THE AGRICOLA AND GERM ANIA

OF TACITU S

TACITUS

TH E A GRI C O L A AN D GE RM AN IA

TRANS LATED I NTO ENGLISH BY

R . B T HEND M A. . WN S . O ,

L A T E S C H O L A R O F

T R I N I T Y C O L L E G E, C A M B R I D G E

M E T H E U N C O .

36 E EX. S TREET W . C . SS , L O N D O N 1 894

T O T HE M EM O RY O F

FRANK EUSTACE DE SO AN R N ,

ASSISTANT PRO F ESSO R O F GREEK

M ASSAC HUSE TT S .

206 4 9 9 2

E F A E P R C .

THE tex t from which the foll owing translation has been made is that o f the edition o f the Agricola and Germania

w s r C an a o out b M . . J . d M r which br ught y A hurch . W .

6 on e or two o 1 8 . J . Br dribb in 9 In the cases where I

’ e use ff n n s n o has hav d a di ere t readi g, the reader atte ti n

o to ss m be en called to it in a footn te . I have expre y great obligations to the very useful n otes append ed to

or as to an o of two their w k, well as the tr slati n the

fte I a treatises which they publi shed previously . A r h d

r E T o n is e m n o D . . . fin h d y tra slati n , B yl r ki dly lent me an unpubli shed version o f the German ia of which he had a o h is os s o o n ss on to c py in p ses i n, and I btai ed permi i ’ bo rrow fro m it the phrase these are n o boy s lo velocks in the passage where Tacitus is describing the head d ress of the Swabian warriors ; the foo tnotes to it were s s In n ato f al so useful on variou po int . the ide tific i n o

n o o s and om T o n s the umer us pe ple tribes wh acitus menti , a n Dr a a I have lmo st i variably followed . L th m . If h is gre at work on the German ia may be considered to be in so es s out o f on o n me r pect a little date, the ther ha d in was e not s a n a it first sugg sted, if I am mi t ke , th t PREFACE hypothesis o f the European o rigin o f the Aryans which now o t so o to n m n c mmends i self str ngly ma y scientific e . I may add that the sho rt footnotes which I have ventured to append to some o f the names are to be taken as stating in the briefest possible manner such conclus ions To as I have been able to arrive at . have attempted mo re would have swelled the contents of this little boo k

o n to a far beyon d the m dest limits assig ed it . It m kes no preten sion s to come into the same clas s as the last G m on G so er an treatise the ermania, which extends, it

is to o o s . said, ver a th u and pages A translation of the Agricola appeared anonymously o f M K in 1 8 8 5 o . Co fr m the press essrs egan Paul .

had not n a m on I see it when I m de y versi , but I read it afterwards with much pleasur e on acco unt of its very s and o f o o pirited style, I have taken the liberty b rr wing “ o on e in s O f fr m it phrase, the pringtime her rare ” o T o f o to pr mise, where acitus is speaking his betr thal ’ Agricola s daughter .

to m . Finally, I have express y sincere and hearty M F ox of s no fo to r . . r thanks . H F Bra e se, advice and assi stance generously bestowed ; to the Headmaster o f

Co who o l to Bath llege, m st kind y gave up several days the task o f going o ver the whole o f the Germania with

M r o o f M Co and to . G ; . who me A dley agdalen llege,

oo o to s s o f o was g d en ugh revise the heet the Agric la .

XF RD e tember 1 8 O O S . , p , 9 4 (viii) T HE AGRICO LA O F TAC IT U S

of our o a to I . It was the practice f ref thers bequeath to posterity the history of the deeds and the characters of n or h as their great men, the practice ceased even at i n da . O n o the prese t y It still btai s, alth ugh th s age is O f o s in o o careless its her e , th se instances where s me sublime and distinguished virtue has risen victorious o s n sin O f o r or ver the be etti g every c mmunity, la ge But of old s n to oo s . mall, a blind a tipathy g dne s the hero foun d a ready o utlet and a fair field for his en ergies whil e genius hastened to embalm the memo ry of his a o n ot i and n ot an v l ur, w th partiality with y selfish o oo n o to o of m tive, but l ki g s lely the rec mpense a oo on Not o o o g d c science . a few men, m re ver, th ught that to be the chroni clers of their own lives was a sign of self-respect rather than O f conceit n or was any impu tation ever made upon this gro un d against the goo d faith or the goo d taste of Rutilius and Scaurus periods that were prolific of great men were most capable of ap r ciati da “ n c es p e ng them . At the present y I feel it e sary to begin by apologising beforehand for writing the o of one wh o s i bi graphy has pas ed away, wh ch I need scarcely have don e were these pages to be devoted to so o a e in i me lively satire up n the g which he l ved, an so n n os to age malig a t and h tile virtue . l THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

D out b D . o n II eath was the reward meted y mitia , so is o to Arul enus for i th e it rec rded, Rusticus writ ng o o f F Thras ea and to Herennius S n o for eul gy actus , e eci writing that of Priscus Hel vidius ; n or did he glut his rage upon their persons alon e : their writings also felt o s in n his fury, and the w rk which they had enshri ed the memory of those great men were ordered to be publicly committed to the flames in the place of as sembly b of o in the forum y the hands the executi ners . Per haps in the smoke of those fires the tyrant and his oo s o of o t ls flattered themselve that the v ice R me, of o O f the independence the senate, and the c nscience mankind were vanishing away and they proceeded to o o a of o o and expel fr m R me the te chers phil s phy, banish of o o o on so the members every h n urable pr fessi , that n o n to to Co ossa thi g might be left put them shame . l l, was o of s O ff b us indeed, the exhibiti n abjectne s ered y our forefathers had shown the world to what heights o o o n freed m c uld s ar ; we, when we dared either speak nor n for o Of o o to liste terr r the inf rmers, sh wed what o O ur o slavishness humanity c uld sink . m uths were os n our o o cl ed, and eve mem ries themselves w uld have become a blan k had we been as able to forget as we o n were t keep sile ce . Now our o is n s III . , at last, c urage revivi g . We fir t saw the dawn O f a happier epo ch when Nerva recon ciled two o — of things div rced until this time, the rule the em b of n u an no peror and the li erty the i divid al ; d w every ’ day of Trajan s reign is adding to the sum of our n h as n ot o happi ess . Public security merely been br ught 2 TH E AGRICO LA O F TACITUS within th e range o f o ur h opes and prayers but has r n o f a attained to the solid assu a ce a pr yer fulfilled . r ss o of u n s r e Neve thele , fr m the nature h ma weaknes em n s s O ur o die s act more slowly tha disea e . b dily frame a s to ro but n n O f e e t ke years g w, in the twi kli g an y it ret urns to its dust : so in like mann er it is easier to quen ch the gen erous ardo urs of the mind than to re n m Na n on u ki dle the again . y, i acti itself ben mbs us ar and s n s o with its ch m, the pas ive e s we l athe at the s o s s on in n fir t bec me a pa si the e d. Those fifteen years have made a great gap in our ’ n of The o n n O f m lo little spa life . rdi ary cha ces an s t o n ot O f o ur our have rem ved a few number, but all boldest spirits were c ut O ff by the ruthles s hand O f the f . o O n o but tyrant We, the surviv rs that ge erati n, are a n u we ma sa s not o our ha df l , and , I y y, have urvived nly o s u o ur s s T s s an fell w b t very elve . ho e year were o u n n in n o n s n abs l te bla k, duri g which u br ke ile ce we wh o were in the prime of life grew old an d th ose of us who were already O ld reached the very verge of the r e o e a g ave . Neverth less, th ugh it be with rud and st m n on s a n ot m s n meri g t gue, I h ll regret y ta k whe I have succe eded in telling the story of o ur days O f bondage an d bearing my testimony to the blessings of the

o . s o present ep ch In the meantime, thi w rk, which is n n a u to m -in - o i te ded as trib te y father law Agric la, must base upon the filial piety that it displays whatever ma o s ss to n n ot claims it y p s e the i dulgence, if the of praise, the reader . Gn s Ju r o a s n o ol IV . aeu lius Ag ic l was pru g fr m the d 3 THE A GRICO LA O F TACITUS

l n o of F or um ulii E a d illustrious c l ony j . ither of his grandfathers had held o ffice as th e imperial commiss ioner o f o n e on e e to o amo a pr vi c , which c f rs a titl n bility ng 2 m n o f es r n n u us ra c in e . J G e us equ t ia ra k His father, li , os to n o and was s n u s fo r e o r e be a se at r, di ti g i hed his d v on to o u n e o o rn n ti el q e c and phil s phy, thereby ea i g destruction for himself at the hands of Caligula ; for he 3 was ordered to impeach M arcus Silanus he declin ed to

o to . bey, and he was put death Th e o o f o was J Procilla o n m ther Agric la ulia , a w ma of u s o sing lar virtue . At her ide he was br ught up with on f on and s n h is o oo and o f d a fecti , pe t b yh d his y uth in the s on of o ou o n acqui iti all h n rable acc mplishme ts . He was protected from the snare s of vice n ot only by his own

1 F I C U S on the R era abou m es eas rom M arse es J ivi , t 75 il t f ill . 2 Seneca is o ur au h or for the o ow n s or of G raecinus t ity f ll i g t y . He h ad incurre d h eavy ex p enses in exhibiting the p ublic games and a base crea ure F ab us ers c us sen h im a bera subscri t , i P i , t li l p w r e ra n h em Graecinus o e re urne and o n o a s . ti t d d f yi g t p lit l y t d it , o n be n remons ra e w h b his r en s sa Sha I a ow a i g t t d it y f i d , id ll ll man to do me a favo ur whom I would not all ow to pro po se my ” hea h ? no her man e ua base Rebilius sen him a s lt A t , q lly , , t till w il w u n ar er subscr on and was e se re use . Reb ius o ot l g ipti , lik i f d ld be en e and sen in a a n . It was a a n dec ne w h the d i d , t it g i g i li d , it “ apo l o gy : I mus t really beg you to ex cuse me : I hav e d eclined ’ Persicus subs cription too 3 ’ C a u a s own a her-ih -law who was rash enou h to e lig l f t , g giv th e mad em eror o o a ce. un a Claudilla th e au h er o f p g d dvi J i , d g t S anus wh o h ad been w e to C a u a was dea when h s il , if lig l , d t i ha ene . C a u a a er un sh n Graecinus w h ea h f or pp d lig l , ft p i i g it d t ec n n to m each the old man sen a messa e to S anus to d li i g i p , t g il , ” hi m m n t th a e s co e s o e s r o f the dead . S anus in or er t k pli t pi it il , d to esca e the onfi s a n f hi r m c c o o s o er co m ed su c e . p ti p p ty , itt i id 4 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

o o and s o o b a a g d healthy di p siti n, but y the f ct th t 1 from a very early age he had M assilia for the scen e and guide o f his studies ; and M assilia was a place that aff orded a happy combination of th e refin ement Of Greek o f o n a can culture with the simplicity pr vi ci l life . I well to sa o man remember that he used y, that as a very y ung he became absorbed in the study of phil osophy with an exclusiveness un suited to the care er of a Roman and a ’ n o a his m o s r n o n s s se at r, but th t ther p ude t c u el calmed and o r- m n In his his fevered ve excited i d . truth, in telle ct with its lofty aims and ideals had thirsted for a ue on O f no a e a the f ir g rd a ble and ex lt d f me, with an ou a o o f ons u n on ard r th t recked n thing c eq e ces . Reas e e m on and and exp ri nce te pered this excess ere l g, he l aid to heart the hardest lesson that philosophy h as to - o on teach, m derati . his n s i V . He served military appre tice hip in Brita n n Su o nus s an d u n u der et nius Pauli , a teady caref l ge eral, wh o to s r his n of admitted him ha e te t, as a member his f in o to of a a and e sta f, rder judge his c p bilities, was w ll o n ot s his n satisfi ed with them . Agric la did utili e ra k of un and his o f en e to trib e lack experi c , either indulge e o n men who find in s in vic , like the y u g military ervice O o for a c r or to a an pp rtunity deb u he y, idle aw y his time s and in on e O n con in plea ures being absent l ave . the trar ma u n ess to o o n and y, he de it his b si kn w the pr vi ce to o no n to the to e o ex eri bec me k w army, l arn fr m the p enced and to s to s offi s n to , attach him elf the be t cer , ever

1 M arse es a co on oun e b Ion an Gree s s ix cen ur e s ill , l y f d d y i k t i b o re h m ef t is ti e. 5 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

se o for n to thrust him lf f rward display, ever hang back o and to o i u on fr m timidity, at the same time c mb ne ca ti with dash . of a at no in As a matter f ct, time had Britain been a

o e e or our o on o o . m re xcit d state, p siti there m re d ubtful O ur ns ssa o ur o o urn vetera had been ma cred, c l nies b ed, r s w s for e bu ou o . a t armies i lated It a struggle bare lif , it was s oon to be changed into a c on test for the hono urs of or The was not to but to vict y . change due, him, the and en s of an o to o strategy g eral hip ther, the leader wh m fell the direction of affairs and the glory o f saving the o et n n o un so pr vince y campaig i g gave the y g ldier skill, e e n e o u and o it gav him exp rie c , it r sed his pride, the l ve O f o n o his sou —an -s military gl ry entered i t l , ill tarred passion to awake at an era when every man wh o came to th e on ar and - m e a fr t was reg ded askance, pre e in nt f me was as n ro n da ge us as i famy . E n n for n VI . xcha gi g the camp the city i order to o for O f o bec me a candidate civil fice at R me, he wedded Domitia Decidiana of o n b s , a lady n ble li eage and y thi un on a n se so an d n n his i he dva ced him lf cially, stre gthe ed o o for u u T e p siti n his f t re career . h ir married life was s n ar a o n to u af on and i gul ly h ppy, wi g their m tual fecti s elf-sacrifice ; for which let us give due hon o ur to the o n for on mn bad w ma , the severity with which we c de a wife should be balan ced by a gen erous appreciation o f a oo on g d e . F or his quaestorship the chan ce of the lot as signed to him A sia as his province an d Salvius Titian us as pro o su o o for o n c n l . It was a d uble rdeal, the pr vi ce was 6 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS rich an d a tempting prey to the unscrupulo us ; an d the o o s l oss o to pr c n u , a gr ly avarici us man, was ready wink at anything in order to purchase co nnivan ce in return ;

s ri o o u s . neverthele s, Ag c la passed thr ugh it n cathed o an While in Asia his wife b re him a daughter, addi o to a to o o o ti n their f mily that came them as a c ns lati n, for the son previous ly born to them had been lost in infancy . O n his u to o of ae o ret rn R me, at the expiry his qu st r s hip, he lived a very retired life during the year that intervened before he became tribun e O f the people and during the actual year of his tribunate he lived no less e o of o retir d, aware that th se were the days Ner , when o D his ae o inactivity was wisd m . uring pr t rship he s i n per isted in the same ret reme t, and, indeed, the judicial fun ctions of the post did not fall to him : in ordering the games and the pagean try of the office he kept to a mean between a reas on able and a profuse ex enditure o b p , and gained all the m re credit y refraining so o S was ab lutely fr m extravagance . ubsequently he selected by Galba to investigate the gran ts of temple 1 o s iz o pr perty, and he crutin ed them with the utm st n to S a i stri gency, the end that the t te m ght ultimately be freed fro m the guilt o f every single confi scation ’ o s own except Ner . Th e o o ff o o VII . year f ll wing he su ered a griev us bl w which affected him both pers onally and pecuni arily : the

1 F orced con tributions toward s the rebuilding of Rome after the rea fi re wh ch were made under Nero and were ar e mis g t , i l g ly a r r pp op iat ed. 7 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

1 of O o u n e fleet th , while mara di g at large, ravaged Int ’I ' melii of an d o o , a district Liguria Agric la s m ther was o o murdered at her c untry seat . R bbery was the object of and O f the crime, and the estate itself, a great part the o o n to o n o pr perty c mi g Agric la, was plu dered . Agric la ’ had started on his way to perform his m other s funeral o b rites, when he was vertaken y the news that Vespasian for had appeared as a claimant the empire, and there on oi up he immediately j ned his party . M ucianus undertook the inaugur ation o f the new go vern men t and the settlement of affairs at Rome ’ s n s son Do n o man and Vespa ia , mitian, bei g a very y ung , ’ merely utilising his father s elevation to indulge in de h o was s o bauc er . t O y Agric la de patched btain recruits, an d acted with such energy and fidelity that M ucianus 3 o to o n o f n o app inted him the c mma d the twe tieth legi n, o to o n which had taken the ath the new emper r relucta tly, ‘ and whose retiring O ffi cer was said to be a cen tre of dis 5 ff on E o o of o a ecti . ven the g vern rs the pr vince had been o b on too o for terr rised y this legi , which was str ng them own o n to o o indeed, its c mmander was u able c ntr l it, though whether his character or that of his men was to S to c blame for this fact is no t clear . elected displa e

1 h e be ween O ho and V e us During t e ho stiliti s t t it lli . 2 Vintimi lia o n the R era be ween M en one and B or hera. g , ivi , t t dig 3 4 n Rosc us C aelius . Quartered in B ritai . i 5 L ega tus consularis means go v ernor of an imp erial p ro vince of iu ma mean as h ere com the firs ran . L e atus raetor s t k g p y , , ’ mander of a e on or ma mean as in the case of r co a s l gi , it y , A g i l O f ce in Ac uitania o ernor of an m er a ro nce of th e fi q , g v i p i l p vi n seco d rank . 8

THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS its duties and from its being the stepping-sto n e to the on f or n n c sulship, which he i te ded him . It is commonly believed that military minds lack dis on a o is s ons criminati , seeing that marti l auth rity irre p ible and somewhat inclined to ignore nice distinction s ; fo rce its and oes not o su O f is argument, it d devel p the btlety the law o ur now o c t . Yet that Agric la was placed amid civilian o n a oo n to surr undi gs, his n tural g d sense e abled him act and M o o e be with urbanity justice . re ver, he dr w a line n o r O f n s of e n n twee the h u s busi es and r laxatio . Whe days of o n and u o sessi claimed him he sat as j dge, he was seri us, n s s a n to for os ear e t, trict, with a le ni g mercy the m t part but his duty on ce done the air of authority was dropp ed

e . had r of n s o n entir ly He never a t ace harsh e s, arr ga ce, or and u of n avarice, he had the rare fac lty bei g familiar o oss of n of n s o for with ut l dig ity, and bei g trict with ut e f n ns to so f iting a fection . It would be almost a i ult great a man to men tion hone sty and incorruptibility as o u n ot n am ng his virt es . He had eve the hankering a is of e oo ; after f me, which the infirmity ev n the g d he did n ot s eek it either by advertising his virtues or b n ro y indirect methods . He abstai ed f m rivalry with the governors Of o ther provin ces and from c ontroversy ’ o s own s n o with the emper r agents in his , e teemi g vict ry in such a case to be inglorious and defeat ignominious . He was kept rather less than three ye ars in this post and was recalled in the immediate e xpectation of the on s c sul hip . Th e gen eral opin ion went with him that the arrangement was for him to subsequen tly take Britain as his provin ce ; nor did the report spring up 10 T HE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

o an s o on o an s fr m y uggesti n his part, but fr m the m ife t n a mo r not s mis fit e ss of the ppointment . Ru u is alway taken : there have been o ccasions when it has brought man o the right t the fron t . I was at this time a yo ung man when Agricola became on u and n ow o to his u in c s l, he betr thed me da ghter the - of o O ur a a oo a spring time her rare pr mise . m rri ge t k pl ce on of m at the expirati his term . He was i mediately a o o no O f an d afterwards pp inted g ver r Britain, he held of o f on besides the priestly fice p tifex . Th e s o of a a X . ituati n and the inhabitants Brit in h ve been described already by vario us writers and if I touch on do so n ot in o to e the subject I , rder challeng their or us but o o f ability their ind try, because the wh le the island was n ow for the first time bro ught into subjuga o can o a for ti n . I theref re substitute ctual facts their eloquen t but imaginative disquisitions upon certain po in ts . Britain is the largest O f the islan ds known to Roman geography ; in exten t and position it reaches from a po in t O ppos ite Germany on the east to one opposite S on s e ou s pain the we t, whil its s thern ide is within u of G u TO n o of no act al sight a l . the rth it land s e and u on a of exi ts what ver, p that f ce beat the waves a an o ss s a In n e has n vas t d sh rele e . ge eral shap it bee o b and s o c mpared y Livy Fabius Ru ticus, the m st graphic o f our n n an d o o s to a cie t m dern auth rities re pectively, a - o s or to o . e n rather l ng di h, a d uble headed axe L avi g out C on s o r son o oo aled ia thi c mpa i h lds g d, and thus it h as e o f o n been xtended t the whole area o the c u try . 1 1 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

But there is an immense stretch O f lan d which run s o ut and s o ff s o - o f is taper like a wedge, the h re line which f o a so s O . s o e b lutely the furthe t all R und thi sh re, wash d b o o n f t n o w for s me y the rem test sea, a R ma lee the fir t ti o to s an at the a sailed, and pr ved Britain be an i l d, s me time that it discovered the previo usly unknown group o f na O n s s T . e islets med the rk ey , and ubjugated them hul S e n was so o on in o n ( h tla d) al sighted, th ugh ly the ffi g, o to o n o r and n as the fleet had rders g fu ther, wi ter was oa n appr chi g . Th e water o f this sea is peculiarly heavy and dead for o n o of n so sa o n ot r wi g ; even the f rce the wi d, they y, d es aff as as o e a o n a to ect it much th r se s, wi g, I im gine, the a of an — a and m o n ns sc rcity large l d surf ces u tai , which are e s n o s of s o and to e the breed r and ge erat r t rms, the gr ater difficulty of setting in motion a mass of deep water un o n an br ke by l d . It do es not lie within the province o f this work to in quire into the physical characteristics of th e ocean and s s on its tide , and there are many treatise the sub

ect. o o on e e o s j I w uld nly add r mark, that n where el e do es the sea mak e its power more felt the tide cau ses o e es of s a to ebb an d f o l ng str tch the river altern tely l w, n or o m r and n o o but d es it si ply ise si k up n the sh re, it n far n an and n s o u its wa ru s i l d, wi d ab t and makes y n o e of an d oun n as i t the v ry heart the hills m tai chains, e o O f if the sea w re l rd all . e a an of XI . Wh ther the earliest inh bit ts Britain were an o s or n as indigen u an invadi g race is, might be ex us o ected to s o n . p be the case with barbarian , an pe q e ti n 12 THE A GRICO LA O F TACITUS

So e e en o ma om m vid ce, h wever, y be drawn fr the dif The and th e ferenc es o f physiqu e that prevail . red hair large limbs Of th e Caledon ian peoples testify to a Ger 1 man o Th e s o on of S u es rigin . warthy c mplexi the il r an d n of u n on the freque cy c rli g hair am g them, with the a S a n s O o e to be f ct that p i lie pp sit their district, lead us lieve that the ancie nt Iberian s crossed the sea and settled os Th e s to G s in th e parts . tribe that dwell nearest the aul are likewise similar to them it may be because they were o n s o and o ; or be rigi ally de cended fr m them, still sh w it ou o n o os direc cause, th gh the c u tries extend in pp ite f o a o u s o u . ti ns, the clim te has pr d ced imilarity physiq e O n o o s o e to a the wh le, h wever, it seem m st lik ly h ve a G s e s been the c se, that the aul stabli hed themselves a n so os to You fin d upon an isl nd lyi g cl e them . their 3 o s o a religi us rite in Britain, as als their ingr ined super stition ; th ere is n ot much differen ce between the lan a s o es o an gu ge . B th rac are equally b ld in defying y o O f o n an d o o in f rm danger bef reha d, equally tim r us nn n ro Th e on ru i g away f m it when it arrives . Brit s, o s a o for n et h wever, di pl y m re spirit, they have ever y n on o to o s o bee l g en ugh at peace gr w tame . Hi t ry tells us that the Gauls were great warrio rs once : since that da of an n e y a life ease has bred in them u warlike t mper, ’ an d o o with their liberty they have l st their val ur . A s imilar change h as c ome o ver those O f the Briton s wh o were con quered some time ago ; the rest of them still a are wh t the Gauls once were .

1 "1 In ou h robab th e ances ors of the B as ues S t W al es . P ly t q . 3 Dru d sm i i . 13 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

T n n is in oo - o so XII . heir mai stre gth f t s ldiers me use o as in e mo e tribes the war chari t well, which cas the r ono ra os on is a of ar o and h u ble p iti th t the ch i teer, the 1 s o m r e fighting is d on e by hi follow ers . F r e ly th y were govern ed by kings ; now they are to rn by intrigues and factio ns between rival chiefs ; n or is there anything that has been of greater service to us against these warlike n to o for o o en d races than their i ability c mbine a c mm n , Ra rely do even two or three O f their tribes un ite to o ff o on n ; ward a c mm da ger they fight in detail, and the o of e wh le them are thus def ated . The climate is disagreeable fr om the constant rain s and o s o o u o The f g great c ld, h wever, is nkn wn . dura on of in our of o ti daylight is greater than part the w rld . Th e n not r and in o o f ights are da k, the extreme n rth Britain they are so sho rt that scarcely any interval is dis c ernible n and wn is n ss e betwee twilight da . It eve a ert d ’ that the sun s light is visible all n ight if no clouds inter and o n ot set and s r s vene, that he d es ri e, but t avel o s Th e on is o f acr s . explanati , that the level edge the on low a o and o n o s earth casts ly a sh d w, c nseque tly d e n ot o n s o and so pr ject the dark e s high al ft, the shades 2 O f n do no n a s o ight t reach the sky a d the st r ab ve . Th e o a e for l o s il is suit bl cu tivati n, and is fertile o o o of th ugh the live, the vine, and ther fruits warmer

1 In con ras w h th e Homer c char o where the hero s ood t t it i i t , t and ou h and the r n was done b a subor na e. f g t , d ivi g y di t 2 T ac us a ears to h a e conce ed of th e ear h as a s it pp v iv t di k , h her in th e m d e han at the e e benea h wh ch the sun ig id l t dg , t i as s r n th n h p ed d u i g e ig t . 14 THE AGRI CO LA O F TACITUS

m o in Th o s n t . e cli e , will thrive it cr ps are early in s n and a in n n an d in o ses o tarti g l te ripe i g, b th ca fr m m u i e n f s v z . o o the a e ca se, , the extr me wet ess the s il and a e n O ff s r z to on u o clim t . Britai er a p i e the c q er r in h er gold and silver and other metals ; the o c ean also i s r are and - o o s t . yield pea ls, but they dark lead c l ured Some co n sider this to be due to lack of skill in the pearl gatherers ; for in the Red Sea the shells are torn away o o a an d n e in fr m the r ck live breathi g, whil Britain they r o u b a e m erely c llected as they are washed p y the waves . I should be more ready to belie ve th at the pearls were a s o le ss valu ble than that men were le s avarici us . Th e o e e u m to XIII . pe ple th mselves r adily s b it military es n to o n os impr sme t, and the taxes and ther burde s imp ed u on b o ur o n o e s p them y g ver ment, pr vid d alway that n O n o nothing i jures their pride . this p int they are ns e n m so far as to highly se itiv , havi g been ta ed yield n t as t to o o e . bedience, but , y , be servile Th e first Roman invasion of Britain was made by an n r J s of ss e o won army u de uliu , ble ed m m ry he a pitched o n o a and battle, struck terr r i t the n tives, made himself as of o ma on m ter the c ast, but he y be c sidered as the first on of o n its on u o Sub pi eer the c u try rather than c q er r . s n our s s O f eque tly came civil war , when the arm the rival claiman ts of the empire were turn ed against the S an d n o r n was for tate, eve after peace was rest red B itai on s in o n f o . us o e o l g year left blivi August , bless d mem ry, called this masterly inactivity ; Tiberius called it a maxim e o u us s An o to n inh rited fr m A g tu . expediti n Britai was undoubtedly projected by Caligula ; but if swift to devise I 5 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

n O f o an d o o he was utterly i firm purp se, his pr digi us pre arations a G n had o to o n The p ag inst erma y all c me n thi g . o n n b E o C u o w rk was begu a ew y the mper r laudi s . R man o a oo n on s n legi ns and uxiliary tr ps were la ded the i la d, and a s in o o was to s s hare the perati ns given Ve pa ian, thus open ing to him the career which afterwards proved so The o f successful . tribes were subdued, the kings and Britain were made captives, Vespasian was de clared man of n the desti y . Th of o XIV . e first man c nsul ar rank to be appo inted o o of u and on g vern r Britain was Aulus Plauti s, the sec d was storius S T o n O capula . hey were b th disti guished soldiers and the eastern part of the co untry was gradu u to o o of o n ally red ced the c nditi n a pr vi ce, while a 1 colony of veterans was plan ted in it for additional So s r n o to K n security . me district we e ha ded ver i g Cogidumnus (who remained our ever faithful friend o to m n o o d wn a ti e withi living mem ry), in rder that, o to old — o o of o acc rding the and well appr ved p licy R me, we might make even the kings of a people our instru o s ments t en lave them . The o o Didius G next g vern r, allus, merely held what o won o s i his predecess rs had , and c ntented him elf w th n one or two o s o ron in o planti g f rt bey nd the f tier, rder to O btain credit for havin g an nexed something durin g of O f Veranius Didius and his term fice . succeeded , died within the year . His a n b S o n for place was t ke y uet nius Pauli us, and two s n n ew s and year all we t well ; tribes were ubdued,

1 o ch s er At C l e t . 16

THE AGRICO LA O F TACITU S

O f n for our ou our and defe ce . We fight c ntry, wives, our parents : these Ro mans fight o nly to gratify their T out avarice and their luxury . hey shall be driven , J out do as their deified ulius was driven , if we but o o s our not pr ve urselve such men as fathers were . Let o ur co urage fail us though we should lose a battle or two : desperate m en are all the surer to charge home E and fight it out to the bitter end . ven the gods are now showing compassion for the Britons : witness how o n they are keeping the R man ge eral far away, O ur s with his army banished in another island . greate t f to o o di ficulty, which was meet in c uncil, is already ver o do not o c me, but at the same time let us f rget that there is a greater peril in being caught planning a o revolt than any that lies in actual rebelli n . ’ B o XVI . y appeals like this the tribes fired each ther s o an d o o n to passi ns, the wh le pr vi ce flew arms under the 1 of o o of o for leadership B adicea, a w man r yal race, sex o O ur is with them no bar to c mmand in the field . o in o os s s ldiers, scattered is lated p ts, were ruthles ly o o b o hunted d wn the f rtified places were taken y st rm, 2 n o o o oo and they burst i t the c l ny itself, which they l ked

1 ’ O ne cannot refrain from recalling T enny son s lines Whil e about the shore of M ona those N eronian l egionaries Burn and bro e the ro e and a ar of the Dru d and Dru dess t k g v lt i i , ’ F ar in th e Eas Bo adicé a s an n o char o ed t , t di g l ftily i t , M ad and madden n all ha h ear her in h er erce o ub i g t t d fi v l ility , G r b ha the r bes of Br a n near the co on Camulodfine i t y lf t i it i , l y , ’ ’ ’ Yell d and shriekd be ween her dau h ers o er a d con t g t , wil federacy 2 C olchester. l 8 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

o n f a M n as the very seat o their sl very . adde ed by their success they stopped at n o single sort of o ut rage ous cru elty of which barbari an s are capable and if Paulinus had n ot receive d tidings o f the o utbreak and o to s r a o a n os to us fl wn the re cue, B it in w uld h ve bee l t . By one succe ssful battle he brought the reb ellious p n to o o n e o of vi ce back its f rmer bedie c , alth ugh many nsu s on nu to n a n the i rgent c ti ed retai their rms, bei g o n b o o O f ui b t rme ted y the c nsci usness their g lt, and y the more immediate terror of the govern o r : a splendid mi s o o s was s to ad ni trat r in therre pects , he har h a beaten foe i e , and he ndulged in excessive severity as if he wer revenging his own personal wrongs in each particular F or on e b on us case . this reas he was r placed y Petr i Tur ilian us o u o o p , a m re mercif l man, and m re disp sed to o f our s n accept the penitence enemie , seei g that n ss of U he had n ot been a wit e their misdeeds . nder o s o him the late dis rder were adjusted, and with ut venturing on any n ew military O perations he handed o to Trebellius M s o ver the pr vince aximu . Trebellius of er no , a man little en gy and military his o o o n b an experience, kept h ld ver the pr vi ce y easy f a o Th e n s o o n o o . t o g i g s rt administr ti n barbaria , , had learn t by this time to pardon faults which were pleasant ’ to an d s for o no s them, a valid excu e the g ver r inactivity was aff orded by the occurrence of civil war at the seat of But o n ow empire . mutiny gave him much tr uble, o own u to that the s ldiery, after having gr sed active Trebellius ff s o e . ervice, were ri ting in ase su ered the s on o f to run hameful humiliati having away and hide, 19 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS in o rder to e scape the wrath of his troops ; after which o on f n om a he g verned su ferance, u der a tacit c pact th t men s ou do as e s en a the h ld they pl a ed, and their g er l ke ep a whole skin ; and the mutiny came to an end o u oo with t bl dshed . V ttius olanus O ur s He was succeeded by e B . civil war s o n on and too e r o were till g i g , he, , r f ained fr m raising an excitemen t in Britain by the en forcemen t o f disci n T was e n f o e pli e . here the sam inactivity agai st the as and ns o na o : ever, the same i ub rdi ti n in the camp the only differen ce was that Bolan us was an upright man ; n o m s o o n on his and i deeds br ught d w hatred head, he

m s o not o . ade him elf l ved, if he was beyed in s s an XVII . But when the civil wars ended Ve pa i o n o to or a so was o an s rest ri g rder the w ld, Brit in al re rg i ed , and splen did armies un der competent g en erals soon o O f m T crushed the h pes the ene y . hey were panic stricken at the outset by the blows delivered by Petilius 1 Cerealis a ns the n to o ag i t Briga tes, reputed be the m st numerous tribe O f the wh ole pro vin ce he fought a seri es O f a n ous u in o of b ttles, inflicti g tremend sla ghter s me e an d of or o n th m, there was little their territ y but w ed him n Com n C as con queror or felt his vengea ce . i g after erealis any o ther commander than Julius Frontin us wo uld have been absolutely dwarfed by the immen se reputation for Frontinus a energy which he left behind him but , very man e to s so as o able , was qual the ta k , far sc pe was n o o m o give him, and his vict ri us ar s subdued the p werful 2 an d warlike race of the Silur es after a severe but suc

1 ‘3 f r In u W S h a es . O York shi e . o t l 20 THE AGRICO LA O F TACIT US c essful u n ot on o O f fo e but str ggle, ly with the val ur the , so the f of o n al with di ficulties the c u try . Su th e on on of o XVIII . ch was c diti the c untry, and s h ad n o s of n uch been the varyi g f rtune its wars, whe Agricola crossed o ver to Britain in the latter part o f s Th e o of ummer . s ldiers having given up the idea a s n campaign were taking their ea e, and the e emy were o n Not on o takin g advantage o f the opp rtu ity . l g bef re 1 n e O o s o nn he la d d, the rd vice had alm st a ihilated a de tachment of r a in caval y qu rtered their districts, and o who the spark had fired the provin ce . All th se wishe d for war were burning to follow the lead of O o s and o to fin d out the rd vice , were nly waiting of n w o n o T what was the temper the e g ver r . here were d elays and difficultie s to his begin ning a campaign n oo the summer was far spe t, the tr ps were scattered o o n o s had ma thr ugh the pr vi ce, the s ldier de up their min ds that it was to be a quiet year ; the maj ority of in a o of o of on advisers were f v ur a p licy cauti , with a s a on s o o harp w tch kept su pected p ints . Agric la de to u o n s e cided take the b ll by the h r . He r called the scattered detachments of the legion s and collected a ons o of as O o s c iderable b dy allies, and, the rd vice did not to o own n o venture c me d i t the plain, he placed him self at the head of his troops in order to rouse their b n an and n i spirit y shari g their d ger, adva ced aga nst the s H e man of enemy up the teep . scarcely left a the O o ; an d t rd vices alive then, being well aware tha he use s an d o of must his pre tige, that the future terr r his 1 f N r h O o t Wal es . 21 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

o n on his ss s n h is name w uld depe d first succe e , he tur ed o to of attenti n the island Anglesea . en o to n o Paulinus had be c mpelled aba d n Anglesea, n on b o of as I have already me ti ed, y the rebelli n the o o n of o n o wh le pr vi ce Britain . Agric la was be t up n to o no reducing it subjecti n . But there were ships, as was natural c onsidering that his plans had not been o n s so and settled bef rehand ; everthele s, the re urce de termination of the general discovered a mean s O f cross l

in . o of g Leaving the wh le his baggage train underguard, he made a most careful sel e ction among the auxiliaries of men used to fording arms of the sea and swimmers from to s their birth, men able handle them elves and their arms and their horses in the water ; and with them h e s o s The u made a sudden de cent up n the i land . res lt was who oo n o ut for of s that the enemy, were l ki g a fleet ship on be and a naval invasi , were utterly bewildered, and lieved that such amphibious warriors could go anywhere an d n o T for defeat a yb dy . hey sued peace, and sur ’ rendered their island and Agricola s fame wen t fo rth as n an d s o o o of man who a brillia t succe sful g vern r, the s rt signalised his entry into ofli ce by hard work and hard n of o n o men o fighti g, instead dev ti g, like ther , that peri d to o an o n of on idle sh w d a r u d cerem ies . rso o not on Pe nally, Agric la did trade this success he did not entitle the enforcement of s ubmission among on n o o nor the c quered a campaig cr wned with vict ry, did he even report his performances in laurel-wre athed de s atch s o of ff to p e . But this very sh w indi erence fame 1 O ver the M enai Strait s . 22 THE A GRI CO LA O F TACITUS — made his fame all the greater with the far seeing : a man wh o said nothing abo ut such exploits must indeed i be aim ng high . The on o o of o XIX . disc tented c nditi n the pr vince, o n o to ri o h wever, was secret Ag c la, and he knew like wise from the experience of his predecessors that force was no remedy if it were to be followed by injustice ; o n be to n l on b acc rdi gly, determined preve t rebel i s y o n on for His o m rem vi g the reas s them . ref r s began at home his first step was to keep his own depen dants o s man n n ot o in rder, a ta k which many a fi ds less ardu us o n No u than ruling a pr vi ce . p blic business whatever was allowed to pass through the hands of freedmen or o f slaves : he did not make his own personal preferences ’ or his frien ds recommen dations or requests a ground for the selection o f cen turions or soldiers to be n ear on man o f him, but c sidered every high character as perfectly wo rthy o f his trust : nothing escaped his an n ot s on his o vigil ce, but he did alway act up kn w ledge ; to minor faults he was clement ; to great one s was o et n be he pr perly severe, y eve here frequently n an d i n remitted the pe alty was satisfied with pen te ce, and his desire was to appo in t to oflices and positions of who o not to o m trust men w uld steal, rather than c nde n f s o men a ter they had t len . He pro ceeded to make the exaction O f corn and of taxes less on erous by equalisin g contribution s an d by ab oli shing absolutely those device s for extortion which to o o u n a were felt be m re vexati s tha the t xes themselves . F or the natives used to be co mpelled to sit waitin g 23 THE A GRI CO LA O F TACITUS ignominiously before o ur closed granaries and actually to u o of n D o b y c rn us at a fa cy price . elivery used t be required off the regular roads and at the other end o f the country in such a way that districts with troop s wintering at their doors had to deliver th eir corn at a n o o so pl ces far away where there were r ads, that what might easily have been supplied to all was made n to e rich a few . en d to XX . His first year saw a speedy put these o o o o abuses, and br ught peace int high h n ur with the natives whom the alternate carelessn ess and cruelty o f o to no n his predecess rs caused dread it less tha war . of o oo With the advent summer, h wever, he t k the field again at the head of his army : on the march he was o n n everywhere in pers n, praisi g steadi ess and checking o m stragglers . He himself ch se the ca ps, he himself so unded the estuaries and scoured the woods ; and in ’ the meantime he never all owed the en emy a momen t s o n rest, but laid waste their territ ries with u expected o s T o to n f ray . hen when he had br ught them their k ees his ready clemency unfolded to them the attractions of B o n peace . y these meth ds many tribes, independe t o to o o until then, were br ught give h stages and aband n o o f o their h stile attitude, and a line f rts was drawn o n nor an n o in n r u d them, was y new an exati n Britai so out o ever wisely and carefully carried bef re . T i n o o n n XXI . ranquill ty reigned duri g the f ll wi g wi ter, and Agricola took advantage of it to give wholes ome The o o o n advice . pe ple lived is lated and ign ra t, and were therefore prone to war : his object was that the 24

THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS o f o Goo r n f rts . d critics rema ked that th ere ever was b e for o N o o a general with a etter ye c untry . f rt planted b en b o or r n and y him was ever tak y st rm, su re dered n o Cons n o o aba d ned . ta t f rays were made fr m them, for they were s ecured against a long blo ckade by being a for o T victu lled a wh le hus, during the winter they no and a so own un su y, y p had anxiet ever . g rri n held its o bafll ed for p rted, while the enemy grew desperate, their rule used to be to wipe out their los ses in summer b se in n ow y their succes s winter, and they were fighting o n o n m a l si g game b th wi ter and su mer alike . Nor were the achievemen ts o f any of his lieuten an ts ever appropriated un fairly by Agricola : were the man a cen turion of legion arie s or were he an o flicer o f s o a on his suc auxiliarie , Agric l credited him h estly with s o a o of i ce s . He had, h wever, the reput ti n giv ng very severe reprimands in some cases : proportion ate to his cordiality to a goo d s oldier was his stem n ess to a bad on e but after his anger abated he harboured no malice when he held his tongue it was n ot an o minous s o o ono to ign, and he th ught it a m re h urable part chide man O to a penly than bear a grudge . Th e ou in s XXIII . f rth summer was taken up ecuring o on o o n be his b ld up the territ ry he had verru , and dis o a oo oun n n s c vered g d b dary li e in Britai it elf, if the val our O f our armies an d th e h on our of Rome c o uld n For the irths o f o o . an d C all w such a thi g F F rth lyde, s nn n far a o sea tidal water ru i g back inl nd fr m either , are b o s on oss o divided y a narr w isthmu ly, acr which f rts n ow o to o of were planted . All the c untry the s uth 26 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

n was s u an d th e os the li e ec rely held, h tile tribes were pushed beyond it in to what was practically another s n i la d . of on o XXIV . In the fifth year his expediti s Agric la 1 oss o C s n wa ; cr ed ver the lyde, his hip leadi g the y in o n o n here he fell with tribes previ usly unk w , and of n o n s subdued them in a series successful e c u ter , and be strongly garri son ed that part of Britain 2 n T not o which faces Irela d . his was d ne as a on e e to u e o s on precauti but with an y fut r c nque t, the o a n n and S a the ry that Irel nd, lyi g betwee Britain p in and s o of G u o easily acces ible fr m the sea a l, c nstitutes a valuable link between those provin ces which form the o of r backb ne the empi e . n is a as om to Irela d sm ll c pared Britain, but it is r n an O f M la ger tha y the editerranean islands . It n in so an d and in resembles Britai il climate, the charac ter and customs O f its in habitants ; through trade and traders we are tolerably well acquainted with the o to its o s O n e O f appr aches it and with harb ur . the petty kings of Irelan d had been driven out by a rebel on and oo u o who li , t k ref ge with Agric la, treated him as n and o a frie d kept him till he c uld make use O f him . I have o ften heard Agricola remark that with one legion an d a suitable force of auxiliaries Irelan d could be on u and in o and o o c q ered held subjecti n ; , m re ver, that

1 “ N ave prima has al s o been v ariousl y rend ered in the fi rst ” sh ha e er ou hed h ose wa ers “ in the rs sh ha h e ip t t v pl g t t , fi t ip t t ” oun as soon as na a on o ened f d , vig ti p 2 Gall oway . 27 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS as against the Britons it would be a good mo ve if the o n s o o n and R ma arms thu cl sed r u d them, the spectacle of a c oun try still free was rem oved clean o ut of their sight . o in s n XXV . H wever, the ummer in which he e tered on his sixth year of O fli c e he took for his field of opera tion s the districts lying beyon d the Firth o f Forth ; but an ticipating that the whole co un try would be up O f o o in arms, and the march a h stile expediti n o o s s s his to thr ugh it peril u ly be et, he ent fleet ex 1 lore ou on o s o p the harb rs al g the c a t . Never bef re had the fleet been adopted by Agricola as part of his o and o f on regular f rce, the spectacle war carried at on an n was os n ce by sea d la d m t imposing . O fte did o an d oo n s o the h rsemen the f tme , and the marine fr m in on e o n a n n the ships, meet camp at j vial e tert i me ts , where either party magnified their own explo its and their own special dangers the one had to tell of deep oo and m o n n o of w ds u tai passes, the ther struggles with an d e an d o as a o s o wind wav they gl ried, w rri r are w nt, in pitting on e against the o ther their triumphs o ver the M o foe s n es an d o o . and his fa t ses, ver the mighty cean re o of o to o ver, the mere sight the fleet, acc rding the rep rts of a e on s who c ptives, dismay d the Brit , felt that the of i o and a oo o secret the r sea was disc vered, the l st l ph le

of escape closed behind them . Th e C on s s oo aled ian tribe were all up in arm , and t k in n o r the field great strength, which uncertai rum u T o n aturally exaggerated . hey threw d wn the gauntlet 1 f F f O i e . 28 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS b a n the o of one of our o and a y ttempti g st rm f rts, larm had be en excite d by this audacious challeng e ; so that a s s u th e u of n an to su we k pirit , nder g ise prude ce, beg g es e to n o g t that it might be b tter retire behi d the F rth, and evacu ate the co un try before we were chased out o f s s s n o a on r o a a it . At thi cri i , i f rm ti reached Ag ic l th t the en emy were preparing to assail him in several a s o in n e s and qu rter . He felt that their superi rity umb r in kn owledge of th e localities might enabl e them to So to n s u o n . s rr u d him , preve t thi , he marched ahead ar with his army divided in to thre e sep ate detachments . Th e n n n out s n XXVI . e emy fi di g this udde ly altered an n e e or and their pl s, u it d th ir f ces, made a night attack on am of n on e n e s oo the c p the inth legi , which th y u d r t d 1 to a T o n n s and be the we kest . hey cut d wn the se ti el , o n s - n o o Th e burs t in up the leepy and panic stricke tr ps . fight was actually going on in side the camp when o wh o h ad b o wa Agric la, learned y his sc uts which y the n on and o o on s e emy had g e had f ll wed their track , sent forward the fastest marchers of his horse and foot to fall on of a an s an d b o up the rear the ass il t , y his rders the whole O f his division hasten ing behin d presently began Da n ow n o to . n cheer y was dawni g, and the light sh e on n n n s on an n his adva ci g sta dard the Brit s, with e emy o o and a s o b th in fr nt re r, were truck with terr r the c ourage of the legion aries revived th ey felt their as n to for onou safety sured, and bega strive h r . It was

1 ’ It had been almost d es troy ed once before in B oadicea s rebe l on It was es ned to be abso u e ann h a e f li . d ti l t ly i il t d a ew years r r l ate by a revolt at Eburacum ( Yo k). 29 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITU S

n ow to ; and e their turn attack they charged, , aft r a s e u e in n o a a de perat str ggl the arr w g tew ys, the enemy to o f o n s o n its were put flight, each the R ma armie d i g — very best the relieving force in order to pro ve its ss an n s of a to a ist ce a reality, the defe der the c mp o Had not th e sh w that they had never required it . s s o ffo s to e wamp and f rests a rded a helter the fugitiv s, f o a this a fair w uld have ended the war at bl ow .

. o and o ur men XXVII It was a splendid vict ry, knew an d b n o T a it were fired y the k wledge . hey decl red no n o s o now o that thi g c uld t p them , that they c uld o C e o and wa march right thr ugh al d nia, fight their y the whole l ength o f Britain till they fo un d the other en d of Th e o o f s a a it . cauti us and prudent ye terd y bec me, after for m e n m o n o o . Th e u the acti n, l ud an i mediat adva ce st reasonable thing about war is that every one claims a share

s s o on e man on . in a success, while di a ter is laid up n al e For o n ot to their part, the Brit ns held themselves on b an un have been beaten their merits, but y lucky n of o a n n a and cha ce which Agric l had take adva t ge ; , far o o r n on e on n fr m l we i g their t e, they w nt armi g their ou n o n n to y th, sendi g away their w me and childre places of s e and o n o o f af ty, c nfirmi g the c nfederacy their tribes o by meetings and sacrifices . And thus b th sides sever l n u ally we t their ways with nappeased anger .

1 It is a littl e curious th at the numbers that fell in this sev ere n h f al engagement are not giv e as t ey are aft er th e d efeat o G gacus . It wou d a ear moreo er h a r co a mus h a e ause in l pp , v , t t A g i l t v p d conse uence O f o r e en erha s one bac n o his own uar ers q it , v p p g k i t q t , for the adv ance northward s agains t the C al edonian t ribes did not the w n tak e pl ace till fo ll o i gyear. 30 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

m um a o o O f U si ii who XXVIII . In this sa e s mer c h rt p , 1 h ad been levied in Germany and shipp ed O ff to service in a n a n o n M a n o . ur Brit i , emb rked very table adve ture d ering their cen turi on and the train ed soldiers enrolled n s to ar n b e in their ra k imp t discipli e y their xample, e s z e s an d ut to sea n th y ei ed thr e light galley p , taki g o a on b o Two O f the three pil ts l g y f rce . these men fell u on and s th e under s spici were likewi e murdered, third i how to row and s s our d rected them , they lipped pa t e i r on o o Of fl et, l ke an appa iti , bef re the rep rt the matter e m e on th e o got abroad . Aft r this they ad descents up sh re for O f n s o f an d a water and in search the eces aries life, c me n o uen o o o wh o s i t freq t c llisi n with the Brit ns, re isted the on O f o T u ss on spoliati their pr perty . hey were s cce ful o o s o but som s e e e u s vari us cca i ns, etime they w r r p l ed, and at last they were reduced to such an extremity of a n ou e s O f n f mi e that they dev red the weak t their umber, and when these were eaten drew lots for new victims th e s o u o n o n amongst urviv rs . After th s w rki g d w the ? o o f a n a o c ast Brit i , they cast way their vessels thr ugh their ignoran ce o f n avigation they were taken for sea o an d on om b Suabians r bbers made pris ers, s e y the where s s an d o r on b they fir t truck the land, thers fu ther y the

f’ Frisians out of m n o A few their nu ber, bei g s ld as slaves and passed fro m hand to han d in the co urse O f n o O f n an d trade, fi ally reached the R man bank the Rhi e,

1 Th d on the r h ban o f the Rh n : erma e e e see G nia xxx . y liv ig t k i , ii 2 O n the shores of Germany .

3 w th Rh n As they p ushed on to ard s e i e . 3 1 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS there attain ed notoriety from the sto ry they had to tell of s an maz n d n uch a i g a ve ture . a of o o XXIX . In the early p rt the f ll wing s ummer a e v o h a . son w o h d h a y bereavement befell Agric la His , n o to u n o bee b rn him d ri g the previ us year, died . He o o s n i ff e s o an b re his l s either w th a cted t icism, as m y men do nor n ss on a s brave , with weepi g and pa i ate l ment om W m n . ar a one of like a w a , it y be added, was the on b so to his distracti s y which he ught relieve grief . o o e to He sent f rward the fleet, with rd rs harry a a n f a - gre t ma y di ferent pl ces, and thus create wide spread d to o terror and unc ertainty . He a ded his f rces the bravest of the Briton s wh o had attested their fidelity b a n i on us ; y rem i ng l g at peace with and, with his n o G army in light marchi g rder, he reached the rampian M o n n u u tains, where the enemy had already take p a o o p siti n . For the Caledon ian s were by n o mean s dismayed at the result of their previou s trial of strength with us they saw that th e alternatives before them were to wipe out or s and n a n that defeat else be en laved , havi g le r ed m on to l oo k to united action f or a defence against a co m b e s s e out peril, y mba ies and treati s they had called the M o n o strength O f all their tribes . re tha thirty th usand on o n and armed men were already the gr u d, thither ou i o of ou and still came p r ng in every s ul their y th, n s o and o o et vetera wh se years left them hardy vig r us y , o of e n of e on o warri rs fam , beari g every man th m his h urs o o C won on the field . Am ng the numer us hieftains was Gal acus o o for o for g , ren wned ab ve them all val ur and 32

THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

o o n o o o rich they are w rth r bbi g, if p r they are w rth en slaving ; and not the East and not the West can on n maw T e the on n c te t their greedy . h y are ly m en i all the world wh ose lust of c onquest makes them find in a and o m n a To we lth in p verty equally te pti g b its . o e and ou i r bb ry, murder, trage they give the ly ng name o f o n and g vernme t, where they make a desert they call it peace . “ of man o XXXI . It is a law nature that every l ves his o wn on own kin o n s s, his kith and , m re tha all beside . He sees them carried off by the con scription to distant n o s la ds int a service which is slavery . He see the on o of o O f o o n to h ur the w men his h use, supp si g them o o b m en escape actual vi lence, c rrupted all the same y and u s s styling themselves his friends g e t . His goods and his fortune are swallowed up by the taxes ; the - of and O f n His corn due s strip him his harvest his la d . body is worn out and his limbs crippled in building o for o m o and r ads them thr ugh swa p and f rest, they o n and s S repay him with gr ss i sult with the la h . laves o o so on and for an d b rn int slavery are ld ce all, their a o oo for o f own o m sters pr vide f d them their acc rd . Brita in is sold anew in to slavery every day ; she pays own oo o oo Yo t . u the price herself, and finds her f d b t know h ow in a household the slave last pur chased is n of o - Th e n o made the butt eve his fell w slaves . ati ns of o old O f o e now the w rld are the slaves R me, and th y o on l s seek ur destructi as the atest miserable victim . We no n o n s no o have tilled fields, mi e , p rts, that they o in a should keep us here to w rk them . Remember th t 34 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

masters will n ever tolerate valour and high spirit in s e m n their ubjects . R me ber that they will ever trust to o so a a o ut Of a them live in a sp t far w y their re ch . C s n all o of n n an d sum a t away, the , h pe fi di g mercy, mon up your co urage like men who fight for dear life for o O f onou b o n as well as l ve h r . Led y a w ma , the Brigantes could storm a Ro man camp and burn a Roman colony had n ot success relaxed th eir efforts they wo uld e o o o hav br ken the y ke . We have never felt the y ke we have n ever bowed the knee ; we never shall so use our to n o f o s liberty as repe t it ; let us then sh w, in thi o in o ur so O f r o h ur, first charge, what rt wa ri rs still we ’ on s keep in Caled ia s wild . “ D o ou e o r of XXXII . y really imagin that the c u age the Roman s in war is equal to their licentiousness in peace ? It is our quarrels and our discords that give for of them their fame, they turn the faults their — enemies to the glory of their o wn army that mongrel army of a mixed multitude of peoples which is only o b os and s so kept t gether y pr perity, mu t assuredly dis lve an G n . O r c ou u der defeat y believe that the aul, the G n and on — es sa ! erma , the Brit , y , shame that I must y it of o s n ot — o o n an s of Brit n a few, are f ll wi g the st dard Rome from loyalty and lo ve ? I would have you reflect a o n ow n r oo to o th t, th ugh they le d thei bl d the f reign s s for o u urper, they were his enemie m re years than they n s o have been his frie d . Fear and dread are the b nds a n on s too a of o e th t bi d them, b d all we k in the place l v . on a s n s a Break their b ds, and, as their fe r va i h, h tred will s n n our can pri g to life . O side is everything that spur 35 THE A GRICO LA O F TACITU S

o o Th e o ans a no s to fire men on t vict ry . R m h ve wive s no ns ol to n e o a s their heart , ki f k bra d th m as c w rd if e fl M o o f are o o n r or th y y . st them men with ut a c u t y , on e so o e n o in if they have it is me th r tha R me . Few n e an d os rn e to umber, b wildered l t, they tu their ey s sk and o and to y, and sea, f rest, all alike are strange an d a in them . Verily they are as men fettered t ken na and o s nto the s re, thus the g d have delivered them i r s ou hand . “ T no t n o nor s n o f remble at their vai sh w, at the hee

an d O f o n or o . silver g ld, which can neither hurt pr tect s of foe h In the very lin e the we shall find friends . T e Briton will see that our cause is his the Gaul will be think him of his former liberty ; the rest of their German conscripts will follow the recen t example of the

U si ii s too . o o s ou p and de ert them Vict ri u here, y have T o n so o n to . n thi g else fear heir f rtresses are u garri ned, their c olon ists are old do tards between rebellio us sub ects and n s s ow s o n j u ju t ruler , their t n are t tteri g and o o ou s riven with disc rd . Here bef re y tand their general an o d ; , 10 ! e their army behind them c m the tribute,

- n o in s of the pe al lab ur the mines, and all the angui h ou n for and or slavery, which y must e dure ever ever, o o to—da else strike h me up n this field y . Remember o e s ou and o y ur fath r , remember y r children, let y ur last ou of ou s on foe th ghts be them ere y ru h up the . T was . o XXXIII his speech received with frantic j y, on b on signified, as is the barbarian fashi , y s gs and yells oo T s and wild war wh ps . heir band set themselves in o o as o m ti n, and their arms flashed all their b ldest war 36 THE AGRI CO LA O F TACITUS

o s o v an n ri rs pres ed int the . I deed, they were actually o n n of a en o a i n a f rmi g their li e b ttle wh Agric l , th nki g th t though his soldie rs were full of confidence and scarcely to a i to ou be held b ck with n the rampart, it were well r se a o o s their rd ur still m re, addressed them thu is now om It eight years, c rades, that I have shared in yo ur conquests in B ritain ; conquests due to yo ur o an d o u o on ns b a o an d l yalty y r dev ti , i pired y the v l ur a o f o S b in the m jesty imperial R me . ide y side many a n for march and ma y a fight, whether the call was o a s foe or for ffo to o c urage ag in t the , patient e rt ver o th e o s s o ff e e b s c me b tacle r d y nature her elf, we have en on o e o u and T be well c tent with each th r, y I . here fore it is that we have pushed our way far beyon d any po int that other gen erals and other armies have ever and are s o f of n reached, ma ters this extremity the la d, n s not to o ur r or our on but to our tha k p estige reputati , o oo o s You a n camps and ur g d sw rd . h ve bee the ex

lorers of n ou o o . p Britai , y have been its c nquer rs as well M an on o u n o s s ou y a time the r te, whe m ra and m n and o n tain river tried y ur patie ce, have I heard these words from the lips of the brave : Whe n shall we see ’ an en emy ? When will the day of battle come ? e o o s now e om H re c me y ur enemie , driv n fr their hiding places ; here is the fulfilmen t of your prayers and an o as on f or ou o a n ow and ou cc i y r val ur ; be t them , y have th e a at ou to do so and o oo is b ll y r feet ; fail , the utl k r o ur n an e g ave . In triumpha t adv ce we have trav lled a on on oa o s l g, l g r d, we have threaded f re ts, and we a e o s ua s O f so n h v f rded e t rie , all which are ma y addi 37 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

on to o ur o n ow all s n s do ti s gl ry ; if we flee , the e thi g o r s no n o o f but multiply u peril . We have k wledge the o s as our no n c untry, uch enemies have ; we have mea s o f getting supplies lik e them ; what we have are o ur s o s our o an d a n e w rd and str ng arms, h vi g them we hav all things . For my part I long ago made up my mind that it was never safe for an army or a general to let an en emy see a D e on of on o is e their b cks . ath the field h ur bett r than a life of shame but in our position life and hono ur o n in n to a o n th e g ha d ha d, while f ll at the p i t where n atural world itself comes to an end wo uld be to find a m glorious to b . “ o on to ou XXXIV . If th se tribes y der were new y and a a a o n n o n o r their b ttle rr y s methi g stra ge, I w uld e c u age you by the example of what o ther armies have don e is sa o n o o own o es and ask as it , I y c u t ver y ur vict ri T o o who s your own eyes . h se are the r gues la t year o one o n o of ss an d who fell up n legi n u der c ver darkne , e u to b so n O f o e n w re t rned flight y the u d y ur che ri g . T o o n a O f to s h se are the m st ru aw y rascals all the Bri n , an d that is the only reason why they have survived till ow You no n n . k w that whe men are penetrating the forest glades the bravest of the wild beasts charge upo n them and meet th e ir fate the timoro us and the cowardly fl r so O f e ee T s o s y at the me e und th ir f t . hus the t ute t hearted of the Britons have long since bitten the dust ; a n of n -s n o roon the rem i der are but a pack pa ic tricke p lt s . The reason that at last you find them here in fron t of o u is not a to ba e y th t they have turned y, but that th y 3 8 THE AGRI CO LA O F TACITUS are a in a a T e se an d c ught tr p . heir desperat ca their paralysing fears have nailed them to the spo t where e s n and on s o ou o o th y ta d, that p t y shall sh w the w rld a O f an and o e o the spect cle a brilli t mem rabl vict ry . m e an end to s am n ft a Here ak the e c paig s . Let fi y ye rs of on s a o n n da o to om c que t h ve their cr w i g y . Pr ve R e n a o n or that her army ever p lters with its w rk, leaves e n e s of s on b hi d it the se d fre h rebelli s . E n e o was s s i XXXV . ve whil Agric la till peak ng, the ’ m en s e xcitement was in tens e ; this final appeal was n o o b u s of n s s an d insta tly f ll wed y a b r t e thu ia m, they rapidly put th ems elves in mo tion to close with the nem e e e o so e y . Fir d as th y w re with impetu sity, he arrang ed th e ir order that the eight thousan d infantry of th e a o m e so n e o s an a r llies f r d a lid ce tre, the thre th u d c val y n s on n s Th e ons oo bei g di tributed the wi g . legi t k their s n in on of of to win ta d fr t the rampart the camp, a glo rious victory withou t the l oss of a drop of Roman bloo d if our allies were successful ; to save the day if u they were rep lsed . Th e Britons had posted their forces upon the mo un tain es for f e in o e to r o r on sid , e f ct and rd r st ike terr r, thei fr t n s on n s o n li e re ting the plai , the re t as it were t weri g 1 n k o n s e Th behi d them ran ver ra k up the t ep . e level

1 Lik e the l o o se c rags who se threat en in g mas s ’ L a o er n o er the h o ow ass y t tt i g ll p , ’ As if an in fan t s touch could urge The r h ea o n as sa e own the er e i dl g p g d v g , With st ep and weap on forwar d fl ung - h hun — L a U p on the mount ain s ide t ey g dy of the L ake. 39 THE AGRI CO LA O F TACITUS

space between the two armies was filled with the ir o chario teers who galloped up and d wn and yelled . Agrico la now seeing himself o utnumbe red by such s of s ou swarm enemie , and fearing a simultane s attack on on and on his s out his s his fr t flank , widened line , although this was to make his form atio n dangerously was o to extended, and he str ngly urged bring up the

o . na n u n an d o ditfi legi ns But, turally sa g i e res lute in to a oo culty, he sent his charger the re r, and t k his o o on oo O f li p siti n f t in the van the al es . Th e o o n of XXXVI . c mbat pe ed with the discharge ; an d on i o missiles the Brit s, with the r mighty claym res l a oo s i or and sma l t rges, c lly and k lfully evaded parried of our and o r in o n in the darts men, p u ed up them reply m o u s o of n u o o e a tre end s h wer javeli s, ntil Agric la rd red all the Batavian s and two c oho rts of Tun grian s to go in to os u an o o cl e q arters d use their sw rds . L ng drill at the sword- exercise had made o ur allies mas te rs O f this ; i n s s ie and un arm wh le the e emy, with their mall h lds e re for a o wi ldy blades, we awkward at it ; the cl ym res of on n ot s n o the Brit s were thru ti g weap ns, and were ill 1 for n n n in a o e adapted e ta gleme t cl se m llay . When o ns on to s i theref re the Batavia fell hand hand, trik ng ’ e s - an d n n s with th ir hield spikes, thrusti g at their e emie o r e on n a on faces, they verth w the fr t li e pl nted the a s e n - s and pl in, and pu h d their adva ce up the hill side , o o o s to r a o the ther c h rt , eager iv l them, charged h me and likewise cut do wn those oppo sed to them ; so rapid s o on o n was the succe s btained, that they left the gr u d 1 Rea n in arct m nam di g o j g . 4-0

THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

’ : o o f en e s n s s s themselves s me the my ba d , with arm till e o of o o in th ir hands, fleeing bef re a few urs ; thers choosing O f the ir own acc ord to rush barehand ed on th e s o an h w rd d seek a voluntary death . T e fi eld was c overed with arms and bodies of the slain an d severed and oo s of oo et n n o limbs p l bl d, y eve the there were s me amid the rout whose valo ur and courage did not desert n oo e and them . Whe they reached the w ds they ralli d ma an a m to e o o u u s wh o de tte pt ntrap the f rem st p rs er , were dashing in recklessly and were ignorant of the o un Bu n gr d . t Agricola was e verywh ere in p erso placing strong cohorts of light-armed men to watch o u s m n nd s n the tlet he dis ou ted some O f his cavalry a e t e on oo to e and th e men th m f t b at the thickets, made wh o remain ed on h orseback scour the thinn er parts of th e wood ; had h e not adopted these tactics the en emy o a m n w uld h ve ade us pay d early for our o ver co fidence . o saw s nn n n H wever, when they the pur uit begi i g agai , our re- o e and o an d with lines f rm d steady, they br ke ran n ot o s n o o of o o , , as bef re, pre ervi g s me s rt f rmati n t e and keeping in to uch with on e an other ; n ow h y s an d fled er man o h is o and cattered, ev y fr m fell w, had sought the pathl ess re cesses of their wilds . We e e o of em e on and our men e x cuti n th till night cam , w re an O f r O f T r a n e ou . ti ed killing . hei sl i w re ten th s d o s e n mo o ur there f ll three hu dred and sixty, a ngst wh m u us omm n e of o o o was Aul s Attic , the c a d r a c h rt, wh m yo uthful ardour and a too spirited horse carried right n o th e n s o f n i t ra k the e emy . T of o n for XXXVIII . hat was a night rej ici g the 42 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITU S

oo Th e o vic tors o ver their tri umph and their b ty . Brit ns n e e in th e r n ss men and wa der d hith r and thither da k e , w om en raising lamentable c ries as they dragged away their dead or called to those who were still alive they deserted their homes and fi red them with their own hands in their rage ; they chose hiding-places only to aban don them again directly ; th ey met in parties and o o on n an d n m n f rmed a c mm pla , the im ediately tur ed a Som o o n c om their backs on on e nother . e br ke d w pletely when they saw their d ear ones o nce m ore but os of e o s to e and is an m t th m were r u ed fury ther by, it un doubted fact that there w e re tho se who in their fr enzy s e i own an d r n as an of l w the r wives child e act mercy . ’ The morn ing s light brought un mistakable proo fs O f o e n ss of our o e s n the c mpl te e vict ry . A dr ary ile ce was o un — e s e th e ns of o all ar d the hills w re de ert d, rui h uses smoked in the distan ce ; no living be ing m et the ad n of our s ou s n s out in i va ce c t . We se t the e every d rec on and s of ran ti , learnt that the track the fugitives all a s an d th e e em e n ot on en an w y , that n y w re c c trating y To o o u o o a . r where f ll w them p inv lved a desult y w rfare , which was o ut of th e qu estio n n ow that the summer was o ver ; so Agricola withdrew h is army into the 1 r f the Bor sti T e o o o e . territ y h re he received h stages, and co mmission ed the commander of the fleet to cir cumnav i ate a n o for os g Brit i . A f rce this purp e was s s e to an d o h ad w th e a . a ign d him, terr r cleared y Agricola himself led th e cavalry and in fan try to their n ua s n s o o o r wi ter q rter , marchi g l wly thr ugh the c unt y 1 F m r ife o st p obably . 4 3 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS in order that the v e ry deliberaten ess of his progress of - might impress the min ds the newly c onquered tribes . His o n a of arrival c i cided with th t the fleet, which, a o b fine s in o s n f v ured y weather, ucceeded acc mpli hi g a ous o and s i o o f fam v yage, , after kirt ng the wh le the s o s o f n u to n - o n ea t c a t Britai , ret rned its starti g p i t, the l o of Trutulium p rt . o o XXXIX . Agric la rep rted the se even ts to Rome in despatch es of studi ed moderation ; but the gratified air Do n e on s as with which mitia receiv d them ly di guised, u u o at His con s al, the suspici n gnawing his heart . science told him that the public had mo cked at the s u s o G n for ham tri mph he had ju t celebrated ver erma y, en s to bu s s which the markets had be ran acked y lave , whose hair and appearan ce might admit o f their playing of was a the part captives . Here, he must have felt,

1 Tac us is a c on summa e erar ar s but M ommsen w h it t lit y ti t ; , it m r h r n ar e ne of th e reason c a s him an un a s o a . S c c o , ll ilit y i t i ly d w h an so r o f pl aces in these l as t ch apt ers c an be id entifie it y t

a n The s e o f th e ba e w h G al acus is ace b M r. cert i ty . it ttl it g pl d y

S ene at Cleav en D es where th e Is a and the T a un e . But k yk , l y it “ ” the o h er ro osed s es for are n numerab e . The n uar t p p it it i l A tiq y ,

D L . w h his K a m of Kin runes and his s one nscr be . . L . it i p t i i d A , ne amo n a mu u e M o ns Gram ius ma or ma no t is only o g ltit d . p y y be the Grampian s ; th ere are old Roman camp s in Perth and F o r ar as we as in F e and th e oca on of th e B o resti in F e is f ll if , l ti if Th r us Trutulensis ma w h robab but a con ec ure . e o j t P t y , it p ility , be ace on the shores of th e F r h o f F or h but is m o ss b e pl d i t t , it i p i l It is o ub u th e flee more h an o ub e to say wh ere . d tf l if t did t d l C a e W ra h ascer a n h a th e wes coas o f S co an ren e p t , t i t t t t tl d t d d u h rom h ere and re urn bac own th e eas c oas to the so t f t , t k d t t

n T ha c rcumna a e the wh o e o f B r a n ur n F orth agai . t it i vig t d l it i d i g n r b e th e fag end of aut umn is i c edi l . 44 T HE AG RICO LA O F TACITUS

’ r a and enu n e or in n em s oss g e t g i vict y, which the e y l was oun b n o an and e of c ted y ma y th us ds, the fam which Th o un n e was in every mouth . e emper r had a ha ti g f ar of e n o u s on s e s en e b i g t h e by a ubj ct . He had il c d the a n o ess ons an d o n ono to le r ed pr f i , had f rbidde h ur be won but a n o e in civil life what av iled this, if a th r might o in o O o n in f restall him military gl ry . ther p i ts might so so o o to oo me rt be gl ssed ver with ease, but be a g d r a an a Th gene al w s unmistakably imperial qu lity . e o u s n o f idea t rmented him, and it was a s re ig the dead lin ess of h is purpose that he was satisfied with brood o n on n o to ing ver his i tenti , thi king it p litic mask his ’ hatred f or the presen t till the freshness of his victim s fame an d his favo ur with the army should fade away ; n for Agricola still was the governor of Britai . ’ o b o o XL . Acc rdingly, y the emper r s rders, the senate ’ o a o ssor o on f rm lly v ted him a triumph s acce y dec rati s, with the complimen t of a statue in his honour and all s u for a r and so the sub tit tes t iumph, intimated al that o n of S a was n for o n the pr vi ce yri inte ded Agric la, it bei g n n b of o Atilius the vaca t y the death the c nsular Rufus, and specially reser ved for men of more than ordinary Not a o on o n calibre . few believed that a c mmissi app i t ing him to Syria was positively sen t by the han ds of a ’ r n of o nn o to f eedma the emper r s i er c uncil, be delivered to in s Th e o him case he were till in Britain . st ry went that the freedman actually en co untered Agricola half wa os S O f Do o n y acr s the traits ver, whereup n he ever n s for an n but wa to eve a ked i terview, made his y back o an s o ma m D . The or a miti t ry y be true, it y be a 45 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

on n as n o n ficti , inve ted bei g in acc rda ce with the em ’ eror s p character . Tru or not o had an o h is o n e to e , Agric la h ded ver pr vi c TO n his succe sso r in a state of peace and se curity . preve t his entry in to Rome from being an occasion for a great a s a e and n of on o f s s s embl g the gatheri g a thr g ightseer , he evaded the atten tions of h is frien ds and came in to the

b . B n e city y night y night he atte d d at the palace, a positive order to do so having been con veyed to him he o u on o was received with a f rmal sal tati , the emper r did ' n ot n o a on an d suflered to e gage him in c nvers ti , he was a a n o o of c o e s in n To f ll b ck i t the cr wd urti r waiti g . disarm through le ss O ffen sive forms o f virtue the pre judice that his military reputation aroused among men of u u n ss an d to an pleasure, he p shed q iet e retirement ; n n n in f a in on a on extreme u prete di g style, a f ble c vers ti , he n ever was seen abroad with more than on e or two s so a of o who om friend , that the m ss pe ple, are accust ed ’ to measure men s greatn ess by the scale o f their pre ns on n o s to how te i s, whe they met Agric la u ed ask he ever got his reputation ; an d those who could give the n right a swer were few . n o as XLI . Freque tly through all this peri d w he in e to Do n and in s e abs nce accused mitia , ab ence acquitt d of o o no the charges . Agric la had c mmitted crime, nor on an man s o u had he wr ged y , that he h uld be th s ’ Hi m o o attacked . s peril lay in the e per r s hatred f n ss own and in n of great e , in his fame, the perti acity a ’ o o s o s o who s n his man s m st mischiev u f e , the pe ple i g praises . 46 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

M or eo e o o his r n v r, the times which f ll wed etur were n m such as unavo idably brought up the a e of Agricola . In M msia in D a in G an in ann on a , aci , erm y, P ia, rmy after army was de stroyed because o ur gen eral s w ere e oo s or o s and e a o r eith r f l c ward , cas after c se ccu red where oflic ers o f experien ce with their cohorts were o an d en to su en no on verwhelmed driv rr der. It was l ger our fron tier an d the lin e of th e Danube or the Rhin e that were threatened the power of our legions to hold their own districts an d their own winter quarters was

n n . o n of o e da gered Acc rdi gly, as the tale l sses kept n s n a b i crea ing, whe each year as it came was m rked y ” o n an d “ n o fresh m urni g disaster, se d Agric la became the cry O f the multitude and everybody was contrastin g n his so u on h is s his e ergy, re l ti , warlike pirit, with the m of stupidity and ti idity the others . Do too o ou l mitian , bey nd all d bt, had this anguage n n o a s n n of din ed i t his e r , the frie dly si cerity the best on m n on i n n ou am g his freed e , c sp ri g with the e vi s malevolen ce of the wo rs t to exasperate the n atural ’ a n of m T o s own r m lig ity their aster . hus Agric la me its combin ed with the faults of others to thrust his name o a o n n int a f tal pr mi e ce . n ow was a n XLII . And the year at h nd whe the \ lot was to as sign him to Asia or to Africa as pro 1 on su and e on of C a n c l , the r cent executi ivica was a w r in for o a as n fo r Do an g Agric l well as a precede t miti . ’ Certain men familiar with the emperor s secrets o o as on own o n to appr ached Agric la, if their acc u t, put 1 r -con su f Late p o l o A sia. 47 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

u s on “ Did o os to o n e ? the q e ti , he pr p e take a pr vi c They b egan indire ctly by hinting at the virtues o f p eace and quietn ess then they proc e eded to press upo n him their service s in seconding an appeal to be allowed to n of na O ff th e and decli e fice ; fi lly they threw mask, by urgency and actual menace they positively forced Th e o him into the presence of Domitian . e mper r was a pas t- master in hypo crisy : with an air of great con descension he listen ed to the appeal to be excused fro m n oo so as to n s o servi g he st ped far gra t the de ired fav ur, an d to an o o f for nor accept expressi n gratitude it, did the odiousn ess o f his ben efaction raise a blush upon his n u to s to o o cheek . It had bee sual give a alary a g vern r of on an in n c sular r k, and this certai cases had been yielded by Domitian hims elf ; but be withheld it from o off n no on Agric la, perhaps e ded because applicati was made f or it possibly suspecting that he might be o to s o th ught have purcha ed what he had c mpelled . It is an instinct of human nature to hate the man yo u ’ on n o n o of Domi ia have wr ged . Ra c ur was the key te t n s a and o i his n ch racter, the m re he disgu sed feeli g, the less was to et to apt he alter it y , nevertheless, even he began soften towards Agricola on acco un t of the s elf- command Not no an d discretion he exhibited . with muti us bear “ ” ing nor with idle vapouring about Liberty did o an for b n Agric la make y bid fame y challengi g his fate . Th ere are people whose rule it is to belaud every defian ce of constituted authority : they may learn that n bad o r a ma even u der emper rs g e t lives y be led, and o o on o n in that c mpliant and s ber c duct, if c mbi ed with 4-8

THE AGRI CO LA O F TACITUS

’ It was n o secret that when Agricola s will was read o n c — h of and it was f u d that as o heir to t e best wives an d the most dutiful of daughters he had nominated Do o to mitian, the emper r appeared be greatly pleased e o o His thereby, as if it wer a c mplimentary ch ice . mind was so blinded and besotted by everlasting flattery that he was actually ignoran t that no good father would dream of putting an emperor in to his will unless that o emper r were a miscreant . o on XLIV . Agric la was born the thirteenth of June l in the third consul ship of Caligula ; he died in the fifty-fo urth year of his age on the twenty- third of f August in the con sulship o f Collega and Priscus As to o o o of his pers nal appearance, sh uld the curi sity o n to r p sterity exte d such a matter, his f ame was well o o o an d of o pr p rti ned the middle height ; his expressi n, o n i n n ; on e far fr m being stern, was exceedi gly w n i g trusted him in stinctively and acknowledged his greatn ess o in et with pleasure . His life was cut sh rt its prime, y his glory could have been no brighter had he lived to o r o so r of n f u sc re . Virtue is the true u ce happi ess, and o for s had that was his with ut stint ; while as uccess, he won on an d of and the c sulship the insignia a triumph, what more had fo rtun e to give him ? He had n o mind to o o of be immensely rich, and he was the p ssess r a E n so o O f han dsome estate . scapi g the rr w seeing either or o ma wife daughter die bef re him, he y indeed be deemed happy in that he was taken away from the evil to o o o a l c me, with his h n urs unimpaired, his f me sti l

1 2 A ) 0 , A. D . . J . 4 93 50 THE A GRICO LA O F TACITUS

ou s n and no a et a in e of fl ri hi g, with g p y m de the circl s had e o to his friends and relative . He inde d h ped live to see of o n h ad o to the dawn this g lde age , he h ped see a Trajan o n the thron e ; in my ear he prophe sied So his u - ou that this would be . in premat rely wr ght death it was n o small cons olation to him that he was spared the horror of beholding those latter days when Do no on oo and a mitian l ger tasted bl d, p used, and tasted one s - oo again, but at deep draught ucked the life bl d o f the State . o n - ou and XLV . Agric la neverbeheld the se ate h se beset the senators o verawed by force of arms he n ever beheld of on l o o e o s men c su ar p siti n butcher d wh le ale , and ladies of n r n the highest ra k d iven headlo g into exile . When o C s M s on s o a e Agric la died, aru etiu had ly c red his m id n s an o o o o of M essalinus succe s as inf rmer, the di us v ice not o s of of and M s s was heard ut ide the citadel Alba, a a Baebius s subse was him elf among the accused . It was qu en tly that our senatorial han ds were made the instru Helvidius o o o ur ments whereby was cast int pris n, that s of M auricus an d us u and eye endured the sight R tic s, that upon us fell the stain of the inno cent bloo d of n o Se eci . o n but u n hi Ner was a tyra t, he t r ed away s eyes ; o o o not oa o Ner rdered atr cities, but he did gl t ver his U n Do of o ur o s victims . der mitian the chiefest t rture to an d to s n b be our was see be ee y him, as registered sighs and set his mark again st every sen ator that turn ed a o a of s o p le bef re the st re his malignant vi age, wh se purple n oo a hue rendered him un aturally pr f against sh me . 5 1 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS

for o u o not o Happy was it y , Agric la, that nly was o so o o to ou at y ur life gl ri us, but that death came y the T ose who e b to ou o s right hour . h wer y hear y r last w rd o u o e u as declare that y met y ur fate brav ly and cheerf lly, though do ing all that a man co uld to ensure a verdict of o u an d not for o . guilty the emper r Y r daughter I , alas, not on to oss of a ly had endure the terrible l a p rent, but to suffer the additional pang of absence ; we were not sen to s it b o to n o n pre t y y ur sick bed, sustai y ur dyi g o and to o o oo an d f rm, receive y ur last l ng farewell l k nor o ou a to o embrace, c uld y have f iled give us s me commands and loving words that would have been for a T o n o o of ever graven on our he rts . hat cr wni g s rr w absen ce was o urs ; the duty that called me away fro m a s T Ro ou o . me f r years previ usly was the c u e rue it is, 0 of o o was b o best fathers, that y ur l ving wife y y ur side , an d that all and more than all that was due to your hono urable position was done Yet some tears that s ou s ou n ot h ld have been hed at y r deathbed were shed, and your dying eyes looked roun d at the last for some in n thing and looked vai . an a o for s o f XLVI . If there be y habit ti n the spirit men o o so s s just , if, as the phil s phers aver, great ul peri h no t a on o a s o in l g with the b dily life, m ye t th u rest e and us who to w o p ace, recall , were dear thee, a ay fr m weak regrets and womanish tears back to the thought o f th s no for so o or for y virtue , which are subject rr w sighing ! Not with the fleeting breath of prais e would do e o o e- on o and we the h n ur, but with lif l g admirati n, the

ffo n be e us to u . T e rt, if stre gth giv n , em late thee hus 5 2 THE AGRICO LA O F TACITUS shall each man th at is of thy kin do thee truest service and ro i To th o an p ve h s piety . y wid w d to thy daughter I wo uld say this : K eep sacred the memory of the husban d and the father by pon dering all that he said or a O f ou ou e and n did, e ch y in y r h art ; let the li eaments and the expression of his charact er rather than of his on n s n r Not a o sa pers be e hri ed the e . th t I w uld y aught again st the portraits that are fashioned of marble o r o f bronz e ; but these material things are as much subject to the l aw of decay and death as the fe atures ’ r n : o m is er s an d they eprese t the s ul s i age imp i hable, ou ma m o an d ss n ot in os ma that y y e b dy expre gr s tter, ’ b ma n in s n of y the crafts n s ha d, but the piritual ature o m of o a o ur o . y in st self All Agric la th t we l ved, all a s and in of that we dmired, abide will abide the hearts m n in h n ss ou s e of m e in o f a e t e . , e dle c r ti , the pages f me M any a hero of old h as gone d own in to oblivion like the c ommon herd : th e story of Agricola has been trans mi t ose h o o and t ed to th w c me he shall live .

5 3 T HE GERM AN IA O F TAC IT U S

1 G n o o G . erma y taken as a wh le is divided fr m aul, 1 on b n D n Rhaetia and Pann ia y the Rhi e and the a ube . 2 M o n o S and D and u tains divide it fr m armatia acia, mutual fear is also a barrier between the peoples . O n b o n s the far side it is encircled y the cea , which weeps 3 aroun d broad promon tories and island s of unknown n s o n extent, where dwell ki g and tribes, wh se existe ce on n to b war s has ly bee recently revealed us y . Ri ing n o n s of s amid the u tr dden fast esse the Rhaetic Alp , the Rhine flows with a slight westerly curve down o a The D n s i to ou Se . its tlet in the N rth a ube, i su ng o n s o of o n fr m the ge tle l pes the Black F rest, visits ma y peoples in its cour se un til it forces its way in to the Black Sea o six o n n o thr ugh m uths, whilst a seve th cha nel l ses itself in the marshes . In m o n on G n o a II . y pi i the erma s are the rigin l n of o an d o en inhabita ts the c untry, are alm st tirely unall oyed by admixture with immigrant tribes from o o n o on o an with ut . I gr u d this pini up n the fact that n o oo not b b sea an d cie t migrati ns t k place y land but y ,

1 m F ranc and the sou h -wes ern ar o f u i. e. F ro e s ro , t t p t A t n r Hu ga y . 2 m Russia and Rou ania. 3 o se to be an arch e a o of s ands Scandinavia was supp d ip l g i l . 54 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

o n o and ma sa o that seld m i deed are th se vast , I y y, h stile seas that en compas s them visited by a ship from our a f or a o . o o o p rt the w ld And, m re ver, ap rt fr m the perils of n n o o an n o man o n that terrible u k wn ce , w uld thi k of abandon ing Asia or Africa or Italy and seeking a o G ni n n h me in ermany, with its u nviting lands and u ge ial s o oo climate, its dreary a pect and its s cial gl m, if it were not n his ative place . Th e o o of sagas, which are the s le rec rd their past 1 s o sa God Tuisto n o hi t ry, y that the spra g fr m the earth, and that he and his son M an nus were the authors an d o of To M n s f unders the race . a nu they ascribe three on os n o n b s s, wh e ames are b r e respectively y the 2 n on n to o o I gaev es ext the cean, the Hermin nes in the O f o un Iscaevon es in of middle the c try, and the the rest O s o o it . ther , with true myth l gical license, give the o ons o o are o deity several m re s , fr m wh m derived m re s M n Gambrivians Suabian s tribal name , such as arsia s, , , and Van dals ; an d these name s are both genuine an d Th n an of . e G o d ancient ame ermany, h wever, is new a on ow n to of recent applic ti , i g the fact that the first these peoples to cross the Rhine an d dispossess the G now n o Tun rian s ot auls, a tribe k wn as the g , then g the n ame of German s Thu s what was origin ally a name given to a tribe and not that of a race gradually to so of came be accepted, that all men the race were

O r Tuisco the e h a es its name to Tuesda . 9 , d ity t t giv y 2 ’ Gr mm s en ca on of the In ae ones w h the Saxons o f i id tifi ti g v it , the Iscaev ones w h the F ran s and of the Herm n ones i h the it k , i w t

Thurin ians is con en en S ubbs Cons t H is t . g v i t ( t , . , i 55 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

G a b o o r rs as a e called erm ns, y the vict ri us t ibe fi t a n m o f an d b s e s n fear, y them elves aft rward whe the name had on ce been co in ed . 1 T o o s so to sa s III . raditi n g e far as y that Hercule o n an d a s visited their c u try, they r i e a hymn in his s as of all men prai e , the pattern valiant , as they of T o approach the field battle . hey have als a kind O f song which they chaun t to fire their courage (they ” call it “ barding and from this chaunt they draw an f s of h e o r F or s augury o the is ue t c ming f ay . they in pire o in fo e or o e flur ried s o terr r the , bec m themselve acc rd o n o u o o not ing to the s u d that g es p fr m the h st . It is so much any articulate expre ssion of words as a war o s Th e to o o s like ch ru . great aim is pr duce a h ar e uo o man o n o tempest us r ar, every h ldi g his shield bef re his m outh to in crease the volume and the depth of tone on by reverberati . U ss o so n a o o ly es als , as me thi k, s iled int the n rthern o ou s e of o n n and cean, in the c r his l ng mythical wa deri gs, o on G o a Asbur on tr d erman s il, and they maintain th t g an n da the Rhine, which is i habited place at the present y,

1 Tac us ma h a e a en Thor for a nor hern Hercu es rom it y v t k t l , f the na ure of his ex o s or h e ma ha e den ed the Roman t pl it , y v i tifi - dem od w h Irmin so n of W uotan . i g it , 2 “ o ss b an n er o a on bar be n a C e c and not a P i ly i t p l ti , d i g lti Teu on c wor or ma be ha T ac us ot h s n orma on t i d , it y t t it g t i i f ti h nn O relli rea s bar itum The through a C eltic c a el . d baritus was a rec se s m ar war-cr ra sed so mm anus p i ly i il y i , A i s t a er a e b the Roman e onar es on o n n o e s u a a , y g g t ll , l t d t l i i i g i t Bu in his me th e e onar e s were ar e com ose of battl e . t ti l gi i l g ly p d G ermans and he may er we h a e n ro uce a rac ce of , t y v y ll v i t d d p ti h R m n r u r their own into th e rank s of t e o a eg l a s. 5 5

THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

z o o f e S their sole and m ost highly pri ed f rm w alth . ilver and o o but g ld the g ds have denied them, whether in mercy or in anger I h esitate to say ; neither would I be understood to aflirm that Germany possesses no veins f o or o for n o o oo for . silver g ld, b dy has ever l ked them They make a diff eren ce in the value they set upo n the o for and f or o n ma preci us metals use c mmerce . O e y on s s of see am g t them ve sels silver, that have been of n to o to ficially prese ted their env ys and chiefs, put o o o of o os the same c mm n uses as p ts clay, alth ugh th e tribes that are on our border highly appreciate gold and for u os s of o an d silver the p rp e trade, and rec gnise Th e preferentially accept some varieties of our coins . in terior tribes still exchange by barter after the more o T on is primitive an d an cient fashi n . hey like m ey that old and a in o o f n famili r, the f rm pieces havi g deeply 1 n n s an d n o of two i de ted rim , beari g the impressi n a

o s o . S too a n o h r e chari t ilver, , r ther tha g ld attracts n ot an on o f them, that they are y f der it as a metal, but because the reckoning of silver coin s is easier for men who in of deal a variety cheap articles . E o b no VI . ven ir n is y means abundant with them, ma a ro a of on as we y g ther f m the ch racter their weap s . o T O nly a few have sw rds and heavy spears . hey “ r n r car y la ces, f ameae as they call them, with the o o o o so an d so s ir n p int narr w and sh rt, but sharp ea y

1 N otch es were fil ed in th e rim of the coin after it was struck to sh ow ha was not a mere d sk of CO er coa ed w h t t it i pp t it silv er. r a S i y ohn E v ns . 2 The Old German word is pfriemen 5 8 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

l to handle that they employ them either for stabbing or n s n an d for throwing as o ccasion dema d . A la ce a shield are arms enough for a horseman ; the footmen have so to r man and n al darts hu l each carries several, , bei g or o o naked nly lightly clad with a little cl ak, they can o an n T n o hurl them t immense dista ce . hey make of o na n on display r me t, ly they are very careful in the for n colours they use the devices o their shields . Few os a n r and o p sess such thi g as a b eastplate, nly a man or wo an d e m or e t here ther a hel et h adpiece . T o are not a e for u or heir h rses remark bl bea ty speed, neither are they train ed to complex evolution s like ou s s o or e r the rider charge straight f rward, whe l in a n to o o of oo si gle turn the right, the f rmati n the tr p s G being such that there i no rear rank . enerally n oo n o o an d speaki g, the f tme are the m st numer us, the fighting line therefore is composed of b oth arms com bin ed s nn m o o n , all the fa test ru ers a ng the y u g men o for van b of being ch sen the , and y their great speed 2 oo n for a n f t bei g admirably suited a cav lry e gagement . T m o o on e heir nu ber, m re ver, is exactly fixed there are hundred of them from every village these chosen yo uths “ are always known as Th e Hun dred amon g their own o and was o f lk thus what riginally a mere number, has o to an of ono gr wn be actual title h ur . Their line of battle is drawn up in wedge - shaped

1 L e th ab n ik e s t bi g assegai of the Z ul us . 2 “ At W r at e l oo the Scots Grey s ch arged with a 9 2nd High ” ’ n r h n n n h rr —L ord R berts s eech a t th e l a d e a gi g o t o eac sti up . o p ’ - ndrew da dinner oth N o m r 1 . S t. A s e be 8 y , 3 v , 93 59 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

o ns ; to a o o onl a man c lum f ll back, h wever, pr vided y o s on a a n is e to oo a s not o a e c me g i , h ld be g d t ctic , c w rdic . Even in a defeat they carry off the bodies o f their o T o n th e s c mrades . hr wi g away hield is the crown ing s man who so o o di grace , and a has dish n ured himself may neither tak e part in the rites of religion nor enter the gen eral assembly ; many such survivors from the battlefield have been known to end their shame by n s hangi g them elves . T oos n for o VII . hey ch e their ki gs their n ble birth, ’ their gen erals f or their prowess : the king s power is n n or an d n owe neither u limited arbitrary, the ge erals their auth ority less to their military rank than to their an d a o e b example the dmirati n they xcite y it, if they n on o s a e are dashi g, if they are c spicu u , if they ch rg ma n o of . t ma ahead the line But they y execute, they y n ot n ma n ot n n n os bi d, they y eve strike a deli que t th e s o of an d do are the privilege s lely the priests, they such things not as a form of military punishment n or at the ’ n n but es com ge erals biddi g, as if such were the expr s man ds of the deity whom they believe to be present on th e field an d they carry with them in to battle certain s o o ut of o s images and statue br ught the sacred gr ve . But the sharpest spur to their valour is that each separate squadron or c ol umn is not a mere casual aggre ation of n - o s o o of of on e g cha ce c mer , but is c mp sed men family an d one kin ; and their h ouseholds go with them to an d of om an d the field, the shrieks their w en the a n s of e n e s E w ili g their childr n ri g in th ir ear . ach man feels boun d to play the hero before such witnesses 60 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS and to a i o o s To his m o n e rn the r m st c veted prai e . ther a d t o his wi fe he brin gs his wo un ds an d th ey do not shrink o oun em n or o r n em e fr m c ting th , fr m sea chi g th , while th y carry foo d to the fighters an d give th em en co uragem en t

T e on m r a n . l a o o VIII h ir traditi s tel th t e th n ce, when a German lin e was wavering on th e poin t of giving wa om n a li r n n n y, the w e r l ed it, u ge tly e treati g the m en to on a n e e s s and r n o ut fight , b ri g th ir br a t c yi g an C for e that the ir captivity was at h d . aptivity th ir women is a thing the men abhor far more than for emse so as a a e of O th lves that, m tt r fact, we always btain the fi rm est h old o ver tho s e stat es which are compelled to include amongst th e hostag es they s en d us some ns of n o e Na G ans en s maide bl birth . y, the erm ev a cribe to wo men a certain inspiration and power of prophe cy ; they do n ot e ith er d espise th e advice they give or M os of e o n n eglect their forecas ts . t th eir trib s l g gave n ono to e a om we saw as a r on r divi e h urs V led , wh p is e e in a s of Em e o e s an of se h re the d y the p r r V spa i , bles d 1 memory ; but there was al so an Aur in ia in earlier i es and n o e s i e e o en e e t m , ma y th r l k wis , wh m they v rat d n e nou o u n ot an e of n si c rely e gh, th gh with y id a maki g o ss of g dde es them . M 2 . is n a n and u n IX ercury their pri cip l divi ity, po

1 O hers rea bruna but erha s shou d be aliruna t d Al p p it l , an old wor for ro he es s d p p t . 2 The id en tifi catio n o f the T eutonic deities in th eir L atin garb is not eas G r mm s a : The n et resu is ha in L a n y . i ys lt t t ti record s d ealing with Germany and h er go d s we are warrant e d in n er re n M ercur us as W u t n u e n n g o a , r as Do ar a d M ars as i t p ti i j pit , ” ’ Teutonic M thol o 1 0 S tall br n n Z in ( . 3 ; ass ra s a o . y gy , p y t l ti ) 61 THE GER M ANIA O F TACITUS

certain days their religion requires that in th e ir sacrific es s ou u e to him they h ld include human victims . Herc l s and M ars are appeased with O fferings o f the lower an s so e of Suabians o of imal , and m the als fer sacrifice 1 o s o sou s o n oo its t Isi . Fr m what rces thi f reig cult t k to o n th e rise I have failed disc ver, further tha that actual embl em O f the goddess being made in the fo rm of a Liburn ian galley po in ts to the worship having been o o imported fr m with ut . For o of on o the rest, the th ught c fining their g ds n s or of n an od withi wall , maki g y human face the m el to r s e to after which rep e ent the divine image , se ms o of n o f n s them ut keepi g with the dignity celestial bei g . T on oo s and o s to hey c secrate w d gr ve them, and un der the n ames of the various deities they invoke that invisible presen ce which is apprehended only by the

reverent mind . To o n o f o a X . mens and the drawi g l ts they p y the a n on T o of n very gre test atte ti . heir meth d divini g by lot T lo o r the is simple . hey p a branch fr m a f uit tree and cut o ff the twigs : th ey mark these differently in

‘ o to n s a . rder disti gui h them ap rt, and they then cast oose za on o T them l ly, at hapha rd, a white r be . hen the o f o n o n to priest the c mmu ity, if it is g i g be a public n o or one of o o divi ati n, if a private , the head the h useh ld, off s to o n his to er a prayer the g ds, and turni g up eyes a s on e in he ven he draw three twigs, at a time, and he terprets those which he has drawn according to the

1 r har t a who I c n b Ho a an Ber th It is v e y d o s y sis a e . ld d c a b su es ons are p ossi l e gg ti . 62 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

n a on marks previously set upon them . If the i terpret ti o s to n a o no u r na on on th e pr ve be u f v urable, f rthe divi ti is a s on s a da . o r same que ti take place th t y If it f v u able,

th e e to be on . too are auspic s have still c sulted We, , familiar with the practice o f drawing auguries from the n o u a to G rm n flight a d the crie s f birds . Pec li r the e a race is th e impo rtan ce attached to certa in forecasts and n n f o o s s as o s s ar war i gs a f rded by h r e well . H r e e kept at the public charges in the sacred woods and grov es they are white in colo ur and are never desecrated by any toil in the service o f man ; they are harnessed to a sacred th e s an d i or o f a car, and prie t the k ng the chief the st te walk bes ide them and note with the utmost care their i s and o n In n o o o n neigh ng sn rti gs . ther me have they rm an d s o oo n ot on on fi er faith, thi h lds g d ly am g the comm on peopl e but also among the chiefs and priests for s on s to be the e latter, while c sidering themselve the m n of o i s s i isters the g ds, th nk that the sacred teed are m their outhpieces . They have also another method of con sultin g the om us to s n o an ens, which is ed a certai bef reh d the issue of of o n of th e n on wars grave imp rta ce . A man ati with which they are at war is captured by some means or o an d to o of own ther, is put fight with a champi n their o a n on on ; th e nati n, rmed each with his ati al weap s victory of the on e or the o ther is thought to foretell the event of the war. on n o on XI . Up mi r matters the chiefs deliberate ; up n s s a greater matters the ge eral as embly, with the re erv on in as ere o a o ti that, the latter c e, wh the p pul r v te 63 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

s s o e s too u settle the que ti n, these matt r , , m st be o o a n f h e th r ughly deb ted at a meeti g o the chiefs . T general ass embly is held reg ularly on fixed days (e xcept in the instan ce O f a sudd en emergency aris ing) either or oon for o s to at new at full m , they h ld the e times be the most auspicio us date for entering upon their discus s on T e on n a of s i s . h y reck time by nights i ste d by day as do an d n a e n s we , all their e g g me ts and arrangement are made on this system ; the day is co unted in with the e o us n pr vi ight . Their perfect in dependen ce O f on e another in volve s s r a n a n - thi d awback, th t they ever re ch their trysti g place o n or o on o of o s t gether bey the c diti ns their summ n , but two o r thre e days are always wasted by the unpunctuality W n n a o n on a of the late comers . he the ge er l pi i is th t the m h as o to e s ti e c me begin, they all take th ir eats, arms is om n b th e s on in n . S n ha d ile ce c ma ded y priest , f n a n n o e Th whom now devolves the task o mai t i i g rd r. en ’ n or o n to or the ki g a chief, acc rdi g the speaker s age n or a or o b s ; ra k f me el quence, is heard y the as embly but he is listen ed to rather as a man wh ose in fluen tial character carries weight than as one who has the pow er

to o n . o os n n o o re ec c mma d If the pr p al fi ds fav ur, its j on is s b o ti ignified y gr aning if it is accepted, the war o a s b riors clash their spears . Appr v l expre sed y the clashing of arms is the form of assen t held in the

high est hono ur . o n a s m na XII . Bef re the ge er l a se bly, likewise, crimi ls ma ma for i y be charged and y be tried the r lives . The e a e T o s an d n d p nalties v ry with the crim . rait r re ega es 64

THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS of o o n o e O f the h useh ld, he cef rward he is a m mber the us o s or se s n State . Ill tri u birth great rvice re dered by the family may c on fer the rank of chief even upo n m ere youths such youths asso ciate themselves with the o th e rs whose strength is more matured and who s e quality has been already put to the proo f ; n or is it considered to be ’ any sort O f derogation for them to be seen in a chief s 1 - In o or a n o . b dy guard fact, am ng the henchmen ret i ers composing the body-guards there are varying degrees of on b o o o and rank c ferred y the chief wh m they f ll w, there is an eager rivalry between the retainers for the o of onou as p st h r next their chief, as well between the differen t chiefs for the honour of having the most o o - numerous and the m st valiant b dy guard . Here lie To o dignity an d strength . be perpetually surr unded by a large train of picked young warriors is a distinction in n Nor peace and a protection i war . is it merely in his own nation alon e that each Chieftain enj oys his reputa tion an d his fame if he stan ds forth pre - emin ent by the o r of n numberand the val u his reti ue, but they are spread abroad amon g the neighbouring states as well em

1 L h am m — m m n r a sa s co a u c o es . The Ger a f h s D . t y it t s it o t i transl atio n was p robably some o lder form of the A ngl o -S axon fi - -O esi ura e si as re a ners . g , pl l , g t i M r Tho mas Ho n in his wor Theodoric the Goth refers . dgki , k , p h ma to t ransl ate comes by ench n . The titl e count is act ually deriv ed from comes (or rather ' h mitem n c mes m in r m h rm fi o m t e ace . co a d o beca e a e es t e e ), l t ti t m n h r r S ome h s or an s ha e seen for a me ber o f a k ig tly o d e . i t i v ' in the p ersonal d e votion of the comztes to their princeps a fore sha ow n of th e re a on o f assa and or but Dr. S ubbs d i g l ti v l l d , t , w n W z n r d r s h s heor Con t H ist fo o a e e sca s . . ll i g it , ti ly i d t i t y ( , i . 66 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS bassies o a to o n of s men c me speci lly c urt the allia ce uch , and o n an d e e re c mplime t them with gifts, th ir m re putation is enough in many cases virtually to decide a war . U o of o in XIV . p n the field battle the chief is b und o o n ot to s in a o and h n ur let himself be urpassed v l ur, his reta in ers are equally b oun d to rival the valo ur of their o e for on e of a to o chief. Furtherm r , the ret iners c me back alive from the field where his chief has fallen is from that day fo rward an in famy and a reproach durin g h s of To en h im o t e e . t all r t his life def d , guard him, n a to to o of own e of o y, give him the gl ry their f ats val ur, is th e e e o of o Th e for p rf cti n their l yalty . chiefs fight o o - for vict ry the b dy guard their chief. a S a on in and a If t te lies l g rusting peace in ctivity, off o o of n o ou o n to of g m st the ble y ths bel ngi g it, their own o to o n o on of so acc rd, j i ther nati s where a war me sort is go ing on ; because peace is repul sive to the and th e to o s ou an e race, path gl ry lie thr gh d g r, and also b e cause a num erous ban d of retain ers can only be m a n n b and a F or o i tai ed y war r pine . they claim fr m the libe rality of their chief the coveted war-horse and oo -s a n s O f or e the bl d t i ed pear vict y that th y desire . As u s for a as s an d n a s b titute p y they have rep t ba quets, o ma but n o an d n c arse it y be, abunda t . F rays plu der n su ns of n a r T s i gs pply the mea keepi g f ee table . he e men can be far less e asily prevailed upon to plough the soil an d wait for the ingathering than to challenge the n an a d o n s e a . In u e emy t ke w u d as their r w rd tr th, they regard it as a d ull and stupid thing to pain fully accu 67 THE GERMANIA O F TACITUS mulate by the sweat of the brow what might be won by a oo little bl d . In n of s u o f XV . the i tervals wars they pend m ch in n o in o n no n their time hunti g and still m re d i g thi g, o an o O f o s n n with ut y s rt bject except leepi g and eati g, all the boldest and most warlike men having no employ n so e of o s and its me t what ever, while the car the h u e belongings and the cultivation of the fields are aban doned to the women and O ld m en and to the weaklings h o o z n of T e . in the family . warri rs lie t rpid Ama i g on s Th e a o o and e c si tency s me men l ve sl th hate p ace . It is customary for the chiefs to receive a share o f the an d of o o n a and n herds the cr ps, given v lu t rily i dividually of o n T by the members the c mmu ity . hey accept this and o an ono . as h ur, their needs are als supplied thereby They take especial pleasure in gifts from n eighbouring o not on o u o tribes, which c me ly fr m individ als, but fr m er o o o f o the gen al b dy as well, and take the f rm ch ice s n n T e . ste ds, massive arm , pe da ts, and necklets hey o o o b to a have, m re ver, learnt fr m us y this time ccept on m ey . The n o o e of XVI . fact is well k wn that the pe pl s G n do not in e an d not s ff erma y dwell citi s, will even u er to o o T th eir settlements adj in each ther. hey plant themselves separately an d indepen den tly at some o n o o T do n ot la favourite spring r plai r gr ve . hey y out o o s o n an d their villages like urs, where the h use j i o o are massed t gether, but every man makes his ab de a o o o with a clear sp ce r und it, p ssibly as a precauti n n or o o n of agai st fires, perhaps fr m pure ign ra ce the art 68 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS of n T e u o or es buildi g . hey nev r use q arry st ne, til , but o o for n en empl y r ugh timber everythi g, with an tire Th do o s o f and n . di regard beauty elega ce ey , h wever, s e a s o f o ses som a pla t r p rt their h u with e c re, using an earth so pure and bright that the effect resembles a n T e se a c oloured designs don e with p i t . h y likewi m ke o f n s o a practice diggi g cellar , which they c ver with a e o f n u e as n e u an d o ous h ap ma r , wi ter r f ges as st reh es f or o s for two son : o o s their cr p , rea s firstly, the fr st d e n ot n a n o s s an d on an pe etr te i t uch place , sec dly, if y e n to n o n n nemy happe s i vade the c u try, he plu ders r n a o e roun ese n and r e eve ythi g b v g d, but th hidde bu i d s o use e e o s not no of t res escape, beca he ith r d e k w their or h as n o to for e existence time hunt th m . T e n r ss is a o a XVII . h ir i va iable dre cl ak f stened with

roo or a n or . o on a b ch, , f ili g that, a th n With n thing ex cept this they pas s whole days indoors around the hearth is s n f where the fire is burn ing . It a ig O great wealth to e o n in G is not oos wear und rcl thi g, which ermany l e and o e o f S on n and n s fl wing lik that the clav ia s Parthia , but fits o an d o o o f cl se f ll ws the shape the limbs . They also wear furs ; but thos e n earest o ur frontier are be n n to a off os in a gin i g le ve them , while th e the farther p rt o f o n ot an o n o u the c untry, getting y cl thi g thr gh the ann s of r r o b . So o ch el t ade, set g eat st re y them me s rts of an ma are in s e a o s an d i ls held greater e t em th n ther , the furs obtain ed from them are dotted o ver with s nippets from the pelts of strange beasts which are o n o u s o and un no n f u d in the t ide cean the k w sea. The o s men o n w men dre s like the , nly they freque tly 69 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

s o o n wear a ve ture w ven fr m flax, with a purple patter on it ; there are n o sleeves to the upper part of this n o n an d garme t, the wh le arm bei g left bare, the upper part of the breas t is likewis e un co vered . For th e a a on is an d XVIII . all that, m rri ge b d strict, no feature in their mode Of life is more creditable to them f a ns n . U n o o tha this like the great maj rity barb ria , they are con tent with on e wife : very few of them have more n on e and on are no t due to tha , these few excepti s wan tonn ess of men of n to o they are cases high ra k, wh m ’ s everal matrimon ial allian ces have been o flered from of Th e o not n ow to m otives policy . wife d es bri g a d ry f n o T s s an on on a O o e t . her hu b d the c tr ry, he fers her hi of f is b a n and n part the a fair arranged y her p re ts kinsme , s u n on th e and they pa s j dgme t wedding gifts, which are no toys collected to suit femin in e frivolities or ado rn a r n a of a on si of o n and ; s , b ide i te d th t they c st xe , a

o se and e e s o . T bridled h r , shi ld and sp ar and w rd hese s n e and own are the pre e ts that await her as a wif , her wedding presen t to her husban d in return is a gift of s T is on s on of un on— arm . his the str ge t b d i this the f f mystery o marriage the se are their gods o wedded life . Lest the wom an should think that mas culine co urage of on o e s and the perils war lie bey d her sphere, these t k n remind her upon the threshold o f marriage that she ’ comes as the man s partn er in toils and dangers ; and that in peace and in war sh e must expect to suffer and T s o f to dare the same . hi is the s ignificati n o the o xen o of o o f o ff n of in the y ke, the harnessed h rse, the eri g is n o a o h T o t nd t . S e arms . hus she b u d live thus die 70 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

sh e is to n on to sons i o receives what ha d her , nvi late ’ an d unpro fan ed ; what her son s wive s are to receive e to n on to aft r her, and they, in their turn, ha d her ’ s i n children ch ldre .

. So of e XIX they guard the chastity th ir lives, with n o shows to en tice them n or orgies to excite their evil s ns To an o su n pas io . men d w men alike ch a thi g as o on s secret c rrespo ndence is unkn own . Am gst all thi immense po pulation adultery is extremely rare : its na ns to a ; pe lty is i tant, and is left the husb nd he cuts o ff i of a s s u n s the ha r the unf ithful wife, trip her, t r o ut of o s in n of n her his h u e the prese ce the kinsme , o For and sco urges her thr ugh the wh ole village . there is n o pardon for the fallen woman ; n ot by her not b o n ot b a beauty, y her y uth, y her we lth, will she F or n o on e succeed in finding a husband . there makes s of or s a i n a je t vice, ays th t seduc ng and bei g seduced of is the style the period . to is of o in Better still , be sure, the practice th se states n on o o which e but maidens marry, and a w man bec mes ’ a wife with a wife s h opes and wishes once and o T us o o nce nly . h it bec mes as much a matter of c o urse for her to have only one husban d as to have o on e o or on e to end a ma not nly b dy life, the th t she y oo e on him n or es es s ur e l k b y d let her d ir tray f th r, and that sh e may no t so much cheri sh her husban d as her a as i TO n of i or st tus a w fe . limit the umber the fam ly a o f a - n an to put to de th any the l ter bo rn i f ts is held to an o a o and G r n s oo us o be ab min ti n, with the e ma g d c t ms o e o oo s have m r auth rity than g d law elsewhere . 7 1 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

o s o XX . In every h u eh ld the naked, dirty children develop the mighty limbs and frames that we see with so E o s h r own a es o . e much admirati n very m ther suckle b b , and does n ot give them O ver in to the charge of handmaids an d s No on e o i i s o s nur es . c uld dist ngu h the y ung ma ter o n ut fr m the slave by any luxury i h is bringing up . O o o on oo am ng the cattle, at h me the earthen fl r, they live just alike un til approaching manhoo d separates and - o o o b them, the free b rn y uth pr ves his breeding y o r his val u . The o do n ot u o of o y uths early ind lge the passi n l ve, n o to n oo un Nor and he ce c me ma h d exhausted . are the maiden s hurried in to marriage : in their cas e the same matur ity and the same full growth is required ; they o m o o ou an d enter up n arriage equally str ng and vig r s, n s r s of n the childre inherit the robu t f ame their pare ts . ’ A sister s children are con sidered to be related to her o n i a So br thers as early as to the r own f ther . me tribes even esteem the former tie to be the closer an d more of two n to in sacred the , and they te d require it exact in o a o on to ee n g h stages, as appe ling m re str gly the f li gs

n o on a . t s and givi g a wider h ld up the f mily Never heles , ’ s own d n his and o s and a man chil re are heirs success r , n o o of no n there is p wer bequest . If he has childre the n in s on to n e n o s and ext succes i the i h rita ce are his br ther , ’ ’ his un cles both on the father s and the mo ther s side . Th e o on o ons man m re relati s and c nnecti a has, the more atten tion he commands in his O ld age ; there are n o fo rtun e-hunters there to pay court to him if he is childless . 72

THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

a h is own a a nd . T fast, e ch having separate se t table hen, n e o to or ui e taki g their arms, th y pr ceed business, , q t as o T s o a o to n . i n ften, a dri king b ut here sh me attached to drinking steadily all day and n ight long ; n aturally o n n s and am ng dru ken men quarrels freque tly pring up, s o o o o the e seld m st p at angry w rds, but in the maj rity f o en d in o n s and oo s . cases w u d bl d hed Nevertheless, it is gen erally at drinking bo uts that they discuss the n o f s on of s maki g up feud , the c tracting marriage , the s on to o of s admis i s the rder chief , and indeed the all impo rtant question o f peace or war ; as tho ugh under no o ther circums tan ce s were men more likely to be single or o s o o a so s Not hearted m re ea y t warm t gre t re lve . being a crafty or a cunning race they furthermore di s o o in e o of cl se their secret th ughts the fre d m the feast, n n of a n a d so the mi ds ll he open an d discovered . O o o n an d the o the m rr w the matter is debated agai , d uble T s n s pro ce ss justifies itself. hey di cuss whe di guise is 1 os too so to imp sible, they decide when ber blunder . T d uo e o or XXIII . heir rink is a liq r mad fr m barley

so o a to n . wheat, fermented as s mewh t resemble wi e n u n T o Th e frontier tribes do i deed b y wi e . heir f od is s : a or u ; imple wild fruits , fresh g me, c rdled milk they appease their hunger without luxurious acce ssories to r s r tickle thei sense . In quenching their thi st they

1 T acit us here adopt s a highly rationalising expl anatio n of an n n a cie t p ractice co mmon to bo th the Persian s an d th e G ermans . T he line between intoxicatio n and i nspiratio n was not vi sibl e to hem : r n was re ar e as ne and he sc usse rea t d i k g d d divi , t y di d g t ques tions un der its i nfluence in ord er to get the adv antage of th e s f t assi tance a forded by he god. 74 THE GERM ANIA O F TA CITUS are by no m ean s so temperate ; l et them but be given o ca uo oos to n and all the int xi ting liq r they ch e dri k, vice an e on of n o will make asier c quest them tha the sw rd . T a one o of u XXIV . hey h ve but f rm p blic spectacle, a an d th t is rep eat ed with out variation at every gathering . o n o s for o n a Naked y u g warri r , wh m the thi g is game, leap an d b oun d ab out amidst bare swords and bristling

s ar . a a s u pe s Pr ctice m kes them kilf l at this exercise, and skill makes them graceful ; but it is not don e profe ssion or for a T o n n s o ally p y . heir m st dari g fli g find their s le o n s in f o s rec mpe e the delight o the spectat r . An amazing thing to us is that they practise gambling as the serio u s o ccupation of their sober h ours and they z to or os so s n ha ard win l e reckles ly that, whe all he has o e e s his e o is g n , a play r will take p rs nal liberty on a a and ro o oes o l st decisive th w . If he l ses he g int o un r e ou ma be o n v l ta y slav ry and, alth gh he y the y u ger and s on man s ff s to o the tr ger , he u er himself be b und to o T o and be s ld . hey exhibit herein a m st perverse o s n an d a n of o o Suc b ti acy, c ll it payi g a debt h n ur . c essf ul gamblers get rid o f the slaves held under this title by s elling them to the merchants in o rder to O f s escape their share the hame . T o s o n o e o XXV . heir ther slave they d t mpl y as we do b n o ff o Ea has his y telli g them t spe cial d uti es . ch en e oss ss an n e en en o of his t ment, and p e es i d p d t h me wn o . His a o as e master ex cts fr m him, if he w re a 1 a n amo n of or of s o or met yer, a certai u t wheat live t ck O f o and to n a has to o cl th, this exte t the sl ve bey

1 i m r wh a hi n in nd. . e. easan ar e o s s re , A p t f p y t ki 75 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

’ his orders ; but the master s own wife and children do o To flo s the actual work f the ho use . g a lave or to put him in chain s and set him to penal labour is a rare n ; to on e o r is o on eno u thi g kill ut ight c mm gh, but it is o e not s c n o e o f s in d n as a tri t e f rc ment di cipline , but o f ss o e o a n e a burst pa i n, as if he w re a pers n l e my, with ff r n a fo the di e e ce that there is n o fin e to p y r it . A ’ man s freedmen are not much abo ve his slaves in posi T an o tion . hey rarely have y weight in the h use o and o un h ld, never in the c mm ity, save and except among those pe oples that are ruled by kings f or there they rise not only above the freeb orn but abo ve the In an s n o nobles . all the o ther Germ state the i feri r status o f the class of fre edmen is a proof that these a s n o o st te e j y freed m . Th n of or o o un XXVI . e exacti g interest simple c mp d un ow an d is o o e ro is quite kn n , theref re m r guarded f m u n o n ab se than if it had bee f rbidde . 1 Th e n s o o o on to u of la d , all tted in pr p rti the n mber u a o n on b o s c ltiv t rs, are e tered up y the c mmunitie in

1 The mean n of th e assa e has been much s u e i g p g di p t d , as we as th e eren rea n s oo h seems to be ll diff t di g . A g d lig t

h rown u o n b th e ara e assa e in C aesar D e B ell . G all . t p it y p ll l p g , , x wh h n w “ h th rmans are n t VI x . c ru s as o o s : T e e Ge o . ii , i f ll y ( ) on of a r c u ure and the r nc a or o n of he r e cons s s f d g i lt , p i ip l p ti t i di t i t o f m cheese an d fl esh nor ha e an amon hem a xe ilk , , ; v y g t fi d uan o f err or or r a e ro er in an but th e ma s q tity t it y p iv t p p ty l d , gi t rat es an d the chie fs as sign for the term o f o ne year to the tribes and cl anship s forming communities (gen tibus cognationibusque li ominum ui una co ierint as much an as he h n oo and q ) l d t y t i k g d , i n s uch ace as he h n oo and com e hem to remo e to pl t y t i k g d , p l t v another pl ace th e next y ear 76 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

o a on and s n s u o n s r t ti , the e la d they there p di tribute amongs t themselves according to their estimate of a T a am o n o f individ u l claims . h e gre t u t op en lan d s o sa a s s of u on s at their di p l m ke thi task distrib ti ea y . Th e o an nnu an d part pl ughed they ch ge a ally, there o n o e and to For no ad is gr u d v r spare . they take van tage of the exten t an d th e fertility o f their so il by o s o n n s in a n o an d n n c rre p ding i du try pl nti g rchards, fe ci g off e o s and a n a n s o n is on m ad w , irrig ti g g rde ; c r the ly

n e n o o a . too retur th y i sist up n fr m the e rth Hence, , e do n ot us n o o son th y , like , divide the year i t f ur sea s o s and n a e for on wi they rec gni e have m s ly three, nter, ri an d su o of sp ng, mmer ; they are ign rant alike the m na e an d of the blessings of autumn .

T n o os n on u . XXVII . hey hav e te tati in their f nerals Th e o nly special observan ce is the custom of burning i of the bodies o f famo us men with particular k nds wood . Th ey do not heap robes an d rich spices on the funeral ’ s u al on and pile ; but a man s arm are b rnt g with him, m a o of so meti es his ho rse is b urnt also . A b rr w earth is raised as a sep ul chre ; they will not hear of huge onu n l or o s e i ono c on m me ts ab i u ly pil d up in the r h ur, o n sidering th e m as but a l ad upo n the dead . Weepi g and a in soo but o o n w il g n cease, their s rr w and sad ess s o to ut b : o n ma ou n ho they are l w p y w me y m r , men s uld remember. Such is the inf ormation I have been able to collect con cerning the o rigin an d the customs of the German s i n ra now o os to so a and n ge e l . I pr p e deal with the ci l o s ons of th e s n religi us in tituti separate tribe , explaini g 77 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

f e s and n o n o s n s n e their di f rence , ti g what pe ple tra pla t d s s o G n o G them elve fr m ermany i t aul . e u o Caes of s . J us XXVIII A gr at a th rity, uli ar, bles ed e or n o s e e o G s m m y, i f rm us that at an earli r p ri d the aul m o o u an m and had been far re p werf l th in his ti e, it is therefore quite credible that there were also migrati ons n o G n e o u of o f Gauls i t erma y . A riv r w ld fer but a o to n oon trifling bstacle preve t each tribe, as s as it o n o e o o o n o and f u d itself str ng n ugh, fr m m vi g int seizing upon s uch territories as still lay open to the first comer an d had n ot been al ready appropriated by n o T us S s aggre ssive ki gd ms . h the wiss establi hed them selves between the Hartz Forest and the rivers Rhin e an d M an d o on o ain, the B ii in the district bey d, b th tribes o Th e n Boih emum o being of Gallic rigin . ame (B hemia) s s s or of still urvive as a landmark, recalling the pa t hist y o n o o now n the district, alth ugh a ther f lk i habit it . a n Aravisci of n no a an d O si on Ag i , the Pa ni the , a nati 1 of G n n in n institu erma s, are still ide tical la guage, in

on an d o . ti s, in cust ms But in their case there is a d oubt as to which of the two has been the parent stock n in a o and which has migrated, seei g that early d ys, b th a oo an d on e s of being equ lly p r equally free, ide the e o e Danube was as likely to attract th m as the th r . Th e o of T e of S e in G u pe ple r ves and the ambr , a l , o to a G a n b even ambiti us est blish their erm n a cestry, y way of showing that their noble lineage should save

1 - Yet in ch a er x . Tac us c asses hem as no n German c pt liii it l t i , thereby p ro ving that he sometimes uses th e word Germani in a geographical and no t an ethnol ogical sense. 78 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

them from b e ing c onfo unded with the spiritless Gauls o e m e wh m th y rese bl . Th e actual bank of the Rhine is held by undoubte d G an th e o of o S r s r an d S e s . erm s, pe ple W rms, t a bu g, pi r E n c z s of Co o n who e won ono u ve the iti en l g e, hav the h r of being mad e a Ro man colony and prefer the name of ’ A ri in enses o on s o un th e E ess g pp , after the c l y f der, mpr na no a s a of e o T Agrippi , are w y ash med th ir rigin . hey o e to o ur s of a o came v r ide the Rhine many years g , and were posted by us directly on its bank ; they h ad oo of o an d to o ur given pr f their l yalty , they were be

s n ot ir . guard , we the s

Th e ns are a of XXIX . Batavia the br vest race all the T o c i o n . in Rh ne c u try hey cupy an island the river, a s on n e e and a sm ll trip al g its banks . O ce th y wer a 1 n of C in ons u n of o s bra ch the hatti, but c eq e ce a d me tic quarrel th ey rem oved to th eir presen t position to beco me T en o a part o f the Roman empire . hey j y that hon our l an d s s sti l, likewi e a pecial privilege that marks their No ran old allian ce with us . tribute b ds them as in — f eriors ; n o tax farmer spo ils their s ubstan ce ; excused o or o on o s of fr m all tax c ntributi , they f rm a re erve brave men to o e on on of , be empl y d ly the field battle, like a f in o for use war a z o . Th e m ga ine arms kept st re in \ 2 M attiaci als o s tand on the same depen den t footing E os the with regard to us . xtending away acr s Rhine and beyond the old boundarie s of the e mpire the greatness O f the Roman p eople made itself felt and

T s in om ou on revered . hu , their h es in their c ntry their 2 1 r be f wh i n w N s u e s ans . o a s o as a H s i A t i t . 79 THE GER M ANIA O F TACITUS own o f a an d sou as side the Rhine, they are with us he rt l u as e n ns o o tr ly the migra t Batavia , wh m they therwise e n e o f an n o resembl , save i d ed that they are eve m re s n o r n ff of s n enterpri i g c u age, the atural e ect their ter er an o clime d c untry . I cannot class among German ic pe oples the present 1 o an of T - n s o ccup ts the ithe la d , th ugh they have estab lish ed thems elves on the German side of the Rhin e and o f D nu T o o the a be . hat territ ry used t be a debatable n an d all o an d adven la d, the greatest r vers the needy turers on Ga z o ; u s n am g the uls sei ed up n it s b eque tly, our boun dary was advanced and our fo rts were pushed 2 forward they are now an outlying co rner Of the empire n of om o a d a part a R an pr vince .

- on T n ? XXX. Bey d the ithe la ds at the Great Her 3 “ c nian o o n of C s y f rest, the c u try the hatti begin theirs is n ot a flat marshy c oun try like the rest of the states that stretch across the German plain ; f or the forest hills exten d far before they gradually die away ; the C n of H n n o hatti are the childre the ercy ia f rest, and

1 Part of Baden and W urtemburg.

2 E en un er Dom an sa s M ommsen wh ch is the vid tly d iti , y , i re ason wh T ac us who h a e him abs a ned rom men o n n y it , t d , t i f ti i g h e m er r h made th ann x n th e name o f t e p o w o e e atio . 3 The Hercynian forest spread o ver the wh ol e mo unt ainous re on of S ou h German fr om wha is now the B ac F ores to gi t y , t l k t t r a h an s he C a p t i . 4 Th e name Ch a or C a ma h a e s n ed Wh e s or tti , tti , y v ig ifi lp , po ssibl y C at s Grimm al so suggest s that it may be connec ted ” w h “ h at and re er to a h ea -dr ess h a the Cha wore it , f d t t tti

Geschichte der D eutschen S rache . 6 ( p , pp 5 7 , 8 0

THE GERMANIA O F TACITUS

o of his a and o f oun Th himself w rthy p rents his c try . e s a to end laggard and the da t rd remain the unkempt . Their boldest champio n s moreover pledge th emselves to an on n e i o e in wear ir ri g like a shackl , an nt l rable n f o r a G n l e win s b dig ity erma , ti l th y their relea e y

r of a fo o the slaughte e . With m st o f the Chatti this on n s a o u a an d ro e fashi fi d f v r ; y, they g w gr y with this a on uo s a to n fo e . e b dge, c spic u like frie d and In ev ry — battle these shackle wearers hav e th e honour of le ading w T i n is a . o n the y he r li e always in fr nt, a truly startli g sight for their fe ro cious features scarcely relax even in m n o o o f . T e a n n o n no times peace hese h ve h me, la d, occupation wherever they presen t themselves they find ’ n u n s of o en oo and entertainme t, sq a derer ther m s g ds s of own n n un fits heedles their , u til e feebling age them of o for this career desperate val ur . I to C U si i i n XXXII . Next the hatti dwell the p a d T n on b s e o in e cteri al g the Rhine, which y thi tim fl ws a -defin ed nn n ow to well cha el, and is sufficiently large be Th e T n e n o th e u e u a boun dary . e ct ri e j y us al high r p ta on of G n s as o in r are ti erma warri rs , and pa ticular dis tin uish ed for l of o g the excel ence their cavalry, wh se to of a of C a reputation is equal that the inf ntry the h tti . In this they do but follow th e example set them by o n s on e their fo refathers . H rsema hip am g th m is the m n of oo and ss on of ou a useme t childh d the pa i y th, n or while even the old persist in keepi g it up . H ses

1 F r the a en ures of a c oh or o f U si i i who deser e in o dv t t p , t d m in n t fi n h S co tl an d and were red uced to cannibalis tryi g o d t eir

A ricola . wa home see ca . xx . of the y , p viii g 8 2 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS pass by inheritance as well as slaves and household goo ds and other property to which there are legal rights o f succession ; but primogeniture gives n o pre f eren tial claim to them as it does to th e rest ; th e son who gets the horses gets them as being a bold warrior man and th e better . to T n o e se XXXIII . Next the e cteri in f rm r days u d to dw ell the Bructeri but n ow I am told that th e Chamavi 1 A rivarii o in e u e n d g have m ved th re, the Br ct ri havi g 2 b een defeated and utterly exterrn inated by a c oalition of the n eighbo uring n ation s their d estroyers may have been impelled to the act either by some resentmen t at o e n or b m r us of e or b their verb ari gness, y e e l t plund r, y some special favo ur extended towards us on the part Of o who n to n us n e the g ds, deig ed even gra t the e t rtain n of n n o ur s a me t wit essi g the sh w . O eye were fe sted with the gl orious spectacle of o ver sixty thousand m en be ing slaughtered witho ut on e single Roman sword having to a ar O ma o n m leave its sc bb d . S y it c nti u e is y earn est ea ma n ure for e on on s prayer, y , y it e d ev r am g the nati , that if th ey do not love us they may at least hate each o ; for now Ro is n to oom ther , when me staggeri g her d , fortun e can bestow on us n o greater blessing than n r n discord amo gst ou e emies . Th A rivarii Chama i o n XXXIV . e g and v are b u d ed in the rear by th e Dulgibini and Chasuarii and othertribe s of whom we do not hear so much in the ir fron t they have r s n wh o n a o n to the F i ia s, are disti guished, cc rdi g the

1 n W eser. Saxon tribes from the Ems a d 2 nd n r w N ot u er : h e sur e a e e e to ower a a n . tt ly t y viv d , v g p g i 8 3 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITU S

of e ons n o G e relative strength th ir divisi , i t the reat r s o s o e s Frisiarrs and the Les er. B th divi i ns liv be ide n n o n to th e o e an d so oun the Rhi e ba k d w c an, al ar d the margin of those vast lagoons al ong the coast on Na r o s e . ou which R man ship hav sailed y, vessels have n on O an of o and ventured far eve the ce the N rth, l rumour brings a tale of Pillars of Hercule s that stand there un to this day ; whether it be true that Hercules s o or a b om o on ever visited the p t, th t we y c m n c sent attach his great name to imposing obj e cts ev erywh

T no of . n in D s G r n us here was lack dari g ru us e ma ic , 2 but O cean barred his way ; the secrets of O cean and n ot to n o n o of Hercules were be pried i t . After him on e made the attempt ; an d it has b e en deemed more o u to to o n pi s and reverent believe than kn w, whe the f in on doings O the gods are questi . T us n to o G n XXXV . h far we have lear ed kn w erma y a now a s oun on westw rd . It m kes a great weep r d

1 The Strait s of Gibralt ar were k nown as the Pill ars of Her ” rha s h n rr h n ne cul es from time immemorial . Pe p t e a ow c a l s be ween Denmark and S can dinavia are h ere compare d to the ent rance

to the M e erranean . O r ma be ha a n Hercu es to be dit it y t t , t ki g l Tho r h s re ers to th e ars o f Thor at U sa a ; or a a n , t i f Pill p l g i , ” a n him to be Irmin ma e en re er to the Irmins ul t ki g , it y v f , though that stoo d far inl an d . 2 This in all probability re fers to th e second camp aign of Ger m n n in h manicus in A . D . 1 6 cu a t e c or of Idis tav iso wh en , l i ti g vi t y , he set up a t rophy and formally announ ced th e conq ues t of all the n h h n Bu n hi n country betwee t e R i e and the Elbe. t o s re tur the fl ee o f a housan s a in wh ch he had reache the mou h of the t t d il , i d t Ems was sca ered b a em es and he h mse was cas awa , tt y t p t , lf t y —i a one on the deso a e shore of the Ch auci. See M ommsen P ro l l t , m i n B r H is t Ro . m . v nces a d u E . ear er o 1 1 , i . 54, y , . p ( ly p i d), 73, 74 8 4 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

the north ; and here at on ce we come on the tribe of C n T o n ns the ha ci hey adj i the Frisia , and posses s a fron tage to the sea ; but from then ce their territory stretches all along the flank of the nati on s I have en umerated un til it finally curve s into that of

C . is Ch auci n ot o l o the hatti Large as it , the n y h ld s n s s Th n o . e s of thi imme e di trict, but fill it ble t the G a i to r erm ns, they des re prese ve their high place

b o s n . r n or o n y righte u deali g Neithe greedy vi le t, they b s o o n n o s live quietly y themselve , pr v ki g war and i n o o s of f mak ng raids and f ray in quest plunder. O their strength and valour there can be n o better proof than the fact that they do n ot resort to wrong in order a But f to m intain their superiority . every man O them has his s and o as on arm ready, , if cc i demands, they can put an army in the field and march with very many men and n o T in very ma y h rses . hus they succeed o n ono c mbi ing peace with h ur. The C s n e n o o . t XXXVI heru ci, the xt eighb urs the Chauci and C for on o the hatti, lived a l g peri d in the undisturbed enj oymen t o f an exce ssive and en ervating ’ o T oo s ar rep se . hey lived in a f l p adise ; for to take yo ur eas e with the stro ng and un scrupulo us at yo ur m n a oo is a s on . e to o o a d r delu i When appe l f rce, m der tion an d fairn ess are words that b elong to the stronger “ s e . o s in use was The C id F rmerly the phra e herusci, ” “ good h o n e st so uls ; n ow they are kn own as Those ” 1 oo of C s to on o dull f ls heru ci, while their c quer rs , the

1 It h as been suggested that these ph rases may hav e come from some of the cam son s wh h Ta i n n t p g ic citus s k ow o hav e coll ected . 8 5 T HE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

C a s has ro an e e n e u on fo r h tti, uccess b ught xc lle t r p tati s o wi d m . Th e o f C s o of os fall the heru ci inv lved that the F i , whose bo un daries marched with theirs : fro m having n n s in th e s o f os bee their depende t day pr perity, the Fosi have been promo ted to a po sition of perfect

equality in their ruin . In s s o an . n of G XXXVII thi ame utlyi g part erm y, s to C T e n ow neare t the sea, dwell the imbri . h y are

- e n n et a is o e . but a mere r m a t, y their f me w rld wid T es of r a s s to s n rac their past g e tne s are till be ee , stretching in the shape of vast en campments along o n s o f n b s u n ma b th ba k the Rhi e , y mea ri g which we y verify even at the present day the eno rm o us n umber of men employed and the historical truth of that 1 a swarming migr tio n . It was in the consul ship of Caecilius M etellus and Pa irius Ca o six n o e p rb , hu dred and f rty years aft r the o of o s e s of f unding R me, that we fir t h ard the cla h the C n s o on n ow to imbria arm . Fr m that date, reck i g d n the 2 s on on s of Em o T an in ec d c sul hip the per r rajan, gives r on u s terval of some two hund red and ten years . O u c q e t of Germany is taking us a long time . An d during the pro c ess we have had many h ard blows No mn s n or C a n an s n . t S in retur the a ite , the arth gi i ,

1 T he p eninsul a o f Denmark is sometime s call e d th e C imbric Chers one se ; but th ere is a dis put e as to its h aving been the

o r na sea of the C mbr who n a e th e Roman e m re in B . C . igi l t i i, i v d d pi 1 1 when he r warr ors are sa to h a e been a uar er of a 3, t i i id v q t millio n . 2 8 the ear in wh ch Tac us ub sh e the Germania . 9 , y i it p li d 8 6 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

n or S an ar nor G s n or e th e a n the p i ds, the aul , ven P rthia s

mse s e o n r n us a o . Th e n the lve , hav fte e give less n freeme of Ge rmany are more spir ited an tagon ists than all the E subjects of K ing Arsaces . What has the ast really o e n s e of C sc r d agai st us save the laught r rassus, and was not that defeat more than wiped out by the crush ing victory of Ventidius Over Pacorus ? Con trast with ss of G ns : C o and C s this the succe the erma arb , as ius, Scaurus Servilius Cae io n and Aurelius, and p , and fi ally M M u to s or m al arcus anli s, all cut piece captured, ake togethe r five c onsular armies d estroyed in th e days of the u e u n r s Rep blic, whil even Aug stus e du ed at their hand 1 f s an his on s M o o o s o d . the l s Varu three legi re ver, the o O a n o b C M a in b vict ries bt i ed ver them y aius rius Italy, y J l Ca ar in G b D s and T u ius es aul, and y rusu iberius and

G an s on own o n o . erm icu their gr u d, were all dearly b ught Later cam e the farcical collaps e of the mon strous 2 a T n o o of threats of Caligul . he there f ll wed a time peace

1 Roman arm of some m n In the au umn of A. D . a e t 9 , y und er Varus was beset and utterly d est roye d by the Germans un er rm n us th e C heruscan somewhere in the T eu obur er d A i i , , t g wer 1 th t n W a . T he hree e ons des ro e e th e h e 1 8th a d ld t l gi t y d 7 , , the 1 th . u us us e the o s s b er and was o en hear to 9 A g t f lt l itt ly , ft d cr o ut : O V arus Varus e me bac m e on s rm n us y , , giv k y l gi A i i is nown to th e G ermans as Herman an d his c or as the Her k , vi t y man-sch ach G r mm uo es a erse o f an old ba a U n l t . i q t v ll d , Hermen sla ermen sla i en s la trummen de fursten s n d , p p , ; i d ” kummen mit all eren mannen h eb V arus u h an en —but he is t p g ,

oub u wh e her h r n enu n d tf l t t is v e se c a be g i e . 2 He arrange d a sh am fight with some captives hidden for th at p urpose j us t across th e bord er ; rep ort ed his s pl en did vict ory in aure ed e ers to the sena e and demanded a r um h l ll l tt t , t i p . 87 THE ‘ GERM ANIA O F TACITUS until th e diss ensions that culminated in our civil wars gave the Germans the chanc e o f carrying by storm th e s o f our e on a n winter quarter l gi s, and actu lly attempti g to make themselves masters o f Gaul ; the attempt a but th e u e e o in f iled, tri mphs c l brated ver them recent s onou of n ar time have been in h r imagi y victorie s. us u n ow to Suabians who XXXVIII . Let t rn the , are not simply a single trib e like the Chatti or the Tenc o m o n of G n an d teri, but ccupy re tha half erma y, o o own s n on have m re ver their di ti ct nati al names, though th ey all come under the general appellation o f 1 ian s Suab . It is a common mark of them all to tie back the hair o T s n u e and bind it up in a kn t . hi practice disti g ish s r n o th e s es o Suabian s the f eeme fr m lav am ng the , as as ua ian s o ma s well the S b s them elves fr m other Ger n . It is in deed s ometimes to be seen among other tribes wh o are e n to th e Suabian s or as is n ot un ither aki , , o o a s ; is and on c mm n, imit te their tyle but it rare, ly n r f o Th Suabian s duri g the pe iod o y uth . e keep it up un til hoar old age th e hair is drawn back so as to stan d ' r o fl o a an d n o e ect the f rehe d, is ge erally b und in a n no o o n of a Th e fs si gle k t ver the cr w the he d . chie T have it dressed even more elab orately . hey take a s ou n to s p in ab t their appeara ce thi extent, but they

1 Dr L a ham sa s : Z euss a m s ha be we en the S ue of . t y d it t t t vi Suabia and the Al emanni no t angibl e difference can be foun d . H h -German O ne h alf o f wh at at presen t co nstitut es the ig ” - Th S ue d s on is of emanno S ue c or n . . . e ivi i Al vi igi , pp liii , liv vi of Tac us la ur h er to the eas h an th e S ue of C aesar and it y f t t t vi , n u ed o u a ons w ch we sh ou c ass as S cl av onic i cl d p p l ti hi ld l , 88

THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

1 Th o a s o n o e an o s . e XL L mb rd , the th r h d , are fam u a f mm o an becaus e th ey re ew. He ed in by numer us d o s su n ot b n to th e p werful tribe , they rvive , y truckli g

o but b n n s s . str ng, y fighti g and taki g all ri k u on n m O f s Reudi n i and F rther he a u ber tribe , g V on s n an d V arin s Eudoses Suardon es Avi e , A gles g , , , and uithon es of o or of N , all with their ramparts f rest T is n n a fo n on river . here othi g that c lls r otice am g s n a o of these tribe i dividu lly, except the w rship Nerthus or M o E o o to e ther arth, which is c mm n th m all, the o ss o n to n g dde , acc rdi g their belief, mi gling in the ff of men an d s n o s o es in a airs , vi iti g her vari u pe pl her 2 o O n an s n out in o n is an chari t . i la d the cea there o ro o b o is s e invi late g ve, where, c vered y a r be, a acr d d on on e ma a to . O n e s an car dedic ted her prie t, ly , y who o n od t ou ch it . It is he bec mes aware whe the g dess is present in her holy seat ; he harn esse s a yoke of s to o o n heifer the car, and f ll ws in attenda ce with T of s and n m n . revere t ie hen are the days fe tival, all place s which sh e h on ours with her presen ce keep holi da M en la a m an d o not o to y . y side their ar s g f rth war all iron is l o cked away then on ly are peace and n ss n o n n on are o n quiet e k w , the ly they welc med, u til s s o to em en sh e has the prie t re t res her her t ple, wh had f on s o t T n and en ough o her c ver e with m r als . he the car the robes and (if we choos e to beli eve th em) the goddess s in a s oo S are herself are wa hed my tic p l . laves the n s of s o fli ce and are o o mi ister thi , f rthwith dr wned in the

1 ” robab not L on -beards but LO n -h a berd ers P ly g , g l i 2 n Heligo l a d . 90 T HE GER M ANIA O F TACITUS

D e o s r n r oo . s o s and a s d p l ark t rr r p i g f m thi , acre myst ery enshrouds those rites whi ch no man is per on mitted to l ook up and live . T s an o f th e uabian o r XLI . hi br ch S st ck st etches far out n o th e ess- n o a s o f G n i t l k wn p rt erma y . Nearer home (to follow the lin e o f the Dan ube as I previo usly did a of o m n of th t the Rhine), I take first the c m u ity the H ermunduri wh o our e oo n an d o , are v ry g d frie ds, wh m, o on on G n s a o to theref re, al e am gst the erma , we ll w trade with us not merely on the Dan ubian fron tier but far within our borders and ev en in the splen did capital 1 f o n of a T o the pr vi ce Rh etia . hey pas s th e river at n n n To o r n a on on a y po i t u challenged . the the ti s we ly give permi ssio n to view our camps and o ur m aterial of war ; to the Hermunduri we throw open o ur ho uses and

s us o n o . farm , beca e they c vet thing In the coun try o f the H ermun dur i lie the sources of 2 th e E amo and n o n o e lbe , a river f us well k w in th r days, no w n am merely a e . to om Naristi n M ar Next them c e the , and the the k m n an Th M a - m en s n s e d the Quadi . e rk ta d the highe t in reputation and po wer ; they dro ve out their prede c es sors o an s and won an e n ow the B hemi , the very l d th y o s o h Naristi too and th e ‘ ua b . T e Q h ld y the w rd , , di o T o ma to are n t degen erating . hese pe ples y be said fo rm the van of th e German li n e as f ar as it e xten d s o an n n mo o al ng the D ube . Withi livi g me ry b th the

1 r A ugsbu g. 2 W h n rman s r a on uer n arm to th e E be e Ge icu car ied c q i g y l n h h r a d set up a trop y t e e . 9 1 THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

M -men an d th e Q n of n a e ark uadi had ki gs ative r c , the l o n O f M aroboduus and Tud r Now n ble li e e . they sub mit to alien rulers whos e despotic power rests upon the of o ; o s aid e r but arm R me we s metime th m with a ms, o a su s of on e m re frequently with b idy m y, which they do no fin ss f t d le e fective . C o in of M a -men XLII . l se the rear the rk and the o s Two of s Q . M arsi n i an d uadi lie f ur tribe the e, the g r o in n u o of os s Bu i, b th la g age and m de life , cl ely re emble a Th o two s Go n an Su bians . e d the ther tribe , the thi i O si on non - G a n the , are dem strably erm nic, seei g that

' o G th e n on n the f rmer speak a allic, and latter a Pa n ia T is os on o s to . t gue, and b th ubmit tribute his imp ed o b S on s and b up n them partly y the clav ian , partly y the

u on o n o n . T Q adi, the gr u d that they are f reig ers his cowardly conduct on the part of the Go thin i is the more to their shame as they have iron min es . All these — peoples have but little low lying lan d th e ir dwelling o an d s places are the f rests, the high hill , and the 2 mountain chain ; for an unbroken mo untain chain an d av s sun Suabian o an d divides cle e a der the territ ry, on the farther side of it dwell a great number of tribe s. s Th e vario us sub-divisions of th e Lygians embrace the a a Of s s on n s gre ter p rt thi di trict . I will c te t my elf with n of e as Harii H elveconae nami g the chief th m , the , the , The M animi Elisii . the , the , and the Nahanarvali

1 ' m — i f n l red-Armzniu b The d ar S ee V usso S s . 1 oss o . P i ly g , gf , p 7 , where moreo er h e ma n a n s h a rm n us the Cheruscan ma v i t i t t A i i , , y h be n th r n th e en ar German her i fred ave e e o igi al o f e l g d y o S g . 2 3 h n r L e s o o es . The C arp at ia s . ck P l 92

THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

1 who n a s a o ut in o n an d es i h bit i l nds the cea itself, , besid m n an Th of e d oss ss s on . e u e arms, p e tr g fleets b ild th ir vessels differs from ours in this : the stern is made like bo w so a e o the , th t they can be beached ither end f re most ; n or are their ve ssels worked with sail s like o urs ; nor yet have they their oars fixed to their sid es in regular an s are oos s s as ma b k , but they fitted with l e sweep , uch y n on so can o be see me river craft, which be shifted ab ut as required fro m on e side to the o ther . on th e S o o and o Am g wedes, m re ver, wealth p wer are h eld in honour ; an d therefore on e man bears sway ; so n ow n o o do find an o of n n e an d l nger we y f rm i depe denc ,

to o e o s o . e to o the claim bedienc bec me abs lute H re , , there is n o gen eral right of carryin g arms as in the o ther parts of Germany ; th e weapon s are l ocked up in a of is ; the ch rge a keeper, and the keeper a slave because the o cean acts as a rampart against any sudden n u o of n an d u o o i c rsi n the e emy, , f rtherm re, an idle b dy of men with arms in their han d speedily tends to n is n s ona to n s of muti y . It u que ti bly the i tere t the monarch n ot to commit the charge of the ar ms to ma n o or e n or e to a . either a ble a fre man , ven freed n o o n of S is XLIV . Bey nd the c u try the wedes there n o e - o o s a ther sea, sluggish and w ll nigh m ti nle s, which e to o n an d of o is beli ved be the b u dary limit the w rld, because here the last glow of the s etting sun shin es on n o o o n so to th e n ss o f i t the f ll wi g dawn , as dim bright e s a s Na n u to the t r . y, further, we are i d ced credit the

1 It will be remembered th at Scandinavia was supp osed to be n r h e a a a c ip l go . 94 THE GERM ANIA O F TACIT US

fact that the n o ise of the sun risin g o ut of the waters is a an d a n n n an d he rd, that his tte da t deities are see 1 h is o f s T an d n o an o . d cr wn ray hus far, further ( in

e o o s n u o . this r p rt speaks truly), d e at re g So now we t ur n back ; and on the eastern sh ore o f th e Baltic Sea we find the tribe s of the Eas t- men 2 dwellin g al ong the coast ; in their religion an d in their o Suabians n m o fashi ns they are , but their la guage is re 3 T s th e o of o s like the British . hey wor hip m ther the g d an d e ous m o a s of , as a r ligi sy b l, they c rry image wild oa s The m o s ns a of a s and b r . sy b l erves i te d rm every i of s e an d e o of o k nd as istanc , gives the d v tee the g ddess a s n of s n in m on a e se afety eve the idst of fo es . Ir is sc rce - m on a on use of war is o . m g them, and the the club c m T u n and so s o hey c ltivate grai , al fruit tree , with m re patien ce than is usually exhibited by the in dolen t Ger n an d e n se sea for ma s ; , besides this, th y eve arch the , they ” “ on mon k n a m e or l esum as al e a g man i d g ther a b r, g they in th e l o s and An d et o th e o . call it, shal w al ng sh re y , like u i n n or o n out tr e barbar a s, they have never asked ever f u d a is on la un wh t its nature or h ow it is prod uced . L g it y heeded with the other flotsam and jetsam of th e waves da n o m T until the y whe ur luxury made it fa ous . hey make n o use of it themselves they pick it up rough s n wa to an d m a the hapeless lump fi ds its y us, they rvel f s o s o s at the price they get or it . O b ervati n h w that it

1 robab the urora Borea s wh ch is o f en accom an ed b P ly A li , i t p i y a s trange rustling soun d that might be t aken for th e hissing of ’ the s un s r in h o b t e water. 2 3 f r n O Cou l a d. F reya. 95 ' THE GERM ANIA O F TACITUS

o f e n must be the gum a tre , because withi its trans parent substan ce there are often visible vario us a s e or n s n cre ture , cre ping flyi g thing , which , havi g been n n e in um as o m so e ta gl d the g it fl ws, are i pri ned in its

s as fte n . T o e re to ma s it a rwards harde s heref r , I ventu think that in th e i sles and lands of the we st th ere must oo an d o of n o be w ds gr ves very luxuria t gr wth, like o o f far— a E s o n n and th se the dist nt a t, dr ppi g franki cense a s an d of n bals m , that the burning rays their near eigh bour the sun m elt and distil thes e humo urs until they o o sea o and o of dr p int the bel w, that then the f rce o s s u on s o o os st rm wa hes them p the h res that lie pp ite . s n r of b n to If we te t the atu e amber y applyi g fire it, it blazes up like a torch and burns with a rich and o - n an d s n i o i s str ngly sce ted flame, pre e tly melts nt a v cid

mass like so much pitch or resin . 1 Th e tribes of the Siton es are con terminous with those o f th e S s o in all e wede , wh m they resemble r spects with n of f n e e b o only on e poi t di fere c th y are ruled y a w man . So not o o o of far, they fall merely bel w the p siti n free f but n o . men, eve beneath that slaves n d Here Suabia comes to an e . o o as to e o to XLV . I am in s me d ubt wheth r I ught n on of Peucin i n and class the ati s the , the We ds, the n s as Ge or S o s o Fin , rmans as clav nian , alth ugh the Peucini o e s o n Bastarn ians in , th rwi e kn w as the , their

an an d of a on and l guage their degree civilis ti , in their Ge n D s and ou es n o e . settlement h s , are u d ubt dly rma irt o n n o an d b th e in and ind le ce are u iversal am ng them, y

1 Norwegians . 96

no n o to for have thi g m re pray . a an s e sso s n o e F rther th thi verything di lve i t fabl , 1 ’ s o of Hellusii and O xionae n s n t ries , bei g with me s

heads and faces and the bo dies an d limbs of b easts . O f s no o n and oo se ore the e things I k w n thi g, ch theref o on t leave them al e .

1 La s pp ,

98

OCTOBER 1894.

M E H U E s M E S S R s . T N A N N O U N C E M E N T S

Po etry

DS. B UD RD KI LING. Rudyard Kipling. BALLA y R YA P

5 M a 1 . Cr own 80 0. B ree/tram. 6 . ! y 895 emen of a new o ume of oe r rom M r i in wi exci e w e The announc t v l p t y f . K pl g ll t id ’ a u e - m Ba la s wi h which hi in eres . The exce on s cc ss of Barrac Roo s t t pti l k l d , t t ume w be uni orm us i es the ho e ha the new boo too w ob ain a vol ill f , j t fi p t t k ill t wide popularity .

E G IS ICS. S E b Henl ey . N L H LYR elected and dited y

E HENLE . Crown 800. B uckram. 65 . W. . Y - so 0 Co es on hand made a er Dem 800. 1 13. Al 3 pi p p y ,

so 1 Co es on a anese a er D em 800 2 2s. Al 5 pi J p p p . y . £ , F ew announcements will be more welcome to lovers of English verse than the one h r Hefile is br n in o e her n o one boo the nes r cs in our t at M . y i g g t g t i t k fi t ly i or n h n w ua e . Robus and a t e boo w cer a n be a d be ro lang g t igi l k ll t i ly , it ill p i ' duced with the same care that made Lyra Heroica delightful to the hand and

eye .

“ " Q THE GO LDEN PO M P A Procession of English Lyrics m urr ro S e to Sh r e arran ed b . T U ILLER COU CH. Crown f y i l y, g y A . Q

800. B uckmm. 63.

- so 0 co es on hand made a er. D em 800 1 15 Al 4 pi p p y . , . so 1 co es on a a s 5 ne e a er. Dem 800. 2 25 . Al pi J p p p y £ , ' M r. u er Couch s as e and s m a h mar him out as a born an ho o is an Q ill t t y p t y k t l g t , d out of the wea h of E abe han oe r h e has ma e a f rea a n lt liz t p t y d book o g t ttractio .

eechin . A S C An o o of S B g LYR A RA : Anth l gy acred Verse.

Ed e b H . EE HING A r wn 0 ar m. 65 d C . B C M . C o 8 0. B tra . it y , . - so 2 co es on hand made a er 2 1 s. Al 5 pi p p . Th s boo wi a ea to a w e ub c F ew an ua es are r cher in serious erse i k ll pp l id p li . l g g i v han the En sh and the E or has had some difi ul t in con n n his ma eria t gli , dit c y fi i g t l s within his limit . Yea s T O O G O F I S E E t . AN AN H L Y RI H V RSE. dited by ’ ‘ W I S. Crown 0 s B. E 8 0. . 6d . Y A 3 . ’ M ETHUE S LIST M ESSRS. N

Illustrated Bo oks

Bari d. O O O F I T ES o b S ng Goul A B K FA RY AL ret ld y . R LD h numerous us ra ons and BA ING GO U . Wit ill t ti initial letters by

RT H UR G S IN. Crown 800. 65 . A J. A K es n han -ma e a r em 0 so 7 co o e . D 8 0. £1 15. Al 5 pi d d p p y ,

so 20 co es on a anese a er. D em 800 2 25 Al pi J p p p y . £ , . F ew n wr ers ha e been more o n s u en s of a r and o ore livi g it v l vi g t d t f i y f lk l than M r.

Bar n Gou who in h s boo re urns to the e in wh ch he won his s urs. i g ld , t i k t fi ld i p This vol ume consists of the old stori es whi ch have been dear to generations of

chi ren and he are u us ra e b M r. Gas in whose ex uis ite esi ns ld , t y f lly ill t t d y k , q d g ’ f n ersen s Ta es won him as ear en or A d l l t y an viable reputation.

Goul O O O F E Baring d. A B K N U RS RY S O N GS AND

RH M ES. E e b S. RING GO U LD and us ra ed b the Y dit d y BA , ill t t y m n h m S u en s of the B r a Art Schoo Crown 800. t d t i i g l. - so 0 co es on hand made a er. 10 . 2 15 Al 5 pi p p 4 . co ec on of old nurser son s and rh mes inc u n a number which are i A ll ti y g y , l di g l ttl e The boo con a ns some charm n us tra n b h known. k t i i g ill tio s y t e B irmingham

s u en s un er the su erin en ence of M r. Gas n and M r. Bar n t d t d p t d ki , i g Gould has mer us n e added nu o ot s.

hin O O O F C IST M S E SE. E Beec g. A B K HR A V R dited

E IN A. and Il us ra ed E b H . C . BE CH G M . b LT R CR N E y , , l t t y WA A .

Crown 80 0. 65 .

- co es on hand made a er. D em 800. 1 15. Al so 75 pi p p y £ ,

so 20 co es on a anese a er. D em 800. 2 25 . Al pi J p p p y £ , A coll ection of the bes t vers e inspired by the birth of Christ from the M iddl e Ages e Wa er rane has esi e some beau u us ra to th e r sen da . M r. C n on p t y lt d g d tif l ill t ti s. A dis tinction of the book is the l arge number of poems it contains by modern

au hors a few of wh ch are here r n e for the rs ime. t , i p i t d fi t t

T N b M Jane Bar ow. THE T E O F T HE O GS A ICE l BA L FR , ’ rans a ed b N E RLOW u hor of Ir sh Id s and c ured t l t y JA BA , A t i yll , pi t

b F . D BEDFO RD. Small 10. 65 . not. y . 4

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This is a new ers on of a amous old ab e. M iss Bar ow whose bri an o ume v i f f l l , lli t v l ‘ of Ir sh I l s has a ne h er a w e re u a on has o the s or in s iri i dy l g i d id p t ti , t ld t y p ted ' flow n erse and M r. Be dford s numerous i us tra ons and ornamen s are as i g v , ll ti t s iri e as the erse he i ure The boo wi l be one f p t d v t y p ct . k l o the most beautiful in s o sib e and orig al book p s l . ’ M E M ETHUEN S LIST SSRS.

Rota tional B ooks

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M T TI O F IST. B THOM A EM I THE I I A ON C HR y AS K P S. h an In roduc on b RCHDE CON F RR R I us d b Wit t ti y A A A A . ll trate y

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T E E B OHN EBLE. an In o H CHRIST IAN Y AR. y J K With tr - duc on and No es b . LOC M . A. Sub ar en of eb e Co e e ti t y W K, W d K l ll g , ‘ ’ u hor of The L fe of ohn eb e Il us ra ed b . NNING A t i J K l . l t t y R A

ELL F ca 800. 5 . B . p. 5 so 0 co es on hand-made a er 1 5 Al 5 pi p p . 5 . These two o umes wi be charm n e ons of two amous boo s ne i us v l ll i g diti f k , fi ly ll The sch o ar n ro uc ns wi l e trated and printed in black and red. l ly i t d tio l giv them

an a e a ue and he wi be beau i ul to the e e and of con en en si e. dd d v l , t y ll t f y , v i t z

General Literature THE DEC I E AND O F THE OM Gibbon. L N FALL R AN

EM I E. B EDW RD GIBBON. New Ed on ed ed w h P R y A A iti , it it

and endices and M a s b . UR M A. F el o of Notes App p y J B. B Y, . , l w Tr n Co e e Dub n. I n 500 m volumes. Crown 800. i ity ll g , li ' — The time seems to have arrived for a new edition of Gibbon s great work furnished with such notes and appendices as may bring it up to the standard of recent his E e b a scho ar wh m t or ca research. y o has a e h s per o his s pecia stu t i l dit d l d i i d l dy , and ssue in a con enien orm and at a mo erate r ce his e ion h i d v t f d p i , t dit s ould fill i an obvious vo d.

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is o ume is the rs of an i us ra e H s tor of E in six o umes in ende Th v l fi t ll t t d i y gypt v l , t d u en s and for enera rea in and re erence and wi resen a com both for s t d t g l d g f , ll p t lete recor of wha is now nown bo h of a e monumen s and of e en s rom p d t k , t d t d t v t , f a m ern m F or the ear ier erio s the prehis toric ge down to od ti es. l p d every trace of

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o ume ea in wi h the F rench Ri era rom ou on t M en ne W hou a A v l d l g t vi f T l o to . it t f ll in w hin the u e-boo ca e or the boo w su some use u rac ca g it g id k t g y , k ill ppl y f l p ti l

in orma i n wh e cu n se ch eti w h escr t e and h s or ca ma er. f t o , il oc py i g it lf i y it d ip iv i t i l tt s e ia ea ure wi be he a en on re e t h rt ons of the Ri era A p c l f t ll t tt ti di ct d o t ose po i vi , wh ch thou h u of in eres and eas access b e rom man we - re uen e i , g f ll t t ily i l f y ll f q t d s o s are enera e un is e b En sh ra e ers such as the M aures p t , g lly l ft v it d y gli t v ll ,

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Oscar Brownin T HE AGE O F T HE CO DOTTIE I : g. N R A

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The are wrun out of the exci emen of the momen and a i a e wi h the iri y g t t t, p lp t t t sp t ’ ‘ Star . of th e game. fi ‘ '— h he are s ir e and ou h to ha e a rea success . T As ealthy as t y p it d, g t v g t imes. ‘ ’ — Sim e man and humorous. E er cric e er shou bu the book. Westn¢inst pl , ly , v y k t ld y cr

’ — u h a sin er Cricket. Cricket has never known s c g .

Lau hrid e. D S O F THE E : o of Ch a g g BALLA BRAV P ems iv lry, En er r se Coura e and Cons anc from the Ear es T mes to the t p i , g , t y, li t i

resen Da . Ed ed w h No es b Rev. F . LANGBRIDGE P t y it , it t , y .

Crown 8vo. Buchrarn s. 6d. Schoo Edi on as. 6d. 3 l ti , ‘ " o These Bal A very happy concepti on happily carried ut. lads of the Brave are ‘ o s and w sui the e of r ma in e n e to sui the rea as es of b as the eat ori . t d d t l t t y , ill t t t g j ty ’ he ook l of S en i h n - Wer T b is fu l pl d d t i gs. ld~ ’ M ESS S M ETHUE S LIST R . N

General Literature

ollin woo O U S I : f and o . B C g d. J HN R K N His Li e W rk y W LLIN W f n e e . G. CO G OO D M . A. la e Scholar o U ers Co , , t iv ity ll g , ‘ ’ O xfor u hor of the Art Teach n of ohn us n Ed or of d , A t i g J R ki , it ’

M r Rus ms. 2 ls v S ec dition. . k n s oe 8 o. 2s. ond E i P vo . 3

Th s im or an wor is wr en b M r. Co n woo who has been for some ears i p t t k itt y lli g d , y ' M r. Rus in s ri a e secre ar and wh has had un ue a an a es in ob ainin k p v t t y , o iq dv t g t g ma er a s for h r m M r on ains Rus n h e and om his r en s . It c t i l t is book f o r. ki ims lf f f i d t a ar e amoun of new ma er and of e e wh ch ha e ne er been ubl she l g t tt , l tt rs i v v p i d , in a an he boo and is c a u l d au h r a b o ra h of M r. Rus n. T , f t, f l t o it tive i g p y ki k

con ains numerous or ra s of M r. Rus n nc u in a co oure one rom a t p t it ki , i l d g l d f wa er-co our or ra b h ms e and a so s e ches ne er be ore ub ishe b t l p t it y i lf, l I 3 k t , v f p l d, y

M r. Rus n and M r. Ar hur Se ern b b o ra h is a e . ki t v . A i li g p y dd d — No more ma n cen o umes ha e been ub she for a on m Times. g ifi t v l v p li d l g ti e. '— is mos o n wr en and mos e n s. Th r un res i boo .Dail New t l vi gly itt t p o fo dly int t g k. y ‘ It is long s ince we have had a biography with such vari ed delights of su—bstance and of orm. Such a boo is a easure for the da and a o for cu rl Da l f k pl y, j y i y Chronicl e. — M r. R uskin could not well have been more for tunate in his biographerf Glok . ‘ nob e monumen O ne f e mos beau abou one A l t of a noble subj ect. o th t tiful books t ’ - the n b es f ow ald. of o lest liv o our century . Glasg Her Gladston T HE S EEC ES AND U IC DD ESSES e. P H P BL A R F T HE RT H N O . O . . E GL DSTONE M . P h N o es W . A , . Wit t and In rod uc ons. Ed ed b A. . H UTTON M . A. (L brar an of t ti it y W , i i the lads on L G e brar ) and H. . COHEN M . A. h ortra s . t i y , J , Wit P it 800. Vol s. IX. and X. 1 2s. 6d. eacfi.

ark Russe THE I E O F DM I O D CO L Cl ll . L F A RAL L R ‘ W R SSELL r c LING O OD. B . CL U u hor of The e y W A K R , A t W k ’ rosvenor. h I us ra ons b F BRANGWYN. Second of the G Wit ll t ti y .

Edition. Crown 65. ‘ ' l oo bwh fi i atnr da R i A rea ly g d y ev ew. mos ex ce en and who esome boo wh ch we shou i e to see in the han s of A t ll t l k, i ld l k d '— ’ r S t. ames G tt . every boy in the count y . j s aze e T HE CO EGES O F O O D : T s o Clark. LL XF R heir Hi t ry and

ad ons. B M embers of the U n ers . Ed e b their Tr iti y iv ity it d y A .

. w and Tu or of L nco n Co e e. 800. 1 2s. 6d. CL R M . A F e o A K , , ll t i l ll g Whe her the rea er a roaches the boo as a a r o c member of a co e e as an t d pp k p t i ti ll g , an i uar or as a s uden of the or anic row h of co e e oun a ion it wi am t q y , t t g g t ll g f d t , ll ply '— n . reward his atte tion Times. - eli h u boo earne and i el . Academ . A d g tf l k, l d l v y y ' A work which will certainly be appealed to for many years as the standard book on ’ — the e es of O x or . Atlz m Coll g f d eruen . ’ M E S S M ETHUEN S LIST I 6 S R .

O O D AN D O O D I E. B M e be s of WellS. XF R XF R L F y m r

th e U n rs Ed ed b . ELLS M . A. F e o and Tu or of ive ity. it y J W , , ll w t

a ham Co e e. Crown 8vo. s 6d. W d ll g 3 . This wor con a ns an accoun of e at O x or —in e ectua socia nd re ious k t i t lif f d t ll l , l , a lig a e u es ma e of ne ar ex e ns es a re ew of recen chan atem car f l ti t cess y p , vi t ges, a s t ent ' of the resen os on of the U n ers and cha ers on Women s E uca on p t p iti iv ity , pt d ti ,

ai s to s u and n ers Ex ens on. d t dy , U iv ity t i We con ra u a e M We s on the ro uc on of a rea ab e and in e i en accoun g t l t r. ll p d ti d l t ll g t t of O x or as is at the resen tIme wr en b ersons who are w th har an f d it p t , itt y p , i d e xce on ossessed of a c ose ac uain ance w h th e s s em and l e 0 the pti , p l q t it y t if - U n ers . A t/zenemem iv ity .

THE ISTO O F O E CE OM T HE Perrens. H RY FL R N FR TIM E O F THE M EDICIS TO THE FALL O F T HE

E LI B F T ERRENS. Trans a ed b NN H R PUB C. y . . P l t y HA A

H I n Ti me Volumes. Vol. I . See. 1 zs. M . LYNC . is is a rans a on rom th e F rench of the b s h s or of F orence in exis n Th t l ti f e t i t y l te ce. - — This volume covers a period of profound Interest pohtl cal and literary and w r a is written ith g eat viv city . ‘ Th s is a s an ar boo b an hones and n e en h s orian who has eser e i t d d k y t i t llig t i t , d—v d wel of his coun r men and of all who are in eres e in I a an histor f M ane l t y , t t d t li y

cluster Guardia n.

Br wnin GU E S AN D G E LI ES : A S o o o g. LPH HIB L N h rt Hist ry ed ae a I a 0 B R RO N IN w of M A. D . 1 2 04 . OSC W G F e o i v l t ly, 5 4 9 y A B , ll ’ nd Tu or of n mbr d e S c diti n w a s Co e e Ca . e ond E o . Cro n t Ki g ll g , i g 0 s 821 . 5 . ‘ '— er ab e . i t z A v y l book Westm ns er Ga ette. '- i ure of me ie a I a . S ta nda A viv d pict d v l t ly rd. ’

. THE T F I E D B ST NDI H O Grady S O RY O R LAN . y A S ’ ’ m a O GR D u h o of F nn and his Co n ons. Cr. 800. as 6d A Y, A t r i p i . . ’ — W er a urin . k Ex ami N and er na n h r . ovel v y fasci ti g isto y ond fully ll g Cor ner . ‘ M os e h u mos s mu a n . Its rac humour its or na ima n n s its t d lig tf l , t ti l ti g y , igi l gi i g , ‘ er ec un ue h s or ma e it one of th e reshes breeztest o umes. p f tly iq i t y , k f t, v l '

M ethodist Tzmes. '— sur e at once ra hic acu e and uain wri en. Times. A v y g p , t , q tly tt

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M anches ter E x a miner .

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' I 8 M E S M ETH E LI S RS. U N S ST

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M . A. F e o and Tu o Of embroke Co e e. Crown 800 6s , ll w t r P ll g . . A vol ume of sermons preached before the U niversity of Cambridge by various reachers inc u in the rchbisho of Can erbur and B sho Wes p , l d g A p t y i p tcott. ’ — re resen a i e col ec on. Bisho Westcot is a nob e sew ed i A p t t v l ti p t s l Guar d an. ‘ '— ou h u ness and n Record. F ull of th g tf l dig ity .

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b o ra h of n s e es ec a ea n w h his achie emen s in soc a reform. A i g p y Ki g l y , p i lly d li g it v t i l ‘ ‘ The au h or has cer a n one abou his w r wi h con ien snes n n t t i ly g t o k t sc tiou s a d i dustry . ' SIzefl zeld D aily Telegr ap/a

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W RD in the Tablet. A ,

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D O U T I E h S - Il o s b O L C N RY L F . Wit ixty seven lustrati n y r r wn R INSO N F D ED F O RD and F . MAS E . La e C o W. PA K , . . B , Y g clot/c su er extra to e ilt 101 641 F ourth and Chea er 800, p , ; edg g , . . p

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E S O F T ICISM . Té zrd E dition. Crown 63 FR AK FANA . ‘ ' M r. Bar n Gou has a een e e for co our and fi ect and the sub h ha i g ld k y l e , jects e s chos en ive am e sco e to his escr i e an fa er t g pl p d ipt v d analy tic cul ties. A p fec ly

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R eview.

O S I E O DD ITIES AND ST G E E T Y RK H R RAN E V N S.

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boo on such sub ec s as F oun a ions Gab es Ho es Ga ows Raisin the Hat Old A k j t d t , l , l , ll , g ,

Ba a s etc. etc. It races in a mos n eres n manner he r r n r ll d , t t i t ti g t i o igi and histo y . ' B m be nn n We ha e rea M r. ar n Gou s boo ro to end. I v d i g ld k f gi i g — t is full of quaint and ar ous n orma on and here is not a u a e in it. N otes and ueries v i i f ti , t d ll p g Q . T H E T R A G E D Y O F T H E C A E S A R S : The m r r of he u an and laud an L n h num rou I E p e o s t J li C i i es. Wit e s ll us

trations from Bus s Gems Cameos etc. B S. B RING GOULD t , , , y A , ’ u hor O f M ehalah etc. Tbird Edition Ro al 8710 1 5 A t , . y . 5 . mos s en and na n boo on a sub e f n n A t pl did fasci ti g k j ct o u dyi g i nterest. The t feature of the book is the use the author has made of th e ex isting portraits o the Caesars and the a m rable cr ca sub e he has exh b e in a n w h , d i iti l tl ty i it d de li g it th is

ne of research. It is bri an wr en and th u a ns ar e li lli t—ly itt , e ill str tio e suppli d on a sca e of ro us e ma n cence. D ail Citroni l l p f g ifi y c e.

The o umes w in no sense sa oin the enera rea er. I n ee in he r wa v l ill di pp t g l d d d , t i y , h ere is no h n in an sense so oo In En s M r. Bar n Gou has g y g g h. g t t i . d li i ld '— wa as not ma / ' resen e his narra i e in such a to e one u a e. A t zena mn p t d t v y k d ll p g .

’ MR. BAR/N0 GOULDS NOVELS

‘ ” To say that a book is by the author of M ehalah is to imply that it contains a s or cas on s ron nes co ntainin rama c ossib es and s m a he i t y t t g li , d ti p iliti , v—ivid y p t t c escri ons of N a ure and a wea of n en ous er l S eaker . d pti t , lt i g i M y p

Tha wha e er M r. Bar n Goul wri es is we worth rea n is a conc us on ha t t v i g d t ll di g, l i t t

ma be er eneral acce e . His ews of e are fresh and orous his y v y g l y pt d vi lif vig , an ua e n e and charac er s c th e nc en s of which h e ma es use are l g g poi t d t i ti , i id t k s r n an d or na his ch arac ers are e- e and hou h somewha ex ce t iki g igi l , t lif lik , t g t p

tional e o e are rawn and co oure w h ar s c orce. to h s ha his p pl , d l d it ti ti f Add t i t t descriptions of scenes and scenery are painted wi th th e loving e es and skilled han s of a mas er of his art ha he is a wa 5 res h and ne e r ull and un er d t , t t l f v , d such conditions it is no wonder that readers ave gained confidence both in his am d m nd ha b e power of usin an sa is y ing he , a year y y ar his popu ar y ’ t f t t t l it '- n Cour t zrcular . wide s.

S IX S H I LL IN G S EAC H

E O F T HE SEA T of the Co n IN TH ROAR : A ale r ish Coast. E F R NVEN M RS. CU RGENV N O CU GE .

CHEAP JACK Z ITA. THE QUEEN OF LOVE.

T H R E E S H IL L I N G S A N D S IX P E N O E EA C H

ARM o o a INELL : A S cial R m nce. f D oo U RI TH A Story o artm r. HER an t i M GE O F U ET d o r S o s. AR RY Q , he t r e

C UETT and o e S o . JA Q A, th r t ries

’ 22 M E S S M ETH EN s LIST S R . U

HI N S G CE. B E. RR orris. . O IS o of RA y W N , Auth r ’ M ademo se e de M ersac. 7 71ird Edition Crown 800 65 i ll . . . ‘ The characters are d elineated by the auth or with his characteristic skill and i ac and the stor is o w h ha ease of manners nd Thackera ean in v v ity , y t ld it t t a y ' h wh ch e s ren t f fla o ur t M r N orr s s sig t i giv t g h o v o . i novels N o one a n depict ’ — woman of the be er c asses wi h more sub e r the En sh las H . gli tt l t tl ty . G gow e ald M r N wn a rea fine character in the Du e H e t . orris has ra of urs bourn a once d lly k t , uncon en ona and er rue to the conventional itics of e wea and s ron in v ti l v y t lif , k t g a brea h ca ab e of inane o ies and hero c ec s ons et not so e ni el or t , p l f ll i d i i , y d fi t y p ‘ e e a rea er of the necessi of a tray ed as to reli v d ty study on his own beh lf.

Athene um.

arker. M RS. C IO . B GILBERT R ER o of P FAL H N y PA K , Auth r ’ rr and His eo e. N ew Edition . 65 Pie e P pl . ’ ‘ ar er s secon boo has recei e a warm we come. The henae um ca e M r. P k d k v d l At ll d it a splendid s tudy of cka racter ; the Pall M all Gaze tte spoke of the writing as but little behind any thing ika t has been done by a ny writer of our time ; the ’ ‘ ames s ca e it a ver strikin and admirabl ov l h St. J ll d y g e n e and t e West e a e to the e he f dis tin uishe minster Gaz tte ppli d it pit t o g d.

. IE E AN D HIS E E B ILB R Parker P RR P O PL . y G E T

R ER Crown 8vo. B ut/brain. 65. PA K . S or es ha conce e and n e execu e . There is s ren h and eniu t i ppily iv d fi ly t d t gt g s in M r. ' ’ — ' ar er s e. D ai1 Tele a P k sty l y gr j h. H T S T O O F S GE B arker T E . GILBERT P . RAN LA I N A AVA y “ H ’ ’ R ER u hor of erre and is eo e M rs. F alch on etc. PA K , A t Pi P pl , i , 0 5 Crown 80 . 5 . e The plot is original and one diflicul t to work out ; but M r. Park r has d one it with r rea s and elicac . Th e rea er who is not in ere s e in his ori inal fi eah g t kill d y d t t d t g , , ’ — - mus be a u erson in ee . Da il Cbr oniele and well told tal e t d ll p d d y .

n and success u ece of wor mansh . Th e or ra of Lal s ron di ni A stro g f l pi k ip p t it i , t g, g '— fi ed and ure is ex ce ona l we rawn. M a nclies ter Gua rdian . , p , pti l y ll d ‘ r and in eres n s or and M r. ar er e s it w h much s . The A very p etty t ti g t y, P k t ll it kill ' - “ S i . an es : Gazette. story is one to be read. l GE O F AIR C : o . B Anthony Hope. A HAN A N vel y ‘ ’ ANTHON HO E u hor of The r soner of Zen a etc. Y P , A t P i d ,

Crown 800. 65 . ‘ w has the Atlmueum sa s a h s or b M r. Ho e ho eci e ou oo and A brig t t y y p , , y , d d d tl k ‘ individuality of his own. ‘ race u i ac ous come rue to human na ure. The characters are trace A g f l , v v i dy , t t d '— r han . Ti s with a maste ly d me . H M B I H R Pr ce. T M E AN D T E O . C D R CE y I W AN y R A P Y , ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ’ Au hor of M ss M ax e s f ec ons The u e M rs. F em n t i w ll Af ti , Q i t l i g,

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