reational_trails/publications/trailpub.cfm> U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of Fill out the order form and submit it electronically. information contained in this document. Or you may email your request to: [email protected] The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names Or you may mail your request to: appear in this report only because they are consid- Szanca Solutions/FHWA PDC ered essential to the objective of this document. 700 North 3rd Avenue The contents of this report reflect the views of the Altoona, PA 16601 authors, who are responsible for the facts and Fax: 814–239–2156 accuracy of the data presented herein. The con- tents do not necessarily reflect the official policy of Produced by the U.S. Department of Transportation. This report USDA Forest Service does not constitute a standard, specification, or National Technology and Development Program regulation. 5785 Hwy. 10 West Missoula, MT 59808–9361 Phone: 406–329–3978 Fax: 406–329–3719 Email: [email protected] U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Cover photo—A field crew and trail maintenance equipment on a trail bridge. Sustainable Trail Bridge Design James Scott Groenier Project Leader U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service National Technology and Development Program 2E22A30—Sustainable Trail Bridge Design Project March 2020 In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimina- civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, tion Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_fil- and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from ing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (includ- the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint ing gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary email: [email protected]. by program or incident. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should The Forest Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), has devel- contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and oped this information for the guidance of its employees, its contractors, and its cooper- TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, ating Federal and State agencies. The Forest Service assumes no responsibility for the program information may be made available in languages other than English. interpretation or use of this information by anyone except its own employees. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of any product or ser- vice to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Sustainable Trail Bridge Design Acknowledgments The project leader would like to thank David Strahl, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region; Eleanor Oman, Forest Service, Tongass National Forest; Merv Eriksson, Forest Service (retired); Jaime Schmidt, Forest Service, Washington Office; Chris Murphy, Forest Service, National Technology and Devel- opment Program; and Jerry Barrow, Forest Ser- vice (retired), for assistance with and review of this publication. ii Sustainable Trail Bridge Design Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................vi Introduction...............................................................................1 Trail Management Objectives ................................................................1 Siting ...................................................................................2 Bridge Types ..............................................................................3 Deck Girder and Deck Truss Bridges ...................................................4 Single-Unit Bridges ..................................................................4 Side Girder and Side Truss Bridges.....................................................5 Arch Bridges .......................................................................5 Cable Bridges ......................................................................6 Covered Bridges ....................................................................7 Materials .................................................................................7 Timber.............................................................................7 Steel .............................................................................11 Concrete..........................................................................11 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) ......................................................11 Plastic Wood ......................................................................12 Design ..................................................................................12 Bridge Widths, Grades, and Approaches ...............................................12 Users and Loads..........................................................................13 Dead Loads .......................................................................13 Live Loads ........................................................................14 Snow Loads .......................................................................14 Wind Loads .......................................................................15 Snow Groomer Loads ...............................................................15 Fatigue Load ......................................................................15 Seismic Loads .....................................................................15 Maintenance Vehicles, Light Vehicles, and Emergency Vehicles ............................15 Design Methodology and Load Combinations ...........................................16 iii Sustainable Trail Bridge Design Forest Service Standard Trail Bridge Plans and Specifications....................................17 Timber Bridges ....................................................................18 Prefabricated Steel Bridges ..........................................................18 Trail Bridge Structure ......................................................................19 Substructures .....................................................................19 Abutments ........................................................................19 Piers .............................................................................19 Superstructures....................................................................20 Decking ..........................................................................20 Decking Types .....................................................................20 User Barriers ......................................................................21 Signage...........................................................................22 Construction Details and Constructability.....................................................22 Shedding Water and Debris ..........................................................22 Earth and Wood Contact ............................................................23 Screws Versus Nails ................................................................24 Through Bolts Versus Lag Screws.....................................................24 Weathering Steel Corrosion Problems .................................................24 Corrosiveness of Wood Treatments ...................................................24 Decking ..........................................................................25 Approaches .......................................................................25 Wearing Surface (Running Planks) ....................................................25 Rub Rails .........................................................................25
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