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Late Medieval Hypocausts with Heat Storage in Estonia
Andres Tvauri LATE MEDIEVAL HYPO CAUSTS WITH HEAT STORAGE IN ESTONIA INTRODUCTION As often happens with archaeologists, the stimulus for writing this article was a discovery unexpectedly brought to light from under the ground. In autumn 2007, I had the opportunity to study a large medieval heat storage furnace (Figs. 1 and 2) constituting the central part of the hot air heating system, or hypo caust, of a former grooms’ building. It was unexpectedly unearthed in the course of construction work in the outer bailey of the medieval Order Castle of Viljandi.1 The furnace found in the Viljandi Castle was a nice but, in the context of Estonian medieval fi nds, rather ordinary discovery. In Old Livonia, roughly corresponding to the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia, hot air heating systems in which the core was a furnace fi lled with large stones, making it possible to store heat and rid oneself of the need to con- stantly heat the furnace or the fi replace, was used in the 13th to the 16th centuries before the introduction of Dutch tile stoves in castles, monas- teries and in residential and public buildings in towns. Starting in the 1930s, such furnaces, or their archaeologically studied remains, have been found in numerous medieval buildings in Estonia. The furnace found in Viljandi induced me to look for literature about hypo causts with heat storage. With the assistance of my colleague Erki Russow, the most thorough paper on medieval hot air heating systems ever written soon landed on my desk – a thesis published by the Ger- man researcher Klaus Bingenheimer in 1998, Die Luftheizungen des Mittelalters. -
Estonian Academy of Sciences Yearbook 2018 XXIV
Facta non solum verba ESTONIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES YEARBOOK FACTS AND FIGURES ANNALES ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARUM ESTONICAE XXIV (51) 2018 TALLINN 2019 This book was compiled by: Jaak Järv (editor-in-chief) Editorial team: Siiri Jakobson, Ebe Pilt, Marika Pärn, Tiina Rahkama, Ülle Raud, Ülle Sirk Translator: Kaija Viitpoom Layout: Erje Hakman Photos: Annika Haas p. 30, 31, 48, Reti Kokk p. 12, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 49, 52, 53, Janis Salins p. 33. The rest of the photos are from the archive of the Academy. Thanks to all authos for their contributions: Jaak Aaviksoo, Agnes Aljas, Madis Arukask, Villem Aruoja, Toomas Asser, Jüri Engelbrecht, Arvi Hamburg, Sirje Helme, Marin Jänes, Jelena Kallas, Marko Kass, Meelis Kitsing, Mati Koppel, Kerri Kotta, Urmas Kõljalg, Jakob Kübarsepp, Maris Laan, Marju Luts-Sootak, Märt Läänemets, Olga Mazina, Killu Mei, Andres Metspalu, Leo Mõtus, Peeter Müürsepp, Ülo Niine, Jüri Plado, Katre Pärn, Anu Reinart, Kaido Reivelt, Andrus Ristkok, Ave Soeorg, Tarmo Soomere, Külliki Steinberg, Evelin Tamm, Urmas Tartes, Jaana Tõnisson, Marja Unt, Tiit Vaasma, Rein Vaikmäe, Urmas Varblane, Eero Vasar Printed in Priting House Paar ISSN 1406-1503 (printed version) © EESTI TEADUSTE AKADEEMIA ISSN 2674-2446 (web version) CONTENTS FOREWORD ...........................................................................................................................................5 CHRONICLE 2018 ..................................................................................................................................7 MEMBERSHIP -
Dec 07 Journal
The ICPC Journal A membership periodical published quarterly by the International Conference of Police Chaplains ® December 2007 “Developing Professional Chaplains Through Dynamic Education and Support” OURNAL OURNAL OURNAL J J J PRESIDENT’S PERSPECTIVE…. The ICPC Journal A message from Wes McDuffie, President of the International Vol. 4, Num. 4, December 2007 Conference of Police Chaplains. President Wesley McDuffie Publisher Dr. Charles R. Lorrain ello to all: Executive Director, ICPC H Time is slipping by so quickly that in only a few months we will be in Copyright © by the International Mobile. I attended my first ATS there, and I am looking forward to returning. In the meantime, we will continue furthering our education Conference of Police Chaplains. All rights in Law Enforcement Chaplaincy at our Regional Annual Training reserved. No part of this publication may be Seminar’s. Our participation helps strengthen the regions, increases reproduced without written permission from knowledge, and enlarges ICPC membership. the ICPC headquarters. The ICPC Journal is published 4 times a year. In August, I went to Destin to visit our office so I could speak to others about the organization, and provide accurate information concerning ICPC. I am impressed by the relentless services the Destin The International Conference of Police staff provides our members. They stand prepared to assist the Chaplains is a 501 (C) (3) non-profit membership in every possible way. We owe it to ourselves, and our corporation in the State of New Mexico departments to provide our officers with the resources that are available through ICPC. International Office: If your name wasn’t in the last issue of the Journal under the P.O. -
City Break 100 Free Offers & Discounts for Exploring Tallinn!
City Break 100 free offers & discounts for exploring Tallinn! Tallinn Card is your all-in-one ticket to the very best the city has to offer. Accepted in 100 locations, the card presents a simple, cost-effective way to explore Tallinn on your own, choosing the sights that interest you most. Tips to save money with Tallinn Card Sample visits with Normal 48 h 48 h Tallinn Card Adult Tallinn Price Card 48-hour Tallinn Card - €32 FREE 1st Day • Admission to 40 top city attractions, including: Sightseeing tour € 20 € 0 – Museums Seaplane Harbour (Lennusadam) € 10 € 0 – Churches, towers and town wall – Tallinn Zoo and Tallinn Botanic Garden Kiek in de Kök and Bastion Tunnels € 8,30 € 0 – Tallinn TV Tower and Seaplane Harbour National Opera Estonia -15% € 18 € 15,30 (Lennusadam) • Unlimited use of public transport 2nd Day • One city sightseeing tour of your choice Tallinn TV Tower € 7 € 0 • Ice skating in Old Town • Bicycle and boat rental Estonian Open Air Museum with free audioguide € 15,59 € 0 • Bowling or billiards Tallinn Zoo € 5,80 € 0 • Entrance to one of Tallinn’s most popular Public transport (Day card) € 3 € 0 nightclubs • All-inclusive guidebook with city maps Bowling € 18 € 0 Total cost € 105,69 € 47,30 DISCOUNTS ON *Additional discounts in restaurants, cafés and shops plus 130-page Tallinn Card guidebook • Sightseeing tours in Tallinn and on Tallinn Bay • Day trips to Lahemaa National Park, The Tallinn Card is sold at: the Tallinn Tourist Information Centre Naissaare and Prangli islands (Niguliste 2), hotels, the airport, the railway station, on Tallinn-Moscow • Food and drink in restaurants, bars and cafés and Tallinn-St. -
Tallinn Travel Guide
TALLINN TRAVEL GUIDE FIREFLIES TRAVEL GUIDES TALLINN Steeped in Medieval charm, yet always on the cutting- edge of modernity, Tallinn offers today’s travelers plenty to see. The city is big enough and interesting enough to explore for days, but also small and compact enough to give you the full Tallinn experience in just a few hours. DESTINATION: TALLINN 1 TALLINN TRAVEL GUIDE Kids of all ages, from toddlers to teens, will love ACTIVITIES making a splash in Tallinn’s largest indoor water park, conveniently located at the edge of Old Town. Visitors can get their thrills on the three water slides, work out on the full length pool or have a quieter time in the bubble-baths, saunas and kids’ pool. The water park also has a stylish gym offering various training classes including water aerobics. Aia 18 +372 649 3370 www.kalevspa.ee Mon-Fri 6.45-21.30, Sat-Sun 8.00-21.30 If your idea of the perfect getaway involves whacking a ball with a racquet, taking a few laps at MÄNNIKU SAFARI CENTRE high speed or battling your friends with lasers, The Safari Centre lets groups explore the wilds of then Tallinn is definitely the place to be. Estonia on all-terrain quad bikes. Groups of four to 14 people can go on guided trekking adventures There are sorts of places to get your pulse rate up, that last anywhere from a few hours to an entire from health and tennis clubs to skating rinks to weekend. Trips of up to 10 days are even available. -
Cultural Policy Landscapes a Guide to Eighteen Central and South Eastern European Countries
ERSTE Stiftung Cultural policy landscapes Studies A guide to eighteen Central and South Eastern European countries Cultural policy landscapes. A guide to eighteen Central and South Eastern European countries Authors: Veronika Ratzenböck, Katharina Okulski, Xenia Kopf Proof reading: David Westacott Editing: Andrea Huemer Vienna 2012, 116 pages All rights reserved. © ERSTE Foundation and österreichische kulturdokumentation. internationales archiv für kulturanalysen, Schultergasse 5/15, 1010 Vienna 0043 (0)1 535 27 05 [email protected] www.kulturdokumentation.org Despite careful checking, errors cannot be excluded and no claim is made to the exhaustive completeness of the data. Cultural policy landscapes A guide to eighteen Central and South Eastern European countries Veronika Ratzenböck Katharina Okulski Xenia Kopf CONTENTS 7 Preface 9 Introduction 11 1. Country profiles: 18 outlines of cultural policy development 12 Albania 15 Bosnia and Herzegovina 19 Bulgaria 22 Croatia 26 Czech Republic 30 Estonia 34 Hungary 38 Kosovo 42 Latvia 46 Lithuania 50 The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 53 Moldova 57 Poland 61 Romania 65 Serbia 69 Slovakia 73 Slovenia 77 Ukraine 81 2. Country profiles in comparison 82 2.1 A comparison of figures: cultural budgets and expenditure 85 2.2 Common issues and characteristics 87 2.2.1 Transformation and (de)centralisation 89 2.2.2 International relations and cross-regional alliances 93 2.2.3 The status of contemporary art 96 Sources 102 Annex 5 PREFACE ERSTE Foundation develops its projects in cooperation with non-profit organisations (NPOs) in East- ern Europe. As a result, we are very much involved in the local NPO scene and often learn about deci- sions on budgetary issues and political priorities first hand through our contacts. -
Comprehensive Management Plan of Tallinn Old Town 2014–2021
Appendix to Regulation No. 22 of Tallinn City Council, 12 June 2014, “Comprehensive Management Plan of Tallinn Old Town 2014-2021”. Comprehensive Management Plan of Tallinn Old Town 2014–2021 View of Tallinn Old Town from the east. A. Olearius 1635 Tallinn 2014 2 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 4 1. UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE AND TALLINN OLD TOWN ............................................ 6 1.1. World Heritage Convention, criteria and the notion of Outstanding Universal Value ....... 6 1.2. Outstanding Universal Value of Tallinn Old Town and its attributes ................................ 7 1.3. The World Heritage site and its buffer zone ..................................................................... 13 2. PRESERVATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF TALLINN OLD TOWN AND ANALYSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL DOMAINS ............................................................................. 19 2.1. Legislation and institutions protecting the cultural heritage of Tallinn Old Town........... 19 2.2. Preserving the values of Old Town ................................................................................... 23 2.2.1. Rich layers of archaeological findings from 800 years of city history as well as from the preceding human settlements over a period of 5,000 years .................................................. -
101 Biographies
101 BIOGRAPHIES The 13th Riigikogu January 1, 2018 Tallinn 2018 Compiled on the basis of questionnaires completed by members of the Riigikogu Reviewed semi-annually Compiled by Gerli Eero, Rita Hillermaa and Lii Suurpalu Translated by the Chancellery of the Riigikogu Cover by Tuuli Aule Layout by Margit Plink Photos by Erik Peinar Copyright: Chancellery of the Riigikogu, National Library of Estonia CONTENTS 3 Members of the 13th Riigikogu 114 Members of the Riigikogu by Constituency 117 Members of the Riigikogu by Faction 120 Members of the Riigikogu by Committee 124 List of Riigikogus 125 Members of the Riigikogu Whose Mandate Has Been Suspended or Has Terminated 161 Abbreviations and Select Glossary 2 MEMBERS OF THE 13TH RIIGIKOGU MEMBERS OF Arto Aas Urmas Kruuse Marko Pomerants Jüri Adams Tarmo Kruusimäe Heidy Purga th THE 13 RIIGIKOGU Raivo Aeg Kalvi Kõva Raivo Põldaru Yoko Alender Külliki Kübarsepp Henn Põlluaas January 1, 2018 Andres Ammas Helmen Kütt Laine Randjärv Krista Aru Ants Laaneots Valdo Randpere Maire Aunaste Kalle Laanet Rein Randver Deniss Boroditš Viktoria Ladõnskaja Martin Repinski Dmitri Dmitrijev Maris Lauri Taavi Rõivas Enn Eesmaa Heimar Lenk Kersti Sarapuu Peeter Ernits Jürgen Ligi Erki Savisaar Igor Gräzin Oudekki Loone Helir-Valdor Seeder Helmut Hallemaa Inara Luigas Sven Sester Hannes Hanso Lauri Luik Priit Sibul Monika Haukanõmm Ain Lutsepp Arno Sild Mart Helme Jaak Madison Mihhail Stalnuhhin Martin Helme Jaanus Marrandi Anne Sulling Andres Herkel Andres Metsoja Märt Sults Remo Holsmer Kristen Michal Aivar Sõerd -
Think Tanks & Civil Societies Program
Think Tanks & Civil Societies Program The Lauder Institute The University of Pennsylvania “Helping to bridge the gap between knowledge and policy” Researching the trends and challenges facing think tanks, policymakers, and policy-oriented civil society groups... Sustaining, strengthening, and building capacity for think tanks around the world... Maintaining the largest, most comprehensive database of over 8,000 think tanks... All requests, questions, and comments should be directed to: James G. McGann, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer, International Studies Director Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program The Lauder Institute University of Pennsylvania 2019 EUROPE THINK TANKS SUMMIT PARTICIPANT BIOS AGÜERO, María Elena Secretary General World Leadership Alliance-Club de Madrid Madrid, Spain María Elena Agüero is the current Club de Madrid's Secretary General. With over 30 years experience in the field of international development, particularly in Latin America, she has been part of the professional staff of the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Program, working extensively in these organization's Washington, Uruguay, Geneva, Brussels and Paris offices, and in their field offices. As project officer, sector specialist and senior adviser, in these organizations, she has done considerable project and programme work in a number of different areas, most recently in the fields of governance, State reform and civil society – governmental relations. She has also gathered significant experience on relations between international organizations, governmental and non- governmental organizations, national and international partners and counterparts. Early in her career Ms. Agüero was trade policy officer at the U.S. Department of Treasury and research assistant at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C. -
Speech by President Lennart Meri
Freedom Through Democracy, Security, and Unity in Diversity Memorable Words of Lennart Meri, President of the Republic of Estonia, From His Speeches 1992–2001 Lennart Meri Compiled and edited by M. Merrick Yamamoto Visual Tutor Company, 2016 From the President’s New Year’s Eve Message, December 31, 1999 Dear fellow countrymen! Today, we are all one big family. Today, in my mind, I shake hands with all of you, look everybody in the eye, and ask: how are you? Today’s New Year is so different from all that have been and all those still to come. It is mysterious, at least in our imagination. Round numbers have a powerful influence on our mind and on our behaviour, especially when the New Year is also connected to the beginning of a new century, a new millennium. A friend of mine even asked me for an interview concerning the third millennium. I asked him: What could a tiller or a fisherman from Rävala or Saaremaa have said about the second millennium in the year 999? On the New Year, there will be no change in the constellation of stars, in the movement of the Sun or the Earth. For an ancient Estonian, the flow of time was constant and indivisible, like the peaceful flow of a river. We toast the new millennium, fill the sky with fireworks and celebrate today, because we are part of the Christian culture. The year 2000 is a year of advent, the year of transition, taking us to the third millennium after the birth of Christ. -
100 Treasures of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
100 Treasures of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Estonia, of Treasures 100 100 Treasures of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1 This book is the joint initiative of and part of the cooperation between the National Heritage Board of the Republic of Estonia, the National Heritage Board of Republic of Latvia and the Department of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania. The book is inspired by the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018, supported within the framework of a Joint Programme between the European Union and the Council of Europe “2018 European Heritage Days” and has received a grant from the State Culture Capital Foundation of Latvia. Authors of texts: Aistė Bimbirytė-Mackevičienė, Janis Zilgalvis, Siim Raie, Triin Reidla Translation: Kristjan Teder, Madli Kullaste, SIA SERRES, Visuomenės specialaus mokymo ir konsultavimo centras Editing: Carolin Pihlap, Janis Zilgalvis, Nijolė Bitinienė, Reelika Niit, Rita Mikelionytė, Triin Reidla Designer: Tuuli Aule Printed by: Tallinna Raamatutrükikoja OÜ, Laki 26, Tallinn, 12915 ISBN 978-9949-7293-0-2 (printed) ISBN 978-9949-7293-1-9 (pdf) Tallinn, 2018 100 Treasures of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 2 3 This book is the joint initiative of and part of the cooperation between the National Heritage Board of the Republic of Estonia, the National Heritage Board of Republic of Latvia and the Department of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania. The book is inspired by the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018, supported within the framework of a Joint Programme between the European Union and the Council of Europe “2018 European Heritage Days” and has received a grant from the State Culture Capital Foundation of Latvia. -
Newcomers Guide
Baltic Defence College Ad Securitatem Patriarum NEWCOMERS GUIDE 1 Contents Baltic Defence College 3 BALTDEFCOL practical information 5 Arrival to Estonia 8 Facts about Estonia 9 Economy 11 E-Estonia 11 Culture 11 Music 11 Visual Arts 12 Literature 12 Theatre 12 Film 12 Right of Residence and residence Permits 13 Health Insurance 13 Health Care System 14 Tartu 17 Getting around 17 Communications 19 Day Care Centres and Schools 20 After School Activities for Youth 21 Organisations 21 Leisure time 22 Health and Fitness 24 Stores and services 25 Public Holidays 28 Glossary 29 Contact Information 30 2 Baltic Defence College The Baltic Defence College (BALTDEFCOL) is a modern, future-oriented, English-language based international institution of the Baltic States providing professional military education with a Baltic regional focus and Euro-Atlantic scope. The college serves as a professional military education institution at the operational and strategic level, applying contemporary educational principles, effective management and best use of intellectual and material resources. Our mission is to educate military and security/defence related civilian personnel of the Baltic States as well as their NATO/EU allies and other partners, to contribute to applied research focused on security and defence policies while promoting international cooperation and networking. Our educational program consists of four residential courses: the Senior Leaders Course at the strategic-political level, the Higher Command Studies Course at the strategic level and the Joint Command and General Staff Course as well as the Civil Servants Course, both at the operational level. In addition, BALTDEFCOL hosts and co-hosts international conferences and seminars and conducts applied research.