DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction to Understanding Principles and Features of Persian Garden Architecture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction to Understanding Principles and Features of Persian Garden Architecture International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR) ISSN 0976-2612, Online ISSN 2278–599X, Vol-7, Special Issue-Number4-June, 2016, pp497-507 http://www.bipublication.com Research Article Introduction to understanding principles and features of Persian garden architecture Hamed Hayaty*, Arezoo Abrisham Kar and Nafisetohidi pour Department of Architecture, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Research carried out about Persian gardens mainly consists of formation, type of used elements and their spatial structure and arrangement; while in addition to the above-mentioned, this article is trying to focus on the influence of Persian elements in formation of a Persian garden. Man-made has been in order to fulfill the material and spiritual needs of man and with peers on this issue; he has created the space to fulfill man's natural needs such as achieving peace. The vast landscape, spatial variety, sacred landscape, place of reflection and rectangular geometry are among them. Among the elements of nature, water and plants are more important than others and always affect the other elements. A smartly combination of water and plants inspace design of Persian gardens indicates that all three approaches of conceptual, functional and aesthetic are well-matched there and in fact, the emergence of these three concepts in the whole garden is the secret of Persian gardens stability. The main goal in research is to achieve understanding of elements of Iranian architecture and their arrangement in the formation of a Persian garden. The results indicate that Persian garden is a wise and perfection-oriented system that somehow has placed the natural elements of water and plantin itself that fulfills physical needs of the users and at the same time it also has attention to spiritual dimension. Key words: Garden- Persian garden- Iranian architecture- Garden geometry- Hierarchy- Spatial Discipline INTRODUCTION Each nation based on its ideology has granted arts which have great traditions and spiritual special value and place for nature and has power in which the elements of water and plants formed its connection with nature and natural attend with three conceptual, functional and elements based on the principles and values aesthetic aspects (Zamani, 2009:26). Persian derived from its ideology. Iranian architecture garden, behind its hidden value, known only as has always followed religion and religious the physical geometry; However, this beliefs and always these ideas have been thoughtful strong geometry has been resulted effective in the formation of various elements of from irrigation principles and important role of Iranian architecture, including garden. water. Persian garden such as architecture, According to the Quran, garden has been a man- poetry, painting, music and other artworks has made artificial paradise on earth. In this culture, creative and subtle features in the context of the natural elements such as water and plants are tradition and principles and has stood on top of considered as great significance signs. The most perfection of unity in diversity and diversity in beautiful material combination of water and unity.In Persian garden like Iranian architecture, plant appears in the art of Persian garden. The there isn't any insignificance thing (or just for art of garden is one of the most ancient Iranian beauty). What is useful and necessary in Persian Introduction to understanding principles and features of Persian garden architecture garden, is supplied beautiful. Issues such as Garden (Exclusive) and gardens surrounding the choosing and having visible characteristics of palaces on large-scale, has become a model that desired order, the relationship between natural evolves later during the Sassanid and After elements and man-made elements, how to use Islam. With the spread of Islam in Iran and its them and also their relationship to human life influence on architecture, Iran garden making art and physical and biological complexes, play a also was not deprived of this influence. Then fundamental role in garden making, in other Iran architectural history saw the construction of words regulating the placement, communication the palace, urban gardens and outskirts Gardens and methods of using natural elements. Despite in the best places of stronghold existence of man-made elements in the gardens, (mehdizadehSiraj, 33: 2011). In the following these are natural elements that their existence centuries in different countries numerous has defined the garden and are in order to gardens were built with effect of Iranian garden respond to the needs of the material, mental and making method so that it can be enumerated spiritual man (Salehi, 2: 2013). In this research enclosed space with high walls, divide the space first the origins of the formation of the Persian into 4 quadrants, use a main river, Existence of garden including Chaharbagh pattern has been Pavilion or palace in the center of space, choose studied and then important elements of the a slope land or create an artificial hill in order to formation of the garden structure and how to flow water or gardens that are built for organize them and also garden geometry is promenade, from their architectural features analyzed in achieving the desired goals. (MehdizadehSiraj, 33: 2011). The formation of Persian garden Description of Garden of Eden in the Qur'an There is a close relationship between man and Garden of Eden in the Quran, in addition to a nature in the Persian culture. And nature is the general description has been introduced even manifestation of Divine Essence. According to with the most accurate details. In a general the Iranian - Islamic thoughts, Garden is a description, Paradise notes two large parallel manifestation of promised paradise and Iranian gardens that in each of them, there are two architecture draws it in such a way that in smaller gardens. The total number of fourfold describing this paradise is heard. Persian garden gardens and smaller gardens reminds design of is a harmonious and beautiful collection of ChaharBagh and its modulation it in smaller water, plant, vignettes, color, space, architecture gardens. In the Quran, The fourfold rivers of and designs based on the geometry of calm and paradise are described in which the basis of quiet (Naeima, 2006). Due to the hot and dry Persian garden geometry is as ChaharBāgh(four climate in most parts of Iran, the most important rivers) and quality of architecture and the feature of Persian gardens climate is water and waterway (Labibzadeh, 9: 2011). how to move it. Garden location and its Comparative pattern of Persian gardens geometry is affected by the presence of water in before and after Islam the garden with various forms and alongside this It seems that after the arrival of Islam and crucial element of Persian garden, Plants as an relying on Koranic concepts, four divisions of effective factor on visual perception and comfort Persian Garden has emerged in plan and in pre- body and soul in order to create a pleasant space Islamic times, including the Achaemenid period, in contrast with the surrounding dry common religious ideas have been creator of environment, is considered as another earthly paradise of these people. Ideas that today constitutive element (Mehdizadeh Seraj, 33: aren't clear for us. Also during the Islamic 2011). period the use of decorative fountain is The beginning of this art completely different from the remaining gardens The beginning of disciplining the garden should remaining of the Achaemenid period. Persian be probed at the time of the Achaemenids. In gardens in the Islamic period are full of water Royal Gardens of Pasargadae (6th century BC), use, in the form of springs, rivers, ponds, existence of Regular geometry at the Imperial fountains and waterfalls that are inspired by the Hamed Hayaty, et al. 498 Introduction to understanding principles and features of Persian garden architecture Quran paradise andmake the garden more it the Persian garden and thus when we present beautiful. In most post-Islamic Persian gardens, in the Persian garden, we see and understand the pavilion places at the highest point of the slope same discipline and body more than anything to evoke the Koranic descriptions of the (Beheshti, 2008: 10). The distinctive feature of Chambers (paradise booth) more (Labibzadeh, the Persian garden is the attention and special 8: 2011). use of square in the overall composition and ChaharBagh pattern components (Naeima, 2006). ChaharBagh pattern is as the most famous The predominant form in the Persian garden pattern of the formation of a Persian garden that design by relying on number 4 and its sanctity in Persian garden is based on the regular forms and Islamic and Iranian culture, according to many geometric rules. Being predictable, they can ancient writers, has legendary aspect in some easily be completed and reconstructed in the different ways. Royal Garden of Pasargadae is observer mind. In the Persian Garden, the said to be the first garden that founded designer has used the quadrants forms to depict ChaharBagh pattern (Heidarnataj, 19: 2009). the purity and simplicity with the simplest forms The most famous definition of ChaharBagh is in order to create a calm space. The number 4 that; it's a rectangular garden is divided into four represents the four directions of the sky and the quadrantsby waterways or pathways. Thus many four seasons of the year and so is considered a experts imagine Persian garden in such way: symbolic and cosmic number in divine religions Rectangular with two orthogonal axes that at (Greuther, 323: 2004). their confluence have made a pavilion," Architecture discipline in the Persian Garden generally wherever we find such a body, we call The Persian garden includes water discipline, it the Persian garden and thus when we present plant discipline and architecture discipline. This in the Persian garden, we see and understand the discipline is searchable in Persian carpets and its same discipline and body more than elements (water, plant and architecture) are anything"(Heidarnataj, 19: 2009).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • W Rings a Ne Reen W Or
    erings at Mark your calendars! d O Michael Brown, Retired n 1/18 from Medical Publishing a n The Persian Garden W e UNESCO World Heritage Site Nine gardens from different epochs and climates make up the Persian Garden World Heritage Site (one of the 21 World Heritage Sites in Iran). Michael will explore five of the nine gardens, generalize about the features of Persian gardens, and discuss the influence of this style in Iranian and world gardening. Architecture and culture will be mentioned when they are important to viewing the i gardens in context. n d Becky Robert, PR & Volunteer rl 1/25Programs Coordinator a o Canada: 150 and Growing G Canada celebrated its sesquicentennial in r W 2017. Learn about the last 150 years, and ee n explore the revitalization plans for the next century through a gardener’s lens. Discover how historic gardens and parks welcome a The Scott Arboretum’s new generation of horticulturists, and learn about new gardens. Winter Travel Lecture Series Claire Sawyers, 2/1 Director Join Scott Arboretum staff and local gardening Landscapes of Portugal in Sintra, enthusiasts as they share travel experiences abroad! the Douro Valley, and Lisbon: A preview of the 2018 Scott Associates Trip In addition to learning about spectacular gardens, Travel with Claire on her scouting trip for plants, and landscapes, you’ll get a taste of the art, the upcoming Scott Associates international cuisine, architecture, and customs of lands near and garden trip! Whether or not you are far. It’s a perfect wintertime escape! considering going on the trip, come see some spectacular palace gardens, unique places and garden features, cork oak forests, and Thursdays, 1:00 - 2:00 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • The Productive Landscape in Persian Gardens; Foundations and Features
    Vol.13/No.38/Apr-May-Jun 2016 Received 2015/24/01 Accepted 2015/16/09 The productive landscape in Persian Gardens; Foundations and features Seyyed Mohammad Reza Khalilnezhad* Kai Tobias** Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the dimensions and attributes of productive and agricultural landscape in the Persian gardens. The methodology of conducting this study is descriptive-analytical. The data is gathered through library research and interviews, as well as field studies in the six Persian Gardens (Akbariyeh, Rahim Abad, Amir Abad, Bahlgerd, Pahlavanpur, and Shahzadeh). The results, which show the need to provide recreational services for owners, guests and in some cases people, has led to the significant presence of fruitful greenery, even in the governmental gardens. There are various fruit trees in the gardens of Shahzadeh, Amirabad and Pahlavanpur which demonstrate the importance of targeted food products for human consumption as well as animals in the system of designing the traditional green spaces. Promotion the quality of the beauty of inner green scenery of the gardens is other characteristics of agricultural landscape, specifically in Birjand’s gardens which the visual landscape system has been created by composition of fruitful and ornamental species. Additionally, attitudes into increasing the efficiency, profitability and self-sufficiency of landscape have been ordered the planting of multipurpose plant species in the Iranian garden design. There are varieties of vegetables and herbs in the garden of Shahzadeh, and fragrant flowers, saffron, plum, pomegranate and fig trees representing in Birjand’s garden proving the medicinal properties of productive scenery in addition to their appropriateness to the climate and scarce resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Persian Garden Structure from Cultural Impact
    Proceedings Book of ICETSR, 2014, Malaysia Handbook on the Emerging Trends in Scientific Research ISBN: 978-969-9347-16-0 Study of Persian Garden Structure from Cultural Impact Nazanin Nafisi University teknologi Mara, Faculty of architecture planning surveying Yusoff Abbas University teknologi Mara, Faculty of architecture planning surveying Abstract The social nature of architectural design covers behavioural and societal concepts relative to the Persian garden and structure. It is important to have an understanding of how society influences design in order to be able to view the inherent influences in the design solution for the ancient Persians the symbol of eternal life was a tree with a stream at its roots. The sacred miracle tree contained the seeds of all within itself. Tree planting was a sacred occupation and this reverence was deeply seated in the souls of the Persians. Historical accounts tell us about gardens named Paradise filled with all things fair and good that the earth can bring forth. Sense of privacy and Social interaction which are perceived to have a relation in the theories of architecture and garden design were well respected in traditional garden design in Iran. Persian gardens influenced garden design around the world and became the foundation of Islamic and later European garden traditions, an example of which can be seen in the Mughal gardens of India. This conservatism led artists to attach religious meaning or symbolism to their works. Forms, shapes, objects, scenes and even letters and numbers of Islamic art are symbolic. All art has hidden significance. Keywords: Persian garden, Cultural. Sustainable.
    [Show full text]
  • A Systematic Literature Review of Historic Garden Management and Its Economic Aspects
    sustainability Review A Systematic Literature Review of Historic Garden Management and Its Economic Aspects Cassandra Funsten, Valeria Borsellino * and Emanuele Schimmenti Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] (C.F.); [email protected] (E.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 October 2020; Accepted: 18 December 2020; Published: 21 December 2020 Abstract: Historic gardens are important parts of humanity’s built heritage within the designed landscape, providing many environmental, economic and socio-cultural benefits. Management is a key part of their conservation, perhaps the most difficult because it is costly, must be continual, and requires a skilled workforce. This systematic review looks at the literature addressing historic garden management, with special attention regarding the social, economic and environmental aspects of sustainability. Academic studies on this subject come from many different disciplines, making it both stimulating and fragmented. It is now time to consolidate these interdisciplinary efforts into a clear vision, including a framework of key themes and research methods so as to better coordinate efforts and make the information and innovation generated more accessible to the garden managers “in the trenches”. With this aim, reviewed studies are classified according to 10 criteria: supply or demand orientation; management phase involved; primary sustainability processes addressed; geographic criteria; number of sites covered; policy documents referred to; kind of data collected; study methods employed; possibility of bias specifically regarding historic gardens; garden use. An analysis of these criteria shows that historic garden management literature focuses on describing the gardens themselves, with few studies interested in the people supporting them.
    [Show full text]
  • Researcher 2015;7(6)
    Researcher 2015;7(6) http://www.sciencepub.net/researcher Model of Persian gardens in India (Comparative study of Persian and Hindi gardens in the evening Indian Mughal) Abolfazl Karbalaei Hosseini Ghiasvand1*, Jamal alddin Soheyli2 1* Master of Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Shahrood, Semnan, Iran (Corresponding) 2 Architecture Ph.D., assistant professor of Architecture and urban faculty, Islamic Azad University of Qazvin, Qazvin,iran [email protected] Abstract: Iranian garden in art history of making garden in the world has known with its own style and identity which remains stable from 2,500 years ago till least the early Qajar era and despite the changing conditions of life, has always been consistently against all attacks and political unrest has remained stable and has become a tradition. This tradition was strong enough to distant lands, to take samples of this inspiring School of thought including the territory of India. The garden tradition in India, including the descendants of Timur and Babur were heritage, to a large extent affected the Iranian garden, but due to the effects of background and context and climate of India's Mughal differences with the Iranian garden. For this reason, this article is a comparative view of the comparison between Persian and Hindi's Garden to build basic knowledge of Iranian gardens, how to model and gardens Hindi difference that the reference in the history of the Persian Garden has been detected. The method used in this study is comparative - analytical method and documents are from Library. The purpose of the architecture and gardens of the Mughal Empire Generalities expressed, making reference to the recognition of patterns of Persian gardens.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape Style – Formal and Informal-Types of Garden – Egyptian
    Landscape Style – formal and informal-Types of garden – Egyptian , Roman, Chinese, Hindu- Buddhist Mughal and Japanese Formal And Informal Landscaping Formal Landscaping Formal landscaping is best described as structured, orderly, perfect or clean. Hedges are often used in formal landscaping. Some hedges are straight, some have curves, but they tend to have a great sense of symmetry and balance. Formal gardening attempts to fight with nature to make it stay growing and stay perfect. This image of a Formal Landscape Example is a Garden Design that fits a formal colonial home- the hedges are equally spaced on both sides of the walk. The planting design is symmetrical and both sides of the walk match. FORMAL GARDEN AT RASHTRAPATI BHAWAN, DELHI MUGHAL GARDEN AT TAJ MEHAL , AGRA Informal Landscaping Informal landscaping is more relaxed than formal landscaping. If hedges are used at all, they are not sheared flat, but instead they are left fluffy and soft. Informal landscaping is more in-step with nature, it looks more natural. Informal Landscaping include the organic form. GARDEN DESIGN A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials. Gardens include- Residential garden, Zoological garden, Botanical garden, Zen Garden, Xeriscape Garden etc. The history of ornamental gardening may be considered as aesthetic expressions of beauty through art and nature, a display of taste or style in civilized life, an expression of an individual's or culture's philosophy, and sometimes as a display of private status or national pride—in private and public Landscapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian Gardens Mixed Media on Canvas
    Persian Gardens Mixed media on canvas The Persian garden connotes romance. Vaguely to most, to some picturesquely imagined, redolent with roses of Shiraz, singing nightingales and tapering cypresses. And all this it actually has— cypresses, nightingales, roses, romance—yet it is more significant than that, too: for it, represents one of the world’s great garden styles. The epitome and perhaps the origin of the formal garden. —Donald Wil ber, The Persian Garden, 1940 For more than a decade, Iranian-born artist Bahar Behbahani has explored the complexities of memory and loss through cultural symbols closely tied to her origins. Her work in a range of media reveals a sense of place both volatile and ambivalent; the artist expresses her state of mind in a visual language that blurs the line between personal and shared history. Persian Gardens, a new series of paintings, is a revealing meditation on colonialism. The compositions—ornamented with collective memories—re-enact the essence of Eastern philosophy from an Orientalist perspective. The cultural architecture of Persian gardens is shown through the eyes of Western travelers at the turn of the 19th century. Over the past year, Behbahani has begun extracting descriptions of the archetypal gardens that were written, drawn, and sometimes even converted into engravings by Henry Corbin, Arthur Pope, Eugène Flandin, and Pascal Coste, among other European and American philosophers, architectural historians, and travel writers of the time. On one level, their flowery observations are expressed in the abstract romanticism of the artist’s mixed media paintings. On another level, the series is marked by the betrayal of Donald Wilber, a highly respected Middle Eastern architectural scholar whose research the artist had studied as a college student.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Relationship Between the Historical Persian Garden and the Philosophy of Quadruple Paradigm
    Int. J. Architect. Eng. Urban Plan, 29(2):247- 254 , December 2019 DOI: 10.22068/ijaup.29.2.247 RESEARCH PAPER General Architecture Exploring the Relationship between the Historical Persian Garden and the Philosophy of Quadruple Paradigm S. Mansoori1, S. H. Taghvaei2* 1 PhD. Candidate, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. 2Associate Professor, Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran. Received: March 2018, Revised: May 2018, Accepted: December 2019 Abstract Persian garden have deep roots in paradigms and beliefs in Iranian culture, from arts and crafts to architecture and landscape and from literature to philosophy and wisdom in particular. The current study was done based on a qualitative methodology. To understand the latent concepts of the quadruple paradigm, those engaged have aimed at testing in practice and analyzing new concepts through the latent directive content analysis. This helped us through the objectives of this article for developing the quadruple paradigm and a new classification of quadruple Persian gardens. In this regard, this study sought the relationship between archetypal and historical Persian gardens and four fold plans as the key factor for finding the secret meanings and symbolic concepts. For the analysis, seven case studies on the Safavied dynasty were selected. This is the first study investigating focused on the quadruple in Persian gardens to the extent of believing
    [Show full text]
  • M10 L2 A1 Student Instruction
    IDENTIFYING TYPES OF GARDENS Module 10 - Garden Ecology Lesson 2: Types of Gardens / ‘Garden Kits’ Why is it important to review different garden types before planning next steps? 1. Knowing the universe of possibilities is important before making decisions on what kind of garden(s) to consider. The “Garden Kits” will help you decide! 2. Knowing the history of gardens will encourage you to be creative and entertain ideas about what type of garden to consider for our school site. 3. Once the pros and cons of different garden types are discussed, you will be better able to decide what gardens will work at our school site. 4. Narrowing down the options gives you the power to make practical decisions about our school site and decide what is feasible, given the assets and limitations. GARDEN KITS (Ideas for Garden) • Sun o Pollinator o Three Sisters o Vegetables • Shade o Shade Vegetables • Swale o Seasonal, wet or dry swale • Trees o Fruit o Native GARDEN ELEMENTS (Ideas for Garden) • Edible Plants • Native Plants • Trees • Pathways • Water Features GARDEN LOCATIONS (Ideas for Garden) • Containers • In the Ground • Raised Beds GARDEN STYLE (Ideas for Garden) We will be researching these • Desert garden styles. • English and Cottage This presentation will be provided as a resource, so • Japanese groups can read about the history of the various types of • Mediterranean gardens, which will hopefully inspire you in designing the • Modern garden at our school site. • Tropical Many resources are provided for your research, on the following pages. History of Gardens – by Historical Empire 1. Byzantine gardens o The city of Byzantium occupies an important place in the history of garden design between eras and cultures (c.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation Into Water Usage and Water Efficient Design for Persian Gardens
    An Investigation into Water Usage and Water Efficient Design for Persian Gardens Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Ansari, Shaghayegh Moalemzadeh Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 14:05:00 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595836 AN INVESTIGATION INTO WATER USAGE AND WATER EFFICIENT DESIGN FOR PERSIAN GARDENS By Shaghayegh Moalemzadeh Ansari ____________________________ A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR The thesis titled “An Investigation into Water Usage and Water Efficient Design for Persian Gardens” has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a master’s degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Researches in Science and Landscape Management
    Recent Researches in Science and Landscape Management Recent Researches in Science and Landscape Management Edited by Recep Efe, Murat Zencirkiran and İsa Curebal Recent Researches in Science and Landscape Management Edited by Recep Efe, Murat Zencirkiran and İsa Curebal This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by Recep Efe, Murat Zencirkiran, İsa Curebal and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-1087-5 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-1087-6 CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................ xi Chapter 1 ..................................................................................................... 1 A Study of Persian Gardens based on Islamic Garden Design Principles: Bagh-E Fin and Bagh-E Dolatabad Parisa Göker Chapter 2 ................................................................................................... 14 Green Infrastructure Systems and Practices Sibel Sarıçam and Barış Kara Chapter 3 ................................................................................................... 30 Examining
    [Show full text]
  • By a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL of RENEWABLE
    Botanical gardens : the influence of Islam, arid lands, and water in the Middle East Item Type Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); text Authors Sellers, Catherine Clabby Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 18:31:56 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191979 1 BOTANICAL GARDENS: THE INFLUENCE OF ISLAM, ARID LANDS, AND WATER IN THE MIDDLE EAST by Catherine Clabby Sellers A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1988 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author.
    [Show full text]