Hermann Hesses Engagement Für Kafkas Werk Von Helga Abret

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Hermann Hesses Engagement Für Kafkas Werk Von Helga Abret Der literarische Zaunkönig Nr. 1/2008 Thema Thema In ihren Erinnerungen Rilke im Gespräch hat Erika Mitterer berich- tet, dass ihr Rilke neben Rudolf Kassner nur einen zweiten Autor so dringend empfohlen hatte – Franz Kafka: Max Brod habe ihm vor kurzem dessen nachgelassenen Roman „Das Schloss“ zugeschickt. Rilke holte das Buch und zeigte es mir. Es gehöre zu dem Wichtigsten, das in den letzten Jahrzehnten in deutscher Sprache erschienen sei. „Freilich ein beklemmendes Buch ...“ – Ich weiß nicht mehr, ob Rilke andeutete, dass ihn die Vorgänge im „Schloss“ irgendwie an seine Erlebnisse in der Militärschule erinnerten, oder ob ich das nachträglich, bei der Lektüre, vermutete. Die folgenden Beiträge heutiger Literaturkenner zeigen, dass Kafka nichts von seiner Faszination eingebüßt hat. Franz Kafka, 1917 Foto: k.A. “Ein heimlicher Meister und König der deutschen Sprache” Hermann Hesses Engagement für Kafkas Werk von Helga Abret In einem dem sechzigjährigen Hermann Hesse gewidme- giert, äußerte vor einiger Zeit die Hoffnung, dass die von ten Artikel spricht Thomas Mann von einem „geistige[n] ihm herausgegebene und 2005 abgeschlossene zwanzig- Paradoxon“, nämlich von der merkwürdigen Hingezogen- bändige Gesamtausgabe3 dazu beitragen werde, „die Über- heit des schwäbischen Dichters „zu dem pragerisch-jüdi- heblichkeit unseres akademischen Kulturbetriebes zu ver- schen Genie Franz Kafkas, den er früh einen ‚heimlichen unsichern“.4 König der deutschen Prosa‘ genannt hat und dem er bei jeder kritischen Gelegenheit eine Bewunderung zollt wie „[...] er kann besser Deutsch als dreißig sonst kaum einem zeitgenössischen Dichtergeist“1. In der Tat hat Hesse aus seiner Bewunderung für Kafka kein Hehl andere Dichter zusammen“ – Hesses gemacht. „Ich bin ein großer Verehrer Kafkas“, schrieb er frühe Kafka-Rezeption dem Verleger Kurt Wolff 2, und ähnliche Äußerungen finden sich in Briefen an andere Zeitgenossen. Der Name Franz Kafka war Hesse spätestens seit 1913 bekannt, denn im Februar dieses Jahres veröffentlichte Max Die Bewunderung des erfolgreichen Dichters, um den sich Brod in der Zeitschrift März, deren literarischen Teil Hesse die Verleger stritten, für den fünf Jahre jüngeren Kollegen, betreute, eine enthusiastische Rezension des schmalen dessen Bücher kaum Leser und nur selten verständnisvolle Bandes Betrachtung. Nach eigenen Aussagen las er aber Kritiker fanden, mag auch heutigen Tages noch als erst Ende 1915 oder Anfang 1916 einen Text Franz Kafkas, „Paradoxon“ erscheinen, obgleich sie nun beide weltbe- und zwar die 1915 in Kurt Wolffs Reihe „Der Jüngste Tag“ rühmte Autoren sind. Allerdings mit dem Unterschied, dass erschienene Erzählung Die Verwandlung. Noch zwei der ‚rätselhafte‘ Kafka inzwischen zum Liebling aller Jahrzehnte später erinnerte er sich an dieses Lese-Erlebnis: Theoretiker verschiedenster Provenienz avancierte, wäh- „[...] und immer wieder blätterte ich zum Titelblatt zurück rend die theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit Hesses und buchstabierte den Namen des Verfassers, denn mir angeblich so ‚limpidem‘ Werk immer noch zögernd und schien, diese phantastische, zugleich schreckliche und nicht selten von Vorurteilen belastet erfolgt. Volker Michels, schöne Erzählung sei aus einem ganz besonderen, mär- seit über vierzig Jahren für das Werk Hermann Hesses enga- chenhaften, seltenen Stoff, einem Spinnengeweb aus Spiel Seite 9 Der literarische Zaunkönig Nr. 1/2008 Thema und blutigem Ernst, aus Traum und tiefster Bedeutung, und Weltkriegs in Italien Werke jüdischer Autoren nicht nur ver- obwohl in dieser unerhörten Erzählung etwas war, was mich öffentlicht, sondern auch verbreitet werden durften, wurde damals irritierte, ja abstieß, war ich dennoch von ihr bezau- der Prager Dichter innerhalb weniger Jahre „trotz der faschi- bert und habe sie nie wieder vergessen können.“5 stischen Diktatur für literarisch aufgeschlossene Kritik in Italien ein fester Begriff“9. Hesse, ein eifriger Rezensent, dessen Besprechungen und Bücherberichte in Tageszeitungen und Periodika eine breit Franz Kafka starb am 3. Juni 1924. Brod setzte sich, wie gefächerte Leserschaft fanden, hat allerdings die zu Kafkas bekannt, über das Testament seines Freundes hinweg und Lebzeiten veröffentlichten Bände nicht besprochen, son- vernichtete dessen hinterlassene Manuskripte nicht, son- dern begnügte sich damit, sie hin und wieder Freunden zu dern kontaktierte bereits Ende Juni mehrere Verlage wegen empfehlen. Ausführlich äußerte er sich über diesen „seltsa- der Herausgabe des Nachlasses. Doch nur der Berliner men Dichter“ auch 1923 in einem Brief an Carl Seelig, den Verlag „Die Schmiede“, der Kafkas letzten autorisierten Freund und Förderer Robert Walsers: „Er [Kafka] hat bloß Erzählband Der Hungerkünstler publiziert hatte, erklärte sich ganz kleine, kurze Prosasachen geschrieben, die fast etwas mit den materiellen Bedingungen des Nachlassverwalters kunstgewerblich aussehen, mit einer leichten Ähnlichkeit einverstanden und veröffentlichte noch im Todesjahr des etwa mit Robert Walser, aber viel konziser, geformter, stär- Dichters den unvollendet gebliebenen Roman Der Prozeß. ker, von einer geradezu klassischen Prosa, wie sie sonst In der Folge konnte der bereits bei Übernahme der Rechte jetzt niemand schreibt. Die besten stehen in seinem Buch hoch verschuldete Verlag den Zahlungen nicht nachkom- Der Landarzt.“6 men, und so publizierte Kurt Wolff, mit dem Kafka 1920 die Verbindung abgebrochen hatte, Das Schloß (1926) und Anfang Januar 1924 veröffentlichte Hesse unter dem Titel Amerika (1927).10 Drei Jahrzehnte später gestand Wolff, er „Über heutige deutsche Literatur“ in der Neuen Zürcher habe damals „nur zögernd und unter großen Bedenken“ Zeitung einen offenen Brief an Italo Zaratin, der ihn im diese unvollendet gebliebenen Texte herausgebracht. Im Namen junger Triester Künstler nach dem Stand der deut- Nachhinein erscheine es ihm allerdings „unvorstellbar, daß schen Gegenwartsliteratur gefragt hatte. In seinem Ant- die Romane, die dem Gesamtwerk eine neue Dimension wortschreiben – die italienische Übersetzung war bereits hinzufügen, seinem [Kafkas] Willen gemäß verbrannt wor- Ende 1923 in der Triester Literaturzeitschrift Orizzonte Italico den wären“. Erst sie hätten seine „ganze Bedeutung als den- erschienen – gab er einen Überblick über die deutschspra- kerische, philosophisch-mythische Erscheinung“11 offenbart. chige Literatur der Nachkriegszeit, der wenig enthusiastisch ausfällt, da seiner Meinung nach zu viele seiner Kollegen In der früh einsetzenden Diskussion, ob Brod gut daran tat, nicht mehr „dichten“, sondern „das deutsche Bewußtsein Kafkas Willen zu missachten, ergriff Hesse stets für den zum Verständnis der Lage erziehen“ wollen. Als Beispiel Freund des Dichters Position. Zwar störten ihn im Prozeß nennt Hesse den „virtuose[n] aber untiefe[n]“ Heinrich und in anderen nicht autorisierten Veröffentlichungen Mann. Neben den vielen Schriftstellern, die sich um „intel- zuweilen einige sprachliche Nachlässigkeiten, die Kafka, lektuelle Lösungen der großen Seelennot“ bemühen, gebe „der gewissenhafteste Arbeiter, der sich denken lässt“, ohne es aber noch einige wenige „reine Dichter, welche sich um Zweifel korrigiert hätte, doch sie erscheinen ihm sekundär. Zeit und Geld und Politik und all den Kram nicht küm- Auch an dem unvollendeten Charakter der Romane stößt er mern“. Für diese Sprachkünstler existiere kein anderes Pro- sich wenig. Der Prozeß erscheint ihm trotz fragmentarischer blem als das, „irgendein winziges Thema rein und wohllaut Züge als „abgeschlossenes Ganzes“. Er folgt hier weitge- mit dem Mittel der Sprache darzustellen“. Und Hesse fährt hend Brod, der sich auf Kafka beruft, der geäußert habe, der fort: „Der stille, vom Publikum vollkommen unbeachtete Prozess werde niemals bis zur höchsten Instanz vordrin- Meister dieser Art ist der Deutschböhme Franz Kafka, er gen, und aus dieser Bemerkung folgert, der Roman sei in kann besser Deutsch als dreißig andere Dichter zusam- einem gewissen Sinne „überhaupt unvollendbar, das heißt men.“7 in infinitum fortsetzbar“12. Max Brod schrieb Hesse später, dieser Aufsatz sei „eine der Der Prozeß wirkte auf diejenigen, die schon vorher für Kafka letzten Freuden“ des todkranken Dichters gewesen. Und er eine Lanze gebrochen hatten, wie ein Schock. Kurt fügt hinzu: „Wie dankbar ich Ihnen damals – damals und Tucholsky, der Kafka 1911 persönlich kennengelernt und 1913 oft war.“8 dessen Prosaband Betrachtung im Prager Tageblatt bespro- chen hatte, nennt „die grausame Mischung von schärfster Hesses offener Brief an die Triester Künstler aus dem Jahr Realität und Unirdischem“ „das unheimlichste und stärkste 1924 blieb nicht ohne Folgen, denn es lässt sich insgesamt Buch der letzten Jahre“13. ein frühes Interesse der italienischen Intellektuellen für Kafkas Werk feststellen. Da bis zum Ausbruch des Zweiten Hesse war als Mensch und als Dichter Kafka keineswegs Seite 10 Der literarische Zaunkönig Nr. 1/2008 wesensverwandt, doch hat ihm seine Dostojewski-Lektüre während des Ersten Weltkriegs, deren Ergebnis drei unter dem Titel Blick ins Chaos (1920) veröffentlichte Essays waren, den Zugang zu Kafkas Prozeß ohne Zweifel erleich- tert. Die „unglaubliche, totale Isolierung“, die „tragische Hermann Hesse, Vereinsamung“ dieser beiden „blutsverwandten“ Montagnola Schriftsteller erklärt für ihn ihre „unmittelbarere Beziehung“ 1955 zum Unbewussten. Was das Unbewusste anging, so hatte Hesse während seiner Analyse bei dem Luzerner Analytiker Dr. Josef Bernhard Lang über ein Jahr hinweg ein Porträtfoto aus Traumtagebuch geführt,
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