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Traťové Tunely Metra a Stanice Espoonlahti, Finsko

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Traťové Tunely Metra a Stanice Espoonlahti, Finsko 28. ročník - č. 2/2019 TTRAŤOVÉRAŤOVÉ TTUNELYUNELY MMETRAETRA A SSTANICETANICE EESPOONLAHTI,SPOONLAHTI, FFINSKOINSKO UUNDERGROUNDNDERGROUND RRAILWAYAILWAY TTUNNELSUNNELS AANDND SSTATIONTATION OOFF EESPOONLAHTI,SPOONLAHTI, FFINLANDINLAND AALEŠLEŠ GGOTHARD,OTHARD, PPAVELAVEL HHERMANERMAN ABSTRAKT Příspěvek obecně popisuje jeden z největších, v současnosti realizovaných, infrastrukturních projektů v Evropě. Jedná se o prodloužení stávající trasy metra z Helsinek do sousedního města Espoo ve Finsku. Detailní zaměření příspěvku se týká jedné z jeho částí, úseku ra- žené stanice Espoonlahti a k ní příslušející části traťových tunelů metra, které v období 2016–2018 realizovala společnost Metrostav a.s. ve spolupráci se svým fi nským partnerem, společností Destia Oy. Zaměřuje se na specifi ka provádění ražeb v žulových horninách v husté rezidenční zástavbě a z toho vyplývající nutnosti limitace účinků trhacích prací na okolní zástavbu. Dále řeší problematiku provádění předstihových a následných injektážních prací, které byly projektem vyžadovány ve velké míře. Obecně popisuje použitou metodu ražby Drill and Blast a k ní odpovídající použitou strojní sestavu. Součástí příspěvku je také vyjmenování nejzásadnějších problémů zastižených během provádění prací s popisem jejich řešení. ABSTRACT The paper describes one of the largest infrastructural projects currently under construction in Europe. It is the extension of the existing metro line from Helsinki to the neighbouring city of Espoo in Finland. The detailed focus of the paper relates to one of project’s lots, which is the mined station of Espoonlahti and related metro tunnels, which was built by Metrostav a.s. in cooperation with its Finnish partner Destia Oy during 2016–2018. It focuses on the specifi cs of excavation in granite rocks in a dense residential area and the consequent necessity of limiting the effects of blasting works on the surrounding buildings. It also deals with the implementation of pre-grouting and post-grouting works, which were required to a large extent by the design. In general, it describes the also used Drill and Blast tunnelling method and the corresponding tunnelling machinery. Part of the contribution is also the list of the most essential problems encountered during the work performance with the description of their solutions. 1. ÚVOD 1. INTRODUCTION Finsko a jeho ekonomika Finland and its economy Finsko je severská země sousedící na souši s Ruskem, Švédskem Finland is a Nordic country adjoining in land with Russia, Sweden a Norskem. Na území Finska s rozlohou přes 338 tisíc km2 žije asi and Norway. There are about 5.4 million inhabitants in the territory 5,4 milionu obyvatel, přičemž průměrná hustota zalidnění je nevel- of Finland with an area of more than 338 thousand km2, with ká – 16,04 obyvatel/km2 (v ČR je to 133 obyvatel/km2). Finsko je a rather low average population density of 16.04 inhabitants / km2 nazýváno „zemí lesů a tisíců jezer“, kdy lesy pokrývají asi 25 % (133 inhabitants / km2 in the Czech Republic). Finland is called jeho území a vodstvo dalších zhruba 10 %. Více než 62 % obyvatel a “land of forests and thousands lakes,” where forests cover about žije dnes ve městech. V aglomeraci hlavního města Helsinek žije 25% of its territory, and water more than 10%. Over 62% of the okolo 1 milionu obyvatel. population lives today in cities. Around 1 million inhabitants live Finská ekonomika se pod tlakem série domácích a externích fak- in the agglomeration of the Helsinki capital. torů zatím nevrátila na úroveň předkrizového roku 2008. Po třech The Finnish economy has not returned yet to the pre-crisis level since 2008. After three years of recession, however, Gross Domestic letech recese se však hrubý domácí produkt Finska v roce 2015 Product of Finland grew for the fi rst time (by 0.3%) in 2015 and poprvé zvětšil (o 0,3 %) a v letech 2016 a 2017 pokračoval v dal- continued to grow in 2016 and 2017 (1.4 and 2.9% respectively). ším růstu (1,4, resp. 2,9 %). Finská ekonomika se musela vyrovnat The Finnish economy has had to cope with several barriers to s několika překážkami dalšího hospodářského růstu, jako pokles further economic growth, such as a fall in labour productivity, produktivity práce, nedostatek investic a snížení kupní síly. Také a lack of investment and a reduction in purchasing power. Also, fi nský vývoz klesl od počátku mezinárodní fi nanční krize zhruba Finnish exports have fallen by about a fi fth from the beginning of o pětinu. Hospodářstvím otřásla především krize v papírenském the international fi nancial crisis. The economy was particularly průmyslu a postupný úpadek společnosti Nokia. Ten skončil prode- shaken by the crisis in the pulp and paper industry and gradual jem divize mobilních telefonů. Negativně se na fi nském hospodář- decline of Nokia company. This ended with the sale of the mobile ství projevila také recese v Rusku. Veřejné fi nance vykazovaly až phone division. The recession in Russia also negatively affected do roku 2016 defi cit a celkový vládní dluh stále narůstá. S HDP na the Finnish economy. Public fi nance showed a defi cit until 2016, obyvatele 34,5 tisíce EUR ale i tak Finsko stále převyšuje o 10 % and the total government debt is on a rise. With a GDP per capita průměr EU. of € 34.5 thousand, Finland still exceeds the EU average by 10%. Stavební průmysl se v roce 2018 podílel na tvorbě HDP 5,5 %. The construction industry contributed of 5.5% to GDP in 2018. Ve stavebnictví pracuje zhruba 60 tis. zaměstnanců. Ve Finsku pů- About 60 thousands employees work in the construction industry. sobí několik velkých mezinárodních stavebních fi rem, mezi které There are several large international construction companies in patří Lemminkäinen, Skanska, YIT nebo SRV. Finland, such as Lemminkäinen, Skanska, YIT or SRV. 12 28. ročník - č. 2/2019 Obr. 1 Trasa projektu Länsimetro Fig. 1 Länsimetro project line 2. ÚČEL A SPECIFIKA PROJEKTU 2. PURPOSE AND SPECIFICS OF THE PROJECT Finsko je i přes svůj relativně plochý reliéf zemí protkanou mno- Finland is despite its relatively fl at relief a land with many ha tunelovými stavbami. Vodní tunel Päijänne je dokonce druhým tunnel structures. The Päijänne water tunnel is even the second nejdelším tunelem na světě s délkou přesahující 120 km. Pitnou longest tunnel in the world with a length of more than 120km. vodou, ze stejnojmenného jezera, zásobuje celou aglomeraci Hel- Drinking water from a lake of the same name supplies the whole sinek. Jeho výstavba probíhala v letech 1972–1982. Dalším vý- agglomeration of Helsinki area. Construction period lasted znamným projektem stojícím za zmínku je v roce 2015 dokončená from 1972 to 1982. Another major project worth mentioning is Kehärata, jedná se o tunelový železniční obchvat Helsinek s cel- a Kehärata project completed in 2015. It is a railway tunnel bypass kovou délkou přes 18 km. Dokončení projektu se zdrželo o téměř around Helsinki with a total length over 18km. Completion of tři roky vzhledem k nutnosti přeprojektovat část trasy vedoucí pod the project was delayed for almost three years due to the need Obr. 2 Rezidenční čtvrť Espoonlahti Fig. 2 Urban area of Espoonlahti 13 28. ročník - č. 2/2019 mezinárodním letištěm. V místech pod letištní plochou bylo za- for redesigning a part of the route under the international airport. stiženo množství kyseliny produkované bakteriemi rozkládajícími Below the international airport a signifi cant amount of an acid propylenglykol, základ odmrazovacích prostředků. Ty se aplikují was found which was produced by a bacteria degrading propylene jako odmrazovače na letadla v zimní období. glycol, the basic compound of “de-icing agent”. It is applied as an Länsimetro (v překladu: „západní metro“) je projekt prodlou- aircraft antifreeze in winter seasons. žení jediné stávající trasy helsinského metra do sousedního města Länsimetro (in translation: “Western Metro”) is a project to Espoo (obr. 1). Espoo je druhé nejlidnatější město ve Finsku a jeho extend the only existing Helsinki subway line to the neighbouring stávající dopravní spojení s Helsinkami autobusovou dopravou je city of Espoo (see Fig. 1). Espoo is the second most populated city kapacitně nedostačují a lidé cestující mezi Helsinkami a Espoo čelí in Finland, and its existing transport links with Helsinki by buses každodenním dopravním zácpám. Rozšiřování hlavních komuni- are insuffi cient and people commuting between Helsinki and Espoo kací vedlo pouze k posunutí dopravních zácp blíže k centru Helsi- face traffi c jams daily. The expansion of the main roads has only led nek (tzv. Down-Thomsonův paradox). V první fázi nový úsek linky to shifting the traffi c jams closer to the Helsinki centre (the so-called navázal na původní konečnou stanici Ruoholahti a vede směrem Down-Thomson paradox). In the fi rst phase, the new part of the na západ přes ostrov Lauttasaari, dále k univerzitě Aalto, až do re- line continues from the former terminus station called Ruoholahti zidenční čtvrti Matinkylä. Celá trasa první fáze Länsimetra vede and leads westward across the island of Lauttasaari, further to Aalto v podzemí v délce 13,5 km. Během realizace první fáze bylo roz- University terminating in the Matinkylä residential area. The fi rst hodnuto o navazujícím pokračování výstavby druhou fází projektu. phase of the Länsimetro project consists of 13.5km of tunnels. Díky tomu, že projekt nebude přerušen, bylo podle studií ušetřeno During the construction period of the fi rst phase, it was decided to zhruba 130 mil. EUR. Také druhá fáze povede pouze v podzemí continue with the second phase of the project. Based on a research, a přidá dalších 7 km linky metra. Celkově bude zbudováno 13 no- around 130 millions EUR were saved by carrying out the second vých stanic a 23 vertikálních šachet sloužících k vyrovnávání tlaku phase of the project without interruption. Another 7km will be mezi traťovými tunely a jako nouzové východy.
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