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Tacitus'un German Kavimlerine Bakişi

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Tacitus'un German Kavimlerine Bakişi T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eski Çağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Anabilim Dalı Latin Dili ve Edebiyatı Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi TACITUS’UN GERMAN KAVİMLERİNE BAKIŞI Mine HATAPKAPULU 2501050072 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Bedia Demiriş İstanbul 2007 i TACITUS’UN GERMAN KAVİMLERİNE BAKIŞI Mine HATAPKAPULU ÖZ Bu tez birbirini tamamlayan dört ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Bölümlerden ilki olan ‘Tacitus’un yaşamına, eserlerine ve dönemine genel bir bakış’ın amacı bu tezin konusunun temelini oluşturan antik çağ tarih yazarlarının en önemlilerinden biri olan Tacitus’u tanıtmaktır. İkinci bölüm olan ‘Antik Çağ Yazarlarında Germania’ Tacitus öncesi antik çağ yazarlarında Germania kavramını inceler. Bu bölüm birinci bölümün devamı niteliğinde olup, üçüncü ve asıl bölüm olan ‘Germania Halklarının Yerleşim Yerlerine ve Kökenlerine Genel Bakış’ kısmına hazırlık niteliğindedir. ‘Germania Halklarının Yerleşim Yerlerine ve Kökenlerine Genel Bakış’ bölümünde Tacitus’un Germania eserinde izlediği sıraya sadık kalınarak, Germania kavimlerinin fiziksel görünümleri, yaşam tarzları, gelenekleri, askeri yapıları, evlilik kurumları ve daha bir çok özellikleri detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. ‘Germania’nın Kavimleri’ adlı son bölümde ise, kavimler teker teker anlatılmış ve kendilerine özgü davranışları detaylıca açıklanmıştır. ii TACITUS AND HIS VIEW ON GERMANIC TRIBES Mine HATAPKAPULU ABSTRACT This thesis consists of four major chapters which complete each other. The first chapter is named “A look at Tacitus’ life, his works and his times” and the purpose of this chapter is to introduce the main subject of the thesis, Tacitus - one of the most important ancient historians of all times. The second chapter, which is called “Germania in Ancient Authors” analyzes the idea of Germania as described by ancient writers who lived and wrote before Tacitus. This chapter is the continuation of the first chapter and the preparation for the third and main chapter of the thesis “A look on the Earliest Beginnings and the Land of the Germans”. In the “A look on the Earliest Beginnings and the Land of the Germans” chapter, aspects such as the physical appearance of the Germans as well as their life style, traditions, army organizations, marriage and many other qualities are examined while remaining loyal to order Tacitus used in his Germania. “Germanic Tribes” which is the last chapter, examines Germanic tribes in detail, one by one, and explains their particular customs. iii ÖNSÖZ Germania Kavimlerine ilgim öncelikle Tacitus’un Germania eserini çevirirken ortaya çıktı. Çevirim esnasında tez danışmanım olan Prof. Dr. Bedia Demiriş ile Tacitus’un Germania eserini ana eser olarak ele alıp, Germania kavimleriyle ilgili bir tez yapıp yapamayacağım hakkında konuştum. Hocamın olumlu cevap vermesi sonucunda birlikte tez konusu olarak ‘Tacitus’un Germania Kavimlerine Bakışı’ başlığını belirledik. Tezimde, konu başlığının da gösterdiği gibi, öncelikle Tacitus olmak üzere Tacitus öncesi Antik Çağ tarih yazarlarının da Germania ve Germania kavimleri hakkında düşüncelerine değindim. Kaynak olarak kendi çevirdiğim Tacitus’un Germania adlı eserini ana metin olarak kullandım. Diğer kaynaklarımı ise başta Leiden Üniversitesi kütüphanesi olmak üzere, Eindhoven Teknik Üniversite’sinin Matematik ve Kimya Bilimleri Kütüphanesine (Wiskunde en Scheikunde Technologie - WenST Bibliotheek) üye olmak koşuluyla Hollanda’nın çeşitli üniversitelerinden kitapları kiralama yoluyla edindim. Tezimi yazarken sık sık metni gözden geçirip, gerekli düzeltmeleri yapan ve benden yardımlarını ve zamanını hiç bir şekilde esirgemeyen, çok kıymetli hocam ve tez danışmanım Prof. Dr. Bedia Demiriş’e, ilk kez beni Tacitus ve onun eserleriyle tanıştıran ve bu konuyla ilgilenmemi sağlayan değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Dürüşken’e, ihtiyacım olan bütün kaynakları edinmemi mümkün kılan Wouter K. Gerritsen’e, tezimi yazdıkça büyük bir ilgiyle okuyan ve yapıcı yorumlarıyla beni aydınlatan arkadaşım Oğuz Yarlıgaş’a ve sabır küpü aileme teşekkür ederim. Eylül, 2007 Mine HATAPKAPULU iv İÇİNDEKİLER Öz i Abstract ii Önsöz iii Haritaların, Resimlerin ve Çizimlerin Listesi vi Kısaltmalar viii Giriş 1 BÖLÜM I Tacitus’un Yaşamına, Eserlerine ve Dönemine Genel Bir Bakış 4 A Tacitus’un Yaşamı 4 B Tacitus’un Eserleri 7 C Tacitus’un Germania’sı ve Kaynakları 13 BÖLÜM II Tacitus Öncesi Antik Çağ Yazarlarında Germania 21 BÖLÜM III Germania Halklarının Yerleşim Yerlerine ve Kökenlerine Genel Bakış 37 A Germania’nın Coğrafi Konumu ve Komşuları 38 B Germania Halklarının Kökeni 46 C Saf Irk Oluşları ve Fiziksel Görünümleri 48 Ç Germania Kavimlerinin Geçim Kaynakları 53 1 Tarım 53 2 Hayvancılık 57 3 Avcılık 59 4 Germania’daki Maden Kaynakları 61 D Germanialı Kavimler ile Romalılar Arasındaki Ticari v İlişkiler 62 E Germanialı Kavimlerde Sosyal Yaşam 66 1 Germanialıların Yerleşim Yerleri 66 2 Germanialıların Spor ve Eğlence Anlayışları 72 3 Germanialılarda Aile ve Akrabalık İlişkileri 73 4 Germanialılarda Misafirperverlik Anlayışı 77 F Germania Kavimlerinde Din 79 1 Tanrılar 79 2 İnsan Kurban Etme Törenleri 83 3 Fal 84 4 Cenaze Törenleri 86 5 Rahipler Sınıfı 88 G Germanialıların Askeri Yapılanmaları 89 1 Piyade ve Süvari Birlikleri 90 2 Silahları ve Zırhları 92 3 Savaş Şarkısı: Baritus 95 4 Liderler ve Maiyetleri 96 BÖLÜM IV Germania’nın Kavimleri 102 A Batı Germania Kavimleri 102 B Kuzey ve Doğu Germania Kavimleri 118 Sonuç 144 Antik Kaynaklar Bibliografyası 150 Bibliografya 153 Haritalar, Resimler ve Çizimler 156 vi HARİTALARIN, RESİMLERİN VE ÇİZİMLERİN LİSTESİ 1 Caesar zamanı (İÖ 58) Gallia’sının haritası. 2 İÖ 79 yılına ait bir serratus denarius. 3 İÖ 152 yılına ait Lucius Saufeius adına çıkartılmış bir bigatus. 4 Ezinge’de bulunan yarım daire şeklinde inşa edilmiş, İÖ 6. yüzyılda kurulduğu düşünülen köy: Erken-Roma Demir Çağı. (Kaynak: Malcolm Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians: Goths, Franks and Vandals, p. 43). 5 İS 1. yüzyılda kurulduğu düşünülen Hollanda Friesland’da bulunan Fochteloo yerleşim yeri. (Kaynak: Malcolm Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians: Goths, Franks and Vandals, p. 46). 6 Zeijen’daki (Drenthe) erken Roma Demir Çağına ait köyün yeniden inşası. (Kaynak: Malcolm Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians: Goths, Franks and Vandals, p. 48). 7 Einswarden’da ince çıtalardan oluşmuş duvarlara sahip bir evin yeniden inşası. (Kaynak: Malcolm Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians: Goths, Franks and Vandals, p. 66). 8 İÖ 500 yılına tarihlendirilen Danimarka Himmerland’ın Vebbestrup ve Døstrup bölgelerinde yapılan arkeolojik kazılarda bulunmuş ahşaptan yapılmış tarım aletleri. (Kaynak: Malcolm Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians: Goths, Franks and Vandals, p. 62). 9 Hollanda, Friesland Oostrum bölgesinde yapılan kazılarda çıkarılan bir kürek. (Kaynak: Malcolm Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians: Goths, Franks and Vandals, p. 64). 10 24 harften oluşan Yaşlı Futhark denilen Runik alfabesi. 11 Osterby bölgesindeki bataklıkta bulunan ve Suevi tipi saç düğümüne sahip kafatası (Landesmuseum, Schleswig). (Kaynak: Malcolm Todd, The Early Germans, p. 112). 12 Hjortspring bataklığından çıkarılmış tahta kalkanlar (Als, Danimarka). (Kaynak: Malcolm Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians: Goths, Franks and Vandals, p. 100). vii 13 Thorsbjerg (Angeln) bataklığından çıkarılmış bir erkek giysisi. (Kaynak: Malcolm Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians: Goths, Franks and Vandals, p. 87). 14 Huldremose (Djursland, Danimarka) bataklığından çıkarılmış bir kadın giysisi. (Kaynak: Malcolm Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians: Goths, Franks and Vandals, p. 87). 15 Germanialı savaşçıların tahmini görünüşü. (Kaynak: Osprey Yayınları, Rome's Enemies (1): Germanics and Dacians (Men at Arms Series, 129). 16 Germania haritası. (London, Macmillan & Co. Ltd.) viii KISALTMALAR Kitap Kısaltmaları Antik kaynaklarla ilgili kısaltmalarda başvurulan kaynaklar şöyledir: - H.G. Liddell & R. Scott, Greek – English Lexicon, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996. - Charlton Lewis & Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1951. Aer. de Aere, aquis et locis Agr. Agricola Am. Amores An. Anabasis Ann. Annales BG de Bello Gallico BI Bellum Iudaicum C. Carmina Ep. Epistulae Epigramm. Epigrammata Epod. Epodes G. de Origine et situ Germanorum Geo. Geographika Hist. Historiae Il. Ilias Iug. Bellum Iugurthinum Mil. Miles Gloriosus ND de Natura Deorum NH Naturalis Historia O. Olympia Od. Odysseia Or. Dialogus de Oratoribus Plt. Politeia Prov. de Providentiae QN Quaestiones Naturales RR de re Rustica ix Sen. de Senectute TAPA Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association Tetr. Tetrabiblos Th. Theogonia Tr. Tristia Teknik Kısaltmalar Ed. by Edited by (yayına hazırlayan) Ibid. ibidem (yukarıda bahsedilen yazar ve eser) Id. idem (yukarıda bahsedilen yazar) op. cit. opus citatum (adı geçen eser) passim Eserin bütününe atıf Trans. by translated by (çeviren) V. Bakınız 1 GİRİŞ Eski Romalıların ‘barbar’ diye adlandırdıkları, ancak tarihleri boyunca gerek savaşlar gerekse ticari ilişkiler ya da anlaşmalar yoluyla sık sık önemli temaslarda bulundukları kuzey kavimleriyle ilgili ayrıntılı bilgi veren ve bu kavimleri antik kaynaklara başvurarak inceleyen, yabancı dillerde hazırlanmış pek çok kaynak bulunmasına karşılık, Türkçe’de bu konuda yapılmış çalışmaların yokluğunu çekmekteyiz. Dolayısıyla bu tezin amacı batı Rusya bozkırlarından, bugünkü Hollanda topraklarına kadar uzanan bu geniş coğrafyada yaşamış Germania kavimlerini gelenekler, inançlar, alışkanlıklar ve daha birçok yönden tanımak ve Romalılarla olan ilişkilerini
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