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Assessment of the Risk to Norwegian Biodiversity from Import of Wrasses and Other Cleaner Fish for Use in Aquaculture

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Assessment of the Risk to Norwegian Biodiversity from Import of Wrasses and Other Cleaner Fish for Use in Aquaculture VKM Report 2019: 15 Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from import of wrasses and other cleaner fish for use in aquaculture Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment Report from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) 2019: 15 Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from import of wrasses and other cleaner fish for use in aquaculture. Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. 27.09.2019 ISBN: 978-82-8259-330-4 ISSN: 2535-4019 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) Po 4404 Nydalen N – 0403 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] vkm.no vkm.no/english Cover photo: iStock Suggested citation: VKM, Eli Rueness, Paul R. Berg, Snorre Gulla, Kim Halvorsen, Johanna Järnegren, Martin Malmstrøm, Tor Atle Mo, Espen Rimstad, Hugo de Boer, Katrine Eldegard, Kjetil Hindar, Lars Robert Hole, Kyrre Kausrud, Lawrence Kirkendall, Inger Måren, Erlend B. Nilsen, Eva B. Thorstad, Anders Nielsen and Gaute Velle (2019) Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from import of wrasses and other cleaner fish for use in aquaculture. Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM report 2019: 15, ISBN: 978- 82-8259-330-4, ISSN: 2535-4019. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), Oslo, Norway. VKM Report 2019: 15 Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from import of wrasses and other cleaner fish for use in aquaculture. Preparation of the opinion The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø, VKM) has appointed a project group consisting of four VKM members and four external experts to answer the request from the Norwegian Environment Agency. Two external referees commented on and reviewed the opinion. Authors of the opinion Members of the project group that contributed to the drafting of the opinion (in alphabetical order after chair of the project group): Eli Rueness – Chair of the project group and member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo. Paul R. Berg – Member of the project group. Affiliation: 1) Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder (UiA); 2) Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo. Snorre Gulla – Member of the project group. Affiliation: The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), Oslo. Kim Halvorsen – Member of the project group. Affiliation: Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen. Johanna Järnegren – Member of the project group and member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Martin Malmstrøm – Member of the project group and project leader in the VKM secretariat. Affiliation: VKM. Tor Atle Mo – Member of the project group. Affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Espen Rimstad – Member of the project group and member of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås. VKM Report 2019: 15 The opinion has been assessed and approved by the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Members of the panel that contributed to the assessment and approval of the opinion (in alphabetical order before chair/vice-chair of the Panel): Hugo de Boer – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Natural History Museum, Oslo. Katrine Eldegard – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås. Kjetil Hindar – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Lars Robert Hole – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Bergen. Kyrre Kausrud – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), Oslo. Lawrence Kirkendall – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biology, University of Bergen. Inger Måren – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biology, University of Bergen. Anders Nielsen – Vice chair of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo. Erlend B. Nilsen – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Eva B. Thorstad – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Gaute Velle – Chair of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Research Centre AS (NORCE); 3) Department of Biology, University of Bergen. VKM Report 2019: 15 Acknowledgments VKM would like to thank the referees Professor Niels Jørgen Olesen (Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark) and Professor Carl André (Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg) for reviewing and commenting on the manuscript. We also thank Dr. Daniel Flø (VKM secretariat) for help on graphical presentation of data. Competence of VKM experts Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as external experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers or third-party interests. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM. VKM Report 2019: 15 Table of Contents Summary .............................................................................................................. 13 Sammendrag på norsk ......................................................................................... 17 Abbreviations and acronyms ................................................................................ 21 Background as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency ........................ 23 Terms of reference as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency ............. 25 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 26 1.1 Clarifications pertaining to the terms of reference ................................................... 26 1.2 Sea lice in Norwegian salmonid aquaculture ........................................................... 26 Lepeophtheirus salmonis ............................................................................ 26 Caligus elongatus ...................................................................................... 26 Problems/Costs ......................................................................................... 27 1.3 Measures taken to control sea lice in Norwegian salmonid aquaculture ..................... 27 Preventive measures ................................................................................. 27 Medical measures ...................................................................................... 27 Non-medical measures............................................................................... 27 1.3.3.1 Chemical treatment ................................................................................ 28 1.3.3.2 Thermal delousing .................................................................................. 28 1.3.3.3 Freshwater treatment ............................................................................. 28 1.3.3.4 Mechanical removal ................................................................................ 28 1.3.3.5 Cleaner fish ............................................................................................ 28 1.4 The use of cleaner fish in aquaculture ................................................................... 29 Use of cleaner fish in Norway ...................................................................... 29 Use of cleaner fish in Europe ....................................................................... 30 1.4.2.1 UK .......................................................................................................... 30 1.4.2.2 Ireland .................................................................................................. 30 1.4.2.3 Iceland .................................................................................................. 30 1.4.2.4 Faroe Islands ......................................................................................... 30 Use of cleaner fish in other
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