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Biomechanics BIOMECHANICS SAGAR BIOMECHANICS The study of mechanics in the human body is referred to as biomechanics. Biomechanics Kinematics Kinetics U Kinematics: Kinematics is the area of biomechanics that includes descriptions of motion without regard for the forces producing the motion. [It studies only the movements of the body.] Kinematics variables for a given movement may include following: y Type of motion. y Location of motion. y Direction of motion. y Magnitude of motion. y Rate or Duration of motion. Ö Type of Motion: There are four types of movement that can be attributed to any rigid object or four pathways through which a rigid object can travel. < Rotatory (Angular) Motion: It is movement of an object or segment around a fixed axis in a curved path. Each point on the object or segment moves through the same angle, at the same time, at a constant distance from the axis of rotation. Eg – Each point in the forearm/hand segment moves through the same angle, in the same time, at a constant distance from the axis of rotation during flexion at the elbow joint. < Translatory (Linear) Motion: It is the movement of an object or segment in a straight line. Each point on the object moves through the same distance, at the same time, in parallel paths. Translation of a body segment without some concomitant rotation rarely occurs. EgSAGAR – The movement of the combined forearm/hand segment to grasp an object, in this all points on the forearm/hand segment move through the same distance at the same time but the translation of the forearm/hand segment is actually produced by rotation of both the shoulder and the elbow joints. 2 True translatory motion of a bony lever without concomitant joint rotation can occur to a limited extent when a bone is pulled directly away from its joint or pushed directly toward its joint. Another form of translation could occur if the articular surface of one bone moved parallel to the flat articular surface of a contiguous bone. This type of translatory motion of a bone is known as gliding. In reality, however, most joint surfaces are at least slightly curved, so most joint glides are not pure translatory motion. Rotatory and translatory motions in human joints most commonly occur together. Although rotation may predominate at most joints, there is enough concomitant gliding for the axis of rotation to move in space. When an object rotates about an axis and moves through space at the same time, the object describes a pathway known as curvilinear motion. Eg – The forearm/hand segment holding the glass is rotating around the elbow joint axis while the elbow joint is being moved forward in space by shoulder flexion. Because the elbow joint axis is translating at the same time that the forearm/hand segment is rotating around it, the forearm/hand segment holding the glass describes a parabolic pathway. Curvilinear motion in the human body is the most common path that a rigid bony segment takes at a joint. Ö Location of Motion: All descriptions of the human body are based on the assumption that the person is standing erect, with the upper limbs by the sides and face and palms of the hands directed forward. This position of the body is known as anatomical position. An axis is a line about which movement takes place and a plane is the surface which lies at right angles to it and in which the movement takes place. Motion at a joint may be described as occurring in the following planes and around following axes: y A sagittal or antero-posterior axis lies parallel to the sagittal suture of the skull, i.e., in an antero-posterior direction. Movement about this axis occurs in a frontal plane. Abduction and adduction (except pf the thumb) and side flexion movements are said to take about a sagittal axis and in a frontal plane. y A frontal or coronal axis lies parallel to the transverse suture of the skull. It is also horizontal and at right angle to the sagittal axis. Movement about frontal axis occurs in a sagittal plane. Flexion and extension (except of the SAGARthumb) occurs about a frontal axis and in a sagittal plane. y A vertical axis lies parallel to the line of gravity and movement about it occurs in a horizontal plane. Rotation occurs about a vertical axis and in a horizontal plane. 3 Ö Direction of Motion: y Flexion refers to rotation of one or both bony levers around a joint axis so that ventral surfaces are being approximated. Rotation in the same plane in the opposite direction (approximation of dorsal surfaces) is termed extension. y Abduction is rotation of one or both segments of a joint around an axis so that the distal segment moves away from midline of the body. Adduction occurs in the same plane, but in the opposite direction (movement of the distal lever of the joint occurs toward the midline of the body). When the segment that is moving is part of the midline of the body (e.g., the trunk and the head), the movement is commonly termed lateral flexion. y Motion of a body segment in the transverse plane around a vertical or longitudinal axis is generally termed medial or lateral rotation. Medial (internal) rotation refers to rotation towards the body’s midline; lateral (external) rotation refers to the opposite motion. When the segment is the part of the midline, the movement in the transverse plane is simply called rotation to the right or rotation to the left. y Translatory movement of a segment toward its joint is known as compression, whereas translatory motion of a body segment away from the joint as distraction. Ö Magnitude of Motion: The magnitude or quantity of a rotatory motion (range of motion) can be either in degrees or in radians. If a segment describes a complete circle, it has moved through 360° or 6.28 radians. A radian is the ratio of an arc to the radius of its circle. One radian is equal to 57.3°; 1° is equal to 0.01745 radians. Magnitude of motion may also be given as the number of degrees through which an object rotates per second (angular speed or rate). When angular speed is given a designated direction, it becomes the vector quantity velocity. U Kinetics: Kinetics is the area of biomechanics concerned with the forces producing motion or maintaining equilibrium. [It studies the movements along with the forces, which produces the particular movement.] Ö Force: Force is a push or pull exerted by one material object or substance on another.SAGAR Force is that which alters the state of rest of a body or its uniform motion in a straight line. External forces are pushes or pulls on the body that arises from sources outside the body. Gravity is an external force that under normal conditions constantly affects all objects. Internal forces are forces that act on the body but arise from sources within the human body. Examples are 4 muscles, ligaments, and bones. Internal forces are essential to human function because external forces are difficult to depend on to create purposeful movement of a body segment. Internal forces serve to counteract those external forces that jeopardize the integrity of human joint structure. Some forces, such as friction and atmospheric pressure, also can act both external to and within the body. All forces, despite the source or the object acted on, are vector quantities, and can be defined by: y A point of application on the object being acted on y An action line and direction indicating a pull toward the source or a push away from the source y A magnitude, that is, the quantity of force being exerted A vector is traditionally represented by an arrow, so a force is represented by an arrow that (1) has a base on the object being acted on (point of application), (2) has a shaft and arrowhead in the direction of the force being exerted (action line, direction), and (3) has a length drawn to represent the amount of force being exerted (magnitude). When the naming convention of object-on-object is used to identify forces, the first part of the force name will always identify the object that is the source of the force; the second part of the force name will always identify the object that is being acted on. This means that the point of application will always be found on the second object named (the object to which the force is applied will always be the “last name” of the force). The action line and direction of a force will be toward the source in the case of a pull, or away from the source in the case of a push. The source of the push or pull will always be the “first name” of the force. Ö Force of Gravity: Gravity is the force of attraction existed between all material objects, and that the magnitude of this attraction was directly proportional to the mass of each body and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The gravitational attraction of the earth for every body is directed towards the earths centre. Gravity is the attraction of the mass of the earth for the mass of other objects and, on earth, has a magnitude of 32 ft/s2. The force of gravity gives an object weight, which is actually the mass of the object times, the acceleration of gravity. Weight = mass ¯ 32 ft/s2 SAGARGravity is the most consistent force encountered by the human body and behaves in a predictable manner.
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