創意與觀光: 巴塞隆納經驗之個案探究 Creativity and Tourism
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歐 國 洲 立 國立臺灣師範大學國際與僑教學院歐洲文化與觀光研究所 文 臺 化 與 灣 碩士論文 觀 師 光 範 研 Graduate Institute of European Cultures and Tourism 究 大 所 學 College of International Studies and Education for Oversea Chinese National Taiwan Normal University 文 撰 ○ 1 ○ 碩 Master Thesis ) 士 95 ○ 論 創 意 與 觀 創意與觀光: 巴塞隆納經驗之個案探究 光 : 巴 Creativity and Tourism: The Experience of Barcelona 塞 隆 納 經 驗 之 個 涂雅喬 案 探 究 Tu, Ya-Chiao 涂 雅 指導教授﹕劉以德 博士 喬 撰 Thesis Advisor: Dr. Liu, Yi-De 103 6 中華民國 103 年 6 月 June 2014 0 Creativity and Tourism: Case Study on the Experience of Creative Tourism in Barcelona A Master Thesis Presented to Graduate Institute of European Cultures and Tourism National Taiwan Normal University In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Tu, Ya-Chiao Thesis Advisor: Dr. Liu, Yi-De Reader: Dr. Chung, Hsiao-Ling Dr. Tsaur, Sheng-Hshiung 26th, May 2014 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Yi-De Liu for the continuous support of my MA study and research, for his patience, motivation, and encouragement. His guidance has helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my MA study. Besides my advisor, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Dr. Sheng-Hshiung Tsaur and Dr. Hsiao-Ling Chung, for their valuable advices, insightful comments, and challenging questions. My sincere thanks also goes to Dr. Dinu Luca, Dr. Luisa Chang, Dr. Ted Partington, Dr. Mary Goodwin, Dr. Chung-Chiang Hsiao, Dr. Hsueh-I Chen, Dr. Chia- Ling Lai in NTU and NTNU, for offering me great opportunities in analytical thinking and leading me to analyse questions from different perspectives. I thank all my friends and classmates who have encouraged me through the writing of this thesis. I also like to thank my fellow backpackers in Barcelona for exploring this amazing city with me. I sincerely thank my superior at work, School Principal of Gong-Liao Elementary School, Mr. Cheng-Sheng Chen for his understanding of my hardship working and studying at the same time. Also, I thank my brothers and sisters in Life Tree Church, for their prayers and spiritual support. I thank God for all the lessons learned during the research and writing process. I would like to thank my family: my parents Chao Mu Tu and Hsi-Chen Huang, my sisters Linda, Jesse, Tina, and Chi-Fang, for being my strongest support in all aspects. Lastly, my husband, Yau-Ching Huang, it is to whom I dedicate this work. I thank him for his unconditional love and his bravery to move to London with me for further PhD study. May God continue to bless us. 2 TABLE OF CONTENT List of Figures ........................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ............................................................................................................ 7 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 8 中文摘要 .................................................................................................................. 9 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 10 1-1. Research Background ................................................................................... 11 1-2. Research Aims and Objectives ...................................................................... 14 1-3. Chapter Outline ............................................................................................ 17 2. Literature Review ............................................................................................ 19 2-1. Background Study of Barcelona: Spaces, Events, Tourism, and Urban Planning .................................................................................................................. 20 2-2. Tourism Development in Urban Regeneration Context ................................. 24 2-3. New Trajectories in Urban Regeneration and Tourism .................................. 26 2-3-1. Culture’s Role in Urban Regeneration .................................................... 26 2-3-2. Culture, Spill-Over Effect for All Kinds of Regeneration? ..................... 27 2-3-3. Urban Regeneration for Creative Industries and Tourism ....................... 28 2-4. Conceptualising ‘creativity’ .......................................................................... 30 2-4-1. New Discourse: From Culture to Creativity ............................................ 30 2-4-3. Defining Creativity ................................................................................ 32 2-4-4. Key Approaches: Creativity in Cities Vs. Creativity in Tourism ............. 35 2-5 Creative Events .............................................................................................. 39 2-5-1. Creative Industries Strategies in the Building of Creative Events ........... 39 2-5-2. Events for the Transformation of Cities .................................................. 41 2-5-3. Festivals and Creative Production .......................................................... 43 2-6. Creative Places ............................................................................................. 46 3 2-6-1. From Culture-Led to Creativity-led Space Revitalisation........................ 46 2-6-2. Creative Cities Approach in Building Creative Places ............................ 48 2-6-3. Creative Spaces in Tourism Discourse ................................................... 51 2-6-4. Multi- Ethnicity as Creativity in Places .................................................. 52 2-6-5. Clustering for Creative Spaces ............................................................... 53 2-7 Creative tourism ............................................................................................ 57 2-7-1. The Rise of Creative Tourism ................................................................ 57 2-7-2. Co-creation Tourism Experience ............................................................ 59 2-7-3. Defining ‘Creative Tourism’ .................................................................. 59 2-7-4. Creative Tourism and its Socio-cultural Role ......................................... 61 3. Research Methods ............................................................................................... 63 3-1. Research Design ........................................................................................... 65 3-2. Data Analysis and Resources ........................................................................ 67 3-3. Data Collection ............................................................................................. 69 3-4. Validity and Reliability ................................................................................. 73 3-4-1. Construct Validity .................................................................................. 73 3-4-2. Internal Validity ..................................................................................... 73 3-4-3. External Validity .................................................................................... 73 3-4-4. Reliability .............................................................................................. 74 4. Research Findings ............................................................................................... 75 4-1. Cultural Policy for the Making of Barcelona ................................................. 75 4-1-1. Strategic Cultural Planning in Barcelona ................................................ 75 4-1-2. Approaches in Barcelona ....................................................................... 77 4-2. Building the Network for Creative Tourism in Barcelona .............................. 82 4-2-1. 1993 Turisme de Barcelona.................................................................... 82 4-2-2. 2004 UNESCO Creative Cities Network ................................................ 83 4-2-3. 2006 Barcelona Turisme Creatiu (Barcelona Creative Tourism) ............ 84 4 4-2-4. 2010 International Creative Tourism Network® (2010).......................... 84 4-2-5. From Theory to Practice ......................................................................... 85 4-3. Creative Events in Barcelona ........................................................................ 89 4-3-1. Creative Events in Barcelona: Policy, Practices, and Implementation ..... 89 4-3-2. The Sónar Festival: Creative Events with Creative Industries Strategy ... 94 4-4. Creative Places in Barcelona ....................................................................... 103 4-4-1. Creative Places in Barcelona: Policy, Practices, and Implementation .... 103 4-4-2. The @22 Plan and Creative Clusters in Poblenou ................................. 112 4-5. Creative Tourism in Barcelona .................................................................... 122 4-5-1. Creative Tourism: Policy, Practices, and Implementation ..................... 122 4-5-2. Creative Workshops in Barcelona ........................................................ 129 5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 136 5-1. Summary .................................................................................................... 136 5-2. Theoretical Implication ..............................................................................