Skeletal Articulations and Body Movements Fibrous (Synarthroses

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Skeletal Articulations and Body Movements Fibrous (synarthroses - immoveable) - bones joined by fibrous connective tissue sutures - between skull bones syndesmoses - distal end of tibia and fibula gomphoses - roots of teeth in sockets Cartilaginous (most are amphiarthroses - slightly moveable) - bones joined by some kind of cartilage sympheses (composed of fibrocartilage) - intervetebral joints and pubic symphyses synchondroses (composed of hyaline cartilage) - costal cartilages between ribs and sternum and epiphyseal plates Synovial (diarthroses - freely moveable) - moveable joints containing an articular (joint) capsule; synovial membrane; articular (hyaline) cartilages; most with ligaments and bursae; many contain fibrocartilage pads (menisci) within the joint capsule Uniaxial (diarthroses that permit movement around 1 axis and in only 1 plane) Hinge Joints (articulating ends of bone form hinge-shaped unit): - allows flexion/extension only - eg. elbow, interphalangeal joints Pivot Joints (projection of 1 bone articulates with ring or notch in another): - allows rotational movements and pronation/supination - eg. between axis and atlas and head of radius with radial notch of ulna Biaxial (diarthroses that permit movement around two perpendicular axes in two perpendicular planes) Condyloid Joint (a condyle fits into an elliptical socket): - allows flexion/extension and abduction/adduction - eg wrist and metacarpal phalanges Saddle Joint (articulating ends of bone resemble reciprocally shaped saddles): - eg between thumb metacarpal and trapezium of wrist, allows thumb to "oppose" fingers Multiaxial (permits movement around three or more axes in three or more planes) Gliding Joint (relatively flat articular surfaces allow limited movement in all directions) - allows inversion/eversion - eg. intercarpals, intertarsals, vertebrocostal joints Ball and Socket (ball shaped head of one bone fits in concave depression of another) - allows circumduction, flexion and extension, and abduction/adduction - eg. shoulder and hip joints.

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Joints Classification of Joints . Functional classification (Focuses on amount of movement) . Synarthroses (immovable joints) . Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints) . Diarthroses (freely movable joints) . Structural classification (Based on the material binding them and presence or absence of a joint cavity) . Fibrous mostly synarthroses . Cartilagenous mostly amphiarthroses . Synovial diarthroses Table of Joint Types Functional across Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses (immovable joints) (some movement) (freely movable) Structural down Bony Fusion Synostosis (frontal=metopic suture; epiphyseal lines) Fibrous Suture (skull only) Syndesmoses Syndesmoses -fibrous tissue is -ligaments only -ligament longer continuous with between bones; here, (example: radioulnar periosteum short so some but not interosseous a lot of movement membrane) (example: tib-fib Gomphoses (teeth) ligament) -ligament is periodontal ligament Cartilagenous Synchondroses Sympheses (bone united by -hyaline cartilage -fibrocartilage cartilage only) (examples: (examples: between manubrium-C1, discs, pubic epiphyseal plates) symphesis Synovial Are all diarthrotic Fibrous joints . Bones connected by fibrous tissue: dense regular connective tissue . No joint cavity . Slightly immovable or not at all . Types . Sutures . Syndesmoses . Gomphoses Sutures . Only between bones of skull . Fibrous tissue continuous with periosteum . Ossify and fuse in middle age: now technically called “synostoses”= bony junctions Syndesmoses . In Greek: “ligament” . Bones connected by ligaments only . Amount of movement depends on length of the fibers: longer than in sutures Gomphoses . Is a “peg-in-socket” . Only example is tooth with its socket . Ligament is a short periodontal ligament Cartilagenous joints . Articulating bones united by cartilage . Lack a joint cavity . Not highly movable . Two types . Synchondroses (singular: synchondrosis) . Sympheses (singular: symphesis) Synchondroses . Literally: “junction of cartilage” . Hyaline cartilage unites the bones . Immovable (synarthroses) .
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URLs for this chapter: 8 http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/radiology/Joint Fluoro/JointFluoroHP.html http://www.science.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/bonejt/ outline.htm of the Skeletal System Karen Webb Smith http://www.dc.peachnet.edu/~jaliff/anahumus.htm Unit Two I. Introduction II. Classification of Joints ***There are over 230 moveable and partially moveable joints **Joints vary in structure and function. in the body. A. Joints are classified according to the type of tissue, (fibrous, A. Joints (articulations) are the functional junctions between cartilaginous, & synovial) that binds them together. bones that are formed wherever two or more bones meet. B. Joints can also be grouped according to the range of B. Joints enable a wide variety of body movements. movement possible at the junctions between bones. *bind parts of the skeletal system *allow bone growth synarthrotic – immovable *permit bones to change shape during childbirth amphiarthrotic- slightly movable *enable body respond to skeletal muscle contractions diarthrotic – freely movable to allow movement C. Fibrous Joints -3 types *dense connective tissue holds them together & contains many collagenous fibers *found where bones lie close together *movement = little to none 1) syndesmosis – amphiarthrotic, bones are bound by long fibers of connective tissue, found at distal ends of tibia & fibula, bound by interosseous ligament 2) suture – synarthrotic, found only between flat bones of skull, connected by sutural ligament 3) gomphosis – synarthrotic, formed by union of a cone- shaped bony process in a bony socket, fastens tooth to jawbone, joined by periodontal ligament D. Cartilaginous Joints – 2 types *bones connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage 1) synchondrosis – temporary joints formed by hyaline cartilage; ossify by age 25 years; synarthrotic; (Ex.- epiphyseal plate, manubrium & first rib) 2) symphysis – articular surfaces of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage which is attached to a pad of springy fibrocartilage; amphiarthrotic; (Ex.
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