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Phénologie Et Modèles Prévisionnels D'éclosion Printanière Pour Trois Phénologie et modèles prévisionnels d’éclosion printanière pour trois arthropodes ravageurs en plantation commerciale d’arbres de Noël dans un contexte de changements climatiques Mémoire Jean-François Doherty Maîtrise en biologie Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) Québec, Canada © Jean-François Doherty, 2017 Phénologie et modèles prévisionnels d’éclosion printanière pour trois arthropodes ravageurs en plantation commerciale d’arbres de Noël dans un contexte de changements climatiques Mémoire Jean-François Doherty Sous la direction de : Conrad Cloutier, directeur de recherche Résumé Le puceron des pousses du sapin Mindarus abietinus et le tétranyque de l’épinette Oligonychus ununguis sont deux ravageurs d’importance économique pour l’industrie des arbres de Noël au Québec. Les changements climatiques en cours pourraient affecter leur biologie et physiologie de telle sorte que leurs dommages sur les sapins cultivés augmenteront dans les prochaines décennies. Afin d’étudier les interactions entre M. abietinus, son arbre-hôte et la température ambiante, j’ai suivi des populations du puceron pendant trois étés dans des sapinières commerciales du sud du Québec. Entre autres, j’ai montré qu’il est possible de séparer correctement les générations chevauchantes de filles ailées et aptères du cycle vital complexe de M. abietinus, ce qui m’a permis d’observer une proportion de filles aptères plusieurs fois supérieure à ce qui était connu auparavant. Dans une expérience en plantation de sapin baumier, j’ai montré qu’un milieu réchauffé causerait une augmentation significative du taux de croissance des colonies de M. abietinus sur les pousses, en comparaison avec les colonies sous conditions naturelles actuelles. Ces résultats supportent l’hypothèse qu’un climat plus chaud, causé par les changements anthropogéniques, pourrait favoriser des densités plus élevées de M. abietinus, ce qui pourrait augmenter ses dommages esthétiques sur le sapin. Dans une expérience de laboratoire, la durée du développement en fonction de la température des œufs de ces deux ravageurs et de ceux d’une autre espèce, la cochenille des aiguilles du pin Chionaspis pinifoliae, a été mesurée en milieu contrôlé, ce qui m’a permis d’élaborer des modèles prévisionnels linéaires et non linéaires du taux de développement des œufs hivernés postdiapausants nouveaux pour le Québec. Finalement, en suivant la masse fraîche d’œufs hivernants de M. abietinus tout au long de leur diapause de plusieurs mois, j’ai observé un accroissement de la masse au printemps, impliquant l’eau comme possible facteur de déclenchement de l’embryogenèse. III Abstract The balsam twig aphid Mindarus abietinus and the spruce spider mite Oligonychus ununguis are two pests of economic importance for the Christmas tree industry in Québec. Current climate change could affect their biology and physiology in such a way that, if their local densities in commercial fir plantations grow in the future, potential damage to cultivated firs could increase substantially. In order to study the interactions between M. abietinus, its host tree, and ambient temperature, I followed populations of the aphid during three consecutive summers in commercial fir plantations of southern Québec. I found it possible to separate overlapping generations of different morphs of this aphid in growing colonies on fir shoots, which allowed to record a proportion of wingless daughters several times larger than previously known for this aphid in its complex life cycle. Based on a field experiment, a warmer environment surrounding the aphids on balsam fir shoots increased spring colony growth rates significantly, when compared to unaltered colonies on neighbouring trees. These results support the hypothesis that a warmer climate, caused by anthropogenic change, would promote higher densities of M. abietinus on fir shoots, which could increase esthetic damage to Christmas trees. In a laboratory experiment, I studied the effect of ambient temperature on postdiapause development of the overwintering eggs of both aphid and mite species, along with that of another conifer-feeding pest, the pine needle scale Chionaspis pinifoliae, which led to parametrise new linear and nonlinear development rate models for postdiapause egg development of all three species. Finally, by following fresh mass of M. abietinus overwintering eggs throughout their diapause of several months, it was possible to observe a substantial increase in size and mass of these eggs in early spring, suggesting that water could trigger diapause termination and/or initiate embryogenesis of the first active stage. IV Table des matières Résumé ................................................................................................................................ III Abstract ................................................................................................................................ IV Table des matières ................................................................................................................ V Liste des tableaux ............................................................................................................... VII Liste des figures ................................................................................................................ VIII Remerciements ................................................................................................................... XII Avant-propos .................................................................................................................... XIII Chapitre 1 : Introduction générale ..................................................................................... 1 Biologie de Mindarus abietinus .................................................................................... 1 Biologie d’Oligonychus ununguis ................................................................................ 5 Taux de développement selon l’arbre-hôte ................................................................... 7 Terminaison de la diapause des œufs hivernants .......................................................... 9 Changements climatiques et les conséquences sur la phénologie ............................... 11 Développement des arthropodes en fonction des la température ................................ 14 Modélisation du développement d’un arthropode selon la température ..................... 14 Modèles de développement prévisionnels existants pour les deux espèces ................ 18 Problématique ............................................................................................................. 20 Objectifs et hypothèses ............................................................................................... 20 Chapitre 2 : Temperature-manipulated dynamics and phenology of Mindarus abietinus (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in commercial Christmas tree plantations in Québec, Canada ........................................................................................................................................................... 23 Résumé ....................................................................................................................... 23 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 23 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 24 Material and methods ................................................................................................. 27 Field study sites and experimental plots ................................................................ 27 Climate-warming field experiment ....................................................................... 28 Phenology of Mindarus abietinus on different fir species .................................... 29 Statistical analyses ................................................................................................ 29 Results ........................................................................................................................ 30 Climate-warming field experiment (plot B1) ........................................................ 30 Colony growth rate in a warmer environment ....................................................... 30 Proportion of G2 apterae in a warmer environment .............................................. 31 Phenology of Mindarus abietinus (all four plots) ................................................. 31 Phenology on balsam fir ....................................................................................... 31 Generational separation of G2 and G3 alate daughters ......................................... 31 Impact of host species (all four plots) ................................................................... 32 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 32 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 37 V Chapitre 3 : Novel temperature-dependent development rate models for postdiapause egg eclosion of three important arthropod pests found in commercial Christmas tree plantations of southern Québec, Canada ......................................................................... 46 Résumé ......................................................................................................................
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