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ORNL/SPR-2016/774 SOLID WASTE FROM THE OPERATION AND DECOMMISSIONING OF POWER PLANTS Marilyn A. Brown Daniel D’Arcy Melissa Lapsa Isha Sharma Yufei Li January 5, 2017 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via US Department of Energy (DOE) SciTech Connect. Website http://www.osti.gov/scitech/ Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.aspx Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange representatives, and International Nuclear Information System representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information PO Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via US Department of Energy (DOE) SciTech Connect. Website http://www.osti.gov/scitech/ Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.aspx Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange representatives, and International Nuclear Information System representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information PO Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. ORNL/SPR-2016/774 Energy and Transportation Science Division SOLID WASTE FROM THE OPERATION AND DECOMMISSIONING OF POWER PLANTS Marilyn A. Brown, Georgia Institute of Technology Daniel D’Arcy, Georgia Institute of Technology Melissa Lapsa, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Isha Sharma, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Yufei Li, Georgia Institute of Technology January 5, 2017 Prepared by OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6283 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 Oak Ridge National Laboratory prepared this report for DOE EPSA as part of a series of “baseline” reports intended to inform the second installment of the Quadrennial Energy Review (QER 1.2). QER 1.2 will provide a comprehensive review of the nation’s electricity system and covers the current state and key trends related to the electricity system, including generation, transmission, distribution, grid operations and planning, and end use. The baseline reports provide an overview of electricity system elements. To help understand how the energy systems might develop into the future under Business as Usual (BAU) conditions QER 1.1 relied upon the U.S. Energy Information's Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) 2014 Reference Case. EPSA could not rely completely upon AEO for QER 1.2 as AEO 2016 was not completed and AEO 2015 did not include the Clean Power Plan. So the EPSA Base Case was developed and it aligns as closely as possible with AEO 2016 given the timing issues. The EPSA Base Case scenario was constructed using EPSA-NEMS,1 a version of the same integrated energy system model used by EIA. The EPSA Base Case input assumptions were based mainly on the final release of AEO 2015, with a few exceptions as noted below, and then updated to include the Clean Power Plan and tax extenders. As with the AEO, the ESPA Base Case provides one possible scenario of base case energy sector demand, generation, and emissions from present day to 2040, and it does not include future policies that might be passed or future technological progress. The EPSA Base Case input assumptions were based mainly on the final release of the AEO 2015, with a few updates that reflect current technology cost and performance estimates, policies, and measures. Assumptions from the EIA 2015 High Oil and Gas Resources Case were used; it has lower gas prices similar to those in AEO 2016. The EPSA Base Case achieves the broad emission reductions required by the Clean Power Plan. While states will ultimately decide how to comply with the Clean Power Plan, the EPSA Base Case assumes that states choose the mass-based state goal approach with new source complement and assumes national emission trading among the states, but does not model the Clean Energy Incentive Program because it is not yet finalized. The EPSA Base Case also includes the tax credit extensions for solar and wind passed in December 2015. In addition, the utility-scale solar and wind renewable cost and performance estimates have been updated to be consistent with EIA’s AEO 2016. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) cost and performance estimates have also been updated to be consistent with the latest published information from the National Energy Technologies Laboratory. An EPSA Side Case was also completed, which has higher gas prices similar to those in the AEO 2015 Reference Case. 1 The version of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) used for the QER base case has been run by OnLocation, Inc., with input assumptions by EPSA. It uses a version of NEMS that differs from the one used by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the model is referred to as EPSA-NEMS. CONTENTS CONTENTS............................................................................................................................................................................................................ i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................................................ iv 1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 TRENDS IN THE U.S. ELECTRCITY GENERATION PORTFOLIO ...........................................................................1 1.2 DRIVERS OF POWER PLANT RETIREMENTS ..............................................................................................................2 1.3 RECENT AND PLANNED POWER PLANT RETIREMENTS .....................................................................................3 1.4 OVERVIEW OF SOLID WASTE STREAMS FROM SIX SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY .......................................4 2. COAL............................................................................................................................................................................................................7 2.1 OVERVIEW OF COAL TECHNOLOGY ...............................................................................................................................7 2.1.1 Pulverized Coal-Fired Power Plants ..............................................................................................................7 2.1.2 Fluidized-Bed Coal Plants ...................................................................................................................................8 2.1.3 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Plants .........................................................................8 2.1.4 Carbon Capture and Storage .............................................................................................................................9 2.1.5 Other Coal Technologies .................................................................................................................................
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