INSCRIPTIONS IN THE EPIGRAPI-IICALMUSEIJM
1. A New Eretrian Treaty, I. G., I 2, 17, 446/5B.c. The small fragment now published as I. G., 12, 17 has been assigned by its various editors to as many different periods; and, regar(led from a purely epig,raphical point of view, it bears certain similarities to early fourth century hands. The forms of the letters are not unlike those found in some inscriptions of the 60's of the fourth century, and the stoichedontorder of lettering was not observed. The difficulty in interpretation and datingY is further increased by the fact that the decree was inscribed in the Ionic alphabet. For these reasons Foucart preferred to assign the document to the early fourth century, and suggested as explana- tion of the text that the name Antissa be restored in certain lines, thus making it a part of the agreement effected by Thrasybulus in Lesbos (390 B.C.).' Kirchhoff, the new editor of the Supplement to the Inscriptiones Graecae, felt that the year in which Alcibiades was operating in Hellespontine waters was more suitable to the general requirements of the inscription; and, therefore, considered it a part of the pact made between the Athenians and the Selymbrians in 409/8 B.C.2 It was then pointe(d out by Wilhelm that the fragment rightfully belonged to the middle of the fifth century, and that certain phrases used in it (anti also in a very similar documelnt, 1.G., J2, 39) are no longer found in the fourth centurv.3 A close examination of these two texts together (liscloses at once their relationship with one another, and it becomes clear that the formulae are rig,id in their order as well as their phraseology. In I.G., I2, 39 the name of the state contracting the alliance with Athens is required before the participle iretOoldiEvoig(line 15), before the phrase yewot
The author wishes to express his gratitude to Professor Edward Capps, former Director of the American School of Classical Studies, for the opportunity granted him to work in the Epigraphical Mulseum as School Fellow, and to Professor Benjamin D. Meritt for hiis encouragement and advice on m any matters.
1 Foucart, Rev. Arch., 33 (1877), 2nd Ser., p. 261. Ilis suggestion was based on the assumption that this fragment couild be identified with the 6,oaoyio effected by Tlrasybulus; but that was only a general's agreement wlich wotuld require the ratification of the Council and the )emnos; whereas this decree is part of a formal alliance. Moreover, the letters Evatv in line 2 exclude the restoration Antissa. 2 I.G., 1, Suppl., p. 11; see also Xen., Ilellenica, 1, 3, 10; LG., JI, 11G. 3 A. Wilhelm, Gott. Gel. Anz., 1903, p. 780.
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T&V o v (line 17), and again before the infinitive 3io'uat(line 21). Turning to I.G., I2, 17, one finds the letters eVvaq (see Fig. 1) in line 2 of the following text, the letters ag in line 4, and og in line 7. Occurring as they do before the regularly used phrases mentioned above, they can only be parts of the name of some city. Furthermore, the letters iFvatv can belong only to such names as end in es like 'EeereoiZ,XaXxtl&, and 2Tveig; that is, the choice is limited at once to a certain class of names. Again, the nominative of the name must end in a, for the fracture of the left edge of the frag,ment
Fig. 1 near line 4 clearly follows the right hasta of a letter like A, A, or A; and enough space is preserved to show that any letter which spread at the top or side must have left some trace of its existence, had it ever been there. These considerations exclude, for example, the letter 0, and therefore the genitive of the name Xaxi'g as a possibility of restoration in line 4. To sum up, the name must belong to the a-declension and its ethnic to the eg-declension. The following provision (lines 57-63) in the decree concerning Chalcis is quite significant taken in connection with I.G., I2, 17. It reads: r6 de (XYespUYaEadT0de xal
Tov I ho'xov evayeqaq)at:e4VE9I1 IeV V6Vyea1pqs[a]TIa T' S flo)4 aiowexst xhVetl xat XnaTcaOvat g mroV&vTeXlU TOIro XaXxulte'ov, 9V de Xcxxlhd iv Tot hiee6t r6 Jt6g TU I 'OVM?vyriohs foX8 XaXxue'ov cevayea'paa la xaTaOlho. INSCRIPTIONS IN THE EPIGRAPHICAL MUSEUM 319
The provision in itself is not unusual except for one phrase rAeut roit XaXxtzuEYoV: the stelae bearing the decrees were to be erected at the expense of the Chalcidlians. The natural ancl apparently regular procedture followed in the recorclingf of Attic decrees was to entrust the task of engraving the decree to an Athenian lapidary, while the foreign copy, if any, was clone by a native workman. I.G., J2, 39, for example, is the Athenian copy of the treaty with Chalcis; it is inscribed in the well-developed handl of the micldle fifth century. The Chalci(lian copy, which was to be set up in the shrine of Olympian Zeus, was in all probability done by a Chalcidian. Such a procedure, however, could not have been followed in the case of I. G., 12, 17. It was engraved in the Ionic alphabet in a careless hand; yet it was foundl on the Acropolis, ancl was a record of an Athenian decree of the mid-fifth century. It cannot be merely a copy of 1.G., 12, 39, for the physical consideratiolns of the inscription already described above exclude such a possibility.
The explanation of the puzzle lies in I.G., I2, 39, lines 42-43:
xa0&areQ TEQe6TaIYm1qJffEq+'aT Io 7o dey1ogho tA846vaiov i.e., the decree concerned Eretria, it preceded in time the decree about Clhalcis, and in fact served as a model of phraseology for I.G., I2, 39. The restoration of the name Eretria in all its forms fits admirably all the epigraphic requirements of the fragmenit, and no cdoubt some phrase like ?reuot rot 'Ee8rQt6wv accounts for its being inscribed in the Ionic alphabet.' Both the decrees were inscribed by an Eretrian workman.
Trhetext of the fragment with the new restorations and certain corrections is now given:
[------raYta de tlur6& )w 'E6]
[Olatw] V * QxCi-0ua[t] ( E i e8ufleav S'Xouav 8'd 'E 10 [EV]wI) neroioatt xa' e&[v epturzt 'uig XarQ(60] [?40]n[va]lotg zaX' vOv q60[eov V1irowe)CDrotg ?40rjv] [aio,g o'v v] I Mede[aOrp'vaiog %TX.] I Cf., for example, L.G., 12, 16 (Tod, no. 32); here the alphabet is also Ionic becauLsethe decree was set up T.qEa Toi TW[v cI-PaaorjbTpu]. See A. Wilhelin, GNtt.Gel. Anz., 1898, 204-5. 320 EUGENE SCHWEIGERT Fig. 2a INSCRIPTIONSIN THE EPIGRAPHICALMUSEUM 321 2. The Eretrian Judicial Decrees, I.G., I2, 42 and 43. I.G., I 2, 42 consists of three fragments of Pentelic marble, two of which join (fragments a and b). The back of the stela was broken entirely away, and only the inscribed surface and a small section of the right side are now preserved. The new join is illustrated by figures 2a and 2 b; the jagged edges of both the fragments fit exactly, and a thin straggling groove lying along the right side of each piece serves to link them together with certainty. I.G., IJ, 43 is opisthographic; only the one inscribed face is published in the E-Vditio Minor. In my opinion the letter forms and the general measurements place this piece Fig. 2b with I.G., 12, 42. The letters on the unpublished fragment are faint and only a few can be read with certainty, but what I have read is given below: .]O I A[ *1] I * .]AME[ ]MATE[ The thickness of I.G., 12, 43 is 0.131 m.; and since it belongs with LG., J2, 42, this measurement will hold for that fragment too. The text of J.G., 12, 42, observing the new join, is given below: 322 EUGENE SCHWEIGERT .qov'r[...... Oa.. .1. ot[*ss *...... A..]Oef'c[. .1. -.. ] OeVal [*s . . eav]ffi1?o08[6 *] .I. lX[o .1 ...... COV[ .] 7hea it ] aWLocho [.1 .... ]rora[.] ...... z.....]1h [_ 26h_ -] AOe'eE[aftVTaSase i] eX The rest of the text follows that of the Editio Minor. 3. Another Eretrian Judicial Decree, I.G., I2, 49. The text of this decree as publishedl in the Editio Minor does not observe the left margin of the stela. It should read as follows: .EPET .. .E*OOXI . A .... .ENO*rEP ITO . . . .4IlEMENAOtT. .. .E*OA I TONA. . ... E10 fiE INA I ... .L ENEETOPPY E I... In I. G 7 J2, 55, lines 7-11, are these provisions: [IrtQoxaXe']aOcoo Irox4awexog [xcl hrcay] [Frcoavrov ire']vre ote-Odvaq 2 a'\[va[v cXae6] [ts 8'qnxwgtvr] .vovvve'UOwXLAa [tgLV d6oa] [ZxtIvF)t'ri {)e ]ag kxda'UngE`fwQ 1[v eiacryao] [yr1t eahv on ur draoal'ov] X[w]XiVet The general sense of this passage is obviously close to that of I.G., I9, 49, lines 6 sqq.; and, although I.G., 12, 55 is an honorary decree, whereas I.G., IP, 49 seems to be an agreement somewhat similar in substance to I.G., J2, 40 and 41, the court of the polem- INSCRIPTIONS IN THE EPIGRAPHICAL MUSEUM 323 arch would have jurisdiction in both cases. Hence any phraseology concerning these cases woul(I be similar. In lines 6-8 of 1 G., 12, 49 I suggest, therefore, the following restoration: ,rQtax]oVr' ey8 a"[cp' kg 1V hat xXI 8'ag txv' ho]d' g?oiuotaQx[og[ QooxaX'a0o ~d8'vaCe pg To Yt]XaoUrQloV. The Hestiaean decree, I.G., I2, 41, lines 2-3, supplies still another pertinent phrase: [',A0evaC] "g w dtzXaa8oQtov[8' dtJXaareCQo r]b6 g 'Emtaiag 8`aoet r&ag lltxag]. Thie full text should read as follows:1 1 [. 6] 8 YQa[1t~arsg 6 rz] [g fOXig dVayQa(cO0 'r]aiVCa* Ol de [ZOiXerat d7tO] [1iuy0ocavToV iiV 6Tc']Xev* ol YE Xo[XaXQlrat 66] [vrov r6 aQVtQOV * e] Qlt 6& 0 [V ] Yix [e ywY^8cTa *] .5 ]aov . .. evdo [. ...?n.... [...... l T;. P ... v ...... 1 [. 11.~~ro &x]ovi+IT '~,qb eFp' 1?v hat xX]I2OXOTElQVd[j gE &cA [8o'aug eXtoaxtv* ho] de noXetiaex[og iqoaaXe] [ff030 A8gVa && 6 (h] Xwn1 ltov &[X alXa(Yil] [o] TEe~re[tv a)v6v 8]Y,'zoaLE4u&QO [&l de' lie, 8s V] 10 [V]eaOoXKXl[l]a[wat JQa]X1?`TgS 0iroS q2[v oiv ho floX6o] [Is]8vog mnQL 'ro[v'IrovOfll0&]n1 ,'6 rTXU[Ta Xara\ (ra\) &qpr] [e]Tpa(j ari[ig[v 0]'et& 'EQ8Qti5[vtdEvat, brt] [I]jSex ai r6v'[8 '6v] XkQVXa 6OaTg [O&\vYXo'Ii &17r] [IMEg]8log 8&ivarl [xaX]8'OUl 38 xat\ elv[l zuev*a 15 [. . . .] v g r6 IrcQV[1raV8l]O[V]gog &Vht [X40?v8rtv] ...... 8tl[ @@l] [v] oaZy[ 4. An Honorary Decree, 1. G., 112, 485, 563, and 621; 304/3 B.C. Some years ago Wilhelm reported that the small fragments which are now published as I.G., 112, 485 and 563 belonged together.2 There is no physical join; but, to judge from their great similarity in style of lettering, from the alig,nment as well as their identical measurements, the attribution seems quite sound. Still another fragment must be added to these fiagments: I. G., 112, 621. Only the righlt side of the piece is preserved; the rest of the fragment is broken away. On all these pieces the letters are of the small shallow, lightly-cut style of the last decade of the fourth century (Figs. 3 a and 3 b). The restoration of line 4 in fragment a is derived from the recent article of Professor B. I). Meritt, liesperia, IV, 1935, p. 545. The phrases of lines 12-13 of fragment b are quite common; the reader may refer to such honorary decrees as 1. G., 112, 471, lines 15-16; 492, lines 21-23; 498, lines 12-15; 467, lines 20 sqq. For line 17 of fragment b see, for example, 1.G., JJ2, 492, lines 16-17. I Fraginent c hias been assignied recently by Wade-Gery, B. S.A., XXXIII, p. 114 (= S.E.G., IlI, 8) 2 A. Wilhelm, Ath. Mitt., 39, 1914, p. 279. 22 324 EUGENE SCHWEIGERT FRAG. A C1TOIX.38 [8]~l OsexAeov [g &'QxovTogZ? ** ? UI?] O [t]vYex&ng ?vev[raveiag 5t 'EmtZaelvog JryuXoc] [ovQ] rae [I] ru'o [g Iyeaptprev8ve Oaeyjxi6n'og md] [tiuc] mEl Ym7 '6Xc[6aCag mertci xal e8xoac 'ft TUS me] 5 [vv] aV8ial gx [x] 2[yrio Vaxva Tha V 7QoE'dewv /meipq ] [t~]ev 2wtyev [g ...... at 67vIt2Q] [O'0Y]Qotl "zYos'[v iAUt flovXit xcd U6l dulwt ...... Lacuna of at least five lines FRAG. B [[...... [ ??10 ]'------]- [ 9 * A **Q ------_] [ . ]A..!.. [------[. . ] .1 Xaalxtd[. '.. ! oi'g flaai/ag %'riy] 5 [o ]ov xa A [ ...... 2 ] [a] 6rtx8.Q avqtax [...... ] oryaa'dr[w] v ET] (-V .. . 2. .] 26 T ?NTAI B[o]two[ ...... ,] t . 10 !A [ ...... 'vovg ) v Yiow] [t] r7tl 240rviaiwp x[at' woTg flautkAutr U?fVr'y6vrot] XaOt J3ttidwt [d6i8Xt XEYwV Xat frre'Twrtovwa U] 1 2 vuqeQorTa qU [t mawQhYt aTwoi ....] y,6'& 'Cvoi3dYe [Xqo'V.... '1 ...U6t Rpm 'vcit] 15 ~AO~raiwr xa[t" To- flaartxefVtp "ArTtro'Vrtx{at zi] 2 1 ct 0 [ a...... 27 z a] 'h a& Talt, [Ta Mac6Ta oxhTiV aV"To` 0'6dfYtog gmo'%?e] - - - - F1 -[ -] FRAG. C 1 [------]! PE uiYrCt dIcot w6Ct"AOvaiwr xai' 'CoTg#5aacx]'6sIYtVc t~ [rTtr6rcoc xa, A'Jtiqhi ~).....To z5rc [------Qv vo [Slov-] YOov - - [ ------4YA INSCRIPTIONSIN THE EPIGRAPHICALMUSEUM 320 These three pieces are parts of a decree passed apparently in honor of a Chalcidian, who had performed notable services for Athens as well as for his own city and the rest of the Hellenes. The reference in line 9 of fragment b must undoubtedly be connected with the garrison known to have been stationed in Chalcis before it was taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes.1 In order to be able to see the decree in its historical setting, Fig. 3 a it will, perhaps, be of value to recapitulate briefly the succession of events in which both Chalcis and Athens were so deeply involved. In any struggle for control of central Greece Chalcis occupied, a strategic position; and its strong fortifications, rebuilt shortly after the departure of Alexander for Asia, offered an excellent place for a military I Diod., XX, 100, 6. 22* 326 EUGENE SCHWEIGERT stronghold.' Consequently it passed rapidly from the hands of one conqueror to another. Thebes, too, had long been desirous of gaining control over Euboea, and its name frequently is linked witlh that of Chalcis in the history of the period. At some time after 357, the year in which Athens temporarily regained her influence in Euboea and contracted a number of alliances, Chalcis became a member of the Boeotian League (1. G., VII, 2724b). From that period down to the wars of the successors of Alexander we know little of the history of Chalcis. At the time of the short-lived peace between Antigonus and Cassander (313 B.C.) Chalcis was separated from Thebes, for it was held by Cassander, while the Boeotian League and the Aetolians were in alliance with Antigonus.2 After the hostilities were renewed, Cassander detached Thebes from the alliance with Anti- gonus and temporarily disrupted the League. In retaliation Polemaeus, the capable general of Antigonus, swiftly recovered Thebes and captured in addition Eretria, Carystus, and Chalcis. Both the League and Chalcis re- mained loyal thereafter-as long as Polemaeus was loyal. By 310 he had become convinced of his ability to take and retain any places which he might seize for himself. He then made an alliance with Cassander. Chalcis seems to have remained safely in his grasp until 309 when he sailed to Cos to carry on treasonable negotiations with Ptolemy (Diod., XX, 27, 3). On his departure he left a man whose name we know partially from an Attic decree passed in his honor, as officer-in-charge.3 The assassination of Polemaeus freed him from Fig. 3 b responsibility, and he turned the city over to the Chalcidians. Boeotia, meanwhile, had remained loyal to Antigonus as late as 309, for in that year it opposed the passage of Polyperchon, who was acting in concert with Cassander, through Boeotia (Diod., XX, 28, 4). By a swift coup between the years 309 and 304 Cassander re-occupied Chalcis, recovered control of the Boeotians, and garrisoned Chalcis with Boeotians, for when Demetrius came in 304 " to free the Greeks," it was necessary to expel the Boeotian 1 Cf. Strabo, X, 447; see also Diod., XIX, 78, 2; bdxcateo; yaQ Xo')7dKcr roFqPovlo6dvoop; fE'v 6Qe,qI4ltov (7e6! To) Jta7rol,yav 7 T&vTf Blwcv. 2 Diod., XIX, 77, 6, Cassander had a garrison in Chalcis; see Diod., XIX, 75, 6, for the alliance of the Boeotians and Antigonus. 3 The name is ... otimos, I.G., 112, 469; see also 1.G., XII, 9, 192 (Dittenb., Syll., 3rd ed., 1, no. 323). INSCRIPTIONS IN THE EPIGRAPHICAL MUSEUM 327 guar(l. He then swiftly came to an agreement with the Chalcidians and forced the Boeotians to become his allies.' This (lecree then belongs to that numerous group of Attic decrees which were passed in the years 307-304 in honor of men who had served Antigonus and Demetrius with distinction in the general war against Cassancler.2 5. A Decree Concerning Certain Chalcidians, J. G., JJ2, 258 and 617. Two small fragments published as I.G., JJ2, 258 and 617 join. Fragment a preserves the rirlht sicle, and across the face of each piece lies a deep erasure (Fig. 4). The restoration has been made on the basis of a stoichedon order of fifty-five letters per line, and in some lines is presented only to show my interpretation of the text. In general all the phrases are formulaic and are to be found in that group of decrees relating to alliances. FRAG. B 1 [. . .. Xoa2xua] a; ffvM4[axovg- [. ] n ---] 11.. ?irt &s[vageg dyaootl etdUV7ilov auov(?) [. . . .] ?Qo r[8]ov at ,t[ov- -v----v-o v ------] 5 ------[.]i[r .] avov O[1]7 [] yrO6ffE afft-[Rv ---_ - -] ------[[E.]V .]. .a]acroigt TOL e[!7,]a[cl]z7() YA -OXcp[IlXovg -Et -l ------] [.]AEI NAIAE. [.]AI i?&v[eI 'tg ------A(v] [a]lviv g r H[.]a[. .]- ----o[i------Xa] 10 [at'v et' A Y ------w- - c] ] [.]x\EIvNAIA [,o[g r[-i ------[X]x a.EWV . ..AF ------_-lXoA TO~bxovg -o------Xcaxt] [6]>g Ohav [61to'xwaiv eplleVel3V ev TOlSg OQXOl; aJ0o)g at\t 6huvl1paXa] 15 [l] XalT\l q [txiat rqt yeyevrgevlt 7lfQOTov\g >IOrjvaiovg YXat\woV\ vqty] []1Xo gc [------] ------[7;] (a)vV you0 [hl V ------O^l] [v]fvat X [ioig 6,Xovg U40rvaioig eeT ffv t41axiagtI yE V^6V~] [g] 'oig Xa2 [Xxtdag, la4niat 8\ W6 d^IoV 'r60vrV A gdiwv ...... 20 [e] t Qelg, [&Vayedipat de i3V ffv1v%aiav edg ur,ag dVo xat\ aaat u&g] [ff] TCag ev [e\V . . . * d., ev dxQo!r'et ------] ['iij6v t8c7iv [XQyu6uov?------___ _ ] [ C] v "QY [m] : ------[ [.1] Z7)~r--] - ] I P'llot.,Demi., 23,2; Diod., XX, 100, 6; Marm. Par., I.G., XII, 5,444, CXXV (Jacoby, F.G.H., 2B, 239B, 24). 2 Cf. I.G., I12, 469, lines 8-10; 467, lines 22-3; the phrase b'uE6 Patlkbg AVrlyoVog a7?rfTOr,Xv 6ov VOV cCVTOV- ra?Tov 2aVEkOJaVTa T2V'OVn U w6)lv XC} TOi EAvc; in I.G., il2, 498, lines 15-18 refers to this year, and is echoed in Diod., XX, 100, 5-6. 328 EUGENE SCHWEIGERT In line 10 the stoichedonorder was disturbed after the erasure was made. The hand of the inscription belongs in the decade 350-340, and resembles so much the hand of I.G., JJ2, 219 as to be perhaps by the same workman. Fig. 4 The previous decade witnessed the struggle of Thebes and Athens for the hegemony in Euboea. When the Thebans were at last worsted, numerous alliances were contracted between the cities of Euboea and Athens.1 To the year 357/6 belong, for example, I.G., JJ2, 124, 125, and 149. The hands of the stone-cutters of this period are distinguished I Diod., XVI, 7, 2; Aeschin., III, 85ff.; Dem., VIII, 74; XXII, 14; XVIll, 99. INSCRIPTIONSIN THE EPIGRAPHICALMUSEUM 329 by the extreme neatness and smallness of the letters. The above inscriptions are fine examples of this style. The same artisan undoubtedly inscribed both 124 and 149, and although slig,htly florid in its execution, 126 preserves the same characteristics. I.G., 12, 258, on the other hand, belongs to a different style: the strokes of the letters hang loosely together. A close parallel is the hand of I.G., 112, 219. Consequently, the year 357 would be much too early for this inscription, but in the next decade there are several possibilities: in 349/8 the Olynthians at last succeeded in persuadiingAthens to form a dlefensive alliance against Philip; and in the year 343/2 an alliance was made between Athens and Chalcis through the efforts of Callias and Demosthenes. These are the possibilities, but choice is impossible. Both the alliances would have been made in the niame of the Chalcidians. The alliance, for example, of the Athenians and the Olynthians in 384/3 has this heading:' [-YvyyaZl' XaX]zldMov r(-O[v] [brl 0QaixWs rol-jg E[uf]rrfEQotg Without more evidence the question must remain undecided.2 6. The Decree in Honior of the Ambassadors from Acanthus an(d Dium, LG., 112, 210, 259, and E.M. 6874. The formulaic conclusion which has been restored in I.G., 112, 259 belongs to the honorary decree, 1.G., JJ2, 210. No join exists between the frag,ments. Since 1G., IJ2, 259 preserves the right margin, it necessitates certain changes in the disposition of I.G., JJ2, 210. Another fragment which is unpublished and entirely broken away except for part of the left si(le must be added to these pieces. Two types of lettering are used on 1.G., IJ2, 259: the one a firm small hand and the other large an(l somewhat shallowly cut (Fig. 5). FRIAG. A 3 1:8e ~~~~~1.[. ' . . ].v.g.vr ] rec[ 18]V ...... ? ] [...... 777 Vr]67Ol .POE[... 7.] [7L.... 'AcXO?Y0]OVSiovg zat ..[ . .. 5 [. ioiavVa~ x [fig . ...] 1 I.G., JJ2, 36; usually the northern XcJxtYC; are distinguished from the Euboean branch by a phrase like ot Etw@7 cdxngor Xudxt,uTrj;Ui6b i9etxi. Cf. Xen., Hellenica, V, 2, 15; I.G., 112, 43, col. B, lines 5-6; Diod., XIV, 82, 3 for the year 394/3 (Diodoruis gives the wrong date: IG., 112, 16 has the archon Elibou- lides, 394/3). 2 If it is tlle Euboean Chalcis one might compare for line 21 the following sentence fromrI.G., 112, 44, x[cd I (V lines 16-17: ar]lac~ A6l]VnO&t ?V dX0Ow' [Et, i]V [Sa XUC]X41[t ?V T]wi. iheFt T4g !4&VUcd; and restore: [a]nUcca? Ev [aEi' XacxAt iv tz6 tE&6 T& t. 14vcdu Teort ['ZO TcYjt,6iv 42QWv [,xP7aYTv, 1d$'vta, Je ?V dxQ07o6)6 xT).] Cf. also I.G., I 2, 39, lines 60 sqq. ..I...-III. .I,. I-.. . II --.1 . I...... I.1 ..I , F " . ...II I.I .1;%- I I:- - ..II .I .,..I -III ,:, , I -, , ,. . .; II. 11 1.III .I..I:-,,I11. - :1,,,I., .I, :1 , "'." ""11,.. 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[. . . . 9n....IxavO] itwv Ia [o Jdwt)v xa i aU 3x8mv] [C) &2owv(?) nri'8wv] nuv o&Uiiw[ 6vtqya%tc8wv r8voy-f 10 [vCtv vCbt 8Upit i] Cot >0va [tiwv, Me6g de i6v dYij4ov] [tov ?lxavOicw]v [E] vco viyv[6vySqwxcov eiq &Y?oigi [Eok moevrog] rovg tr'v ffU [X?Xv xo8UPrrog TV xc] [OtV\) ire] 6g E)oiwrov. ES [atVE8at -\ob m?rcfr] [fltg cTv] ??xavOiwv xat\ A[.u'w Za\ xaxt-E,at 8Sri] 15 [REvia EC] TO6 mQvruaviov [Et; caQIoV. vayeQCaPa] [ El TO T] ftrtCrya [8,V orrx~t Xl tiVi TO]V [ilaY6a O6v] X[a] & [irev'aVMiav &'xa ty8] 4 iV Xa [t xrvixat 8v dxeowo2ft, 84 d 721)vdvayea] q@V (a) [ovrat r0\v Tcadav iov diyov AAAA do a; x 20 [6Th Xacu& VT/jlavAw &axCoxoyl6vwv uiii] aYpowt ea 10 - 0 [ Ca. 1 N]NOE [ lo_ __ -]EO. - ]E.E1() S FICAG. B 1 aiovO [To- 'vOarylv?------ - - 5 I V . . . . . - The letters rovsWvar in line 12 are puzzling. The only restoration which seems at all possible is row; Tiyv a-t-a[Xnr, i.e., the stela on which the alliance between Philip and the Chalcidians was inscribed; but does this sentence refer to the recording of the alliance and the setting up of the stela or to the destruction of it? None of the customary phrases for the inscribing of a stela seem to fit the requirements. The sense of the passage must be something like this: The Acanthians, Dians, and any other cities which so desire are to make an alliance with Athens, and the existing treaty between Philip and those cities is to be null and void. The text is interpreted best if it is dated in 349/8 and regarded as a record of the attempt at rapprochement between Athens and the Chalcidians.1 It belongs in the same period as the treaty between Athens and Olynthus.- The decree therefore provides for the contracting of a general alliance, and in effect makes an offer I See G. Glotz and R. Cohen, Histoire Grecque, III, p. 282; since Acanthus and Dium seem to have been independent of the Chalcidic Leagtue, we may regard the alliance recorded on the xotvi a-4i4 as separate from that concluded by Olynthtus with Athens. 23 332 EUGENE SCHIWEIGERT to all Greek cities to join in this alliance. Because all the alliances of Athens were customarily inscribed on stone and set up on the Acropolis, it became a common idiom to use the word xvX, with the verb xaOeet&-Vin the figurative sense " to break a treaty." The oration of Demosthenes " In behalf of the Megalopolitans," 27, offers an excellent example: XE'yovotToivvv ot ItauXtuTadoxoivzEg diXala XE'y8tV; dl sCagO71Xag xag aO tv aiFoi To!g !rreoq Orp/at'ovg; i.e., rag meet qg7ig xvftaXica. The full phrase is preserved in the Atlhenian decree about the alliance with the Thessalians, I.G., 112, 11, lines 39_40:1 s]g [6f]vSua%ia [s]. Consequently some phrase using ar'X)v zaOe8XTvseems to be suitable. For the restoration of lines 9-10 compare I G., 112, 125, line 5: [uCowi1r]iOj68V Fi4w a[l'] wa1,w(OV The phrase dExa tyee7v is a common one; see, for example, I. G., 112, 130, lines 15 sqq.: [tdv de' yQa]p1ta[l6a] trfg fio[vXrg] dvOye[dcyat e'v] arn'[rt] dixa [tpee7]v [6v zxeomoX]e [t] 11286 [t]v to[lq 4aX]c [Qov. I Cf. also Arriain, Anab., II, 1, 4; 2, 2; Dem., intLept., 37; Pbil., frag., 1,35. EUGENE SCHWEIGERT