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International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR) ISSN 0976-2612, Online ISSN 2278–599X, Vol-7, Special Issue-Number4-June, 2016, pp497-507 http://www.bipublication.com

Research Article

Introduction to understanding principles and features of Persian architecture

Hamed Hayaty*, Arezoo Abrisham Kar and Nafisetohidi pour Department of Architecture, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, . * Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Research carried out about Persian mainly consists of formation, type of used elements and their spatial structure and arrangement; while in addition to the above-mentioned, this article is trying to focus on the influence of Persian elements in formation of a Persian garden. Man-made has been in order to fulfill the material and spiritual needs of man and with peers on this issue; he has created the space to fulfill man's natural needs such as achieving peace. The vast , spatial variety, sacred landscape, place of reflection and rectangular geometry are among them. Among the elements of nature, and are more important than others and always affect the other elements. A smartly combination of water and plants inspace design of indicates that all three approaches of conceptual, functional and aesthetic are -matched there and in fact, the emergence of these three concepts in the whole garden is the secret of Persian gardens stability. The main goal in research is to achieve understanding of elements of and their arrangement in the formation of a Persian garden. The results indicate that Persian garden is a wise and perfection-oriented system that somehow has placed the natural elements of water and plantin itself that fulfills physical needs of the users and at the same time it also has attention to spiritual dimension.

Key words: Garden- Persian garden- Iranian architecture- Garden geometry- Hierarchy- Spatial Discipline

INTRODUCTION Each nation based on its ideology has granted arts which have great traditions and spiritual special value and place for nature and has power in which the elements of water and plants formed its connection with nature and natural attend with three conceptual, functional and elements based on the principles and values aesthetic aspects (Zamani, 2009:26). Persian derived from its ideology. Iranian architecture garden, behind its hidden value, known only as has always followed religion and religious the physical geometry; However, this beliefs and always these ideas have been thoughtful strong geometry has been resulted effective in the formation of various elements of from irrigation principles and important role of Iranian architecture, including garden. water. Persian garden such as architecture, According to the Quran, garden has been a man- poetry, painting, music and other artworks has made artificial on earth. In this culture, creative and subtle features in the context of the natural elements such as water and plants are tradition and principles and has stood on top of considered as great significance signs. The most perfection of unity in diversity and diversity in beautiful material combination of water and unity.In Persian garden like Iranian architecture, appears in the art of Persian garden. The there isn't any insignificance thing (or just for art of garden is one of the most ancient Iranian beauty). What is useful and necessary in Persian Introduction to understanding principles and features of Persian garden architecture

garden, is supplied beautiful. Issues such as Garden (Exclusive) and gardens surrounding the choosing and having visible characteristics of palaces on large-scale, has become a model that desired order, the relationship between natural evolves later during the Sassanid and After elements and man-made elements, how to use Islam. With the spread of Islam in Iran and its them and also their relationship to human life influence on architecture, Iran garden making art and physical and biological complexes, play a also was not deprived of this influence. Then fundamental role in garden making, in other Iran architectural history saw the construction of words regulating the placement, communication the palace, urban gardens and outskirts Gardens and methods of using natural elements. Despite in the best places of stronghold existence of man-made elements in the gardens, (mehdizadehSiraj, 33: 2011). In the following these are natural elements that their existence centuries in different countries numerous has defined the garden and are in order to gardens were built with effect of Iranian garden respond to the needs of the material, mental and making method so that it can be enumerated spiritual man (Salehi, 2: 2013). In this research enclosed space with high , divide the space first the origins of the formation of the Persian into 4 quadrants, use a main river, Existence of garden including Chaharbagh pattern has been or palace in the center of space, choose studied and then important elements of the a slope land or create an artificial hill in order to formation of the garden structure and how to flow water or gardens that are built for organize them and also garden geometry is promenade, from their architectural features analyzed in achieving the desired goals. (MehdizadehSiraj, 33: 2011). The formation of Persian garden Description of in the Qur'an There is a close relationship between man and Garden of Eden in the Quran, in addition to a nature in the Persian culture. And nature is the general description has been introduced even manifestation of Divine Essence. According to with the most accurate details. In a general the Iranian - Islamic thoughts, Garden is a description, Paradise notes two large parallel manifestation of promised paradise and Iranian gardens that in each of them, there are two architecture draws it in such a way that in smaller gardens. The total number of fourfold describing this paradise is heard. Persian garden gardens and smaller gardens reminds design of is a harmonious and beautiful collection of ChaharBagh and its modulation it in smaller water, plant, vignettes, color, space, architecture gardens. In the Quran, The fourfold rivers of and designs based on the geometry of calm and paradise are described in which the basis of quiet (Naeima, 2006). Due to the hot and dry Persian garden geometry is as ChaharBāgh(four climate in most parts of Iran, the most important rivers) and quality of architecture and the feature of Persian gardens climate is water and waterway (Labibzadeh, 9: 2011). how to move it. Garden location and its Comparative pattern of Persian gardens geometry is affected by the presence of water in before and after Islam the garden with various forms and alongside this It seems that after the arrival of Islam and crucial element of Persian garden, Plants as an relying on Koranic concepts, four divisions of effective factor on visual perception and comfort Persian Garden has emerged in plan and in pre- body and soul in order to create a pleasant space Islamic times, including the Achaemenid period, in contrast with the surrounding dry common religious ideas have been creator of environment, is considered as another earthly paradise of these people. Ideas that today constitutive element (Mehdizadeh Seraj, 33: aren't clear for us. Also during the Islamic 2011). period the use of decorative is The beginning of this art completely different from the remaining gardens The beginning of disciplining the garden should remaining of the Achaemenid period. Persian be probed at the time of the Achaemenids. In gardens in the Islamic period are full of water Royal Gardens of (6th century BC), use, in the form of springs, rivers, ponds, existence of Regular geometry at the Imperial and waterfalls that are inspired by the

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Quran paradise andmake the garden more it the Persian garden and thus when we present beautiful. In most post-Islamic Persian gardens, in the Persian garden, we see and understand the pavilion places at the highest point of the slope same discipline and body more than anything to evoke the Koranic descriptions of the (Beheshti, 2008: 10). The distinctive feature of Chambers (paradise booth) more (Labibzadeh, the Persian garden is the attention and special 8: 2011). use of square in the overall composition and ChaharBagh pattern components (Naeima, 2006). ChaharBagh pattern is as the most famous The predominant form in the Persian garden pattern of the formation of a Persian garden that design by relying on number 4 and its sanctity in Persian garden is based on the regular forms and Islamic and Iranian culture, according to many geometric rules. Being predictable, they can ancient writers, has legendary aspect in some easily be completed and reconstructed in the different ways. Royal Garden of Pasargadae is observer mind. In the Persian Garden, the said to be the first garden that founded designer has used the quadrants forms to depict ChaharBagh pattern (Heidarnataj, 19: 2009). the purity and simplicity with the simplest forms The most famous definition of ChaharBagh is in order to create a calm space. The number 4 that; it's a rectangular garden is divided into four represents the four directions of the sky and the quadrantsby waterways or pathways. Thus many four seasons of the year and so is considered a experts imagine Persian garden in such way: symbolic and cosmic number in divine religions Rectangular with two orthogonal axes that at (Greuther, 323: 2004). their confluence have made a pavilion," Architecture discipline in the Persian Garden generally wherever we find such a body, we call The Persian garden includes water discipline, it the Persian garden and thus when we present plant discipline and architecture discipline. This in the Persian garden, we see and understand the discipline is searchable in Persian carpets and its same discipline and body more than elements (water, plant and architecture) are anything"(Heidarnataj, 19: 2009). Certainly it is available in Iranian painting and provide the not clear yet when the word of ChaharBagh was ideal image from Persian garden. used and what was the original of word. But Elements and structure of Persian garden it is easy to understand that the idea was created Persian garden is formed with the combination by applying of number 4 in architecture. Perhaps of elements such as earth, water, plants and many of these spaces have existed before Islam. space and locating in the idea of Iranian In the Persian Garden, the designer has used the architecture (Ansari, 32: 2014). quadrants forms to depict the purity and Water, the most original element in the simplicity with the simplest forms in order to Persian garden create a calm space. The number 4 represents In the art of Persian garden making, space the four directions of the sky and the four beauty cannot be achieved without water. Some seasons of the year and so is considered a researchers believe that the presence of water is symbolic and cosmic number in divine religions due to visualize the described paradise in Quran (mehdizadehSiraj, 26: 2011). The number four by Muslims. Water is as the most original and has clear symmetry with a square, because the most vital element of forming the garden. anywhere the fourfold elements are in relation The use of water in Persian garden making is with each other, the logical square will shape. done very cleverly and artistically, so not only Square is the most regular, simplest, wisest and used for irrigation and plants nutrition but also most perfect shape to create a quad relation the conceptual, poetic and artistic use of it, (mehdizadehSiraj, 10: 2011). Thus many experts adorns the garden space and leads to freshness, imagine Persian garden in such way: vitality, movement and beauty (Zamani, 26: Rectangular with two orthogonal axes that at 2009). In the Persian garden, water, in addition their confluence have made a pavilion. to the functional and vivification role on the Generally wherever we find such a body, we call plants, undertakes a significant role on

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landscaping,creating serenityand pleasant that according to their importance and emphasis sounds (Labibzadeh, 10: 2011).How the on the shadowy focus on the main routes presence of water in the garden is based on the (Lschynsky, 71: 2008). Sometimes these trees specific concepts and its distribution isfollowing are only one type of , such as sycamore and the regularity that on the one hand considers to sometimes are two types such as sycamore and the physical and technical characteristics of cedar. There is a path, around the garden near water and irrigation, on the other hand noticed to the where shadowy barren trees and conceptualism, aesthetics, landscaping and shadowy fruit-bearing trees such as walnut are architecture. In fact, in the Persian garden, placed in rows next to river. Alsowhere the garden architecture is as water architecture, and subsidiary axes have cut the main axis vertically merging of water and plants creates the unique and have formed the routs among patches, epic of poetry, glory and music in the privacy of shadowing trees are planted in rows. There are trees. The way of the presence and movement of fruit trees in the patches that based on a variety water in the garden has a special system, of growth in different climates, are various. For consistent with the geometry and structure of the example Delgosha Garden in apart from garden and has many forms in different types of shadowy trees around the patches, has sour Persian garden. orange trees that in spring smell pleasant (Bell, Aesthetic and functional approach of water in 2-2007: 124). In the streets around the patch or the Persian Garden fountain, in order to create more shadow,they The general rule of in addition to selected narrower paths. The shadow of trees on aesthetic and local identityhas been originally both sides covered all of passage and thus made due to irrigation, as the dimensions of the space vestibule of trees (Zamani, 34: 2009). have been designed according to rate of access Being fruitful garden to water. The use of coolness, reflection, sound Life of gardens is depends on life of herbs. And water has been as pool, pond, basin, stream, trees andplants of gardenare always considered waterfall (stairs, ramps, and fountains), and as live elements (Motedayen, 53: 2010). Karim shallow pool at the confluence of the main Pirnia in his valuable paper considersplanting passages (for near vision), deep pools as medicinal plants and numerous fruits of Persian waterstop or water resource (for distance vision) garden along the noble aim of Iranian (Zamani, 29: 2009). architecture based on the integration of benefits Plant in thePersian garden and beauty in the Persian garden(Pirnia, 25: Plants in the Persian garden besides genus and 1993).fruit of trees is delicious and suitable for species are very impressive in the location, special region of garden. The fragrance and planting design, beauty and usefulness and even color of flowers are beauty supplement of play an important role in the garden for Persian gardens. So in answer to this question of protection against malicious natural factors. whether being fruitful can be the cause of Persian garden plants are used for different creating historic gardens or not, according to purposes, such as shading, productivity and different writings, the economic importance of decorating the garden and since one of the main garden is accepted next to creating a delightful features of the Persiangarden making is benefit, and beautiful space (Motedayen, 54: 2010). most of garden plants are fruit trees, and then Geometry of garden shadowy trees.so decorative plants in the garden Iranian architecture uses geometry in the are less than others (Bahram, 81: 2005). construction of the garden with maintaining Aesthetic and functional approach of trees in order in nature and due to regional constraints. Persian garden Persian garden with geometric discipline has Planting the trees in Persian garden was done for organized the plants in the garden and created a a specific purpose and not accidently and water system. In the Persian garden the unreasonable (Zamani, 34: 2009). Shadowy geometric structure defines the pathways trees are placed on both sides of garden paths directly and sometimes intersecting. Direct

Hamed Hayaty, et al. 500 Introduction to understanding principles and features of Persian garden architecture

motion in environment, inculcates sense of its most important elements are representative of targeted, urgency and reflection to the man. As the main directions. And because of the for the structure of Persian garden, the direction orientation to this enclosed space, the Persian is from downward slope to upward And in the garden has the spirit of the place and value. opposite direction of the circulating water flow From the main effective directions on geometry in the garden. Upward movement creates sense in parts of the Persian garden, it has paid special of discovery and incentive to go upper in the attention to the geometric shapes and the square environment. As for the Persian garden,the which showed the distance between the highest and most important part of the garden is components of garden simple and clear, had a pavilion or the source of the garden located on particular importance (Ansari, 35: 2014). the main axes and actually the aim of achieving Rectangular geometry it. Therefore, the geometric structure of the Persian garden is allocated a rectangle of land Persian garden defines direct and targeted axis wherever possible and it has imposed its which based on research conducted in aesthetics regardless of the environment and the environmental psychology, these paths gives to requirements. In Abbas Abad garden in man the sense of purposive and reflection and Behshahr that is the last remnant of the Safavid exploration. The main directing system in the era, trees in the woods were shaved to be Persian garden with the mindfulness system imposed in the rectangular garden. Terrain creates for human beings a favorable accidents, topography and other barriers are environment for desirable privacy, relaxation simply taken away to obtain special order of and reflection (Shahcheraghi2009: 78). The garden. Another example of dominant geometry most important characteristic of the Persian of the garden on the environment is also garden is the governing geometry which has BaghTakht in Shiraz. Mountainous terrain with distinguished it from other gardens Nations, steep slope will not be safe from garden arena. because its physical design is based on a very Each of the main and sub spaces or organized precise, calculated and unique geometry Where in rectangular form is mainly square and rectangular shapes are used in introduced.There aren't curved lines or circular it. Persian garden has the stable calculated shapes in the landscape of garden.The pristine discipline which can give obvious state of nature cannot be found in the garden. interpretations. That is called geometry and Anyway Persian garden cannot be imagined garden geometry. This is the same particular outside of the dominance system of rectangular geometry that Schultz has referred to in the geometry (Mansouri, 62: 2010). spatial structure of natural place spirit and In summary, the geometry of the Persian garden human place spirit. In Iranian architecture had two important principles: Three stretches especially viewpoint of Iran, it has always been with each other and garden division into squares considered to pay attention to the main that had been in regular divisions and square directions and the sky.As Henry Corbin in the shapes (Ansari, 35: 2014). preface of the book , the image of Principles and rules of Persian gardens design paradise with, an emphasis on this point, Spatial dynamics -spatial hierarchies - spatial considered stagnant water pond in yard enclosure - axial orientation and transparency as reflection of this idea (Corbin, 1998).In (mehdizadehSiraj, 40: 2011). Islamic view every valuable space that has the 1- Spatial dynamics known coordinate, is as the human place. Man A space which induces a sense of physical (the microcosm) contains everything that makes movement (displacement) in person is called macrocosm and it is coordinate which values to dynamic space. Such as what we see in the all locations of the Muslim life. His worship is Persian garden. Movement in architecture is to a particular direction, builds house and city formed by material and visual elements. Spatial facing Mecca and if he wants to bring heaven dynamics is part of the motion characteristics space down to earth, he will apply geometry that and with regard to the organized discipline of

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garden elements; this dynamic is achieved for vision of garden was in the main line and the viewers (Heidarnataj, 2010: 90). other buildings were around the place. If a 2- spatial hierarchies garden had no entrance building, a Pars was Based on this principle, different spaces and built in the doorway. The Pars was the wall to elements are put together according to the prevent seeing inside the garden from outside importance, functional value and many other (Pirnia2008: 431-432). factors. The hierarchy in the gardens starts from Enclosure, boundary and wall of garden entrance or sometimes a square and a fountain The first objective space in the relationship outside the garden(forecourt)and reaches to between inside and outside indicates that the pavilion by passing through the vestibule and areas have various degrees of enclosure and the main axis(Heidarnataj, 2010: 90). extensions. While the landscapes are specified 3- introspection and enclosure with the various and continuous extension, the Although Persian garden is an outer space but is bases are confined entities. The base and always enclosed. A group of art historian shave landscape having a relationship of body – bed. If known the garden fence due to region, a group this relationship is lost, a base loses its identity. influenced by the need for security and some The relationship between the desert bed and the due to the social traditions to avoid the evil eye. body of garden by these mantic and physical All Persian Gardens regardless of the region in geometry has been created with regards to which they are located, are enclosed. Shazdeh obvious directions of planting, irrigation and garden and Fin gardenen closed in a fence in the philosophical concepts. The human achieves desert as Safi Abad garden in the forest and through geometry to the concepts of openness Jahan Nama garden in city. It seems that (breadth of vision), integration, centralization enclosed garden tradition and its sights rooted in and direction. In general, geometry in the belief that is more than functional architecture is used to reveal a general requirements. Iranian artist emphasis on comprehensive system such as a cosmic order enclosed garden has more justification through (Ansari, 33: 2014). From Heidegger's vision, a making the reflection space or organizing boundary isn't where a thing stands there, but as garden as a sacred place with respect to the Greeks found, boundary is where that a thing particular dignity and discipline of these begins to attend(Scholtz, 25: 2009).Enclosure is spaces(Mansouri, 62: 2010).Unlike other lands, primarily as a specified range which an artificial architectural design of Persian gardens have boundary is separated it from the surrounding been introverted like Iranian buildings and this environment. Hence it can be said that a wall for introversion led to walls around the garden, and the garden works as a boundary and gives lack of visibility into the garden. Of course, the enclosure to the garden that can bring things quality of the wall and its construction has been together and change the landscape to a central different in different periods.But always garden base that has a special character. One of the area has defined in various ways (Ansari, 34: most important elements of privacy in Persian 2014). As professor Pirnia says about garden is wall as all Persian gardens are introversion of garden: The garden is not an enclosed by walls. In addition to regional issues, open position but a surrounded earth by a wall creating the privacy and security are the most and someone from the outside could not look important factors of building the wall and fence into it. Each garden has had a door way; it is around the Persian gardens. That's why Persian also called an entrance. It was the outer part of garden is always enclosed by a wall that is a the building of traditional home in which guests private place for relaxation and seclusion and were hosted. First to enter, must pass the canopy also a protection to feel and supply the door then must enter the vestibule or door-sill security.The importance of wall to define the and corridor. Opposite the doorway, was closed. garden or in the words of Heidegger as "the And one or two corridors accessed from the beginning of the garden" has always been an vestibule to the garden. Inside, the original

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integral part of Persian garden (Ansari, 34: temple, or due to the presence and movement in 2014). the garden, will create the sense of connection to 4- pathway(axis orientation) the nature and then peace. Pavilion is built in The entrance of the garden comes with Persian garden on the water symbol andbecause experiencing of the concept of perspective. of emphasis aspect; it usually is formed at the Elements that can be seen along the way and highest point of the garden and the main take humans into the garden are defined and axis(mehdizadeh Siraj, 38: 2011). designed with the color of soil and tree and sky. Orientation of garden And The voices of men, birds, wind and water Persian garden is north-south orientation (east- give it the concept of time and place. And west is rarely), (Naeima, 2006). during the same way, the images will be Space in the Persian Garden presented to the identifier. The continuous Other element of Persian garden is space or the transformation of the image size and their architectural space that has shaped outer and position their gradually combination with new inner arenas of Persian garden and organizes the visual elements, etc.,do not allow the elements of garden in the own way. Indoor and productivity of the garden lead todry, stable and outdoor are combined together in a Persian integrated harvesting (Falamaki, 656: 2010). garden and make a continuous system of Way isa fundamental symbol that will determine elements, So that the continuity of natural the time dimension, sometimes leads to elements in the buildings leads to the formation significant goal, where movement stops and of integrated structure and emphasis on spatial time continues. So another fundamental symbol continuity in Persian garden. Spatial that determines the temporary and transient organization in the Persian garden is away from dimension is center. Basic patterns that manifest any visual complexity and this feature did not center are sign and enclosure (Schultz, 88: reduce from its beauty but leads to have the 1388)and in the Persian garden are the main axis hierarchy, unity and correlation the entire and the pavilion with the pond in front of it. And collection that has a considerable impact on special features include: use of straight lines in human spatial orientation. Spatial diversity, the design, division of garden mostly into four unity and the general structure and order in the sections, guidance and readability, security for Persian garden lead tothe objectivity of space unifying and cohesiveness (Ansari, 36: 2014). and reinforce sense of place in humans (Ansari, 5- Transparency spatial 36: 2014).The character of each space is subject Transparency is considered as essentials of to state and the dominant order on its constituent concepts of garden design andthe way of elements (Greuther: 186: 2004).The order communication spaces. So that the lack of between components of a garden is the order is boundaries between different spaces can be seen an artificial environment with the order of nature in the architecture of Persian Gardens (mehdizadeh Siraj, 36: 2011). (mehdizadeh Siraj, 38: 2011). Building in the Spatial diversity and independent spaces Persian garden does not separate space in the Persian garden is the combination of garden, so that the human vision passes through independent and perfect spaces. Except the main it communicates with the rest of garden. Also space of garden is formed based on the main garden space finds a way to the building and axis,separate spaceshave emergedin other places there is not any contour. So that the building and that none of them are remaining from other garden find a direct fluid communication spaces. Diverse areas such as main street, the (Daneshdust, 1990).Direct or indirect yard around the garden, of pavilion, communication of the fluids that is involved in forecourt of garden, backyard, siphon and any garden spaces differently, has been etc…are organized from integrated space that considered to communicate directly with nature have been introduced asin dependent areas with in garden making. Whether it will connect with their own Spatial sense and spirit (Mansouri, 61: garden by the visual senses from the pavilion or 2010). The analysis of Persian garden plan

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proves that there isn't any negative space, as a Nazar garden in Shiraz. The are built space which is formed of two main spaces in the middle of garden and have a pond in accidentally and non-geometrically. Despite the middle and four sashes around it that are opened straight-line geometry of garden, stretch to to four sides, such as Hasht Behesht in Persian garden and the desire of walk in it, is Isfahan(Wilber, 1969). due to the imitation of designer to create spatial organization and structure in the different spaces (mehdizadeh Siraj, 35: 2011). Persian garden Spatial quality of Persian garden The most important characteristic of Persian Precise geometrical structure defines the body of gardens is extremely geometric, regularly pre- a Persian garden and creates particular spatial design space of them. This geometric foundation qualities in the garden. On the one hand there is has role inabstract concepts, principles and the original landscape in straight and stretched elements of the garden and how to combine forms in the longitudinal axis of the garden and these elements and components that eventually tall trees on both sides of it which has an lead to provide overall shape. Also a set of essential role in the creation of perspective systems can be recognized which is effective in reveals the garden, longer. On the other hand, the formation of garden. These systems include natural slope that has been used in the majority the basic of thought, design customs and of Persian gardens has provided a suitable livelihoods and lives of the people to growth of position for placing pavilion at the high point of order of spaces. Geometry and structure: A garden. Pavilion in the long slope of the land is Persian garden design is based on attention to an allegory of Firdous e Bareen (Naeima, specific use of square, the overall composition 2006).One of the architectural features of the and its components. And this feature forms the Persian garden is integrating the building and distinctive character of Persian garden. the garden. And they are so mixed that they Geometry influence in the Persian garden in cannot be felt where the garden started and relation to the indoor and outdoor spaces can be where it ended. An important element like water seen in all areas. Geometric structures in the that flows in streams, goes into the pavilion on garden deal to the general fitness', fences, main her way and obviously can be seen and then it and subaxes, rows of trees, streams of water and goes out. the presence of water and generally to the Building of pavilion dominant geometry in the garden (Wilber, Each garden had several buildings, a pavilion or 1969). the main building that was in the middle of it Physical Structure of Persian garden and sometimes 1/3 in return. Its view faced the physical space of Persian garden: garden. And sometimes were opened from four The entrance: residence of crews / Court sides to the garden. And Sometimes had only functions / a square in front of the entrance for one view. And his back was closed. The the ceremony and parade and…like outward garden's back building is called indoor and porch of Alighapoo related to private life. All pavilions were built in Indoor: in one part of the garden as reserved and the middle of gardens are based on the pattern enclosed that has not spread to the outside but to the Services and peripheral: according to the extent, inside, In this model, four around the type and function of the garden (on the side of house is closed and only from the one side a the lateral walls), (Naeima, 2006). latticed wall opens to the garden that a type of Garden external environment mainly is in the it,is available in Ardestān. The among the form of a perfect square or rectangle enclosed four trellises that was partially enclosed is by relatively high walls. Height of walls is completely covered, but the porches that open different with regard to safety aspects and inwards, in this model open outwards. All regional factors in each place. The wall pavilions that are built in the garden follows the separates garden space from the surrounding same pattern such as Jahan Nama garden and environment clearly. It emphasizes on

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separating two fields of outer space and inner symmetrical and are located on the center of space of garden. Trees will be planted on the symmetry. The height of symmetry can be seen edge of the garden wall due to its geometry, are in the main axes. In the main axis even trees, all in accordance to the geometry of the garden and flowers have been planted wall and addon its role as a framework.The symmetrically. Rectangular garden depending overall interior space can be divided into smaller on the location of pavilion have one or two axis spaces following the geometric structure and of symmetry and square plans have often four vertical lines. The two axes divide garden space axes. into 4 parts. A reason for using rectangular or 3- centrality square in garden design is the issue of water One of the important issues in compounding and flowing in garden areas and move in four organizing elements in many architectural directions. Each section of the garden in the spaces is centrality and is often used to shape of a square or rectangle is divided into emphasize the most important part of the small squares. In each head of this square lattice collection. The principle of centrality is seen in a long aged tree is planted and in this network, the pavilions. Especially the ones with Hasht each square divided into smaller squares and in Behesht plan.This principle in square plan is at each direction trees with average life and its climax despite the pavilion at the junction of Similarly, short-lived trees are planted at the axis (Heidarnataj, 2010: 89). head of squares between them. This is so precise 4- Rhythm geometric order that looking at each side, the It means the simple or complex rhythmic regular rows of trees can be seen. And all tress repetition of an element or phenomenon in an art are regularly in the exposure of light, until work. The complex rhythmic repetition means suddenly a large part of the garden is not devoid the repetition of some element or collection so of trees. Effect of garden in Persian culture: that understanding the relationships and rules garden is an imprinted concept on the land and governing them, needs to deep and careful derived from culture and formed in the traditions observation (Heidarnataj, 2010: 89).In cases of a people.It is not unreasonable to imagine that applying the principle of rhythm and repetition our gardens aside from the idea of its formation, of rhythmic elements and phenomena has been are the perspective of the aspirations of Iranian responsive to the functional requirementssuch as people, as preserving the consecration, they rooms of a school or caravansary, and turned the water in the garden to give their sometimes responsive to aesthetic garden, symbol of thought and creator elements needs.Utilization the rhythm of the Persian (Ansari, 34: 2014). Persian garden design can be garden can be observed in the border wallsthe summarized in the following principles: garden,framed walls of the sloped lands and 1- Hierarchy even in flooring. Based on this principle, spaces and elements are 5- Diversity in unity and unity in diversity put together according to the importance, In addition to the unity in general lines, functional value and many other factors. This geometry and executive material,Persian garden principle is seen in many designs of Iran hasunique spatial diversity. Spatial variety of traditional gardens. The hierarchy in the garden garden is reflected by the definition of starts from entrance or sometimes from square independent spaces, through limiting, adjusting and the fountain outside the garden(forecourt) the distance vision, utilizing of full geometric and arrives to the pavilion after passing the shapes,planting design,different compositions of vestibule and the main axis.This principle can plant species, spatial applications of water, also be searched in height, color and size of the utilizing the materials and so on.Offering a wide garden element(Heidarnataj, 2010: 90). variety of the main axes, sub axes,patches,types 2- Symmetry of ponds and the built spaces indicates an order One of the principles of design in the Persian and unity in the whole garden (mehdizadehSiraj, garden is symmetry. The pavilions are 39: 2011).

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6- naturalism and utilizing the vision water and plant have changed in terms of Persian culture doesn't see humans apart from appearance and bodyBut in terms of content nature but knows him with other elements of were more or less the same and have not nature and an integral part of it. And it believes changed. The relationship between these that love of nature and use of natural landscapes elements creates quality such as enclosure, the In addition to recognizing the signs of God, vastness, outside and insidespace, regular and causes tovisual pleasure and happiness of human geometric spatial organization, unity and soul.Therefore architecture and art in Iran are integrity. The considered issues not only strongly nature-oriented. This principle in indicates a wise and perfection presence of Persian garden led to the creation of semi-open elements of water and plant in the body garden, spaces like porch and pavilion and porch that are but reflects how Iranian garden makers organize between the nature (courtyard or garden view) these two elements carefully in a way that and the built part. A cozy and quiet place and provides the physical and spiritual and mental refuge to corner of nature in the Persian garden needs of mankind. With further investigation the is a rule, thereby Persian garden is a mystical relationship between elements of Persian and poetic space for reflection. The deep and garden, can be concluded that all the features open landscapes in axes and main routes of and qualities resulting from elements of the garden, the lack of visual barriers and being garden, lies in the geometry. This geometry has objective of these routes (approach tothe built a rational and sacred source and has made the space or a visual cue) approved naturalism Persian garden, carrier's spirit of place because more. of order and symmetry, objectifying the Persian garden space and continuation in history. The CONCLUSION straight-line geometry of Persian garden with Landscape theorists usually take the garden of axes and regular planting design and looking at every civilization into account as the symbol of Iranian beliefs about number four, has caused to ideal pattern of living in that civilization. In this creation the concept of Chahar Bagh(in the paper, spatial organization and the order of the proper sense of being quartet of garden garden elements were studied and we tried to space).also by symmetry, it creates the beautiful find the concept of Iranian architecture and idea and a logical imagism so that by using the etymologically and its impact on the formation simple lines and space, makes the mental of Persian gardens to achieve the discipline of perception of environmentmore legible for these elements together. However, with passing relaxing spirit. And also more tangible by the time, the constructive elements including abstract interpretations and simplicity of space. Table 1. Categories of elements and concepts in the Persian Garden Artificial space (entrance, pavilion building, area, Water (the main element in the garden), Constituent elements Interface space) plants Dominant forms - Dominant axis among subsidiary ways Cross and regular geometric forms Changing time according to the changing colors of Nature design in different parts of the Color and texture trees garden by trees and bushes -Creating a simple and uncomplicated space in form -The use of geometric order, according to Geometric order -Creating perspectives byobservers with the central symmetry arrangement of elements together -The order of nature and human -Respecting the hierarchy of access -The lack of visual contact with the -Applying the principle of transparency in the design garden surrounding environment (because of pavilionbuilding in the garden of regional reasons)and being high fence Spatial structure -Balance, rhythm (trees, fountains, patches) around the garden -Harmony (selection and arrangement of elements and -Move in space by the spatial materials consistent with each other and the space) organization -Garden design in enclosed environment -Belief in the world that is the manifestation of God -Human relationship with garden Symbolic concepts and tries to pretendblessings of God more elegant elements likehe role of water in the gardenenvironment -Design of a green field in the desert

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