Nestor Jurnal Hukum PMIH Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak 2015

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Nestor Jurnal Hukum PMIH Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak 2015 Nestor Jurnal Hukum PMIH Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak 2015 MEMAKNAI KEMBALI ETIKA PEMERINTAHAN Oleh: Muchlis Hamdi ([email protected]) Abstrak Dalam suatu negara hukum, kebijakan dan praktek penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dituntut untuk selalu berdasar atas hukum. Namun tak dalam semua keadaan dan kenyataan pemerintahan, hukum dapat efektif mewadahi dinamika tindakan pemerintahan dalam mewujudkan kehidupan masyarakat yang lebih baik dari waktu ke waktu. Ketika suasana ini terjadi, etika pemerintahan menjadi tumpuan utama bagi upaya menciptakan suatu tatanan atau keteraturan dalam kehidupan bersama. Itulah makna penting dari etika pemerintahan. Kata Kunci : Etika Pemerintahan Abstract In a state of law, policy and practice of governance required to always based on law. But not in all circumstances and the reality of government, the law can effectively accommodate the dynamics of government action in creating a better community life over time. When this happens atmosphere, ethical governance become the main focus for the effort to create an order or regularity in life together. That is the significance of ethical governance. Keywords: Government Ethics 116 Nestor Jurnal Hukum PMIH Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak 2015 I. Pendahuluan berkembang di masyarakat, disamping juga Pemerintahan adalah kenyataan mempunyai tanggungjawab tinggi terhadap yang berkaitan dengan pembentukan, pelaksanaan tugasnya. Dengan ciri yang pemeliharaan, dan pengembangan nilai- demikian itu, pemerintahan daerah secara nilai. Brewster (1963, 7) menyatakan bersamaan diharapkan dapat mewujudkan bahwa pemerintah adalah suatu badan kemajuan daerah, kesejahteraan melalui mana negara bertindak, dan masyarakat, dan kepentingan nasional. karenanya diberi kekuasaan penegakan Masyarakat modern memahami hukum yang terakhir, dan yang kemudian bahwa penyelenggaraan pemerintahan yang juga menjadikan pemerintah sebagai rule of tempat pembuatan keputusan akhir dari baiklaws selalu didasarkan atas prinsip “ masalah-masalah sosial. Atau dalam kedudukan” yang menjaminyang sama setiap di muka orang hukum, memiliki dan ungkapan yang lebih sederhana, Mund menjamin terwujudnya pemerintahan yang (1955, 2) menyatakan bahwa pemerintahan bersih, efisien, efektif, dan adalah suatu bentuk khusus pengaturan berkesinambungan. Hanya saja dalam mengenai. pemeliharaan hubungan- praktek, penerapan prinsip tersebut hubungan yang tertata dalam suatu seringkali terhambat, yang bermula baik masyarakat. Dengan pemahaman itu, karena kesadaran hukum yang rendah dari Muchlis Hamdi (2002, 125) menyatakan warganegara maupun karena bahwa tujuan pemerintahan adalah untuk terkontaminasinya pelaksanaan aturan mewujudkan hidup bersama yang tertib dan hukum oleh para penguasa. Ketika suasana maju, agar setiap orang, baik secara itu terjadi, maka hukum mengalami perorangan maupun secara kolektif, dapat degradasi manfaat dan bahkan mengalami menjalani kehidupannya secara nyaman dysfungsi, yakni ketika hukum sudah dan wajar. Tujuan itu pula yang menjadi landasan dibentuknya pemerintahan daerah menjadiPertanyaannya “milik” adalah sekelompok pada saat hukumorang. melalui pelaksanaan otonomi daerah dalam tidak lagi efektif mewujudkan keteraturan, suatu pemerintahan nasional. Pemerintahan apakah pemerintahan juga berarti daerah dipahami merupakan jenjang kehilangan pijakan dalam mewujudkan pemerintahan terdekat dengan masyarakat. keteraturan tersebut. Jawabannya adalah Kedekatan ini menjadikan pemerintahan tidak, karena dalam kehidupan masyarakat daerah mempunyai kepekaan yang tinggi modern, selain hukum juga terdapat pijakan terhadap aspirasi yang senyatanya 117 Nestor Jurnal Hukum PMIH Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak 2015 nilai yang lain, dan satu di antaranya adalah negara, yang dapat dipandang sebagai suatu etika pemerintahan. kontrak sosial antara yang memerintah dan Berdasarkan fakta-fakta tersebut di yang diperintah. Hukum dasar atau atas, menarik untuk dikaji mengenai Makna konstitusi ini menjadi bingkai dari institusi Etika Pemerintahan? yang akan melaksanakan kekuasaan negara dan pemerintahan, dan dengan demikian II. Pembahasan dan Analisa menjadi pembingkai perilaku pengemban Makna Etika Pemerintahan institusi tersebut. Sumber etika Secara umum, etika dimaknai pemerintahan yang lain adalah kode etik sebagai suatu sistem dari prinsip-prinsip profesi, dengan suatu catatan bahwa kode moral, yang berfungsi sebagai ukuran atau etik profesi tersebut memberikan standar kepatutan perilaku atau tindakan, sumbangan bagi pencapaian nilai-nilai baik secara individual maupun secara tujuan berpemerintahan. institusional atau profesional. Sedangkan Pada level operasional, pengamalan moral bermakna prinsip-prinsip penilaian etika pemerintahan merupakan terhadap salah benarnya suatu karakter, pencerminan dari kesadaran untuk perilaku atau tindakan (Riker 1978, 61). mewujudkan nilai-nilai yang patut dalam Moral juga dapat dipahami sebagai suatu kehidupan bersama masyarakat, baik secara disiplin yang tujuannya adalah untuk perorangan ataupun secara bersama-sama. menentukan bagaimana kita sepatutnya Salah satu dari nilai yang patut tersebut bertindak tatkala kepentingan setiap orang adalah berkenaan dengan makna dipertimbangkan (Thompson 1990, 254). pemerintahan itu sendiri. Dalam hal ini Dengan pemahaman tersebut, maka etika dapat direnungkan pandangan yang pemerintahan dapat dipahami sebagai pedoman nilai untuk menentukan menyatakan:amanah, dan “pemerintahan aparat pemerintah adalah sebuahadalah kepatutan dari kebijakan dan praktek orang yang diberi amanah, dan keduanya penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. Dalam hal diciptakan untuk kemanfaatan masyarakat ini, nilai-nilai etika pemerintahan (Henry Clay dalam Lewis 1945, 97). merupakan gambaran dari nilai-nilai Dengan pemahaman ini, etika kepatutan kehidupan bermasyarakat, pemerintahan diartikan sebagai suatu berbangsa dan bernegara. Oleh karena itu, ukuran kepatutan atau keutamaan dalam sumber utama nilai-nilai etika penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, yang pemerintahan adalah Hukum Dasar suatu terutama tercermin dari kepatutan perilaku 118 Nestor Jurnal Hukum PMIH Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak 2015 dan tindakan aparat dan lembaga dengan itu, sikap mental merupakan pemerintahan. Kepatutan ini dapat dilihat prasyarat dari etika perorangan dalam dari derajat keterkaitannya dengan tujuan pelayanan publik terdiri atas pengakuan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, yakni terhadap: (1) ambiguitas moral dari semua terwujudnya kehidupan masyarakat yang orang dan dari semua kebijakan publik, (2) tertib dan maju, agar setiap orang dapat kekuatan kontekstual yang mengkondisikan menjalani kehidupannya secara wajar dan prioritas moral dalam pelayanan publik, nyaman. Etika pemerintahan ini berkaitan dan (3) paradoks prosedur. dengan tanggungjawab, yang menurut Ruang Lingkup Etika Pemerintahan Herman Finer bermakna bahwa seorang Pengalaman penyelenggaraan aparat merasa atau mengerti suatu pemerintahan menunjukkan bahwa kewajiban secara subyektif ataupun secara masyarakat terus berubah dan berkembang eksternal (Finer dalam Cooper 1988, 356). sejalan dengan dinamika kemajuan yang Gambaran dari keadaan ini dapat diamati dicapainya serta pengaruh lingkungan yang dari esensi perilaku aparat, yang oleh dihadapinya. Perubahan dan perkembangan Stephen K. Bailey (1965) dipilah dalam dua ini berimplikasi pada kejelasan dan kategori, yakni kualitas moral dan sikap kesinambungan nilai-nilai yang dimiliki mental. Kualitas moral terdiri dari: termasuk nilai-nilai mengenai kemanfaatan optimisme, keberanian, dan kejujuran yang dan kepatutan penyelenggaraan disemangati oleh kedermawanan. pemerintahan. Arahan bagi kejelasan nilai Optimisme adalah confidence dan kapasitas dapat ditemui pada hukum positif. Namun untuk berurusan dengan situasi yang demikian, pada ketika dan peristiwa ambiguous secara konstruktif dan tertentu hukum positif belum atau tidak bertujuan. Keberanian adalah kemampuan dapat memberikan kejelasan nilai. Untuk itu untuk memutuskan dan bertindak di tengah diperlukan arahan nilai yang lain berupa kesulitan untuk mana penarikan diri etika pemerintahan yang berfungsi sebagai merupakan tanggapan yang lebih mudah, landasan filosofis dan praktis bagi aparatur dan untuk berpegang pada prinsip pada pemerintahan dalam melaksanakan kasus-kasus yang tidak populer. Kejujuran tugasnya. yang disemangati kedermawanan Sebagai suatu arahan nilai, etika disyaratkan oleh standar keadilan dan pemerintahan memerlukan kesepakatan kebutuhan bahwa keputusan berarah nilai tentang visi, misi, dan fungsi pemerintahan diarahkan oleh kepentingan publik. Sejalan 119 Nestor Jurnal Hukum PMIH Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak 2015 sebagaimana tercantum dalam hukum dasar pemerintahan, maka kode etika setiap negara. Secara umum, etika pemerintahan profesi atau lembaga tersebut tidak boleh tercermin dari pengaturan penyelenggaraan bertentangan dengan etika pemerintahan. kekuasaan negara, khususnya dalam Dari segi substansi atau ruang bemtuk penentuan lembaga-lembaga lingkup etika pemerintahan tidak terdapat negara. Dalam hal ini, misalnya, etika satu pedoman yang baku dan rinci. Namun pemerintahan akan bermula dari nilai demikian, substansi etika pemerintahan apakah kekuasaan negara itu akan dapat diamati dari pelbagai kode etik dipisahkan seperti dalam ajaran Trias asosiasi yang berkaitan dengan administrasi Politika ataukah disebarkan sebagaimana dan pelayanan publik. Sebagai suatu contoh dianut oleh UUD 1945. Namun demikian, mengenai ruang lingkup kode etik ini dapat secara substansial, etika pemerintahan dicermati
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