1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--HOUSE 11559 is one of the best men available for that committees. But if the condition is CONFIRMATIONS work. He finds that in private industry present about which complaint is made, Executive nominations confirmed by he can receive $7,500 or $8,000, so he it is because Congress has appropriated · the Senate December 6 (legislative day of leaves the Government service and more money than it should. The dis­ October !Q9), 1945: enters private industry. Here is a man tinguished Senator from Virginia [Mr. who in private industry can receive BYRD] has been the chairman of the MISSISSIPPI RIVER COMMISSION $15,000; so he does so. Perhaps he is joint committee of the two Houses of Col. Clark Kittrell to be a member of the one of the best mer.. in the Government the Congress which has given the prob­ Mississippi River Commission. service. lem special attention during the past 3 Let me say to the distinguished Sena­ years. If there is any responsibility, it tor that we must act now. If we do not, is not on the poor unfortunate man re­ if we wait Uiltil next spring or next sum­ ceiving a salary of $100 or $175 a month, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mer, or perhaps if we never act, the on which he is trying to support his wife Government will lose immeasurably in and child or children. If we have been THURSDAY, DECEMBER 6, 1945 efficiency ~nd in money by denying to neglectful, and I do not think we have, these workers decent and adequate pay, the responsibility for the present swollen The House met at 12 o'clock noon. judged by the most modest standards. bureaucracy is on us, and no one else. The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Let me also say to the distinguished Mr. SMITH: I am sure the Senator Montgomery, D. D., offered the following Senator that if Senators wish to work at will agree that the entire subject is one prayer: a salary which-in view of the fact that which we must consider. Beneath Thy mighty hand, 0 God, we they must maintain two homes and must Mr. DOWNEY. Yes. humble ourselves in prayer. Holy, holy, incur extra expenses, including travel EXECUTIVE SESSION holy! Thou art a Father full of com­ expenses-is not sufficient for them to Mr. BARKLEY. I move that the Sen­ passion and to be trusted through all live on, that is their burden and their experiences, even unto death. With this responsibility; but I do not think Sena­ ate proceed to the consideration of ex­ ecutive business. blessed assurance, we pray Thee to lead tors have a right to wait· 6 months or a us that we may be unafraid in all situa­ year or 2 years before remedying the The motion was agreed to; and the tions. Lay Thy hand of l;>lessing upon unhappy situation of the great numbers Senate proceeded to the consideration of our country that the power of right may of Government workers. executive business. prevail, inspired by the precepts of the Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, I simply EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF COMMITTEE'S am raising the point of the very large immortal Teacher of Galilee. Let us number of bureaus and agencies which The following favorable reports of feel the directive urge of Him who is the Government has at the present time, nominations were submitted: the Lord of hosts that we may learn how and I am trying to get clear in my own By Mr. WAGNER, from the Committee on to apply His standards in our daily tasks. mind whether the Senator is advocating Banlring and Currency: Guide, we pray Thee, the destinies of our an increase all the way through for the Maple T. Harl, of Colorado, to be a mem. people and make happiness and industry present enormous pay roll. I entirely ber of the Board of Directors of the Federal coextensive under all. circumstances. Deposit insurance Corporation for the unex· Keep us duly conscious that the eyes of agree that we should give adequate pay, pired term of 6 years from September 6, 1945, whatever it may be, to all our workers, vice Leo T. Crowley. the Lord are upon the righteous and His but it seems to me that at the present-" By Mr. McKELLAR, from the Committee on ears are open unto their supplications. time we have far too many persons on Post Offices and Post Roads: Hear us in our humble prayer, in the the Government pay roll. I wonder Sundry postmasters. name of our Saviour. Amen. whether we should not wait until we The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. The Journal of the proceedings of liquidate many of the Government agen­ HUFFM.'\N in the chair) . If there be no yesterday was read and approved. cies, before we determine what the in­ further reports of committees, the ME'SSAGE FROM THE SENATE creased pay should be. clerk will state the nominations on the Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, if the calendar. A message from the Senate, by Mr. Senator will examine one of the graphs Frazier, its legislative clerk, announced or tables to which I have referred, he REGISTER OF THE LAND OFFICE­ that the Senate had passed with amend­ will notice that the number of workers NOMINATION PASSED OVER ments, in which the concurrence of the in the Army and Navy has already The legislative clerk read the nomina­ House is requested, a joint resolution of greatly declined. I do not know whether tion of Frank Olson to be Register of the the House of the following title: the Army and the Navy still have more . Land Office at Blackfoot, Idaho. · H. J. Res. 266. Joint resolution making an workers than they need. Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I ask additional appropriation for the United Na. Mr. SMITH. That is my question, unanimous consent that the nomination tions Relief and Rehabilitation Administra· Mr. President. I wonder whether we · be passed over for 1 day. tion. · still have more workers than we need. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without The message also announced that the I do not wish to interrupt the distin­ . objection, the nomination is passed over. guished Senator's argument with refer­ Senate insists upon its amendments to ence to what an individual should re­ MISSISSIPPI RIVER COMMISSION the foregoing joint resolution, requests ceive for the work ~ which he performs. The legislative clerk read the name of a conference with the House on the dis­ However, I am wondering if that is not Col. Clark Kittrell, Corps of Engineers, agreeing votes of the two Houses an over-all problem to be . considered United States Army, to be a member of thereon, and appoints Mr. McKELLAR, when we consider the size of the Govern­ the Mississippi River Commission. Mr. GLASS, Mr. HAYDEN, Mr. TYDINGS, Mr. ment's pay roll. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without RUSSELL, Mr. OVERTON, Mr. BROOKS, Mr: Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, today objection, the nomination is confirmed. BRIDGES, Mr. GURNEY, and Mr. BALL to be thousands of men in Government de­ Mr. BARKLEY. I ask unanimous con- the conferees on the part of the Senate. partments are working on that very • sent that the President be immediately The message also announced that the problem. Every agency is making plans notified. Senate had passed a bill and joint reso­ for reduction and demobilization. The The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without lutions of the following titles, in which primary responsibility, so far as the ad­ objection, the President will be notified the concurrence of the House is re­ ministration is concerned, is on the Bur­ forthwith. quested: reau of the Budget. But we in Cd'ngress RECESS s. 1610. An act to provide for the rehabili· also have a responsibility. If there are tation of the Philippine Islands, and for more employees in the Government than Mr. BARKLEY. As in legislative ses­ other purposes; there should be, we should do something sion, I move that the Senate take a re­ S. J. Res. 119. Joint resolution to provide to correct the situation. I may say that cess until12 o'clock noon tomorrow. for national elections in the Philippine the primary responsibility, so far as the The motion was agreed to; and (at 4 Islands; and Congress is concerned, is on the Appro­ o'clock and 51 minutes p.m.) the Senate S. J. Res. 125. Joint resolution making an priation Committees of the House and took a recess until tomorrow, Friday, De­ appropriation for contingent expenses of the of the Senate. I do not blame those cember 7. 1945, at 12 o'clock meridian. Senate. 11560 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 6 The message also announced that the ists. I happen to know something about about $100,000 a year, has operated on Senate agrees to the report of the com­ it. less than half that, as the Committee on mittee of conference on the disagreeing The Senate Military Affairs Commit- Accounts can verify, and now an attempt votes of the two Houses on the amend­ tee is conducting an investigation and is being made to cut it even further. I ment of the House to the bill (S. 693) en­ at the present time they are going over just want to express the hope that the titled "An act for the relief of the the shipments and payments on account House will be as considerate and solicit­ Saunders Memorial Hospital." of lend-lease. The lend-lease ac.counts · ous of the welfare of small business as CONTINGENT FUND OF THE SENATE are in a terrible state of confusion and the Senate ·has always been. require auditing. If we are ever going The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Mr. O'NEAL. Mr. Speaker, I ask to recover any more of those funds, if the request of the gentleman from Ken­ unanimous consent to take from the we are ever going to get that jumble tucky? Speaker's table Senate Joint Resolution and mess straightened out we have got Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speaker, reserving 125, making appropriations for the con­ to provide the operating funds to do it the right to object, I regret very much tingent expenses of the Senate, and with. That is the principal reason I am I was not here earlier but I was delayed agree to the same. prepared to agree to this amount at this on account of concluding a hearing of The Clerk read the title of the Senate time. the Committee on Rules. Is this a bill joint resolution. Mr. O'NEAL. I thank the gentleman providing funds for certain Senate com- The SPEAKER. Is there objection to very much. mittees? the request of the gentleman from Ken­ Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, reserving Mr. O'NEAL. It is for the Senate tucky? the right to object, let me say in reply alone. The Senate passed this resolu­ Mr. TABER. Mr. Speaker, reserving to the gentleman from Pennsylvania. tion yesterday. the right to object, I would like to have [Mr. RICH], that a Senate Investigating Mr. SABATH. Why not amend the the gentleman from Kentucky explain Committee has now found out what the resolution and insert an amount for the the resolution. Committee on Un-American Activities, Small Business Committee of the House? Mr. O'NEAL. Mr. Speaker, yesterday and the Dies Committee, have been tell- Mr. O'NEAL . . I hardly think that the Senate passed Senate Joint Resolu­ ing the people for a long, long time, that would be a proper procedure at this time. tion 125, which provides an appropria­ there were people in the State Depart- The Senate passed this bill to meet an tion of $400,000 for the Senate alone. ment who were literally perpetrating emergency. They need the money to They have exhausted their funds for treason against this Government, that· meet their pay roll. investigations and similar matters, and they will not be able to meet a pay roll they had been commissioning Commu- Mr. SABATH. It would not take long on the 15th of this month unless this nists in the War Department who were to offer that amendment to provide a money is provided. dedicated to the overthrow and the de- decent appropriation for the House struction of this Government. That committee. It has done a splendid job It is not necessary to send this to the th~y have been making a racket, in a and it is entitled to a few additional Committee on Appropriations, because measure, out of the Civil Service, and dollars. we never attempt to go into the Senate that some of them have been stealing items to find out' whether they are right the records out of the state Department. Mr. o''NEAL. I agree with the gentle- or wrong, and they do not do that with If the senate Committee will carry on man from Illinois, but we should not do reference to our appropriations. I feel this investigation and turn this situa- that at this time. that it is perfectly justified, and since tion wrong side out and protect this (Mr. McCORMACK assumed the chair the money is needed immediately, I country, protect the Pre~ident, protect as Speaker pro tempore.> trust the reservation of objection will the Secretary of State and protect this The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Me­ be withdrawn. Government, from these subversive ele- CORMACK) . Is there objection to the re­ Mr. RICH. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ ments, it will be worth infinitely more quest of the gentleman from Kentucky? tleman yield? than the amount provided in this Mr. RAYBURN. Mr. Speaker, rfserv- Mr. TABER. I yield. measure. ing the right to object, I want to say a Mr. RICH. With all these investiga­ Mr. RICH. I agree with that and I word that I think should be said here tions going on in the House and the Sen­ have no objection to spending it this way and now. This is not a House resolution, ate, and the Senate requesting $400,000 in this instance but I am just calling it has nothing to do with the operations to continue them, the Senate or the attention to what faces this country if of the House, and if we are going to have White House or anybody in the House of we keep on at the rate we have been comity between these two bodies, we must Representatives has never told us how going in creating deficit after deficit. not have interference between the two or when we are going to get the money. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. - bodies. The President of the United Has the Senate given the gentleman any Speaker, reserving the right to object, I States in talking to a group of us one information of that kind? think a continuation of this investiga- time said: "I always sign every bill that Mr. O'NEAL. All I can say is that the tion is extremely important because carries a contingent fund for either the amounts are authorized. A majority of there are many stories to the effect that House or Senate. ·Now I am asking for the Senate decided that these things were lend-lease material is still being used for a little something to conduct my busi­ necessary. They proceeded with the. fighting purposes. This mattet should ness down here." · authorized investigation and they have be thoroughly investigated. I am for Let us permit the Senate without argu- not now enough to meet their pay roll. this appropriation. ment to conduct its business and make Mr. RICH. The House of Representa­ Mr. O'NEAL. I thank the gentle- its appropriations for its contingent tives has been doing that for several woman very much. fund as it has always permitted us to do. years. They have been appropriating, I renew my request, Mr. Speaker. Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speaker, further appropriating, appropriating, but there Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, reserv- reserving the right to object, I did not is no one who can tell us where this ing the right to object, this is a proposal intend by my remarks to indicate that money is coming from. Four hundred to allow $400,000 for the contingent fund the House should interfere in any way thousand dollars is a large sum of of the Senate. • with the wishes of the Senate or with money. Now, some day we are going to Mr. O'NEAL. The gentleman is ·senate action; nevertheless, I am· in- be bankrupt just because we get bills of correct. terested in seeing that the House com- this kind, nobody in our body being able Mr. PATMAN. I have no objection to mittee shall not be deprived of the same to tell us how to take care of these bills. it. I merely wanted to invite the gentle- rights. and the same privileges and, to It is certainly an unsound procedure to man's attention to the fact that a large some extent, the same appropriations to keep on appropriating without knowing part of that money will go to the Senate carry on its work which I know has met where the money is coming from. Small Business Committee. They are with the approval of the entire Nation. Mr. TABER. Just so we may know doing fine work, and they are properly

form that was used in the original au­ congratulate the gentleman on ·his sin~ that I am offering on that, a wording thorization but likewise uses the form eerity of purpose and the magnificent which I hope will be accepted. that was used in the Bretton Woods work he did. Therefore I am very much (b) That the President shall endeavor agreement when the Congress specifi­ inclined to follow any suggestions in through appropriate channels to facilitate cally instructed its representative on the which the gentleman indulges because the admission to recipient countries of prop­ bank to pursue a given course. I know he is sincere. erly accredited members of the American What is the course that I hope we will Mr. HERTER. I thank the gentle­ press and radio in order that they may be permitted to report without censorship on the instruct or request our President and our man. utilization and distribution of United Nations representatives on the UNRRA Council Mr. MURDOCK. Mr. Chairman, will Relief and Rehabilitation supplies and serv­ to follow? The first three suggestions the gentleman yield? ices. follow the identical language adopted by Mr. HERTER. I yield to the gentle­ this House some 6 weeks ago in connec­ man from Arizona. As every Member of the House knows, tion with an appropriation for $550,- Mr. MURDOCK. I agree that the it. is proposed in the very near future to 000,000. Each one of those three was gentleman has offered a good and proper extend the activities of UNRRA into approved by the Committee on Appropri­ amendment and I favor it. When the countries where it has not yet been oper­ ating, notably China, Italy on a large ations, the~r were adopted by the House, gentleman stated that we had better and I am told have been rejected by the make this provision permissive rather scale, Austria, White Russia, and the Senate. H-owever, when they were than mandatory, he is referring to the Ukraine. In the case of Poland, Czecho­ adopted by the House they became a second half of his amendment? slovakia, and Yugoslavia, disregarding condition for the furnishing of relief. Mr. HERTER. I have not come to for the moment Greece and Italy, the ad­ In other words, unless these conditions a discussion of the second half of the ministration did make every effort to get which are still stated to be desirable con­ amendment, but that part will likewise American newspapermen into those ditions became accepted fact the appro­ be permissive. countries to allow them to report without priation of $500,000,000 would have been The three points that are covered in censorship on whatever they found there. invalid. In this particular case we are the first part of this amendment deal, The Administration was uniformly suc­ not trying in any way to hold up an No. 1, with the secret trade agreements cessful in those endeavors so that today appropriation or hold up any relief work, which unhappily still exist among some Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Poland, but are merely expressing our views as of the recipient countries of UNRRA aid are open to the press of the United States to what is desirable and helpful in mak­ and which make an intelligent appraisal and other nations, and their reports are ing this relief operation a more successful of the needs of those recipient countries allowed to, come through without any operation. impossible. The second deals with the censorship whatever. There was a ser­ Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. freedom of movement, with the neces­ ious problem as to whether or not within Chairman, will the gentleman yield? sary credentials and so on, for UNRRA the Ukraine and White Russia this could Mr. HERTER. I yield to the gentle­ personnel, so that they can use their be accomplished. I think every Mem­ man from Texas. maximum effectiveness in observing the ber of the House feels that it is a very de­ Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. I know distribution of relief in the recipient sirable thing to have accomplished. What that the gentleman from Massachusetts countries. this amendment of mine does is merely [Mr. HERTER ] is very familiar with the Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. to say that the Congress recommends work of UNRRA. The gentleman did a Chairman, will the gentleman yield? that the President use every facility to great service to his country this past try to get American pressmen into those Mr. HERTER. I yield to the gentle­ areas. summer in the trip he made over there woman from Massachusetts. investigating the ·work. of UNRRA, · for Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. The Chairman, will the gentleman yield? which we are grateful. I am glad to barter agreements are included in the note that the amendment which the gen­ trade agreements? Mr. HERTER. I yield to the gentle- tleman offers is not mandatory, as he woman from Massachusetts. · Mr. HERTER. Yes. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. just explained, but is a recommendation Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. which we hope might be carried out. I Would the gentleman be willing to add They are extr~mely important in con­ to his amendment a provision that the think that is in better form, especially nection with this matter. since we are dealing with an interna­ representatives of the Department of tional organization and, in my opinion, it Mr. HERTER. It includes barter State make a survey of a check-up or is more desirable to make it a request agreements, but in addition it requires audit to be sure that those provisions rather than make it mandatory. specific information on imports and ex­ are carefully carried out? Mr. HERTER. I thank the gentleman. ports so that UNRRA will have intelli­ Mr. HERTER. I would want to con­ There is a very good reason for making gent knowledge of what is happening to sider that very carefully. this request rather than making it man­ the produce of the country. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. I datory. That is the time element in­ The third amendment deals with the should not want it to be added to the gen­ volved in this entire ra>lief operation. question of retention of titles to motor tleman's amendment if he does not wish Let us not fool ourselves. This winter transport. That matter has been dis­ it. It would be permissive as are the will be the critical time, this winter will cussed here very considerably. It allows provisions of the gentleman's amend­ be the time when the shortage of food­ UNRRA to retain title to motor trans­ ment.. stuffs, coal, lack Clf shelter and lack of port if it sees fit to do so in order that Mr. HERTER. I question that, but I medicine, in going to be the most acute. it may more effectively have a complete think probably the State Department It will be this . winter when the relief and accurate check as to where relief could do that by arrangement with money and supplies are needed the most. supplies may be sent. UNRRA now. For that reason, instead of making the Mr. JENKINS. Mr. Chairman, will The CHAIRMAN. The time of the conditions mandatory, we put it in this the gentleman yield? gentleman from Massachusetts has ex­ form so there will be no danger what­ Mr. HERTER. I yield to the gentle­ pired. ever of slowing up the effectiveness of man from Ohio. Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I ask whatever relief we might give. Mr. JENKINS. As I understand, if we unanimous consent that the gentleman Mr. JARMAN. Mr. Chairman, will the adopt the gentleman's proposal, then it be permitted to proceed for two addi­ gentleman yield? will not be necessary to follow that tional minutes. Mr. HERTER. I yield to the gentle­ through into the appropriation bill, will The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection man from Alabama. it? to the request of the gentleman from Mr. JARMAN. I simply wish to say Mr. HERTER. The gentleman is cor­ New York? to the gentleman and to the House that rect . . There was no objection. no better job' was done during the past The second part of the amendment Mr. HERTER. It is my understanding summer for UNRRA, for the United which has been divided by the motion of that there will be offered as a substitute States, and for the United Nations than the gentleman from Ohio deals. with the for the second part of my amendment, was accomplished by the gentleman very controversial question of freedom of section e any pork in con­ The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman and amend. the articles o! incorporation nection with the $1,300,000,000 which we from California is recognized for 5 min- of UNRRA any condition 'or any reser­ are authorizing UNRRA today, Yet, l utes, - vation which is · compulsory, before 11570~ / CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE money for food is available, it will ill­ are so greedy and selfish and un-Chris­ purposes. (See also Appendix, p. 29, re­ validate and postpone the use of the tian as to refuse to give them a crumb to garding displaced persons.) money until or unless that condition eat and a bit of coal to build a fire to Rehabilitation supplies and Eervices: Ma­ terials (such as seeds, fertilizers, raw mate­ precedent or that conditional reservation warm by, and yet have America increas­ rials, fishing equipment, machinery, and is first put into effect. Do you choose to ingly safer for the democratic way of life? spare parts) needed to enable a recipient try to reform the attitude of certain na­ Pestilence, hunger, filth, these when not country to produce and transport relief sup­ tions toward the· press, as paramount to the fault of those who are starving and plies for its own and other liberated areas, saving probably millions of lives?. freezing, are fertile soil for extremes of and such technical services as may be neces­ I submit that the amendment offered conduct. The conditions now rampant sary for these purposes. by the gentleman from Massachusetts in the former war zones of Europe at Rehabilitation of public utilities and serv­ is probably not compulsory or a condi­ least, are pregnant with the possibilities ices: So far as they can be repaired or re­ stored to meet immediate needs; sqch as tion precedent to the granting of relief. b~ of revolution force instead of evolu­ light, water, sanitation, piJwer, transport, However, I do wish to emphatically call tion by reason. This UNRRA is an in­ temporary storage, communications, and as­ the attention of the whole committee to vestment in sounder economic and social sistance in procuring material equipment the fact that it is fundamentally neces­ conditions as well as a gift. It will re­ for the rehabilitation of educational insti­ sary that you strike out of his amend­ turn to us a thousandfold, in the form tutions. ment the two words "or otherwise" as of an earlier and a more durable rela­ set forth in paragraph (a) of his pro­ tionship of the young and old of the Mr. Chairman, I submit that this list posal. I have just called attention to world to America and likewise it will do contains no frills and nc nonessentials. the reasons why, to the gentleman from America good to continue to share its It is a list of the necessities of daily life Massachusetts and members of the com­ rich blessings from God on high. for human existence. It provides the mittee, before I rose to speak. Not by argument, nor by refusing to means whereby these poor people will Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Chairman, will the grant this aid to the starving, nor by any be enabled-yes, reasonably assured of gentleman yield? other means can the world now be ability-to help themselves to self-secu­ Mr. DOYLE. I yield to the gentleman changed from being a world neighbor­ rity and self-support. This is the way it from Pennsylvania. hood. Distance and time are eliminated should be. Mr. FLOOD. May I say that I have by the forces of nature and the genius And then, because I · spoke with some prepared, with the consent of the gen­ of man. We will have to learn to live Members who had not had opportunity tleman from Massachusetts, a clarifying in a world neighborhood or we will get to read the list of nations which formed amendment along the 'line the gentle- no reasonable chance to live in a world the UNRRA international organization I man has just suggested. · at peace at all. Atomic power already call your attention to the following list of Mr. DOYLE. I thank the gentleman. has, and other like discoveries no doubt 44 member governments, to wit: I am sure it is fundamentally necessary will soon, compel us to literally get upon UNITED NATIONS AND GOVERNMENTS ASSOCIATED that those words be stricken, and thank our knees in prayer and with the hope WITH THEM the gentleman from Massachusetts and that the world shall come to know the Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, committee members also for accepting truth which will make the civilized world Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, my reasoning about it. free of fear of destruction at the hands Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, Ecua­ dor, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, French Pro­ Mr. FLOOD. That is in reference to of inventive man. And this world visional Government, Greece, Guatemala, the first part, of course. neighborhood daily gets smaller and Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Mr. DOYLE. Yes. Mr. Chairman, I smaller as regards transmission of every Liberia, Luxemburg, Mexico, Netherlands, now call attention to the preamble to the factor which makes or destroys inter­ New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, articles of agreement of UNRRA, and I national good will and collaboration. Paraguay, Peru, Philippine Commonwealth, read to you the following: Therefore what is here said from day to Poland, Union of South Africa, Union of Being deteriX?-ined that immediately upon day either builds for peace or wrecks the Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom, building of enduring peace. United States of America, Uruguay, Vene­ the liberationof any area by the armed forces zuela, and Yugoslavia. of the United Nations or as a consequence Does any Member deny that the leg­ of retr.eat of the enemy the population islators or rulers of other nations of this This list, gentlemen, goes to the essen­ thereof shall receive aid and relief from their sufferings, food, clothing, and shelter, aid in world neighborhood have a right to take tial of world collaboration if we are to the prevention of pestilence and in the re­ our words as the expression of American have world peace. Knowing one another covery of the health of the people, and that opinion to an unduly large extent? And, as nations in a world neighborhood has preparation and arrangements shal be made if we speak of derision and suspicion of the same beneficent result it does for for the return of p~isoners and exiles to their our world neighbors, have they not a neighbors on the same street to engage in homes and for assistance in the resumption right to think and speak of us in like a community or neighborhood project in of urgently needed agricultural and indus­ manner? And if we spell hate and ill good faith and with good will toward trial production and the restoration of essen­ will toward the people of a nation, do each other. tial services. we suppose that people will think of us Let the vote for UNRRA by us today be · In my few remarks about this funda­ in terms of love and good will? I wish without a crippling amendmeut or one mental premise, in the clearly stated pre­ to repeat that by our words and conduct which will cause a single child to starve amble to the original UNRRA articles, I in connection with UNRRA we either or freeze to death. am going to assume that every Member help build a world of good will or we Let us vote for the UNRRA today -by a of the House is in utmost good faitp and contribute to the factors which contrib­ unanimous vote. Let us do it in the desires that this money shall go to ute to world wars. spirit of a gift to starving and freezing Europe at the earliest possible moment. Recently I was rather dumbfounded and deserving world neighbors. But, let I shall also assume, that every Member to meet a Member who had never noticed us not forget that such a gift is a definite of the House feels as I do, that which is the list of purposes for which UNRRA investment· and insurance money toward a proposed gift without the spirit of the money could and would be expended. So a more democratic world today and to­ giver is bare-and is not a gift at all. I I desire to call your attention to them, in morrow and toward an earlier and en­ take the position that this is not a gift; accordance with Resolution No. 1: during world peace. No gift for this pur­ it is an investment in world peace and RESOLUTION NO. 1 pose, no investment in this atomic world world solidarity, good will and world Relief supplies: Essential ronsumer goods will pay such certain and lasting divi­ understanding, I am for it. to meet immediate needs, such as food, fuel, dends. It is an investment in preventing a clothing, shelter, medical supplies · Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Chairman, I offer pestilence which if not prevented, will Relief services: such as health and wel­ a clarifying amendment. breed hate, antagonism, suspicion and ·rare; assistance in caring for, and maintain­ The Clerk read as follows: ill will toward America by hundreds of ing records of, persons found in any areas millions of growi.ng children as well as under the control of any of the United Na­ Amendment o1!ered by Mr. F'Loon to the tions who by reason o! war have been dis­ Herter amendment: In section (a) strike by adults in other parts of this world placed from their homes and, in agreement out the words "or ·shall endeavor" where neighborhood in which we now live. with the appropriate governments, military the words first appear and insert in lieu Is anyone here so short sighted as to authorities, or other agencies, in securing thereof the words "is hereby requested" and believe that Europe can be naked and their repatriation or 1·eturn; and such tech­ strike out the words ."or otherwise" in the hungry and coid very long, because we nical services as may be necessary for these following lines. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11571 Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Chairman, l yield never been paid. Little Finland is the been in Europe and it has been milked to the gentleman from Massachusetts. only debtor who kept her word. Now dry. No, we have been pitching too long. Mr. HERTER. Mr. Chairman, I have they come to us and say that we are not It is time to do a little catching. America no objection to the amendment. shouldering our responsibilities and is not the richest country in the world. The CHAmMAN. The question is on meeting our obligations. Twenty-five We only work harder and are more gener­ the amendment offered by the gentle­ years after being called a Shylock, the ous-perhaps more foolish. B.oth Great man from Pennsylvania [Mr. FLooD] to only appreciation and gratitude we re­ Britain and Soviet Russia have lat:ger the amendment offered by the gentle­ ceive for saving their necks is that for populations and vaster natural resources man from Massachusetts [Mr. HERTER]. the second time in a quarter of a cen- than do we. Yet, we are to be not only The amendment to the amendment , tury we were corkscrewed into a global the "arsenal of democracy" but the was agreed to. conflict. granary of the world. Bosh! Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I rise in Does anyone here doubt that Stalin­ Mr. Chairman, we should not forget opposition to the pro forma amendment grad would have capitulatPd had it not that under the Bretton w·oods Agree­ and ask unanimous consent to proceed been for American armament, tanks, ment we set up the World Bank with for five additional minutes. planes, and guns, food ani clothing sent international commitments of approxi­ The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the Russians? Does anyone thlnk mately $10,000,000,000-the United to the request of the gentleman from that Russia would ever have gotten States share could be six billions. Missouri? through to Berlin without the help of Already, under the Export-Import There was no objection. American industry, the workers "in our Bank we have pledged $3,500,000,000- Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I realiZe factories, in our mines, on our farms, or these a:·e in addition to lend-lease. Al­ in these strained and troublesome days it without our loans? ready we have appropriated $1,350,- is unpopular for any of us to speak a word Who won the war in Europe that has 000,000 to UNRRA. Already 72 percent for America or in defense of our own just closed? Were not three-fourths of of the total, whereas the other 42 na­ country. The fasWonable tWng in these all the Allied soldiers American troops in tions have given only 28 percent. Now trying times, piuticularly in pink-tea cir­ the Mediterranean theater, in north Af­ we are asked to vote another $1,350,- cles and among the striped-trouser boys rica, Sicily, and Italy, and on the western 000,000 on the same qasis and at the same in the Diplomatic Corps, is to think of front? What would the world have done ratio. I claim this is not only slushy the ills of all the world and to ignore without Eisenhower, Bradley, Devers, sentimentality and bad economics but our people at home. I am getting just Simpson, Hodges, Patton, Patch, and if continued it will mean financial bank­ a little sick and tired of listening to loud Clark down in Italy? Yet, all the time ruptcy and national suicide for our flannel-mouthed commentators over the George Patton was racing across France country. It must not go on. air and reading certain cunning column­ and down through Germany into Austria The gentleman from New York [Mr. ists in our newspapers and, I am sorry and Czechoslovakia the only headline I CELLER] was eminently correct when he to say, to·hearing a few speeches on the could read in a London newspaper was said we should tear the veil of secrecy off floor of this House, by people who seem Monty had begun a new offensive. Still, these foreign investments in our own to think that the United States of Amer­ it is disgraceful and shameful that we are country. I mean all of them. We all ica is responsible for this war as we were not helping poor, suffering humanity. know that Queen· Wilhelmina owns the the last; that we are shamefully and I do not know how long I shall remain Westchester out here in Washington, disgracefully ignoring our obligations in this chamber or on this earth, but D. C. God only knows how many other and responsibilities in this postwar when I shuffle off this mortal coil I want investments she has now in this and period. One would gather the final im­ any friends I might be lucky enough to other countries. We also know that we pression that vie are responsible for most leave behind to say of DEWEY SHORT there have restored the Dutch Empire to Hol­ of the world's ills and woe. never was a time in the darkest hour of land, as we restored the British Empire As just a plain, ordinary American, I the war or following when Joseph Stalin in the Far East to England, and no doubt resent these insinuations. No ilation in loved Russia more than he loved America. will give part of Indochina and the the history of the world has ever been so I hope I care as much for my own coun­ present Thailand back to France. Uncle kind ami generous and helpful to other try as Winston Churchill does for the Shylock, Uncle Sap. History has a countries as has the United States of British Empire, and that is nothing mean, a peculiar, a naughty, and an ugly America. In every disaster this Nation against Stalin and Churchill. I congrat­ way of repeating itself. has gone to the relief and succor of peo­ ulate and admire them both. They were Now they come to us after we have won ·Ple in distress. Even when the tidal wave our allies. They are still our allies. Of the war in the Pacific almost single­ and the typhoon destroyed human life course, we are going to share all g.ood handed, MacArthur and Kenney, LeMay and property in Japan only a few years things with the other nations and peoples and Nimitz, Halsey and Spruance, ago, we sent shipload after shipl&ad of of this earth. We have shared so much Krueger and Eichelberger, Chennault supplies of food, clothing, and medicine already that we do not have much left to and Stilwell, and a host of other heroes. to that stricken country. Our American share. It is high time we took an inven­ We all know that we moved from Aus­ Red Cross has sent relief to the further­ tory of our own $300,000,000,000 debt and tralia island by island for those thou­ most corners of this earth. The Rocke­ of the misery and woe that we find in sands of miles across vast distances feller Foundation has established schools our own country. Few people realize to almost alone, single-handed, while fight­ and hospitals all over this world to min­ what an extent we have exhausted our ing a terrific war in Europe with 3,500,- ister to suffering humanity. Our Chris­ natural resources. We furnished 70 per­ 000 men-we got only 2,000,000 men tian churches in the United States for cent of all the oil in this war. We have there in the last war-3,500,000 men in many years have sent hundreds of mil­ pumped many wells dry. We have dug Europe, with thousands of" them not back liiJns of dollars to every darkened corner .out our lead, zinc, and copper. We have yet. Many will never come back. And to bring light to heathen peoples, to pro­ burned our coal and consumed our iron. all the time we were fighting single­ mote their social uplift, political ad­ Yet some folks say we are shirking. handed the war in the Pacific, we got a vancement, and economic welfare. Lend-lease? We have furnished $60,- little paltry help now and then. We Twice in our own generation we have 000,000,000 to our allies in lend-lease finally reached Japan. At what a price. gone to the rescue of our allies. alone. It was supposed to be a wartime Japan was whipped long before the A quarter of a century ago, when our measure and end when the war ended, atomic bomb was dropped. Personally, American armies reached Chateau-Thi­ but it did not. We have transferred I am sorry it was ever dropped in the erry, the French were throwing away a.bout $20,000,000,000 since VJ-day in fashion it was. It was not necessary. their rifles and heading toward Paris. lend-lease to our allies. You know,lend­ It established a dangerous precedent. Our marines and Infantry went on from lease was supposed to be a two-way track, It will not help us in the future. Japan Chateau-Thierry through Belleau Wood it was a double pipe line; it was supposed was whipped, she had sued for peace. to the Meuse, the Argonne, and Soissons. to come over here as well as go over there. She was whipped before Russia thought Many of them never came back. But the old cow has had her head in the of coming in, and Russia came in on the After that war we fed all Europe and manger here in America, Wllere we have tail end in order to pick off the south loaned nearly $13,000,000,000 to our been feeding her, watering her, and tak­ end of Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands, allies wWch, up to tWs sad hour, have Ing care of her. but her other end has to help cut the pie and get her share of XCI--729 11572 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 6 the cake. Now she wants to have part Mr. SHORT. I am against it with all world, covering all subjects for which he control, after we have won the bloody my heart and soul. I talk as I vote and was so noted before Pearl Harbor. battle single-handed she wants to tell vote as I talk. I wish more Members At the outset the gentleman from us what "bases we can have. Oh, I am would do the same. I am surprised that Missouri made an observation as if he growing sick and tired of these moral the gentleman is so undiscerning that he were a martyr; that it is hard to say a uplifters and world reformers. And could not arrive at that conclusion with­ word for America. As I sat in that chair especially of those who cursed Russia out my assistance. I have never voted my mind went back only 5 years when yesterday and embrace her today. for this mockery because of irregulari­ in this very chamber were fought the The CHAIRMAN . . The time of the ties, incompetency, inefficiency, and legislative battles necessary to save and gentleman from Missouri has expired. downright thievery. Six hundred in the . preserve his country and my country. I Mr. SHOR'l. I have just got started. administration drawing fat salaries were remember the extension of the Selective. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. arrested less than a month ago dealing Service Act, which passed this House by Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that on the black market. one vote, and those who were being the gentleman froin Missouri may have Now, I hope, having been brought up attacked then were men like myself who five additional minutes. as I was, that I have a little milk of 1m­ were fighting for the passage of that bill. The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection man kindness in me. After all, ice We were the ones who were speaking for to the request of the gentlewoman from water does not flow through my veins. America on that occasion. My distin­ Massachuse-tts? I would lil{e for the world to know just guished friend from Missouri was speak­ There was no objection. how much each one of you and how much ing on the other side of the question. Is Mr. SHORT. Mr. Chairman, I thank I individually give of our own money to that right? the gentlewoman very much. I also ap­ charity and whether or not you would be Mr. SHORT. It is absolutely right, preciate the good spirit of my distin­ willing to lend more money to your and I am proud of it. guishedfriend, the able majority leader, neighbor to whom you made a loan 25 Mr. McCORMACK. All right. If the gentleman from Massachusetts, from years ago and which he has never paid you are proud of it-- whom we will hear shortly. back, and whether you would be anxious Mr. SHORT. Yes; I am. Now, Mr. Chairman, I say it is all right to give him another $4,400,000,000 now. Mr. McCORMACK. That uncovers to help your neighbor. Who does not You know you would not. But you do the gentleman's mind. The gentleman want to do it? "Recompense to no man not care about the taxpayers' money. is proud that he voted against it. Now, evil for evil. Be honest in the sight of You are a liberal-with the other guy's in the light of 4 years of war, he is proud all men. If thy neighbor hunger, feed dough. I have always been taught that that he voted against extension of the him. If he thirst, give him drink, for in charity begins at home. I think a good Selective Service Act. I give him credit so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on citizen is not the man who takes care of for misjudgment, but now, after 4 years his head." the whole community and lavishly wastes of war-- America has always been inclined to his substance upon his neighbors while Mr.· SHORT. Mr. Chairman, will the follow the advice and dictum of St. Paul. his own wife and children are in want gentleman yield? That is what we have done as a nation. and need. "He that provideth not for Mr. McCORMACK. Sit down. I do Yet some of these professional uplifters his own is worse than an infidel." You not yield. After 4 years of war, with find it so much easier to take care of do not have to go to Europe to find hundreds of thousands of boys having other people than to take care of their misery. I have seen "it. I have seen it sacrificed their lives, the gentleman now own, that they come in and say we are dozens of times in every country over says he is proud he voted against exten­ being parsimonious and niggardly be­ there during the past quarter of a cen­ sion of the Selective Service Act. If cause we do not give them the dome of tury. And I have seen it hundreds of that bill had not passed, I dare not the Capitol. We have given our coat, times here in the United States. I am undertake to prophesy what the situa­ vest, shirt and pants and soon we will not so narrow-minded or such a hide­ tion would have been in America today. have to join a nudist colony. bound provincialist after all, but let me Miss SUMNER of Illinois. Mr. Chair-­ Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, will the tell you I have, in my own congressional man, will the gentleman yield? gentleman yield? district in the Ozark Mountains, gone Mr. McCORMACK. I yield. Mr. SHORT. I yield. barehead and barefoot · until I was 14 Miss SUMNER of Tilinois. What did Mr. CELLER. It might be interesting years old and lived on opossums, paw­ you get out of the war but communism to note with reference to what aid Great paws, and persimmons. We were glad and corpses? Britain gave that when our ships went to do it, too. We never asked for a dole Mr. McCORMACK. One thing is cer­ through the Suez Canal Britain charged out of the Federal Treasury because we tain, that the United States of America us for the passing through of our ships wanted to keep our freedom. We did not won the war and we are still a free and our soldiers $50,000,000, but when have to take orders from bureaucrats. nation. her ships went through the Panama My people are willing to do it today, but Of course, I could talk about all the Canal we let them go through free. so long as I know they have crown jewels other bills-- Mr. SHORT. Why, we have to pay for of the King and the Czar-and I have Mr. SHORT. I wish you would. some of our own air fields abroad. They seen them-they are brilliant and would Mr. McCORMACK. Yes. You can have even tried to collect for damage bring a neat sum on any market today, take pride in your vote if you want to, but and destruction of property in the last enough to run any government for quite I am thinking of the country known as World War and, no doubt, they will be a while-as long as they wear ermine the United States of America. back here with hat in hand, as both now and emeralds in London and Moscow, as Before Pearl Harbor we were fighting are; Britain and Russia, one asking for long as foreign assets are hidden in near­ to get legislation passed that anybody six-billion-odd dollars and.the other one ly every country of the world, I am not. with common sense ought to have known for anything he can get. We heard over going to vote for $1 to take butter and was necessary to its preservation. The the radio this morning that Britain was bacon, cornpone and sowbelly out of gentleman from Missouri [Mr. SHORT] going to get a $4,400,000,000 loan with no voted against all those bills. We were interest for 5 years and then interest at the mouths of my poor people. Our old people are now drawing inadequate pen­ the ones who were fighting for the pas­ 2 percent after that over a 50-year pe­ sage of bills, against an honest and mis­ riod-if the balance of trade was in her sions, not enough for medicine, let alone understood public opinion. We had to favor. fuel, rent, food, a-nd clothing. Why not face political ruin and defeat, and we Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, take care of them before the rest of the accepted it with the knowledge that, will the gentleMan yield? world? You can take that for what it even if defeated, we were casting votes Mr. SHORT. I yield. is worth. that were necessary for the preservation Mr. McCORMACK. I just want to Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, I of our country. ask one question before my friend com­ move to strike out the last three words. The gentleman also says there are pletes his statement with reference to Mr. Chairman, as usual when my some Members of this House who are one thought that I have in mind. Is the friend from Missouri [Mr. SHORT] is·in making the statement th9,t the United gentleman for or against the pending the proper mood, he has made a ram­ States of America was responsible for bill? bling speech, traveling all over the this war. I agree with the_gentleman; 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11573 that is one statement he makes that I am munism is marching across the world he agreed with that sentiment. It be­ in agreement with, the ones who were and we must make diligent endeavor to came his responsibility to go through the making that statement are on the Re­ arrest its spread and to prevent it from organization from top to bottom to clear publican side and not on the Democratic placing its ugly stamp upon the tradi­ deadwood, to recruit competent admin­ side. tions and institutions of our own coun­ istrative heads and to make it in truth Mr. SHORT. No! No! try. and in fact a functioning organization. Mr. McCORMACK. Oh, no! Oh, the Because hunger is such a resolute While the hearings were in progress on gentleman would say "No" anyway! Communist I hope that in supporting the pending bill on the third fioor of this Who is it that is trying to put the United this measure and making available some very Capitol, UNRRA was discharging States of America on trial and trying to of the largess of our own country that 600 of its personnel in Europe for inef­ show that we excited the Japs to attack it will help to drive back the first line ficiency and other causes and discharg­ America? Not the Democratic Members of despair and be a contribution to .the ing an additional 13 persons who had of the House. preservation of freedom. been apprehended in black-market oper­ Yes; he made that statement uncon­ From this action I hope to find some ations. I, for one, am willing to salute sciously under emotional stress which sense of spiritual satisfaction in having the man who can take the odor out of constitutes the truth and is consistent tried to assuage the hunger of distressed UNRRA and make it an agency that will with the true facts; and, yes, the gentle­ peoples in other countries. , In part I creditably perform the humane function man says he is sorry we dropped the shall do so from a spirit of thanksgiving for which it was intended. atomic bomb on Japan. Just pause for that our own country has been untouched I do not take back t single derogatory a· moment and realize what that means. by the blight of war. For that we can be statement which I made about this The invasion of the Japanese islands grateful. agency recently when the bill to appro­ would have been necessary had that In the Southland of our country are priate $550,000,000 to its account was on bomb not been dropped. He talks about 25,000,000 lush and productive acres this fioor for consideration. Moreover, his love for the boys in uniform. Yes; where cotton and fiber can be produced I feel that the close scrutiny and atten­ I know he loves them, but let us be to help clothe people who are in distress. tion which Congress devoted to its oper­ practical. The atomic bomb shortened In the Middle West I so recently rode ation has been one of the most salutary the war. across the prairies in Illinois and there I things that has happened in a long time The CHAIRMAN. The time of the saw the sentinel stalks of corn weighed and was really the moving force in hav­ gentleman from Massachusetts has ex­ down with gleaming golden ears that will ing it purged of professional uplifters pired. probably make a crop of 3,000,000,000 whose hearts may be right but whose Mr. McCORMACK. Mi'. Chairman, I bushels in this crop year. All these acres notions may be wrong. ask unanimous consent to proceed for have been untouched by bombs and shells To my friend the gentleman from Mis­ two additional minutes. and so from the.largess .which they will souri [Mr. SHORT] let me say that I share The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection yield we can share with hungry people in your convictions about people on the to the request o: the gentleman from the hope that our generosity will assist outside who are constantly offering ad­ Massachusetts? in arresting the march of strange ideol­ vice to Congress and berating for what Th~re was no objection. ogies across the earth. they esteem to be its sense of omission Mr. McCORMACK. The atomic bomb Let me say that when I returned from and commission. I have high regard for shortened the war by weeks if not by that recent journey over the world in the Walter Lippmann but I am not too con­ months. If the American forces had course of which I made an examination cerned about what he writes in his col­ had to invade the main Japanese Islands of UNRRA operations, I spoke frankly umn because it is physically impossible 1t is estimated that in killed alone 250,000 and freely and criticized as generously for one to do a column on a different :sub­ to 400,000 American boys would have lost as any Member of this House. In my ject virtually every day in the week and their lives, and more than a million would mind was but a single idea and that was properly inform himself on the back­ have been wounded. The dropping of to make this first international opera­ ground of the measures which come be­ the atomic bomb not only hastened the tion in the interest of hlimanity as ef­ fore us. ending of the war, but it brought safely fective and· efficient as possible. When committees of Congress labor back to the homes of America from 250,- I believe I know quite as much about earnestly day after day to explore the 000 to 400,0Ct0 young Americans who UNRRA both here and abroad as most facts, how shall a commentator or col­ would have paid with their lives had the of the Members in this Chamber. In re­ umnist fortify himself with all of the invasion taken place, and a million were cent weeks I have had several confer­ facts on a different subject every day of saved from being wounded. That is what ences with Commander Jackson who now the week. the atomic bomb did; yet the gentleman serves as the operating chief of UNRRA. · Nor am I interested in the harangues from Missouri is sorry we dropped it on In fact only this week -he came at the similar to that which was indulged re­ the dastardly Japanese. request of myself and the gentleman from cently by a minister of the gospel here The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. HERTER] to present in the Nation's Capital who so dramati­ Illinois [Mr. DmKSEN] is recognized. his story and to indicate freely and cally declaimed from the pulpit that the Mr. DffiKSEN. Mr. Chairman, Ire­ frankly what improvements had been Congress was betraying its trust in de­ spect the convictions of my friend from made and what improvements might be laying action on UNRRA legislation and Missouri and listened with genuine in­ expected in the future. who then urged his communicants to terest to his summarization of the aid Mr. Chairman, I want to commend write or wire Members of the House and which this country has afforded to the Commander Jackson for his candor, his Senate. He, too, can cherish his per­ peoples of the world. In that statement forthrightness and his administrative sonal opinion but it is our responsibility I concur. capacity. He is an interesting person. to make this a working organism. However, I expect to vote for the pend­ At one time he was a sheep rancher in After all if there be a greater sin than ing bill. I need no reminder from any letting people go hungry, it would be the Australia. He is of ~cotch ancestry and professional uplifter that hunger is a the traditional frugality of the Scotch sin of sending goods and supplies to dis­ Communist. Long ago it was that stern tressed countries only to have their dis­ old prophet Isaiah who wrote that has never deserted him. He enjoys the tribution administered by people who "when a man is hungry he shall fret rank of commander in the British Navy are more concerned about their own mis­ and fretting he shall curse his God and and has served as a supply officer in adventure.... than they are about the job his king." many comers of the world. I have faith to which they were assigned. That sentiment is as true today as in his integrity and I salute him for mak­ We have made definite progress in when it was uttered by Isaiah long ago. ing real improvement in UNRRA. renovating UNRRA · anC: I tru~t that One can search the literature of the ages Many weeks ago when he first came to under the watchful eye. of this body there and never find anything to improve upon my office for a conference he quite can be further renovation to the point it in its simplicity and persuasiveness. agreed that the criticisms which have where we can cherish some pride in its It is that thing which disturbs me been hurled at UNRRA were richly de­ ope1·ation. most as I contemplate the distress which served and he interposed no defense. To share our largess from a spirit of is so abundant in the world. There is When I said that UNRRA stinks as an thanksgiving does not indicate a lack of no question but what the virus of com- administrative operation, I know that devotion to our own country and its 111574 CONGRESSIONAL R·ECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 6 ·needs and problems. I believe it is not they had completed their year, they Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. Mr. only a manifestation of our gratitude for should be permitted to go into the Re­ Chairman, will the gentleman yield? the fact that physically our country has serves, and then if additional duty re­ Mr. CASE of South Dakota. I yield been untouched bl- 6 years of war but quired be called as Reservists to serve to the gentleman from Minnesota.- also that the heart of America still rings on active duty, while new selectees were Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. It seemed true when confronted with distress. called to fill the authorized trainee to me when I was listening to the argu­ Even as the gentleman from Missouri strength of 900,000. ment of the gentleman from Massa­ has so well and truly said, this Nation I recall the situation very clearly be­ chusetts that his argument on that par­ has been the first to provide relief to cause I discussed it with General Mar­ ticular subject had the same flavor as countries in all corners of the earth in shall and I discussed it with other officers that of the nonexistent fortification of time of distress and emergency and we of the War Department at the time. Guam issue. shall follow through in that same high They all agreed that if those who had Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Be that tradition. obtained their 1 year of training under as it may, I hope that the Members of I shall vote for this measure. the act were released, as the law provided my side of the aisle will not permit their Mr. THOM. Mr. Chairman, I rise in when they entered, they could be called natural sympathies to vote for this bill opposition to the pro forma amendment. back to active duty 5 minutes later under to be dulled or impaired in any sense by Mr. Chairman, I want to compliment their Reserve liability and have time start the attempts of any speaker this after­ the gentleman from Illinois who has just to run on that Reserve liabilit~. noon to draw a partisan or political issue spoken, because he is living ·up to the I realized that there was a need at here when none exists. platform just fresh from the press writ­ that time for continuing a large number Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I move ten by the Republican Members of this of trained men in the service to man our that all debate on this amendment and House. He has shown you that the outposts, and had p.roposed and had in­ all amendments thereto close in 15 United States is wealthy enough to meet troduced legislation to authorize 2-year minutes, debate to be confined to the this obligation and, therefore, he con­ enlistments with credit on the Reserve amendment. ceives his duty to be to support the newly service, which I know that many men in The motion Was agreed to. written platform of the Republican the \Var Department regarded as a prac­ The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ Members of the House which I take great tical solution. nizes the gentlewoman from ' :M:assa­ pleasure in reading. · Many people other than the gentleman chusetts [Mrs. RoGERS]. We will engage in essential international from Massachusetts have referred to the Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. relief as a humanitarian obligation and to passage of the Service Extension Act as Chairman, I am heartily in favor of the prevent chaos. through misery. We demand the "extension of selective service" as if amendment offered by the gentleman sound management and protection against from Massachusetts ·[Mr. HERTER 1. He exploitation in this conneetion. We will as­ had that bill not passed, the whole selec­ sist other nations to rehabilitate themselves tive service force would have been dis­ has made a very exhaustive study abroad under arrangements consistent with intelli• banded and ended. That was not true. in the countries where UNRRA is oper­ gent American self-interests and over-all lim­ Selective service was still in force. The ating, and also in this country. It is itation that shall not jeopardize our own men would still have continued to be vital that there should at least be sug­ economic recovery and stability. called under it. gestions and requests as to the opera­ Who will say that this appropriation The act had not expired nor was it tion of UNRRA. While I wish the pro­ . will jeopardize · the future financial about to expire, nor has it expired today. visions were mandatory, it is at least a standing and credit of the United States? The original act, as amended, is still in help to have them in the resolution as Therefore, the gentleman from Missouri force. The extension related solely ·to requests and suggestions. Certainly the [Mr. SHORT 1 is out of step with his own the period of time of training which ·opinion of the Congress, which repre­ platform. He ought to read it, and in could be required without a declaration sents the United · States, should carry accordance with the time-worn usage that national interest was imperiled . . It great weight as the United States gives 72 obey the platform of his associates. extended that time from 12 to 18 months. percent of the UNRRA money and sup­ Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. That was the extension, and not the life plies. I saw something of the suffering Chairman, I move to strike out the last of the act itself. Let the record be and starvation abroad last year. I saw word. - clear on that point, once and for all. the generosity of our soldiers to the Mr. Chairman, I am sorry that the ma­ Now, then, I would not have taken any hungry peoples, especially the children jority leader has temporarily left the time here today except for the fact that of Europe. The American soldiers are floor. I rise to deplore the tendency on this false issue had been brought up both kindly and generous. Our soldiers his part occasionally and on the part of again. I expect to vote for this bill as I are coming back, and they will be there the gentleman who just spoke to draw a have for other bills of this character. I no longer to help feed and care for those party line when we are discussing ques­ regard this as part of the job of cleaning people. Many will be there no longer tions of this character. Today was not up the war. to be our ambassadors of good will. . the first time that the distinguished gen­ My votes for the preparation of the Granted the difficulties under which tleman from Massachusetts [Mr. McCoR­ defense of our country did not beiin UNRRA operated, there has been inex­ M ACK] has ventured to draw the red after Pearl Harbor, even by interpreta­ cusable use of the moneys and the pro­ herring of votes on the extension of the tion under the standards of the gentle­ visions of UNRRA. I said to the Con­ period of service under the Selective man from Massachusetts. At the start gress when UNRRA was first passed, that Service Act across the trail of measures I opposed lend-lease because I thought it would not work out satisfactorily, that pending before the House. He speaks of it was an act of war and would take us Governor Lehman's hands were tied. I the Service Extension Act as the exten­ into the war and I believed we would be tried to secure a better organizational sion of selective service, as if selective better off in many ways to grant outright plan. service itself was expiring and had to be credits to the allied countries at war. Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. Chairman, will extended which was not the case at all. They could have made their own pro­ the gentlewoman yield? The implication always has been that curements, and w·e would not have the Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. I votes which were not cast for the exten­ questions that have arisen since with re­ yield to the gentleman from Tilinois, sion of the period of time of service under gard to titles to surplus lend lease and who has also made a very exhaustive the act were votes against the continua­ things of that kind. But when lend-lea~e study of the whole UNRRA. He was the tion of selective service; that is utterly was voted and became law, I supported first Member of Congress to investigate inaccurate and wholly wrong. appropriations to carry it out and op­ thoroughly the operation of UNRRA. Those who were Members of the House posed crippling amendments. I said He returned to the United States and at that time must recall that the issue that even if I was riding with a driver was critical of UNRRA as administered. involved at that time was not an exten­ who was taking what I thought was the Today he states that conditions in the sion of the act itself; the issue was wrong road, I would certainly try to see operation of UNRRA are greatly im­ whether or not those who had already that he had gasoline to get through. proved. served 1 year under selective service and And the authorization before us today, I Mr. DIRKSEN. If the gentlewoman training should be re~uired to serve an regard as part of the job we undertook will indulge me in an observation, it . additional 6 months ·or whether, when some time ago. · seems to me that in the last 30 or 40 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11575 minutes we have lost sight of the fact Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. I compiled by the Treasury Department, to­ that pending here are the amendments yield to the gentleman from Pennsyl­ gether with a rough estimate of the total offered by the gentleman from Massa­ vania LMr. FLOOD]. unmined gold reserves of Great Britain amounting to 700,000,000 fine ounces: chusetts [Mr. HERTER]. I thought I Mr. FLOOD. Of course, the gentle­ heard the gentleman from- Texas [Mr. man understands there was a clarifica­ "MEMORANDUM ON THE- GOLD ORE RESERVES OF LUTHER A. JOHNSON] indicate that he tion of the amendment subsequently de­ THE BRITISH EMPffiE looked with some degree of favor upon bated by the gentleman from Massachu­ "The measured underground gold ore re­ these proposals, inasmuch as they are setts [Mr. HERTER]. That is what the serves of the B:ritish Empire have been esti­ only recommendations, after all, are op­ gentleman. from New York refers to . . m ated by the Bureau of Mines as follows: erated, of course, through the control The CHAIRMAN. The time of the "Measured gold ore reserves echelon of lJNRRA, and are nothing gentlewoman from Massachusetts has . " [In millions of ounces] more than recommendations in order to expired. "Country: b1ing about some kind of an arrange­ Mr. 'WHIT-E. Mr.' Chairman, I rise in Union of South Africa------57 ment or agreement by resolution or canada------~------34 opposition to the pro forma amendment. Southern Rhodesia------4 otherwise with respect to the trade Mr. Chairman, in response to a state­ Gold Coast______9 agreements, the facilities, and safe con­ ment made by the gentleman from New Australia ------11 duct for these people, and finally with York [Mr. CELLER] before we had this British New Guinea and New Zea- regard to motor transport equipment land------. ------4 burst of oratory with respect to the Brit­ Fiji and Tasmania _____ .______1 and the title thereto. I do hope that ish loan, I desire to call to the attention the chairman of the committee will of the House some factual information Tanganyika --~------5 see fit to accept these amendments, since which appears in the Appendix of the they are permissive in form. I think RECORD with respect to the British Joan Total------125 they do meet a genuine need. which I understand is to be announced · "Measured ores refer to those ores which Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. I from the White House at 5 o'clock this have already been surveyed and staked out. yield to the ch~irman of the committee afternoon. I call your attention to this Although the bulk of these measured ores [Mr. BLOOM]. My understanding yes­ are commercially workable, it cannot be as­ factual information as presented in the sumed for the total, which may include terday was that he would have no ob­ RECORD in an article which I have pre­ known and measured ores not worth mining jection to them. I understood him to pared on our national debt and the at present pric;:es. say he would not get to them, but would British loan which is to be found on page "The practice of mining companies· varies, agree to them. A5293 of the Appendix of the RECORD. but many co)Dpanies measure a sufficient Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I stated In order that we may know something quantit y to cover the amount they expect to yesterday as soon as the gentleman from extract during the next; 4 or 5 years. Massachusetts had read his amendment about the resources of Britain with ref­ "Total commercial reserves for the British that I did no't see any objection to it erence to her application for this loan Empire, that is, total ores which are econom­ at all. I say to the committee at this and the liberal terms proposed to be ically workable, are estimated to be in the time that I see no objecion to the amend­ given, I want to call the attention of the neighborhood of 700,000,000 fine ounces. ment, and I am going to vote for it. House to the following: '£his is based on the assumption that South Africa has enough ore to continue its present May I say also that I have spoken to a GOLD RESERVES IN BRITISH MINES rate of production of approximately 12,000,000 The British have proven up and have yet great many members of the Committee ounces for 40 years, which would amount to mine 446,660,000 ounces of gold valued on Foreign Affairs, Republicans and to a total of approximately 500,000,000 fi11e at $35 per ounc~. which amounts to $15,- Democrats, and we find no objection to ounces o! gold underground. It is estimated 633,100,000, bu~ gold has a much higher it. So I think we are in favor of the that another 200,000,000 fine ounces of gold amendment as clarified and as it has value than $35 per ounce abroad. The table will cover the other gold-producing areas of been divided; that is, I see no objection of British unmined gold reserves jnserted the British Empire. These figures are, of here was obt ained !.rom the Department of course, very rough estimates." at all to . the Herter amendment .as it the Interior: was read here this morning,'. as clarified. The 700,000,000 appears to be nearer the Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. fin thousands of fine ounces] correct figure when the fact is taken into That is what we will vote on first, and Africa: considerat ion that an estimate of the gold Anglo-Egyptiar.. Sudan______10 reserves in South Africa alone, obtained from then vote on the other part. That is my Bechuanaland______300 understanding. I am very glad the gen­ . the Department of the Interior at the time Egypt------50 the first lease-lend bill was under considera­ tleman has agreed to accept the amend­ Gold Coast______12,000 tion, placed the south African unmined gold ment as amended. I believe the amend­ K~ny~ Colony______1, 400 reserves at well over 400,000,000 ounces. ment of the gentleman from Pennsyl­ N1gena ------40 THE PRESENT VALUE OF GOLD vania [Mr. FLOOD] really adds force to Rhodesia_ ~ ------15,000 the amendment of the gentleman from Sierra Leope--.------1, 400 The following table on gold values in the Massachusetts. It is a very valuable South West Africa______20 several nations is taken from the Mining guide to Governor Lehman in his ad­ Swaziland------20 Journal of October 15, 1945: Tanganyika------2, 500 ministration of UNRRA and it will Uganda______200 "GOLD AS HIGH AS $89 PER OUNCE strengthen his hand every way. Union of South Africa ______260, 000 "The following is a partial schedule ( ob­ Mr. BLOOM. I take the position that Asia: tained from the U. S. Treasury) of gold the Herter amendment as read here has British India (including Bur- prices prevailing in foreign countries: been divided and is acceptable. Of rna)------5,000 "Country or city: Per ounce course, if it is going to be amended or Malay States______700 Chile ______$48. oo Sarawak ------300 substituted by something else, then I North America: Argentina------~--- 48. 00 must make a reservation. But the BombaY-Gr eece ______- -.------80.0062. 40 amendment as read is clarifted. Canada ------100, 000 Newfoundland------400 Cairo______88. 50 Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. Chairman, \Vill S ~ uth America: the gentlewoman yield? British Guiana ______:. __ _ 700 Baghdad~------89.00 British Honduras ______Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. I 20 "When foreign coun tries will accept gold yield. Oceania: at these prices in payment for their prod­ Mr. DIRKSEN. The only thing pend­ Australia (including Tasmania)_ 32, 000 ucts, shipped to other countries, tbe United Fiji_--____ _ ------__ ------2, 400 ing, of course, is section (a) of tb.e New Guinea ______.;. ______States is going to find itself out on a limb in 8,000 demanding over twice as much gold for its amendment and section {b) will be con­ ~ew Zealand ______3,500 sidered as a separate amendment. exports. Trade is going to go to tbe nations Papua------700 wh ich will accept the least quantity of Mr . BLOOM. Yes; that is right. The estimated gra.nd total is 446,660,000 gold in pa yment." Mr. DIRKSEN. So the chairman is fine ounces. The amount of the gold reserves of the agreeable, of course, to the amendment The above table is an estimate compiled Government of England and its depend­ now pending and which is at the Clerk's by the Department of the Interior. We now encies, as well as t he dollar h oldings of the desk? come to a table limited to the measured uu­ British family of n ations, is a deep, dark Mr. BLOOM. That is right. mined gold reserves o.t the British Empire secret. But we_ do know that during the 11576 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 6 war period the British have been permitted Withdrawals of gold in the United St ates, idly by and let another dzpression overtake to mal~e heavy withdrawals of our monetary by foreign count1'ies the country by a repetition of British silver gold stocks from the United States Treasury manipulation. [In millions of dollars] and transfer to British ownership. One rea­ BRITISH MONEY TABLE son given by informed sources and off the The money value of silver in the United record is that in making British purchases Country 1943 1 1!3 44 !~~h~s Total States silver dollar is $1.2929 per ounce. By during the war, United States currency was of 1945 consulting the following British money table, not acceptable in some quarters of the Em­ --·------1------we find that the money value of silver in pire. United States gold was demanded and Argentina ______------219.5 159. G 91.8 470.9 most British countries is in excess of the given. BraziL ______•. 131.7 1\9.8 10.0 211.5 nominal value of silver in the United States The following statement and table of the China. __------20.0 25.0 124.4 169.4 silver dollar. United States gold withdrawals from the Chile. ------18.5 29.0 1.0 48. 5 Cuba._ ------30.0 65.0 co. 0 155.0 "ERITISI-I MONEY TABLES United Stutes Treasury was obtained from 101.6 PortugaL .. ------10.9 62.8 27.9 20 the Treasury Department: Switzerland .... ------•. 38. 9 78.8 1:3.9 171.6 "One shilling is equal to approximately cents. "CHANGES IN THE MONETARY GOLD STOCK OF THE Turkey------39. 9 59. 8' 5. 0 104.7 Uruguay------31.4 35. !l 18.0 85.3 "There are 20 shi11ings to the pound. UNITI:D STATES, JANUARY 1, 1943, TO OCTOBER United Kingdom ______W.O eoo. 3 650.3 "There are 12 pence in a shilling. 31, 1945 Venezuela.------21.5 41.0 50. 0 112. 5 Other countries ______173. 8 77.0 21.5 272. 3 "The value of a penny in our money is "On January 1, 1943, the value of the mone­ ------equal to 2 cents. tary gold stocks of the United States 'l'otaL ______786.1 1, 304.0 463. 5 2, 553. G "Sixpence equals one-half shilling. amounted to $22,7~6 . 000,000, as is shown in "The minor coins of the British are repre­ the attached daily statement of the United sented by: 2 pence-tuppence; 3 pence­ States Treasury for that date. On October It will be noted from the figures presented threepence; 4 pence; 6 pence. 31, 1945, the value of the monetary gold in the above table that our ally, England, "Anything above 2 pence i& minted from stocks of the United States amounted to alone withdrew well over a half billion dol­ silver. $20,037,000,000 (daily statement attachEd). lars in gold at a time when in many parts of "One-half penny-hapenny-is equal to The decrease of $2,689,000,000 in the value the British Empire the value of gold was one of our cents." of the monetary gold stocks of the United much higher than the fixed price of $35 per ounce in the United States. Val-zte of ounce of silveT in silveT currency States which occurred between these two in the British Empire dates was due to the sale of gold to foreign UNITED STATES SUPPLIES BRITISH SILVER Australia ______$1. 1146 governments and central banks. The at­ COINAGE WITHOUT COST tached tables show purchases and sales of. Indian rupee (llh::! fine)------. 8728 In addition to supplying England with Indian rupee (0.500 fine)------1. 5950 gold in ·the UnitEd States by foreign countries half a billion dollars in gold, our Govern­ Canada ______1.6666, through June 30, H:45. L::~.ter figures are not ment generously furnished Great Britain available. Egypt------~------1.2797 300,000,00:> ounces of silver, practically all Ireland------~------1.4790 "This decrease in United States monetary of which was coined and put into circulation New Zealand______2. 0688. gold-stocks reflects primarily changes in our at a higher currer..cy value than the Ameri­ balance of international payments on go~ds can sll ver dollar. Miss SUMNER of Illinois. No paper, and E:ervice account which have resulted The following table has been obtained that I have seen has said just how this from developments arising cut of the war. from the Monetary Research Division of the loan will be made. Is this loan to be Amm:g these changes are the increase in cur Treasury: purchases abroad of strategic and other ma­ made in gold or in dollars? terials needed in the war effort and the cur­ "Silver lend-leased by the Unitecl S ~ ates to Mr. ·wHITE. It is a loan of credit tailment in our exports of civilian goods not joTeign governments~ from the United States to the British essential to the prosecution of the war." Millions Government, Some of it is suppo~ed to •:country: of ounces be used here in buying supplies as you Passing from that to the next Great United Kingdom______88. 1 will find from press accounts discussing Britain resource, I would like to call at­ India ------226. 0 the matter. tention to the gold in the Treasury of the Austrafia ------11. 8 Netherlands------56.7 I would like to pass on now, if I may, to United States. We had $22,000,000,00!) Ethiopia ______------5.4 t:1e next part of the article: behind our currency system. Saudi Arabia------13.9 .BRlTISH DIAMONDS Miss SUMNER of Illinois. Mr. Chair­ Fiji------. 2 The value of diamond jewels measured by man, will the gentleman yield? E:::~gium ------. 7 carats varies according to quality and size Mr. WHITE. I yield. and is variously estimated. Your investigator Miss SUMNER of Illinois. Do you see Total~------407.8 is unable to obtain any estimate of the un­ how the White House or anybody in the " 1All silver lend-leased to foreign govern­ mined British diamond reserves. Investiga­ executive department has authority to ments must be returned to the United States tion discloses that the Government and the grant; -, loan like this? on an ouncc-for-cunce basis. The silver operating companies are very close-mouthed lend-leased was used for industrial purposEs as to their diamond resources and mining op­ Mr. WHITE. I understand it is to be related to the war, for purpoE:es of price eration. The figures on the British diamond approved and submitted to the Senate in stabilization, and for coinage." reserve has been obtained from the Depart­ the nature of a treaty. I do not think This loan of 325,000,000 ounces of silver is ment of Justice, who has had occasion to in­ the House will have an opportunity to to be melted down and returned to us when vestigate the diamond industry cartels re­ vote on it. the British reestablish their credit control cently. The Assistant Attorney General's let ­ Miss SUMNER of Illinois. Not that and paper money circulation in their own ter is inserted herewith: anybody in this Congress ever misses a country and in their dependencies. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, chance to give anything away, but I do Right here, our Government and the Amer­ UNITED STATES COURT HOUSE, ican people should take warning from our New YoTk, N. Y., November 29, 1945. not ~ee how they have the authority to past expsrience with British manipulation Han. COMPTON I. WHITE, make a loan like this. of_silver money after the last war when they House of RepTescntatives, Mr. WHITE. I thank the gentlewoman extracted and sold 90,000,000 ounces of silver Washington, D. C. for her c:mtribution. I want to present obtained by debasing their subsidiary coin­ MY DEAR CONGRESSMAN WHITE: Your letter thesJ facts for the serious consideration age which was reduced from 0.925 fine to 0.500 of November 26, addressed to Edward s. of my colleagues. We had $22,000,000,000 fine and then shifted the money of India Stimson, was received today. Mr. Stimson in gold.· Under the law, the currency of from a gold ~xchange basis to a gold bullion advises that the diamond reserves of the the country is supported by 40-percent basis. This money manipulation was oper­ British Empire, according to an estimate ated to retire and replace India silver coin­ made by Don C. Bliss, of the American Em­ gold coverage. Recently we reduced that age with paper currency and was followed by basty in London, are 43,847,000 carats. The amount of coverage to 25 percent. The dumping the melted-down silver bullion on same estimate placee the diamond reserves British have just withdrawn during the the world marl~et---a scheme that broke the of the Belgian Congo and Portuguese Angola war period and during the time we have price of silver lmllion to lower than 25 cents at 116,000,000 carats. Th3 British Empire re­ been giving them $28,000,000,000 of per ounce, thereby destroying the purchasing serves are largely reserves of gem diamonds, lease-lend, some half a billion.in gold, as power of our oriental customers, which while the Belgian Congo and Portuguese started a price decline and business stagna­ Angola reserves are chiefly of industrial dia­ you will find in this table. That gold was tion that spread across the country with monds. transferred from the ownership of the disastrous results to our national economy. Mr. Bliss has a whole Eeries of mimeo­ United States to the ownership of the In light of this experience, surely the graphed reports on the diamond industry British Empire. :United States Treasury officials will not stand which can be obt ained from the State De- 1945 CONGRESSIONAL-~ECORD-HOUSE 11577 partment in Washington. The information tion, UNRRA 1s prepared to turn over to in London. Both of them were com­ above is obtained from his report No. 90, CARE quantities of C-r_at1ons and K-rations. posed of experts from Canada, France, American Embassy, London, England, Feb­ B. It was proposed that the 10-in-1 ra­ the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, United ruary 17. 1944, tl~e subtitle of which is "VI. tions be sold for $10 per package; thus the Production Trends." The general title of the total value of 10-in-1 rations available to Kingdom, and the United States. One whole series is "Production and Distribution CARE from UNRRA and the Army would be UNRRA commission met to plan for the of Industrial Diamonds." sold to the . public for approximately health and sanitary control of those With kind regards, $38,000,000. people who come later to be known as Slnc~rely yours, 3. This substantial quantity of food should, displaced persons. At that time they WENDELL BERGE, however, be shipped to Europe with the least \Vere refugees fleeing the enemy or un­ Assistant Attorney General. possible delay. It must not be permitted to fortunate workers forced from their LAWRENCE 8 . APSEY, remain in warehouse_ here while there is Chief, New York Office, Antitrust Division. such a great need for these supplies in liber­ homes to serve as slave labor in terri­ The value of diamond jewels is variously ated countries abrC'"'.d. It is therefore essen­ tory controlled by the enemy. I will say estimated from e200 to $1,200 per carat. In tial that the sponsors of CARE undertake more about that work later, and also making a conservative estimate of the Brit­ i_mmediately the necessary organizational about the assistance the U~'"RRA health ish diamond reserve at $200 . per carat, it work and arrange for the immediate taking staff is providing for the countries where appears the British have a reserve of dia­ over of the supplies and their earliest distri­ missions are operating. But first let us monds amounting to $8,769,400,000. bution, in Europe, including the countries go back to London. for which UNRRA has supply responsibilities. Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Chairman, will the The other commission of health ·ex ... gentleman yield? That, Mr. Chairman, ends the memo- perts meeting there devoted itself to Mr. WHITE. I yield. randum. - bringing· the earlier international sani­ Mr. FLOOD. Great Britain has al­ Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous con­ tary conventions up to date. These con­ ready authorized $300,000,000 to this se·c­ sent to revise and extend my remarks ventions, as you know, are agreements ond UNRRA contribution and has .al­ and include a statement I have prepared· between governments for mutual health ready paid in over $60,000,006. under the title "UNRRA's Health Pro­ protection. The history of them goes Mr. WHITE. I would like to ask the gram." back over a hundred years. They are gentleman at that point what part of the The CHAIDMAN. Is there objection to successful agreements in the field of in­ British contribution has been paid in. the request of the gentleman from New ternational cooperation. They are nec­ Mr. FLOOD. Does the gentleman York? · essary and they work. But during the mean of the second authorization? There was no objection. war. the International Office of Public Mr. WHITE. No. I mean the-first one. The statement referred to follows: Health in Paris was not able to perform Mr. FLOOD. All of the British con­ UNRRA'S HEALTH PROGRAM its full functions while under German tribution has been paid that was author-· occupation. Something had to be de­ Mr. BYRNE of New York. Mr. Chair­ vised to take its place. New methods of ized. This is the second one that I am man, we have heard about the amount of talking about. disease control and the growing volume supplies sent to the countries receiving and increasing speed of air traffic made Mr. WHITE. I understand the British the aid of the United Nations through are in arrears with their contribution to revisions necessary. The revised con­ UNRRA. ' UNRRA. The tonnage figures for these ventions have now been adopted by a shipments are impressive: 1,025,422 tons Mr. F·LOOD. No. The authorization sufficient number of nations. They came' of food, 132,050 tons of agricultural sup­ into force last January. And as a serv-: was made by Great Britain and can be plies, 81,304 tons of clothing and so on drawn against in Great Britain. This is ice agency for the United Nations, down the line. Toward the bottom is an UNRRA is now entrusted with their the second · one in which they have al­ item which in my opinion is far more ready authorized $300,000;000 and have administration. This includes the dis­ important than its place on any tonnage semination of epidemic intelligence· now paid in, as of today, $60,000,000. list would be likely to indicate. It is 8,137 The CHAIRMAN. The time of the among the governments and the de­ gentlemar. from Idaho [Mr. WHITE] has tons of medical and health supplies-less lineation of endemic yellow fever areas than three one-thousandths of the total for quarantine purposes. expired. goods and supplies procured or delivered Mr. BYRNE of New York. Mr. Chair­ The establishment of standards to man, yesterday there was considerable to the nations receiving UNRRA aid or which yellow fever vaccines :r:ecognized about 6 pounds out of every ton shipped. in quarantine, shall conform, is another discussion regarding the Cooperative for This 6 pounds represents the vaccine American Remittances to . Europe. I flown across the Adriatic to · stop a of UNRRA's convention responsibilities have a memorandum which I will read for the protection of our health. An into the REcORD that came to me from typhoid epidemic, the. bandages and pain international experiment is at present UNRRA, and which memorandum I have killing drugs packed by muleback over being carried out under UNRRA auspices handed to the gentleman from Massa­ tortuous mountain trails, and iron cots to determine the immunizing power of chusetts [Mr. HERTER] who has read it unloaded and set up to get a bombed-out vaccine manufactured in the French hospital started again. Among the medi­ laboratories at Kakar. and who has confirmed its contents, at cal supplies provided are several hundred least from his point of view. precious phials of penicillin placed in the I should like to add a word here in­ This is dated December 5, 1945, and hands of a distribution committee to stop regard to the American republics. The Is as follows: infection and a black market; the DDT Pan-American Sanitary Bureau con­ 1. On being approached by the Cooperative spray, and the sprayers that got the tiques to act as the general coordinating for American Remittances to Europe in con­ agency. nection with the provision by the United malaria inflicting mosquito, and the emergency supplies that helped curb the The revised conventions, administered Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Adminis­ by UNRRA, provide for the notification tration of the supplies necessary for CARE cholera epidemic, flown across the hump to commence its operations, UNRRA made it to Chungking before the Japanese sur- by signatory governments of any com­ clear that: render. · municable diseases which, in the _opinion A. It regarded CARE's proposed operation In order that we may understand the of UNRRA, constitute a menace to other with great interest and sympathy. full significance of these supplies I would countries. Formerly the so-called con­ B. It was prepared to assist to the maxi­ like to talk for a few minutes about the· vention diseases include only plague, mum possible, compatible with its own oper­ cholera, typhus, yellow fever and small­ ational necessities. health program of UNRRA by wr.o.lch they c. It was ready to receive any concrete are procured, dispatched and put to pox. In these ways, UNRRA is not only proposal and consider it carefully. work. improving the chances of controlling 2. No later than yesterday and after full - During the difficult early days before epidemic diseases but is actually curtail­ discussion of the situation, the following the invaded countries were liberated­ ing their potential spread across the points were established by the officials of frontiers. This type of work may be CARE and the Director General of UNRRA: when military calls on the health per­ A. UNRRA is ready to make available to sonnel of the uninvade(i nations was thought of as preventive medicine. But CARE, 2,800,000 packages of 10-in-1 rations. heavy and little or no tangible aid in the­ in the war-torn countries receiving the A furthe1· 1,000,000 packages can be made form of health S11PPlies could go for­ aid of the United Nations, UNRRA is also available to CARE .from the Army. · In addl- ward-two important commissions met called upon to effect a cure. 11578 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 6 Some of you may recall the epidemics In the Pontine region in Italy, after specialists with portable X-ray units which swept Europe during and after the the Germans damaged the pumping sys­ have organized Nation-wide surveys. In First World War. Even though World tem which formerly drained the marshes, Greece and Italy their special cqncern War II was far more extensive than its the percentage of malaria rose from 2 to is for the children, although numbers predecessor no overwhelming and war­ 35 percent among the civilian popula­ of adults have also been ex:&mined. By engendered epidemics have as yet taken tion. In the province of Latinia the agreement with the Greek Government, place. number of cases reported in September food to the extent of 3,000 calories daily We should, however, still keep our 1944 reached nearly 1,600. The problem is now being given to all tuberculosis fingers crossed on that score. The set­ will continue until the countless number cases. ting for disaster is perfect. The danger, of water-filled shell holes can be filled It is difficult to hospitalize even seri­ especially this winter, is far from over. in, and the pumping and drainage sys­ ous cases. Damage to hospitals and But there are a few things in our favor tems restored to working order. consequent loss of hospital beds has been that we didn't have 25 or 30 years ago. As a result of this enormous increase severe in war-torn Europe. In Italy, This time, although destruction of in the percentage of disease in the lib­ Sicily, and Sardinia it is estimated that dwellings, hospitals, public water sup­ erated malarious countries, one of the approximately 20 percent of all hos­ plies and transportation systems has first tasks of the UNRRA missions is the pital beds have been destroyed, while in been more thorough and over wider planning, in collaboration with the na­ Greece the percentage of tuberculosis areas, and although there are t"housands, tional governments, of a malaria-control beds destroyed is quoted as 50 percent. nay millions more homeless, hungry peo­ program utilizing the most modern As a result of UNRRA's work, however, ple, we do have at our disposal vastly weapons. repairs are being made to hospitals improved techniques and much better Because of early shipping and pro­ wherever possible. Beds are being made weapons for combating disease. curement difficulties the program did available and UNRRA supplies are now In order that the new techniques and not go ahead as fast as UNRRA doctors making it possible to treat tuberculosis weapons may be used to the full UNRRA wanted it to move. But now the ma­ victims. The 7,611 tons of medical and offers consulting services and advice to larial control operations are under way sanitary supplies include a number of nations receiving aid. There are now in the worst malarial areas. ·200-bed and 40-bed, completely equip­ some 188 doctors, nurses and sanitary In Italy the program started with the ped, hospital units which can be used engineers attached to the UNRRA mis­ spraying of 1,200 houses with DDT. wherever needed. sions in these countries. The service Dltching and draining of mosquito Last month the Yugoslav mission ur­ they are rendering in helping the local breeding areas is also being done. The gently requested the service of the ministeries of health reestablish them­ work is being carried out by the It,alian UNRRA mobile photofluorographic unit selves is one of the most far reaching Government with close consultation and its specialist personnel. Accord-· aspects of the UNRRA program. This with the UNRRA sanitary engineering ingly, the outfit working in Italy since. is related to the furnishing of health and staff. March of this year was moved on to sanitary supplies, the needs for which Italian engineers are being trained to Yugoslavia. Two Italian units put in were worked out on the basis of esti­ supervise work of malaria control units order by the Italian Mission, will con-· mates and "intelligence" before the time throughout Italy. UNRRA will supply tinue the work there. of liberation. The original supplies the materials. · With UNRRA's assistance and ad­ to each of the UNRRA countries were The UNRRA mission in Greece reports vice, national anti-tuberculosis leagues based on these early estimates. For the that malaria was eliminated this sum­ and associations are again organizing. remainder of the program UNRRA will mer from the swampy ·Patros area. They will assist with local fund raising ship supplies based on the actual needs Next spring airplanes fitted with aerosol­ and carry on education work somewhat in the countries as determined by the spraying apparatus will continue the after. the fashion of our own TB asso­ local health authorities in consultation battle. The planes, procured from Army ciation here. The formation of such with members of UNRRA health staff. surplus in the United States, have al­ organizations to back. up the public BATTLING MALARIA ready been shipped overseas. Two health work of the governments of the Greek pilots and a mechanic are in this countries is another sign of recovery. Malaria and tuberculosis are two dis­ country learning how to operate the eases which because of war conditions PRODLEMS OF NUTRITION can be regarded as almost world-wide spraying planes in order that they may problems. They are jeopardizing the take over this work from UNRRA per­ The Health Division of UNRRA is giv­ general economic conditions as well as sonnel before long. Then they can train ing special attention to nutrition for the operatives in their own country. When simple reason that the food deprivations the public health in countries where they experie:1ced by the people in the ex­ are prevalent. UNRRA steps out of the picture in Greece this valuable health and sanita­ enemy occupied areas has resulted in Before the war the malarious area in tion project will go on as a function of conditions of widespread malnutrition Europe stretched from the Baltic to the the government. At that time, for the and even starvation. We are. all aware Mediterranean, covering the whole of the that malnutrition plays an important Balkans and the whole of the Mediterra­ first time in their long history, the people of Greece will be free of the curse of part in tuberculosis, malaria, and typhus. nean c::last with small areas in such coun­ malaria. So, in order to secure dependable evi­ tries as Hung-ary and Holland. Anti­ dence as to the actual extent of malnu­ malarial work in progress broke down P:.W:;RESS AND PL.~ NS FOR THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS trition, UNRRA found it necessary to_ during war operations, with the result have its experts make surveys of sample that there have been substantial in­ Tuberculosis has increased rapidly in all the European countries since the war groups. These surveys have been car­ creases in the malarial figures in all ried out in France, Belgium, Holland, these countries. began. Children and young adults are Strange as it may seem, the loss of the most common victims of the plague. Greece, Italy, and in the extensive livedock in Greece has been a contrib­ While little is known of the mortality and refugee camps in Egypt, Palestine, and uting factor to the spread of malaria morbidity rates of tuberculosis in the Syria .for which UNRRA assumed ad­ there. The malaria-infected mosquito recently occupied countries, the number ministrative responsibility in M :1y 1944. in Europe, I am told, prefers the blood · of cases has doubled in many parts of Several outstanding church groups in of a horse or cow to human blood. When Europe and in the Balkans, where the this country have cooperated with it can, it will bite animals, and with no tuberculosis mortality was high before UNRRA in making these surveys. ill effects. When there are no horses or the war. The war has set conditions Preliminaty reports generally state cows the mosquito feeds on human blood · back to where they were 25 years ago. that young children have not suffered as and injects its poison as it feeds. The number of deaths from tuberculosis severely as those over 10 years of age. Today 6,000 out of 11,000 villages in in Rome increased 115 percent between The older children show lack of growth Greece are malarious, 85 percent of the 1940 and 1944. The extent of the calam­ as well as other signs of malnutrition. area of Greece and her islands are now ity in Poland seems likely to be unprec­ The picture is, of course, spotty because afiected. The average aumber of cases edented. of local conditions and the failure of in­ annually is between one and two million, Detection and isolation of active cases ternal transport. The rich did not suf­ and each year approximately 5,000 Greek is the first step in the control of tubercu­ fer as much as the poor, and those who people die from malaria. losis. Working toward this end, UNRRA could afford to buy on the black market 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11579 are better nourished than those who practical demonstration of what can be be brought in, and sound professional could not. But UNRRA services and re­ provided by way of medical care in an assistance given whenever epidemic lief are open to all who need them re­ isolated spot. This center houses about threatens. gardless of ability to pay. 8 000 people. It bas been divided into THE PROGRAM IN THE FAR EAST These UNRRA surveys not only pro­ s~veral units according to· nationality With the surrender of Japan UNRRA's, vide bases for immediate relief work, but and the language spoken-Polish, Rus­ field of action has grown enormously. provide information of considerable sian, Italian, and so forth. Each unit has Even before the Japanese surrender the value for further study aild will con­ its own dispensary. Several doctors and UNRRA health program had a foothold tribute to human betterment in this field. nurses drawn from among the profes­ in China. Several Chinese experts, aided Their imm·ediate value to UNRRA is to sionals housed there comprise the staff. by UNRRA, were brought to this country help direct food supplies to the people in They serve under the supervision of the for further training. They are back in greatest nutritional need. In Italy, UNRRA doctor who is a Frenchman, and China now working and teaching others standard medical reports on clinical evi­ liis assistant. a skillful surgeon of Dutch in a theater of operations which is the dence of malnutrition are now required nationality. Each dispensary reports largest any public health program has when UNRRA relief is supplied, and the daily to the medical center. Even be­ ever had the courage to face. reports sent to the Ministry of Health fore the debris had been cleared from furnish material on which the food pro­ the bombed building which serves as I wonder how many of you were aware g ·am for the entire country is planned. medical headquarters, that center was that in the late spring of this year chol­ Physicians and public health nurses in doing everything medical that needed to era began breaking out in the overcrowd­ the liberated areas are being trained in ed sectors in and around Chungking, an be done in a community of 8,000 far from area in which many of our troops were the newer techniques of nutrition. Nu­ average individuals. The level of medi­ trition conferences, including demon- cal care that is being provided is_high­ stationed? UNRRA dispatched a team . stration of the uses of UNRRA foods, by any set of standards, and especially of doctors and sanitary engineers with have been widely held, and in Athens a orders to help fight the impending epi­ remarkable with the limited resources demic. Their speedy and effective action - small experimental kitchen tas been that were at first available. established where the preparation of One of the earliest field activities of in cooperation with the Chinese brought UNRRA foods not previously in common health di\oision personnel was the medi­ the dread disease of cholera speedily use in Greece is adapted to recipes con­ cal nursing and sanitation work am·ong under control. forming to Greek food habits. Special the 40 000 refugees in the Middle East This step was taken at the urgent re­ brochures have been prepared on the camps: Today many large contingents quest of the military and the Chinese uses of powdered milk and soy tlour. . of healthy people from these camps have Government. UNRRA acted in pursu­ The horrors of the notorious Belsen been cared for by accompanying doctors ance of responsibilities placed by member Concentration Camp have been made and nurses of the division, and repatri­ nations on this service agency of ours. known to us. In April one of UNRRA's ated to their liberated countries. Before . Today health personnel for the Far nutrition experts, who had been work­ they started home they were given essen­ East are being recruited and sent as rap­ ing closely with SHAEF Netherlands tial immunizations. idly as possible to the seven health dis­ mission studying the nutrition problem Health rules proposed by UNRRA to tricts· into which liberated China has in Holland, received· an urgent call to the European governments for the health been divided. The Chinese Government come to Belsen at once. He was needed and sanitary control of displaced persons is carrying more than a proportionate for consultation with medical and public have been largely followed and no serious share of the load, but UNRRA doctors, health officers of the Twenty-first Army epidemics have spread across frontiers as nurses, sanitary engineers, and supplies Group and the Second British Army. a result of the movements of these peo­ are the keystone of the program. With­ They asked his advice on the best man­ ple. The report of the UNRRA Commis­ out continued assistance of the United ne-r of treating those who had not yet sion is being used as a basis for planning Nations until March 1947 the health died. An UNRRA nutrition expert was for the health and sanitary control of work which the local government has so later called for to assist in the medical displaced persons in the Far East. An valiantly planned would collapse. care of survivors at Belsen. He was put epidemic of measles, brought in. by new No matter what :Jody we turned to or in charge of a detachment of 96 medical arrivals from both Yugoslavia and created there are certain jobs to be done. students enlisted through the British Greece, was the only serious outbreak of National health organizations must be Red Cross.' These people fed, treated, disease that occurred in any of the camps. assisted and put on their feet as soon as and returned to life many hundreds of Today, the training in nursing hygiene, possible. The extreme shortage of medi­ victims of Nazi oppression. An UNRRA antimalarial control, and the use of DDT cal, sanitary, and hospital supplies must hospital unit has since been supplied to in disinfestation received by the refugees be overcome. Epidemics· must be put Belsen and an UNRRA matron is in while they made their homes in camps down and their spread prevented. At the charge. present time UNRRA is discharging in the Middle East is already proving a these responsibilities. Its work on a glo­ HEALTH CARE FOR THE DISPLACED PERSONS valuable contribution to the public health bal scale in the field of public health can­ The tremendous responsibility of car­ work of their own communities now that not be duplicated by any other agency. ing for the millions of displaced per­ they have been repatriated. sons in Germany and facilitating the The work is not over in Europe. There I think all of us here are not insensi­ return to their homes was shared by the are still some 650,000 people in the camps tive to humanitarian appeals. Person­ military and UNRR.A. To this effort, that must be cared for until homes can ally, and as a nation, we want to do all be found for them. in our power to alleviate suffering. We the Health Division of UNRRA has con­ could not pass by on the other side of the tributed approximately 490 doctors and UNRRA should also be able to com­ road when there is a rickety child stand­ 450 nurses to work in teams in the plete the health work so auspiciously be­ ing in need of milk, or when there is a camps, and a small medical, nu~sing, and gun in the countries receiving its aid in sanitation stat! for the operatmg head­ the next 18 months. As you know, malarious family struggling to regain quarters office. Now that Europe has UNRRA is scheduled to wind up a11 its economic !ndependence. been liberated, UNRRA has been able to operations in Europe by the end of 1946 But here in America we have an inter­ secure personnel from many European and in China by the end of the first quar­ est in the UNRRA health program that countries, and today doctors and nurses ter of 1947. During this period the is not entirely humanitarian. Our con­ of the Health Division come from almost health ministries of governments can be cern for controlling epidemics is, in part, all of the 47 nations. strengthened so that they will be capable self-interest. It has been demonstrated As a preventive measure, the DP's re­ of carrying their own burdens. They time and again that disease knows no ceive a DDT antityphus dusting to de­ will still have heavy ones, for it will be national boundary lines. An offensive stroy disease-carrying lice. A routine years before war-weakened population program for controlling epidemics health examination follows as quickly can be brought back to normal. That abroad is the best defense against war­ as possible to determine which ones are part of the work will go on long after engendered disease at home. in need of treatment or hospitalization UNRRA is out of the picture. Mean­ Aside from our strong desire to pre­ for a~y cause. while until the countries are able to vent suffering wherever and whenever we The assembly center for displaced per­ stand' on their own feet financially, drugs can and our interest in keeping our own sons at Hanau, near Frankfort, affords a and other needed health supplies must sho~es free from foreign pestilence, there 11580 ·CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-HOUSE· DECEMBER 6 is yet another reason why we in Amer­ the words "the President" the words "is if it is to be effective. Everything that ica should be intolerant of an under­ hereby requested to" striking out the we give must be available as soon as pos­ nourished, disease-ridden Europe and words Hshall endeavor''? sible so that it can be put to use during Asia. Mr. HERTER. I am glad to. this critical winter. For that reason the In the first place, the work of rehabili­ Do I understand the gentleman offers amendment that I have offered is a rec­ tation moves slowly when populations are that as a clarifying amendment? ommendation on the part of the House widely inflicted with malaria or tubercu­ Mr. FLOOD. Yes. that the President be requested to facili­ losis, or when thousands are exposed to Mr. Chairman, a parliamentary in­ tate by special agreement or whatever typhus or cholera and may be dying. 'quiry. proper channels we may choose to use, Vve know from experience that sick peo­ The CHAIRMAN. The·gentleman will the entry of members of the American ple do not make good farmers. Unless state it. press into those recipient countries where farm families are healthy, crop yields are Mr. FLOOD. Was the amendment today they are prohibited from entering cut. And in the city when a wage earner read carrying the clarifying language to and reporting on the work. dies of tuberculosis the whole family goes section (b) as well as to section (a) ? Mr. WHITE. Mr. Chairman, will the on relief. People beaten down and The CHAIRMAN. The amendment as gentleman yi'eld? weakened by malaria can't give a modified has not yet been read. Mr. HERTER. I yi'eld to the gentle­ struggling new government the kind of Mr. FLOOD. Is it in order for me man from Idaho. responsibile citizenship it needs. In now to move such an amendment? Mr. WHITE. Does not the gentleman order that industry and agriculture may The CHAIRMAN. Such motion is not believe that in accepting the clarifying :flourish the people must be healthy. in order. The gentleman from Massa­ amendment he is putting the Congress­ Foreign exchange and the production of chusetts has the floor. representing 130,000,000 people-in a exportable goods are dependent on a Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Chairman, will the very emb2rrassing position in reference healthy industry and agriculture. gentleman from Massachusetts yield? to requesting that the money we appro­ And now we come to this country. To Mr. HERTER. I shall be pleased to priate be publicized? If the request is a great extent our own domestic economy yield. refused, then the Congress is turned is dependent on maintaining a marginal Mr. FLOOD. May I request the down and the American people are foreign market. To get right down to gentleman from Massachusetts to make turned down. The gentleman puts us brass tacks, sick people do not make such a motion at this time? in that position. DoesJlot the gentle­ good customers. And if we are either Mr. HERTER. I shall be glad to offer man think that is the position he is put­ foolish enough, or callous enough, to let such a motion. Mr. Chairman, I ask ting us in? · hundreds of thousands of people die of unanimous consent that the amendment . Mr. HERTER. I do not think it is an . uncontrolled epidemics, well we will soon be modified by adding in the first line embarrassing position in any way . find out that we cannot do business witll after the word "President'' the words "is There is a very important issue involved. a graveyard. hereby requested to" in lieu of the words We are dealing in the future operations Right now the entire medical program "shall endeavor." of UNRRA in sections of the world that · of. UNRRA-from the administration of The CHAIRMAN. Without objection, are closed to all outsiders. international conventions for the control the Cleric . will report the suggested Mr. WHITE. Why put us in the posi­ of aerial navigation to the stopping of an amendment to the -second part of the tion of being refused at all? epidemic in a city in the interior of China, pending amendment. Mr. HERTER. Mr. Chairman, I refuse is one of the best forms of insurance I There was no objection. to yield further. know of. It is the kind of a program The Clerk read as follows: Mr. WHITE. 'The gentleman is not that makes sense-an investment in Amendment offered by Mr. FLoon to the interested in that subject, but he is try­ international Well being abroad that is second part of the amendment offered by Mr. ing to put it across in the Housll. also an investment in prosperity and HERTER: Strike out the words "shall en­ Mr. HERTER. Mr. Chairman, I re­ deavor" where they first appear and insert in safety at home. lieu thereof the words "is hereby requested fused to Yield. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the to." · Mr. Chairman, without endangering gentleman from New York has expired, the success of the relief operations, I am . all time has expired. Mr. HERTER. Mr. Chairman, . a trying to get the American members of The question is on the first part of the parliamentary inquiry. the press an opportunity to go into the amendment offered by the gentleman The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman sections where they are now prohibited ·from Massachusetts, as amended. will state it. from going in order to report on the The first part of the amendment as Mr. HERTER. Do I understand that various relief operations. There is a big­ amended was agreed to. the first motion comes on the Flood ger question involved than that raised The CHAIRMAN. The Clerk will re- amendment? I shall be very glad to by the gentleman from Idaho, and that port the second part of the amendment. accept the Flood amendment. is the querk country to the other the press, since the Chiang, in fear of harm from Commu­ unanimous consent that all debate on Brown amendment was passed by this nists, had lobbies cleared before she this amendment close in 45 minutes. House, has denied that it wants its rights would enter them. "She told me," Mrs. The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection so valiantly protected, and "methinks" Roosevelt said, "that Communists were · to the request of the gentleman from the gentleman from Ohio "protesteth too very dang€rous people, and she couldn't New York? much" the sanctity of the freedom of comprehend how I dared go around un- There was no objection. the press with which the press is not . attended where there were. Communists The CHAffiMAN. The gentleman concerned here and generally states in this country." from Pennsylvania [Mr. FLooD] iS itself that there is no freedom being Mr. Chairman, let us look at Madame recognized. sacrificed. Chiang Kai-shek's record, to see whether 11584 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD___:HOUSE DECEl\iBER 6 or not she knows what ''democracy in cils. Today everyone in China knows that the Seventh. She has done more than anyone action" means. Gissimo was the mainspring of China's great living to bring to the peoples of the East I wrote that record several years ago. war effort and the dynamo of the Chinese a. knowledge of the West, and to the people I see little reason to change it in any Renaissance-but they also know that Ma­ of the West .a knowledge of the East. The essential. I said: dame Chiang supplies much of the electrical marked trend in China today toward west­ energy. ern culture, western methods, and a western Madame Chiang Kai-shek is one of the Second. Perhaps no other woman living outlook can be largely traced to her in­ greatest living women. Not only as the wife has played the role of mother to more babies, fluence, not only on the Gissimo-who has of China's GeneraliEsimo Chiang, the leader children, and young boys and girls. She has never been out of the Orient and who speaks of 450,000,000 people, but in her own right personally adopted 40,000 war orphans. She only one word of English, "darling," which she fulfills the conditions of greatness in a has made it her unique business to see, not he uses to his wife-but also to her influence leader. Except for a period of illness in this only that they are fed and clothed, in­ on all of China's l~eymen, and, most directly, country, she has never left her war-torn structed to read and write, given vocational on the people themeselves. To the people country. training, but that like good children of a she has extolled the merits of western pro­ In the long y~ars of revolution and war good mother, they grow up loving one another gressivism and industrialism. Her vigor­ which have swept over her huge country, she and-China. She has spent hours and days ous "western approach" to the historic ques­ has tirelessly extended comfort, aid, a~d in­ of her time visiting with them, talking with tion of disease, poverty, suffering, and death spiration to the lowliest and most helpless them, singing and playing with them, plan­ has helped to kill the fatalism and resigna­ of their victims; she has implacably sought ning ani hoping for them. tion that have so long imprisoned the Chi­ to punish the aggressors, and in all the des­ Third. Madame Chiang is one of the world's nese spirit. Conversely, in her writings, her perate and heartbreaking conditions which best organizers. In the early days of her speeches, her short-wave broadcasts to this have faced her country, she has been un­ marriage she started what came to be known country, and by the supreme example of fiinchin~;, intrasigent, honorable, and cheer­ as the New Life Movement in China. This herself, she has helped to show America ful. By her own explosive spirit, she has movement, ridiculed at first by the intelli­ and Europe, not only the vast political and helped to bring about a vast explosive gentsia, began by fighting for a Nation-wide military importance of China to the West, change in the spirit of her people. And to campaign against dirty houses and dit·ty but the spiritual and cultural values of her be able to change for the better the spirit of bodies, against spitting in public places and country. One has only to imagine how a whole nation is, after all, the marl{ of against frivolities of all sorts among the much less we would know of China today greatness. Above all, her "personality" ex­ upper classes. But through the years the if Madame Chiang had not warned us, over cites honest affection, profound interest, and movement gradually widened until it became and over, not only of the Japanese military deep admiration in other peoples and other a dynamic political and social force in China. peril, but of future political and spiritual nations besides her own. It has enlisted the aid of Chinese women dangers to the West if we do not once and "Personality" eternally defies analysis. But everywhere-brought Chinese women who for all forget our outmoded ideas of the on several simple counts one may delineate, ·have never before been out of their "back "white man's superiority" when dealing with if not explain, the greatness of this 46-year­ yards" into the arena of public life; inspired nations as ancient, as civilized, as heroic as old Chinese woman. them to take part in government, to edu­ China. First. Madame Chiang is one of the world's cate ·the underprivileged; to instruct young Eighth. She is one of the world's most best wives. No one in China curries fayor girls how to be healthy and useful mothers; skilled woman diplomats, politicians, en­ with Mayling Chiang by"insinuating that she .to institute schools for vocational training, lightened statesmen. Throughout the years is "the power behind the .,throne" or the handicrafts and scientific farming; to fight when China was fighting alone against Ja­ brains behind the Gissimo. She knows that a woman's .war against sloth, corruption, and _pan, China was never completely without she is, at best, the moon, while he is the ignorance among the masses; to help do away friends. Madame Chiang always counseled sun of China, and that the light that shines with child slavery, "the scourge of China," the Gissimo, in spite of his anti-Communist from her is his reflected glory. Quite sim­ and opium smoking-in short, to take a vig­ bias, to keep Russia an active unofficial ally ply, Madame believes that without her bus­ orous '(:art in the reconstruction of China in and, also, to keep her well-loved America a band China today would probably be a Jap­ the very midst of Japan's brutal effort to de­ potential ally. Embittered as she also must anese province, but that without her Chiang stroy it. No feminist, Madame Chiang has have been with the West's appeasement wou:d still have been in there fighting, not so nevertheless liberated for useful social ac­ policy of militarily and economically aiding well, perhaps-but still fighting. For 15 long tivity more members of her sex than any Japan in the very face of facts that screamed years she has shared-not shouldered­ other woman alive, including Mrs. Roosevelt. to be recognized, Madame Chiang and the all his disappointments, discomforts, and Fourth. She is a woman who believes in Gissimo seldom lost their patience, recrimi­ dangers. fighting for democracy. She has visited the nated or threatened, and never, never sold After a 7-year courtship-a courtship of front lines under shell fire time and time out, or made deals with other Axis powers­ which her Christ"ian Chinese mother did not again with the Gissimo and, in the many although the history of the past 8 years in approve because at that time ycung General bombings she-has undergone, she is the first China is full of pages showing the pressure Chiang was a heathen, Miss Mayling Soong to leave her shelter and go among the sol­ that was applied 6n the Gissimo, and Mad­ took Chiang to Christianity. And he took diers and citizens to rally them. ame Chiang, to do so. her to the altar. They were married in Fifth. She has worked incessantly to df'l­ Shanghai in 1927 by the president of the velop a strong .and well-equipped Chinese Red Mr. Chairman, is this a portrait of a YMCA. But, pnlike any western bride, from Cross. In a land where Chinese ladies were woman who does not know how to live that day on Mayling Chiang seldom knew taught throughout the centuries never to democracy? the comforts of a home or the peace of "lose face" before the lower classes by serving I ask Mrs. Roosevelt, had she spent the domesticity. them, in a land traditionally indifferent to­ last 3 years of her life in a country all Bridegroom Chiang had a Communist rev­ ward wholesale suffering, she has hen:el! but swallowed by a brutal enemy, or a olution on his hands, a disunited country to . washed the gangrened feet of farmer-soldiers, country starved and blockaded from forge into unity, a backward country to and bound the wounds of peasants c~ u g ht in without, and torn from within by civil awaken to progress, and, later, a terrible air raids. Her example has aroused the peo­ foreign enemy to beat. A soldier's wife, she ple-particular:y the upper classes-to a be­ strife, would she be galloping about that lived with the general in bivouacked camps lated appreciation of the sufferings and sacri­ country, alone with nothing but a secre· all over China. She flew with him in air­ fices of their soldiers and civilians. tary? Vvould. she pass through lobbies, plane-; over needle-pointed mountain ranges, Sixth. She is one of the world's most influ­ let us say, unescorted by armed guards, shn slept and ate with him in dugouts among ential missionaries. Both her American-edu­ if the Communists of this country were the falling shells. And always she gave him cated Chinese father, Charles Jones Soong, armed to the teeth, and eager to over­ comfort, loyalty, and encouragement. So and her Chinese-born mother, Katherine Nyl throw the established Government of for 15 years she has been target No. 2 for the Soong, were devout Methodist Episcopal mis­ assassin's bullet, the traitor's poison, and sionaries and she has carried on the spirit of America? She might, if she were fool­ the Japanese enemy's bombs. their work in China. Her greatest triumph ish-or if she chose to. play the role of The highest tribute:: that any man could was, of course, the conversion of the Gissimo. traitor to her Government, but although pay to a helpmate, Chiang Kai-shek has paid Since then, many of China's leaders have she has, like all of us, sometimes spoken to his wife. When an interviewer, urging him adopted Christianity because in Madame foolishly, I think she would then not act to send Madame Chiang to America, said, Chiang and the Gissimo, they have seen that so foolishly or so unpatriotically. "She would be worth !,!. division to you there." Christianity seems to work certain miracles Mr. Chairman, it is rumored that Mrs. Chiang replied, "Ah, but she is worth 10 di­ that had not seemed possible in China before. Roosevelt took some offense on matters visions to me here, by my side, in China." She has promulgated Christian teaching and Madame Chiang knows as well as any wife education in the great Chinese universities of protocol during Madame Chiang's visit alive "what every woman knows"-that to and mis::;ionary work among the people. to America, and later when she returned pu~ her husband's interests and aims and Every member of Mayling Chiang's powerful for a long period of hospitalization. None dr3ams first, to guide and never to lead, to family is a Christian. Her dead brother-in­ of us knows the details of these matters, · counsel and never tr command, to suggest law, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the but surely if some small social grievance and never to insist, is to stay not only· su­ present Chinese Republic, was also a was given, Mrs. Roosevelt's understand­ preme in his heart but foremost in his ccun- Christian. ing of human nature is deep enough so 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11585 that she might forgive those, and not use The heart of the American people is Mr. RICHARDS. I will say to the thein as a reason for indicting the demo­ sound. They are willing to cut down on gentleman, who is one of the ablest cratic conduct of a woman like Madame their own food and clothing to feed the Members of the House, that Russia did Chiang Kai-shek, who through so many hungry and clothe the naked. demand ret>a.rations from Italy, but our long and terrible years used all her Civilization is on trial; this great Na­ State Department repudiated that de­ strength, all her wisdom, all the words tion is on trial and I plead with you mand on the ground that Italy was in that came from her own mouth to keep today to keep faith with the legal and need of help from us and, therefore, was · China on the side of democracy, and to moral law by helping the millions of unable to pay any reparations. make for better understanding between starving mothers, fathers, and babies, Mr. DONDERO. I thank the gentle­ our two nations. who depend on us, as to whether they man for answering that question. That To give praise and understanding will live or die. If we keep faith with is the answer I wanted. where praise and understanding are both our congressional promise I am sure it Mr. BLOOM. May I say that the due and helpf\Jl, surely, Mrs. Roosevelt, will bring untold blessings to this Nation statement to which the gentleman refers that is democracy in action. of ours. has been mentioned in the press, . but as The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ The CHAffiMAN. The Chair recog­ the gentleman from South Carolina [Mr. nizes the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. RICHARDS] has stated, this demand has nizes the gentleman from Minnesota been very strenuously objected to by [Mr. GALLAGHER]. DONDERO]. Mr. DONDERO. Mr. Chairman, on both Britain and the United States if Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Chairman, I that is what the gentleman refers' to.' believe thoroughly in the statement of three previous occasions I have voted for UNRRA; first, for confirming the agree­ l\ir. DONDERO. Yes; that is what I our chaplain the 'other day that America refer to. is liberty's wonderland. I believe in our ment and then twice for the commit­ ments we made. I intend to support this Mr. BLOOM. That was objected to. system. I am neither a Socialist nor a 4 bill. However, a serious question has Mr. RANKIN. Is that not one reason Communist, but I consider this amend­ that the International Conference in ment nothing less than a Russian-bait­ been raised here today, and an argument has been lodged against it, whether or London blew up? ing amendment. When we have such Mr: BLOOM. I do not know. I was problems with Russia as we have to con­ not we should attach the amendment offered by the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. not there. sider, Iran, Poland, Japan, China, and Mr. RANKIN. I am just asking for the Balkans, and our foreign admin­ BROWN]. The argument lodged against istration has to take these matters up it has been made by the gentleman from information. We know it wound up in South Carolina [Mr. RICHARDS]. I can a confusion of tongues, and I understand with them, if you insist that we have the this was one of the elements in that con­ press come in there and tell about very well understand that to attach a UNRRA-and it affects only Russian­ condition to a contract is a dangerous fusion. thing to do after that contract is made, Mr. BLOOM. We objected to it and controlled lands-can you guarantee so did England. Russia that these men will not speak especially when one party to that con­ tract seeks to attach that condition The CHAIRMAN. The time of the of the Russian system or their politics, gentleman from Michigan. has expired. or the way it is administered, after they alone. get out of there? May I observe, however, that if this bill The CHAIRMAN. The Chair· recog­ This is dynamite, headed· for trouble. passes without the amendm·ent being at­ nizes the gentleman from Missouri [Mr. CARNAHAN]. . I am not willing to tell Russia what kind tached regarding a free press, it seems to of a government she should run; even me the obligation and the responsibility Mr. CARNAHAN. Mr. Chairman, on though I do not believe in her govern­ will be upon those nations which receive the vote we will-soon take here in the ment. aid, or administer the relief we intend, House today rests the fate of another The · CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ to see to it that the American people, great American plan. UNRRA is an nizes the gentleman from California who are providing 72 percent of the relief, American· idea, conceived in American. be given all the news and all the facts in · minds, and formulated in an interna­ [Mr. TOLAN]. tional group first meeting in America. Mr. TOLAN. Mr. Chairman, I am not reference to the administration and dis­ tribution of the relief we provide in this Its first hope of success was based on in favor of the Brown amendment. American help both in moral and ma­ In March 1944, the House by a vote bill. I now want to ask a question. There terial support. Witl:)out the persistent of 338 ·to 54, and the Senate by 47 to 14 has come to me some information this suggestion from the United States the passed Public Law 267, with no strings idea would never have taken shape in attached, providing that we give UNRRA afternoon that Italy has received about · $50,000,000 under UNRRA for expectant the first place. Are we going to continue an amount equal to 1 percent of our na­ mothers and children. We find no fault to play the role of the nation which con­ tional income in 1943. Other United with that. Further, the information is to ceives plans for international coopera­ Nations made the same pledge. the effect that there .is some agreement tion and then strangle the child of our The Senate struck out this identical pending, perhaps secret, that .Italy is to very own social fiber in its infancy? If Brown ·amendment providing restric­ receive $450,000,000 more from UNRRA­ . we fail UNRRA today and thus fail the tions on the spending of this appropria­ and I do not complain with that-but I suppressed and starving millions, we will tion. rise to ask if at the same time that we have gone a long step toward establish­ Legally and morally we are committed grant UNRRA relief to Italy, is it tn1e ing claim to first place among all the to keep our original pledge and to com­ that Russia is demanding reparations nations of the earth to the distinction of ply with the terms of·the law passed by from Italy? Is there anyone on the com­ proposing much and doing little to make us. This law had no strings attached mittee who can answer that question? international cooperation work. to it then. Why should we handcuff If tqere is, I pause a.nd will permit any I favor contributing to UNRRA and the administration of this humane law member to use my time to answer it. working with that international group now? You would not help out a poor Mr. BLOOM. That has never come to according to plans established by the and starving family at Christmas, or any my notice in any way, shape, or form. Organization for bringing relief and hope other time, and then go into their homes The CHAIRMAN. The time of the to those who sacrificed what they had and tell the poverty-stricken and griev­ gentleman from Michigan has expired. on a war altar which they did not build. ing mother what way she should spend Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. With the dawn of the new atomic age the money for her starving babies. Chairman, I ask unanfmous consent that just breaking o.ver the rim of civiliza- . This will never be a happy world or I may yield 1 minute of my time to the tion, is there not at least one sphere of this a happy Nation if we permit, by a gentleman from Michigan [Mr. DON­ human relationship in which we can crippling amendment, millions of poor, DERO]. work harmoniously with an international helpless, and starving people to go to The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection group? If we cannot work in harmony their death. We are legally bound; we to the requ~t of the gentlewoman from with our neighbors and friends in the are morally bound to carry through with Massachusetts.? very elementary field of relief, how do UNRRA. - There was no objecUon. we expect to prove any degree of sin­ Revolutions are caused by poverty. Mr. RICHARDS. Mr. Chairman, will cerity in the really complex spheres of The comin.g winter may tell the sto.ry. the gentleman yield? international relationships? In my whether ~ivilization itself is to survive~ Mr. DO;t'IDERO. I yield, opinion, there is nothing in the future 11586 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEl't.lBER 6 for our country or for the world either Mr. LEMKE. Mr. Chairman, I wish to This bill is not aimed to assist gvvern­ attainable or worth striving for except say I am not in favor of blindly following ments, it is aimed to assist human be­ that which comes through international mere words. I think the American people ings in other lands. Countless millions cooperation and international action. have a right to know that the money we of them, many children among them The day cif every nation for self alone is are appropriating is going to the hungry with their parents lost; in Poland it is very· definitely in the past. An isolated people anct not going to the liquidators estimated that 1,000,000 out of 7,000,000 A.merica in the world of today would be of the hungry people and of other inno­ children under 14 years of age have only as futile and as out-dated as the bow cent people in Europe. I cannot under­ one of their parents living, and several and arrow of the Indian or the side stand the cowardly attitude that says we hundreds of thousands with no parent saddle of the gay nineties. must permit the liquidators to do &s they living. That is the primary objective of I favor UNRRA, not just because it is please, if there are any liquidators. I am the bill-to help and save human beings. a test of our willingness to work in an not assuming there are. I shall assume lVfy remarks today are not against the international group, but because it is ful­ that all these nations which have hungry Herter amendment, because I believe it filling an obligation which the devastated people want to let us know that it goes is constructive and I intend to vote for it. areas have a perfect right to expect. In to the people for whom we appropri­ I respect the views of my friend the the liberated countries just a few months ated it. gentleman from Ohio [Mr. BROWN], the ago, we were urging the native peoples to In the first place, how much longer are sincerity of his motives and purposes, in blow their bridges, destroy their crcps, we going to be made suskers-not only offering his amendment, but I am in wreck their means of production, with suckers but blind suckers-in permitting frank disagreement with him that such the promise of help and restoration when ourselves to be humbugged into some­ an amendment should be put on a bill these drastic means brought liberation thing we know nothing about? If we had of this kind. Suppose this amendment sooner. \Ve played up the idea of how taken a little more intelligent interest were adopted and put into practical op­ wonderful liberation would be. \"file did and demanded a little more publicity in eration, UNRRA would be denied to not raise suc'l1 questions as these: Do not time, perhaps we could have avoided countries unless the President certified blow any bridges until the American World War II. I know we were made that freedom of the press existed in those press is admitted; do not use any bombs suckers when we permitted 43 "gi' me, countries, with millions of people faced if the labels are not clear; beware of gi' me" nations to put over upon our­ with starvation, with millions of people black markets or we will withhold fur­ should I say our people who did not know faced with the vicious cold of the com- · ther aid. I wonder just how deep we will any better-our representatives who had ing winter. In the disillusionment re­ permit their disappointment to go. I no diplomatic intelligence, that each na­ sulting from their suffering those people wonder just how much bitterness we will tion was to pay 1 percent of its national are lil{ely. to react and turn toward the justify. income, so that we as one nation agreed ideology of communism, or even turn I realize, as all of you do, something of to pay as much as the other 43. No; not toward anarchy. the magnitude of the sacrifices we have as much as the other 43, but over three Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, made to suppress what we believe to be times as much as the other 43. How was · will the gentleman yield? wrong. As has been said here on the floor that put over on our dumb representa­ Mr. McCORMACK. I yield. o'f the House, no casualty list is light if tives of the State D~partment of our Mr. BROWN of Ohio; The gentleman your boy's name· is on it. Still, with our Government? By somebody mal{ing a does not mean to say that under this very heavy sacrifices, we are well fed, we motion that the amount each nation was amendment the President would be com­ are well clothed, and we are well housed. to pay was to be 1 percent of their na­ pelled to certify that freedom of the press \Ve are the country least touched by the tional income. They did not tell you, existed in all these countries, does he? real devastations of war. From our rela­ and our diplomats did not know, that Mr. McCOR~ACK. If the gentleman's tively comfortbale position, it is extreme­ our national income was being stimu­ amendment is adopted and goes into -ly difficult for me to justify our action in lated by creating a $300,000,0CO,OOO in­ operation as a condition precedent for withholding help which we have pledged debtedness. Our national income is just the relief of human suffering in those and are in a position to give. on paper. It does not exist as a reality. countries the President would have to . II our Nation is to make the· contribu­ And yet we assumed three times as much certify there was freedom of the press, tion to world peace, order, and freedom, obligation to feed the hungry people of and where he did not so certify those for which we have fought so heavlly for these 43 nations that started the war, people would not get relief. the privilege of making, then let us get which we had nothing to do with starting. t wish to make one further observation, on with making the contribution in this Then we sent our boys to win that war there is no one more opposed to com­ great opportunity which UNRRA affords. for a bunch of liquidators, if the lan­ munism than I. I am the author of every The starving people of the world will find guage used on both sides of the aisle is bill that has passed the Congress in the little relief from such excuses as freedom correct. I have no reference to Russia. last 17 years aimed at subversive activi­ of the press, pacl{age labels, dishonest I hope the Russians are gentlemen. If ties in this country. workers, national rivalries, and so forth. they are as black as the gentleman from The CHAIRMAN. . The time of the And, after all, would it not be faulty rea­ Pennsylvania painted them, then we have· gentleman from Massachusetts has ex­ soning to make the suffering millions of got into some pretty bad company, and pired. war casualties the victims of conditions we had better wash our hands of them The gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. over which they have practically no con­ and do it while we can. RoB:!'ION] is recognized for 3 minutes. trol. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. Mr. A vote for UNRRA without strings is, in gentleman from North Dakota has ex­ Chairman, a few months ago we were my opinion, a vote for extended peace. pired. called upon to appropriate $1,350,000,000 And, in my opinion, a vote against The Chair recognizes the gentleman to aid the people in ·the occupied coun­ UNRRA and for hampering reservations from Massachusetts [Mr. McCoRMACK] tries. The war was on. We were led to is a vote for misunderstanding and for a for 3 minutes. believe that no additional sum would be brief period of _peace. If we continue to Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, called for. fail to discharge to ourselves and to the the bill before ·us today is a bill relating Now we have the bill before us pro­ world the obligations which come to us to human beings. That is the primary viding for an additional $1,350,000,000. through the destructive processes of war, objective of the bill. It is the primary There is no indication that a similar sum then I can see little justification in fur­ thing we should ke'ep in mind. Each and will not be called for in the future. ther confl'cts which will surely come if every one of us in America has ingrained If this bill is passed, our contribution we do not have the courage or the will to in our minds and in our hearts the great to this cause will be $2,700,000,000. For­ help correct the conditions which will rights that the framers of the Constitu­ ty-three other nations, including Russia foster and produce future conflicts. tion established, and which we have in­ and Great' Britain, have signed up agree­ The CHAIRMAN. The time of the herited from past generations. One of ing to contribute to this fund. The total gentleman from Missouri [Mr. CARNAHAN] those great rights is freedom of the amount will be approximately $3,600,- has expired. press. But today we are confronted with 000,000. The Chair recognizes the gentleman the problem of trying to save human It will be seen that our country is be­ from North Dakota [Mr. LEMKE]. beings. ing called upon to pay three times as 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11587 much into this fund as the other 43 or THE AMERICAN PEOPLE SHOULD KNOW HOW sia is seeking a loan for billions. So is 44 nations all together. THEIR :MONEY IS BEING USED China and other countries. The press This reminds us that Secretary of W'atr ·Is the relief money that the American reports that in this arrangement to loan Stimson, after the western drive in Eu­ people supplied .being used for relief Britain this huge sum of money we have rope, stated that we furnished more than purposes? canceled the billions of obligations that 75 percent of the men on that western It has developed a bureaucracy having we hold against Great Britain. In view front drive. We furnished as large, if about 8,000 officeholders being paid sal­ of our experience with these same coun· not a larger, percent of the equipment. aries equal to or higher than are paid in tries after ·world War I we can reason­ It is a matter of common knowledge the United States. Only about 15 per­ ably assume that none of these countries, that we furnished 85 percent or more of cent of these officeholders administering unless it is little Finland, will pay any the men and materiel in the Pacific war. this relief are American citizens. The sums or materials advanced to them in I think a large ~Jart of the payments others are people of foreign countries. this war or pay the sum we now loan to of these 43 or 44 countrie,_ into the 1·elief We furnish about 75 percent of the relief them. The claim has been made in many fund has been secured from the United money and have only about 15 percent quarters that the recent bond sales was States in lend-lease, loans, or gifts, and Americans engaged in administering re­ to bring our boys home. This cannot be our allies have actually paid out of their lief. Of course, these foreign officehold­ true. Congress had already provided for own funds much less than 25 percent of ers are receiving the highest pay, no that. These gifts and loans would be all the three billion six hundred million. doubt, they ever received in their lives. right if we had the money. We do not SIXTY-FIVE BILLIONS vVhile much of the relief program and have the money. In order to make these gifts and loans we must borrow the S2cretary W'allace, of the Department acts have been kept more or less secret, it leaked out recently that over 600 of money from all of our people and if we of Commerce, on November 26, 1945, is­ continue in this course, how can we re­ sued a report in which he stated that up these officeholders had been found to be dishonest or incompetent. Many were pay these loans to our people? to June 30, 1945, we had turned over to The administration is being. liberal foreign countries, under lend-1€-ase, $42,- arrested and jailed for using these relief supplies in the black market. Last year with the money of the American people. 021,000,000. We are also advised that The American people in the end will since that time, June 30, 1945, there has some of these funds were used by the political organizations that carried on have to dig up the taxes to satisfy the been turned over and released to the var­ billions that are being given away so ious nations of the world approximately this program to aid the administration candidates. No doubt millions of this freely. Mr. CANNON, a D2mocrat,. and twenty billions more. The total amount the able chairman of t:.. e Appropriations requested by the administrat~on for money were used to gain the good will in this country of those who have friends Committee, stated in su5stance the other lend-lease was approximately sixty-eight day on the floor uf the House that our billions, and I am convinced that in some in the countries where this relief is be­ ing administered. It is a well-known country was facing bankruptcy and dis­ way or other this entire $68,000,000,000 aster. How can we keep from reaching will be turned over to the foreign coun­ fact that a lot of this relief was used in the various countries to promote political the point where our bonds of this coun­ tries either as lend-lease, loans, or gifts, try like other bankrupt countries will be or in some other manner. ambitions of individuals and groups in those countries. worthless? No one believes more sin­ In this report Mr. Wallace states that cerely in the principle taught by the UP to June 30, 1945, we disbursed or ex­ AME!tiCAN PEOPLE AND NATION GENEROUS Man of Galilee than I do, yet Holy Writ pended in foreign countries $13,045,000,- Our Nation and people have shown clearly states that we should provide for 000. This does not include lend-lease. themselves to be the most generous of our own household first. I cannot lend These billions represent what our Gov­ any nation or people in all history. The my support to a policy and program that ernment on its own account spent in people have paid tens of billions of dollars in the end must destroy the credit of foreign ccuntries up to June 30, 1945. in taxes and the Nation has borrowed this Nation and impoverish the people of This represents money -:;pent in buying hundreds of billions of dollars'-from the our own country. food and other supplies in foreign coun­ people. We are facing a national debt of Russia and the· small countries over tries. It also includes over 3,000 mili­ three hundred billion and we will have a which she exercises control have re­ tary installations, mainly air bases and defi~it this fiscal year of thirty billion or ceived, and will receive if we pass this bill, port facilities, at a cost of $2,413,000,000. more and we are facing deficits for a more than five hundred millions in relief They are still there. In addition the · number of years in the future. Our money ancl if any segment of the popu­ War Department sent abroad civilian­ churches, relief, and welfare organiza­ lation of these small countries did not relief supplies, mainly food and cloth­ tions have contributed enormous sums in or do not cooperate with Russia they did ing, exceeding $800,000,000, for the pur­ money and supplies. Our casualties are not and will not get relief. pose, as stated by the War•Department, more than 1,000,000 of the flower of the Polanci was overrun and devastated by of preventing civilian disease and unrest young manhood of the Nation. We have both Russians and German::;. The Poles in the liberated and occupied countries. expended more than twice as much needed relief as much or more than any Up to June 30, twenty-nine billions of the 3,s all of our allies have expended on the other country: but it i~ u matter of com­ $42,021,000,000 of lend-lease went to the war and in aiding our allies. Eighty-five mon knowledge that Russian soldiers British Empire, and ten billions went to million American people, out of their and others intercepted ·the relief going Russia. But, as we have pointed out, ad­ earnings and many of them at great to Poland. · ditional billions have gone to these coun­ sacrifices, have bought bonds to aid in Lithuania, Latvia, and Esthonia that tries since June 30, 1945. In addition the prosecution and in the winning of were overrun and rap::!d by both Ger­ to all of these our country and agencies the war. We have stripped millions of mans and Russians and now tinder Rus­ have lc_nec'l and advanced to foreign acres of our forest, greatly depleted our sian control, ·so far as we can learn, have governments approximately two billion~ oil, copper, coal, and other supplies. The received no part of this ·relief although more. Therefore all in all we have. by American people have assumed a burden they are in dire need of it. Russia has way of gifts, lend-lease, loans, and so that cannot be discharged in one-half of placed her big paws on these little coun­ forth, given or transferred to these for­ a century. They must continue to sac­ tries and she has drawn the curtain of eign countries a total sum in excess of rifice year by year in taxes for 50 and secrecy around them and no report can sixty-five billions. And now we are called perhaps 100 years, and now our Govern­ be had. upon to contribute an additional $1,350,- ment has already made arrangements to Great Britain, which is interested in 000,000. Our population is estimated at loan to France two and one.-half billion, maintaining kingdoms in Italy and 140,000,000. Sixty-five billion represents and closely following upon that arrange­ Greece, has made the most of the dis­ $480 for every man, woman, and child ment and the consideration of this bill we tribution of this relief to those favoring and over $2,000 for every family in the are informed that our Government has her ideals of government. · United States. agreed to loan to Great Britain $4,400,- The immediate proposal now before us Of course, this has no reference to the 000,000, payable in 50 years and with­ was introduced by the gentleman from hundreds of billions we spent in the win .. out interest for 5 years and only 2 per.. Ohio [Mr. BROWN], and that is, Shall ning of the war. cent interest thereafter. Of course, Rus- this Nation refuse to grant relief to those XCI--730 11588 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 6. countries that refuse to permit accred-' Under all of these circumstances, I do The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ ited American newspaper correspondents not feel justified in taking the bond and nizes the gentlewoman from Massachu­ to enter those countries and report to tax money of the American people and setts [Mrs. ROGERS]. our country and the world the conditions turning it into the hands of those who Mrs. ROGERS of MassachRSetts. Mr. _ that they find in ·relation to the distri­ are not observing the San Francisco Chairman, I am very sure that all fair bution of this relief? Charter and not cooperating in a great and decent persons want relief to go to We must borrow this money from the program of peace, liberty, and justice the needy and the suffering abroad. I American people, and the American peo­ with the American people. have worked with these 434 Members of ple are certainly entitled to know what The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ Congress, all colleagues of mine, and I disposition is being made of their money. nizes the gentleman from Missouri [Mr. know that every Member here is a de- · Some of our colleagues think this is an BELL]. cent person. Everybody wants relief unreasonable limitation. I observe in my Mr. BELL. Mr. Chairman, a few money to be spent ·most wisely and most home town, county, and State that pub­ weeks ago we had a bill similar to ·this efficiently. There is just a difference of lic officials are not only required to make at the time we were authorizing an ap­ opinion as to how that can be accom­ 1·eports of the number of officials and propriation of $550,000,000 for the relief plished. others employed, their salaries, and the of the needy peoples of war-torn Europe. I have no doubt, Mr. Chairman, that amounts expended, but their records are That bill had an overwhelming vote in heads of countries will agree to the open to the newspapers and to the cit­ this House. Brown freedom-of-the-press amendment izens generally. A free and untrammeled Mi·. Chairman, in my opinion, the in order to secure this money for their press is one of the very essential things American people from one end of this countries. I am not afraid of that at all, to preserve freedom and to keep our Gov­ country to the other are enthusiastically Mr. Chairman. I am very much·worried ernment clean and honest. in favor of sharing what we have and to have the freedom of the press not About 2 years ago, after we had sent giving what we can to relieve the suf­ allowed in those countries, because I fear billions of lend-lease to Russia, we were fering in Europe. On the other hand, that the press in these countries that amazed when our Ambassador to Russia the· American people have a lot of sound, will not allow freedom will be used announced that there had been no pub­ common sense. No nation in the world against the United States for propa­ licity given to the Russian people as to today has a debt burden as heavy as the ganda with a view to creating antago­ the source of the bounty that they had burden of debt hanging over the heads nism against the United States. \Ve will been rer.eiving from the American peo­ of the American Nation; no nation has be said not to be willing to help those ple. This caused· our Ambassador to be ever before in all the centuries of history persons and the needy will not receive withdrawn. The only offense he· had paid as much in taxes as America paid relief. · committed was in insisting that the Rus­ last year and in connection with the Today I am very much alarmed, Mr. sian press should let the people of Rus­ burden that is now placed on her shoul­ Chairman, because we do not know more sia know what we were· doing for them. ders. In addition to the one they are about our foreign policy, what is going Our Government has had information bearing now an added tax will be neces­ on in other countries, cr what our policy that Russia and some other countries sary to carry out the purposes of this is in other countries. I am very much have failed to disclose to the Russian bill. The people are entitled to know alarmed, Mr. Chairman, because so many people the relief money and benefits that where that money is going. of our soldiers today are giving up their we have been, under this present pro­ Over ·on my side of the House we lives in foreign countries, and this coun­ gram, giving to the Russians and that the· Democrats v·oted in large numbers last try is not conscious of what is going on. · information has been kept froni a lot of time for an amendment practically the The people of the United States are the .smaller natiom· who · are receiving same as the Brown amendment. I did entitled to know the facts. I am in favor millions of dollars. it because I could not vote the money of of the Brown amendment, Mr. Chair­ I can see no reason for keeping these my people. aw'ay and then go back home man. facts from the Russian people and other and have them tell me that I voted away The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ countries except they desire to u·se this their money without at least giving nizes the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. relief to play power politics and control them a chance to find out what country St.BAmJ. people of these respective countries it went to and whether it went to the Mr. SABATH. I take the floor to ex- through relief. I wonder if they have .plain that there were three reasons that people they wanted to help. . caused me to favor the reporting of the learned of the success that our Demo­ From one end of this country to the crat friends have had politically in the rule which provides that the misnomer other in recent weeks prominent men "free press" amendment shall be in use of relief money and benefits in this descended from people of these Euro- country. order. In th~ first place I have always ·pean countries have told the people of believed that the House membership We have also observed with sorrow the United States that although vast · should have ·an opportunity to vote on a that the British, aided by the Japs, have quantities of material and vast sums of controversial matter. Second, because I joined with the Dutch in keeping miHio.ns money presumably have gone into their feel that in view of the fact that the of the people of Java under subjection countries, the needy of the countries Senate defeated a similar House amend­ and Britain has joined with France, were not getting it. They stated it is ment when the first UNRRA bill was aided by the Japs, to keep the people of. going somewhere else. considered that it would not favor the Indochina in subjection; and our boys adoption of a like amendment at this have been kept in China and we are How can I go back to the people of my district, how can you go back to the time and, third, in my desire to obtain spending enormous sums of money there favorable actiori in the reporting of a by reason of the civil strife between north people, of your district and face that sort of charge, when you are voting to lay· :t:ule without fur.ther delay and not be­ and south China. cause I favored the unwise former action These disturbing situations are occur­ another tax burden on their shoulders? I am sure they are willing to take it if of the House. ring in other countries that have been Mr. Chairman, it is not because I do the recipients of the bounty of the Amer­ they know the money they are spending is going to relieve the needy; but if peo­ not believe in free press that I oppose the ican people. Yes; we want to aid the amendment, as I cannot bring myself to widows and orphans and the needy peo­ ple who were born in those countries and believe that it is intended for that pur­ ple; but it seems to me that in these wars who have kept in touch.with them come pose, but merely to give certain press that have developed since VE-day and back here here and tell us that, although representatives whose newspapers are since VJ -day, many widows and orphans you people are being taxed for it, that unfriendly to the caus·e of relief to the have been or are being made anC. cities money is not going to feed the people peoples of the stricken countries the op­ and countries devastated, not by the Japs you think it is going to, I think it is portunity to send in critical and un­ or Germans but by those who were as~o­ up to us to put a clause in this bill to give friend articles carrying_charges that will ciated with us in overturning the Japs us the right, not to control the press of make headlines in their newspapers. and Germans and who are, in our that country, not to interfere in their ·Naturally, the people of some of the opinion, violating the. San Francisco. internal affairs, but giving the right to foreign countries make complaints as to· Charter and our great desire to have the American people to know what be­ our dispensat-ion of the relief and I ob­ peace with liberty and justice. comes of the money we generously give. served that. the gentleman from Mis- l945 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11589 souri [Mr. BELL] opposing the bill metric tons of food were distributed by ciency and will assist and facilitate in sup­ charged that he had heard from many the ARA, in Great Britain, Russia, plying the American people with reliable and outstanding people in some countries Rumania, Poland, Armenia, Austria, nonpolitical information of the existing con­ ditions and the progress of the relief work who complained that they were not re­ Lithuania, Latvia, France, Italy, Yugo­ as an aid in developing financial support in ceiving the aid to which they were en­ slavia, Hungary, Germany, Finland, America. - titled. The lady from Illinois [Miss SuM­ Danzig, Estonia, Denmark, Czechoslo­ NER] and others are opposed to this re­ vakia, Bulgaria, and Belgium. This is the manner in which the Amer­ lief principally on the grounds that it To date, Mr. L~hman's UNRRA is func­ ican Relief Administration carried on, may help some people in communistic tioning only in Greece, Poland, Yugosla~ Mr. Chairman. As the result the starv­ countries. It appears to me that the via, Czechoslovakia, Albania, and China. ing people of Europe were fed and the lady and a few others in this House are And, according to statements that have ARA emerged from its job without one suffering from communistic hallucina­ been made in this debate, the people of bit of scandal. There was full publicity. tions. While I dislike the Nazi, I feel these countries are receiving foodstuffs That is what this pending amendment that some of this aid should be extend€d valued at less than 25 percent of the will bring. And it will save UNRRA to them to save them from starvation, money being appropriated. Mr. Hoover's many headaches and the taxpayers of knowing full well it will not be appre­ organizg.tion functioned with but a few Americ:-.. many, many dollars. ciated. people in the administrative offices of the The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ Mr. Chairman, we have attained a American Relief Administration while nizes the gent!eman from California [Mr. splendid reputation the world over for the UNRRA is employing thousands. VooRHis]. keeping our faith and in the promises No, there was no secrecy in the opera­ Mr. VOORHIS of California. ·Mr. we have made. \Ve have attained a rep­ tions of the ARA, arid the foodstuffs we Chairman, r do not know how many utation by aiding humanity and in car­ purchased went to the starving people of Members have had occasion to read the rying out our pledges and assurances. 20 countries of Europe, rather than into ~olumn in this morning's Post written Therefore, we must maintain that repu­ the black markets of Europe, as has been by Mr. V/alter Lippmann to which refer­ tation and our good name which is bound, the experience under the UNRRA. Let ence has already been made in the de­ I am sure, to be recognized and appre­ me repeat. Mr. Hoover demanded pub­ bate. I believe it worth while to re­ ciated by the unfortunate people who licity. Mr. Lehman demands secrecy. emphasiz~. before this vote is taken what have been driven from their· homes and As someone has well stated, there were Mr. Lippmann had to say. Actually the which only this action caP save them no monkeyshines in the American Relief only way in which we shall get accurate from starvation. I believe this great Association in the dark days following information about what is happening to country of ours should carry out its obli­ \Vorld Vvar I. There was no fear of hurt­ UNRRA relief is through American offi­ gations, and I feel that it will, without ing the sensibilities of the countries on cials abroad, either officials of UNRRA or attaching any strings that may bring the receiving end of our relief. The ob­ officials of our own Government. To ex­ about conditions that will make it im­ ject was to· care for the hungry and pect American press correspondents to possible to do justice to those deserving needy. In this connection I wish to quote go beyond the sources of information people. several clauses of the so-called· Riga they normally use, which are according Personally, I am in touch with and I agreement which was negotiated be­ to Lippmann those very same official hear from people all over the United tween the Russian Government and the sources, is to place upon the press a States because of my position, and I ARA. respansibility which it cannot be .ex­ know that the good women and good The first clause is especially interest­ pected to discharge. men, the good Christians all over, be­ ing in view of the current reports of and It appears to me that any man or lieve in the teachings of Christ to feed the suspicions being voiced today: woman who is deeply concerned about the hung-ry. They believe in feeding the First, that the ARA may bring into Russia the position of America in the world to­ hungry and doing justice to all. "L~ve such p.ersonnel as the ARA finds necessary day will see clearly how important it thy brother as thyself." in the carrying out of its work and the Soviet is to that position for our country to Before I conclude, may I say there will authorities guarantee them full liberty and meet this crisis in human destitution be a meeting tomorrow at 2 o'clock of protection while in Russia. Non-Americans in as simple and direct and evidently the Committee on Rules on the civil­ and Americans who have been detained in generous a way as it can be done. • Soviet Russia since 1917 will be admitted on service-retirement bill. Everyone op­ approval by the Scviet authorities. . True, I cannot assure the House that posed to it is invited to appear. And these clauses are interesting, too: the thing is going to be done perfectly. Mr. SHAFER. Mr. Chairman, I aslc Eighth. That the relief supplies are in­ I believe it is going to be done much unanimous consent to extend my re­ tended for children and the sick, as desig­ better than would have been the case marks at this point in the RECORD. nated by the ARA • • • and remain the hatl these questions not been raised here. The CHAIRlVIAN. Is there objection property of the ARA until actually consumed I am glad they have been raised. But to the request of the gentleman from by these children and the sick, and are to be when it comes to the type of bill we are distributed in the name of the ARA. Michigan? Ninth. That no individual receiving ARA going to paE:s, I think we shall have to There was no objection. rations shall be deprived of such local sup­ do it to a considerable extent on faith Mr. SHAFER. Mr. Chairman, I rise in plies as are given to the rest of the papu­ in the American officials of UNRRA and support of the Brown substitute amend­ lation. upon faith in the officials of our Gov­ ment. I do so becau~e I am convinced Tenth. That they will guarantee and take ernment in the nations where the relief that the publicity which was demanded every step to insure that relief supplies be­ is given. For that reason, I hope the by Mr. Herbert Hoover in the operations longing to the ARA will not go to the general proposal made by the gentleman from adult population nor to the army, navy, or of the American Relief Administration government employees but only to • * • Mc.:;sachusetts will be favored and the following World vVar I contributed (children and t.he sic· "without regard to proposal made by the gentleman from greatly to the well-known success of that race, religion, or social or political status"). Ohio will be defeated, for I believe that organization. Full publicity of the func­ Eleventh. That Soviet authorities under­ the :t: :::oposal of the gentleman from Mas­ tions of UNRRA will end many of the take to reimburse the ARA in dollars at sachusetts is far better calculated to irregularities of which we are now com- ­ c. i. f. cost or replace in kind any misused place our country in the kind of un­ plaining. relief supplies. :;-_ssailable position which it can place it­ It is interesting to note, Mr. Chairman, The twenty-first clause of the Riga self in here and now by doing gener­ that while Mr. Lehman favors secrecy, agreement is especially pertinent to my ously l:l.ll that anyone could expect her Mr. Hoover demanded full publicity. As argument to support the pending amend­ to do to relieve the distress of the world. the result, Mr. Lehman's administration ment, and in view of reports of irregu­ May I say that will be done in contrast is noted for its inefficiency and crooked­ larities in UNRRA, such as switched with the fact that from certain other n ess, while Mr. Hoover's administration labels, now being told by our returning nations there has been quite an opposite succeeded in every way without one soldiers. It reads: type of action. I have faith that in the criticism made against it. Mr. Hoover's Twenty-first. That they will acquaint the long run those two types of action, the ARA functioned in 20 countries, while Russian people with the' aims and methods one on the part of America and the other Mr. L ~hman's T:JNRRA is functioning in of the relief work of the ARA in order to on the part of certain other nations, will but 7 countries. Nearly 19,000,00D facilitate the rapid development of its effi~ live i!l the minds and the hearts of the 11590 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 6 people of the world to the benefit of this utilization · and distribution of United Na­ effect 12 months after the date of its com­ Nation and all she stands for. tions Relief and Rehabilitation .t\dminstra­ munication to the Director General, subject tion administrative supplies and services. to the member government having met by But most important, Mr. Chairman, that time all financial, supply, or other are the hungry people of the world. As We are seeking to act, as has been so material obligations accepted or undertaken long as we can help them it is our Chris­ well stated by the gentleman who has by it. tian duty and privilege to do so. That is preceded me, in a manner not to give of­ ·an this bill is for. fense and calculated to get results. I be­ Mr. Chairman, UNRRA was formed The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ lieve it would be far more effective and for the purpose of affording war relief, ni:.;es the gentleman from New York at the same time there would be no pos­ not for general relief purposes. [Mr. WADSWORTH] . . sibility of denying some people in some It was formed only to give relief to Mr. WADSWORTH. Mr. Chairman, I countries UNRRA relief, as would be the the war-stricken nations that had been think I am somewhat more optimistic case under the Brown amendment. If invaded as a result of the war, and it about this question of the freedom of the the Brown amendment is adopted, we should be confined to that purpose. press in some of these other nations than say, "No relief can go to that country." I think that by June 1947, we will have a good many of my colleagues here in the There would result death from starva­ reached our objective. I think we should committee. The fact is that the ideal tion and cold, and misery to the poor and bear in mind that when UNRRA was ap­ is ·gaining ground steadily and healthily, helpless people who could not help them­ proved in this House it was our opinion selves. As was saia by the distinguished that we should carry the stricken na­ even in some of those regions in which we tions through one crop period. If we believed it could not flourish. For exam­ majority leader, this is a humanitarian measure. Let us put it upon that pass this bill, we will have carried them, ple, members of the press are admitted to with the exception of China, perhaps, Czechoslovakia, to Poland, to Yugoslavia, ground. If we do, I think we shall cer­ tainly vote down the Brown substitute through two crop periods. and to Austria. All four of those nations In passing, lest there should be· any are receiving assistance from UNRRA. and adopt the more reasonable and sen­ sible Herter amendment. mjsunderstanding about it-there was The same is true in Italy and in Greece. some implication to that effect yesterday Likewise, China, I believe that with the The CHAIRMAN. The time of the afternoon-! want to say that I shall area. of resistance, if I may so call it, gentleman from Texas has expired. All ·time has expired. .support this bill without amendment or constantly narrowing, it would not be with reasonable amendment. It does not healthy for us as a government to lay The quest1on is on the substitute make any difference to me. I stated my down an ultimatum to anybody. A dec­ amendment offered by the gentleman reasons for that yesterday, but I do think laration by this Congress in the form from Ohio "cl\1r. BROWN] to the second we should proceed in an orderly manner suggested by the gentleman from Massa­ part of the amendment offered by the and with a little foresight as to how we chusetts [Mr. HERTER] would, in my gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. are going to dispose of the UNRRA or­ judgment, have an exceedingly healthy HI:RTER]. ganization. If we do not do anything, and helpful effect, not only because it ex­ The substitute amendment was re­ we will be at this same period nzxt year presses the ideals in which we believe, jected. still bound by an agreement that we can­ but because it does so withcut challeng­ The CHAIRMAN. The question is on not get out of for a year. ing anybody and without offending peo­ the second part of the amendment of­ There was some discu~sion in the com­ ple. There are all kinds of people in this fered by the gentleman from Massa­ mittee as to whether or not after war re­ world. There is a great ~rea in eastern chusetts [Mr. HERTER J, as amended. lief had been accomplished, UNRRA Europe in which there has never been The second part of the amendment, as might continue, for instance, to give re­ any freedom of the pre.ss. It is absolute­ amended, was agreed to. lief to famine-stricken PeOple, and so ly unknown. Slowly but surely the bor­ forth, and to countries that are now dering nations about which we have spo­ The CHAIRMAN. Are there other amendments? receiving war relief who are probably ken so often here, are admitting repre­ suffering as much from famine as from sentatives of the press. I think the Her­ Mr. JONKMAN. Mr. Chairman, I of­ fer an amendment, which is at the Clerk's the ravages of war. ter amendment will be exceedingly influ­ I do think that if that time comes it ential. It proceeds in orderly fashion. desk. The Clerk read, as follows: should be taken up by another organiza­ It does not carry an implied threat, but tion or 'by the United Nations Organiza­ it lets the whole world know how we Amendment offered by Mr. JoNKMAN: tion. The reason I think we should adopt think abcat the freedom of the press. Page 1, after line 11, insert the following: this amendment is that the United States That is the best way to win the world to "SEc. 2. Notice shall be given, and com­ municated to the Director General of the led in the conception of UNRRA. I think our way of thinking. United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Ad­ it led in the organization of UNRRA and The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ ministration, of the withdrawal of the I think it led in the operation of UNRRA nizes the gentleman from Texas [Mr. United States from the United Nations Re- · at least with reference to the contribu­ LUTHER A. JOHNSON] to close deb9.te. lief and Rehabilitation Administration, so tions that have been made. I believe it Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. that such · withdrawal will be effective on may safely be said. that there are a num­ Chairman, the gentleman who has pre­ June 30, 1947. Such notice shall be given ber of nations-arid I think it is probably ceded me, the very able gentleman from and communicated by the President of the United States, or by such other official of the true of all the ·rest of the nations-who New York, I think has Sl..lmmed up in Government as the President may designate, feel the burden of UNRR.n fully as much a very few sentences the reasons why in conformity with the provisions of article as does the United States; that is, I be­ the Brown substitute should be defeated X of the agreement concludEd by the United lieve we are as well able to bear it as any and why the Herter amendment should States and Associated Governments on No­ other nation, and they should be made to be adopted. The very best reason that vember 9, 1943." feel ~ild have confidence that this is not anyone could have if they voted for the Mr. JONKMAN. Mr. Chairman, this a continuing organization that is going Brown amendment before and vote amendment is offered in order that we to run from year to year. . I believe too against it as a substitute on this occa­ that just as we took the lead in forming sion, is the example -of the gentleman may at the appropriate time, in a legal, lawful, and orderly manner, wind up the UNRRA we should also take the lead in from Massachusetts [Mr. HERTER], who winding it up. By the adoption of this supported that amendment before; but UNRHA organization. It is offered under article X of the agreement which was amendment other nations will have some who says now that he is convinced that program to go by, some assurance that if in the mandatory form it is unwise and made by the United Nations in forming he has therefore modified and changed this Rehabilitation and Reconstruction they make this year's contribution then his amendment to read as follows: Administration. they are through with it; and I think that suggt.~tion should come from the That the President is hereby requested Article X reads as follows: through appropriate channels to facilitate Any member government may give notice United States. the admission to recipient countries of prop­ of withdrawal from the Administration at The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gen­ erly accredited members of the American any time after the expiration of 6 months tleman from Michigan has expired. press and radio in order that they be per­ from the entry into "force of the ~greement Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I rise in mitted to report without censorship on tl1e by that government. Such notice shall talce . opposition to the amendment. .1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11591 Mr. Chairman, I am opposed to this speaks of orderly procedure. This tion that $250,000 ,000 shall be given to amendment because the gentleman from amendment is a rather vital one and White Russia and the Ukraine. Those Michigan, who is a member of the For­ should have been considered by the are part of Russia. Russia is ineligible eign Affairs Committee, never suggested Committee on Foreign Affairs so that under the constitution of the UNRRA an amendment of this kind while the leg­ the various angles with respect to it agreement to get any aid. islation was under consideration in the could have been considered and deter­ Mr. Chairman, it simply shows how committee. This is the first time it has mined. It is dangerous to adopt an some fellow travelers who are operating ever been suggested to me or to the com­ amendment offered on the floor without in connection with UNRRA are willing mittee. Furthermore, the gentleman is having been given consideration by the to do anything to the damage of the acquainted with th~ fact that in all the committee. United States to sell a piece of cotton or hearings it was stated it would take Mr. BLOOM. I may say to the gen­ some machine tools at the expense of the through the year 1946 for UNRRA to tleman, and he knows I will keep my American t9,xpayers. finish its relief work in Europe and the word, that I will be very glod to con­ Mr. JONKMAN. Mr. Chairman, will first 3 months of 1947 in China. That sider an amendment of this kind in the the gentlewoman yield? would take us up to April 1, 1947. What committee at any time and get the Miss SUMNER of Illinois. I yield to the gentleman's amendment does is to opinion of the officials of UNRRA and the gentleman from Michigan. say to UNRRA that it is compelled to see whether it is possible to do it or not. Mr. JONKMAN. May I say that the wind up its tremendous organization I am agreeable to that, but I do not think gentlewoman from Illinois is eminently within 3 months when all officials, all this is the way to bring it up. right. We have absolutely nothing to say representatives of UNRR.a, have stated it Mr. JONKMAN. I want to apologize about the continuation of UNRRA except would take not only all of that time but to the chairman of the Committee on through the UNRRA Council, on which 3 months of 1947 as well to continue its Foreign Affairs for not thinking of it we have one member. They can say ab­ work in the Pacific. That would be an during the committee consideration of solutely who is going to have help, where impossible task. Furthermore, no money this matter, but I was busy with other they are .going to spend the money, and would be saved whether this amendment matters. how long they are going to run. There carries or. is defeated. The fact remains, Mr. BLOOM. So was I. is only this opportunity for the Congress however, that its passage would tie the Mr. JONK1\1AN. I think it is an evi­ to express itself by giving instx:uctions to hands of UNRRA as far as we are con­ the President that we are going to be dence of good faith if we pass this through when this authorization is fin­ cerned if only 3 months were allowed amendment. them to complete their work. ished and it is the only time that the As I said in the beginning the amend­ Mr. BLOOM. I will go into it the first Congress will get to speak on this subject. ment was never considered by the For­ opportunity. Mr. BUCK. Mr. Chairman, I move to eign Affairs Committee, of which the gen­ Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. strike out the last three words. tleman from Michigan is a member. He Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. Chairman, I expect to vote for this never presented it to the committee or Mr. BLOOM. I yield to the gentle­ bill. The people of America have-never mentioned it in any way. I do not believe woman from Massachusetts. been niggardly when its wealth has been this is the way to bring up such an im­ . Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. I needed to relieve known human suffer­ portant amendment. I therefore 'rec­ am in favor of the pending amendment. ing. But under this bill we are giving ommend that it be disagreed to. I think it would make for orderly pro­ tacit approval to the allotment of $250,- Mr. JONKMAN. Mr. Chairman, will cedure and result in much more prompt 000,000 to Soviet Russia. And I submit the gentleman yield? delivery of food and needed things for that no information has been given the Mr. BLOOM. I yield. the hungry people in Europe and the Congress to show that Russia is not in Mr. JONKMAN. Is it not also true Pacific. position to finance its own requirements. that UNRRA will be through in Europe The CHAIRMAN. The time of the It is true that on page 148 of the com­ in 1946 and aware that their job is done gentleman from New York has expired. mittee hearings there is a statement that so that they can use those 3 months of Mr. JARMAN. Mr. Chairman, I move the UNRRA Comhlittee on Ability to Pay 1947 to wind up their affairs? I think to strike out the last word simply for held a hearing on the subject. At that it is orderly procedure. the purpose of emphasizing the reply to hearing, as per Mr. Lehman-and I Mr. BLOOM. It is also true, and this the question of my good friend from quote: is a fact, that the big·gest part of the Michigan [Mr. JONKl\UN], who inquired They- work yet ahead of UNRRA lies in the when we propose to end UNRRA. While Meaning Russia­ Pacific area and China, where so many I am in thorough agreement with the op­ people need its help. As the gentleman position to his amendment, because I do submitteid a document. knows, it has been stated several times not think such snapshot action should Thereupon this Committee on Ability that this Pacific area work will require ever be taken on the floor of the House·, to Pay-composed of one American and the first 3 months of 1947. That would I wish to call the attention of the Mem­ four men of other nationality-decided mean that after their work was com­ bers of the House and the gentleman to that Russia was not in position to pay. pleted it would still take them 3 months something he is well aware of, as are all So we pay $250,000,000. And that re­ of effort without their having a dollar other members of the committee, and markably persuasive document l:las not to work with, to complete its work. And that is the hearings are full of evidence been made available to us nor did our this in itself is an immense task, and the that the UNRRA organization has every representative on this Ability to Pay gentleman knows it. intention of concluding its work in Eu­ Committee testify before the House Com­ Mr. JONKMAN. How long does the rope, except perhaps the winding up of mittee on Foreign Affairs. This, Mr. gentleman propose that UNRRA shall loose ends, by December 1946, and 3 Chairman, is blind giving. It smells. continue? months thereafter in Asia. Miss SUMNER of Illinois. Mr. Chair­ Mr. BLOOM. I should like to see it Miss SUMNER of Illinois. Mr. Chair­ man, will the gentleman yield? closed out just as soon as it can be man, I move to strike out the last two Mr. BUCK. I yield to the gentlewoman closed out. As the gentleman knows, words. from Illinois. the administrative expenses of UNRRA Mr. Chairman, unless this Congress Miss SUMNER of Illinois. Russia has are defrayed sepal ately by all member makes this move to close up UNRRA I do gold and uranium which the scientists nations of UNRRA whether they con­ not think we have any assurance that they have taken from Germany are tribute their 1 percent to its relief funds the American representative on UNRRA working on in connection with the atomic or not. , will move to close it up. I give you as an bomb. Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. example the way the American repre­ Mr. BUCK. I agree with the gentle­ Chairman, will the gentleman yield? sentative there is acting at this time. woman. · Mr. BLOOM. I yield to the- gentle- Mr. Clayton, the American representa­ The CHAIRMAN. The question is on ma•n from Texas. tive, testified that on his motion at a the amendment offered by the gentleman Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. The recent meeting of the UNRRA organiza­ from Michigan [Mr. JONKMAN]. gentleman who offered the amendment tion there was put through the proppsi- The amendment was rejected. 11592 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 6 Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Chair­ RecapitulatiOn Mr. BLOOM. I yield to the gentleman­ . man, I offer an amendment. Funds available as of Dec. 1, from Texas. The Clerk read as follows: 1945 ------$1, 284, 000, 000 Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Is not the Recently appropriated______550,000, 000 Amendment offered by Mr. SMITH of Wis­ complete answer that this is an authoriz­ consin: Page 1, line 9, str.i.ke out the sum ation bill, and before any money is ap­ "$2,700,000,000" and insert in lieu thereof Available December 1945------1,834,000,000 propriated the Committee on Appropria· ''$1 ,850,000,000.". For shipments: tions will have to have hearings and the Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Chair­ September 1945 ------531, 000, 000 need will have to be shown? Therefore, man, the purpose of my amendment is to the question is not one to be debated at 1, 303, 000, 000 this time. cut the authorization in this bill to October 1945______106,000,000 $500,000,QOO. On yesterday the di~tin­ Mr. BLOOM. That is a very good guished chairman of our committee had 1,197,000,000 point. The idea is that we cannot do this to say with reference to the bill, November 1945______245,000,000 anything with reference to this at this and I quote from page 11487: time. 952,000,000 Mr. Chairman, I hope the amendment We are the only Nation in the world that December 1945 (esti­ has really made anything substantial, the will not prevail. mated)------350,000,000 only Nation in the world that has had an Mr. JENKINS. Mr. Chairman, I move income, and because we have been so pros­ Available as of Jan. 1, to strike out the last word. perous, because we have been so successful, 1946------602,000,000 Mr. Chairman, I think the amendment Mr. Chairman, we have had this tremendous of the gentleman from 'Wisconsin [Mr. income; and we are asked to spend only 1 Mr. Chairman, if we add the five hun­ SMITH] 1s worthy of the support of every percent to feed and to clothe and to shelter dred million proposed by my amend­ Member, for it seeks to reduce the all of the poor unfortunate people through­ ment, that would mean a total of one out the world. amount by $500,000,000. - UNRRA has thousand one hundred and two millions not administered its affairs in such a way I submit to the members of this Com­ for use in first part of 1946 and this is as to encourage enthusiastic support. mittee that there is no showing in the ample to care for that period. The The .amount provided in the bill less REcoRD how much money has gone to American taxpayer is entitled to this $500,000,000 will leave enough to carry feed and clothe and shelter the poor consideration. It is important that the the program for another year. By the people all over this world. I think that United States remain solvent if it is to end of the harvest season of 1946 we will the American taxpayer is getting a poor do a real relief job. know whether we should contribute any run for his money. In support of my Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, of course more money. I am firm in my belief that amendment I want to submit some fig­ I am opposed to this amendment. Again, it would be better to reduce this amount ures which indicate that we can reduce at no time from the beginning of UNRRA as provided in the amendment of the this authorization to $500,000,000 and up to the present time-and I was in it gentleman from Wisconsin. still do a good job in fe~ding and cl~thing at the beginning-has any suggestion of The CHAIRMAN. The question is on the poo,r unfortunate people of this this kind ever been made. We must re­ the amendment offered by the gentle­ world. member, in connection with my com­ man from Wisconsin [Mr. SMITH]. I submit the following figures, not ments of yesterday, that all the nations The question was taken; and on a from the RECORD nor from the testimony have agreed upon this one standard­ division (demanded by :Mr. SMITH of Wis­ before our committee, but I have gone that is, 1 percent of the income of their to the ranking minority Member of the consin) there were-ayes 75, noes 137. respective countries for the year 1943. So the amendment was rejected. House Committee on Appropriations and So if we were to cut this authorization, fr9m him I get the figures which I submit naturally the other countries would do . Mr. SMITH of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, to you. the same thing, and it would destroy the I offer an amendment, which is at the As of December 1, 1945, there was principal point we have made in our Clerk's desk. $1,284,000,000 unspent. A few days ago agreement with UNRRA. The Clerk read as follows: we appropriated $550,000,000; therefore The gentleman who offered this Amendment offered by Mr. SMITH of Ohio: on the 1st of Deeember 1945, we had amendment never suggested an amend­ On page 1, line 9, after the figure "$2;700,- available $1,834,000,000. I am informed 000,000", strike out the period and add a colon ment of this kind in the committee meet­ and the following: "Provided, That no funds that for shipments·in the month of Sep­ ings, although he was there all the time. herein shall be used to pay the United Nations tember $531,000 was spent, leaving a to­ No one has .ever suggested an amend­ Relief and Rehabilitation Administration tal of $1,303,000,000 as of the 1st of Octo­ ment of this kind. contributions to the ''provident fund" of ber. For shipments in October there Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Chair­ employees thereof when any employee sepa­ was an estimate of $128,000,000, actually man, will the gentleman yield? rates from the pay roll thereof before such spent $106,000,000, leaving available as Mr. BLOOM. I yield to the gentleman employee reaches 65 years of age." of the 1st of November $1,197,000,000. from Wisconsin. Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I reserve For shipments in November, estimated Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. The gen­ a point of order against the amendment $250,000,000, actual $245,000,000, leaving tleman will recall that the galley sheets , offered by the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. a balance of $952,000,000 as of the 1st in this matter were not ready until last SMITH]. of December. It is estimated that for Thursday afternoon. On Friday noon Mr. SMITH of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, shipments in December there would be I had a call from the clerk of the com­ in the Director General's report of Sep­ spent $350,000,000. Therefore, there mittee wanting to know whether or not tember 1944, the following statement is would be available as of the 1st of Janu­ I would 0. K. the proof. I say that is made: ary $602,000,000. too short a time to examine the galley One of these special benefits is to provi-de I say that if we authorize $500,000,000 sheets and to submit the proposition to a provident fund. It is intended to solve at this time it will _giw us a total of the committee. various problems. $1,102,000,000 to spend, for at least the first quarter of 1946. Further I submit Mr. BLOOM. The gentleman knows . The statement goes on to say: the procedure of the committee and also that in view of the fact that many com­ This fund Is made up of deductions of petent civilian agencies today propose to of the House. To offer an amendment of 5 percent from the salary of each employee, help feed and clothe the starving people this kind he does not need a galley proof. plus an additional 7¥.! percent contributed of Europe and all over the world we The galley proofs are, as you all know, by the Administration, the total to be avail­ should give them an opportunity to do merely the proofs of the bearings. The able to the employee upon leaving the Ad­ gentleman was present at all of the hear­ ministration with an honorable record after so. They are clamoring for that chance. at least .6 months of service. I submit that here are the ti'gures to show ings, in executive .session and otherwise. that we can do a good job for the first No suggestion of this kind was ever made, In other-words, an employee, if he has quarter of the year 1946 and not go back or has ever beer: made any other place, been in the service of the United Nations on the commitments we have made in either on this side of the Capitol or any­ Relief and Rehabilitation Administra­ this matter. There has been no showing where else. tion for a period of on1y 6 months, is before the committee or at any time dur­ Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. permitted to draw out not only what he ~ng this debate that it cannot be done. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? l?aid into the fund but also the part that 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11593 the Administration paid into the fund. sion, UNRRA decided to arrange a provi­ next year to people who are going to I know of no authority or precedent that dent fund comparable in nature and ·starve this winter. The transfusion has can justify this arrangement. Civil amount to the United States civil-service got to be administered now, we ca:Qnot Service personnel in the employ of the retirement fund, and otherwise adopted put it off 3 months or 6 months. Our Federal Government are not provided the United States Government personnel choice now is no;;- between this and some­ with anything of the sort. They can­ policies. UNRRA employees have been thing better, but between this and noth­ not draw out any part of the Govern­ notified that the benefits accruing to ing at all in the next few months. There­ ment's contribution to the retirement them in the provident fund may be used fore my conscience tells me to support fund except in the form of retirement to. make payments into the United States this action today, anything else will benefits after the age of retirement, and civil-service retirement fund. be too late. even then only if they have h_ad 5 years In other words, UNRRA's provident Th,e second thing that has changed or more of service. fund is a pension plan for its employees­ the picture considerably in the last half So that the salaries paid by UNRRA, employees in a temporary organization­ year is that with the end of the \va.r it which, together with other allowances, · which is designed to protect and continue is possible to get a much higher grade in my judgment, represent the highest the rights of those same employees in of personnel in UNRRA, and our many incmne received by the personnel of any the pension plans they enjoyed with their protests have led to the engaging of gonrnment agency in the world, are not previous employer. abler and more experienced administra­ the real salaries. The real salaries are I hope the amendment will be voted tors. As a result there is evidence from those listed, plus an amount equal to down. any number of countries of a much bet­ 7% percent of those salaries. For ex­ The CHAIRMAN. The question is on ter job being done with less graft, less ample, a salary listed at $14,000 is really the amendment offered by the gentleman political influence, and less waste and $15,050. One listed at $10,000 is $10,750, from Ohio [Mr. SMITH]. delay than was the case only 6 months and so on. This 7%-percent contribu­ The question was taken; and on a divi­ ago, So I feel under obligation today to tion to the provident fund, in my judg­ sion (demanded by Mr. SMITH of Ohio) vote for this authorization with the hope ment, is irregular. It does not conform there were-ayes 39, noes 114. and the confident expectation that the with the practices which we pursue in So the amendment was rejected. administration ' will steadily improve this country. Therefore, I think it Mr. JUDD. Mr. Chairman, I move to and that this money will be spent in a should be prohibited. strike out the last word. way which will be both humanitarian Here is an injustice that is being car­ Mr. Chairman, if today were 6 months and, in the long run, beneficial, not only ried out by UNRRA. It seems to me ago, I would not vote for this bill to au­ to the recipients, but also to ourselves; that those Members who are really sin­ thorize appropriation of another $1,350,- Mr. COLE of Missouri. Mr. Chair­ cere in their protestations that they 000,000 for UNRRA, but would vote in­ man, will the gentleman yield? want to see UNRRA renovated will prove stead for America setting up a relief or­ Mr. JUDD. I yield. themselves by voting for this amend­ ganization of its own to do the job, or at Mr. COLE of Missouri. Yesterday the ment. least to handle our own share of the job­ gentleman from New York said that the Mr. REED of New York. Mr. Chair­ that would have been.my position then $550,000,000 we appropriated a month man, will tbe gentleman yield? not because I do not want the job done ago would carry UNRRA through until Mr. SMITH of Ohio. I yield. but because I think it would have been March of next year. 1\t!r. REED of New York. I believe the done better that way. It just is not nat­ Mr. JUDD. Yes. · gentleman said they had to have an hon­ ural for even American citizens to be as Mr. COLE of Missouri. Then why not m·able record in order to enjoy the bene­ careful in spending American public wait until that time before making a fits of which he spoke. Is that correct? money, as they are of their own private further appropriation? Mr. SMITH of Ohio. That is ·right. funds. It is even less natural for citizens · Mr. JUDD. Because the harvests in Mr. REED of New· Y01:k: At the rate of ·other countries to be as careful of Europe and Asia do not come in March. that these thieves are operating black money that is 72 percent American as People can and will starve J-1etween markets, they will not get many of the they would be of money given by their March and June or July. The money benefits. own countrymen. has got to be appropriated now in order Miss SUMNER of Illinois. Mr. Chair­ 'When the original UNRRA proposal to get the supplies 011- the way to take man, -will the gentleman yield? was before us, I argued as strongly as I -care of those people after March when Mr. SMITH of Ohio. I yield. could in favor of it because among other the $550,000,000 runs out. We have got Miss SUMNER of Illinois. UNRRA is reasons I felt that if we could not cooper­ to keep the pipe line full; not wait until part of an international organization. ate with other nations on the matter of it is completely exhausted and then start D8es not the gentleman think that the feeding the starving, then on what could filling it-up again. bureaucrats of an international super­ we ever hope to cooperate? I thought Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Chair­ state should be permitted to have super that was a sound position; but I think man, will the gentleman yield? . security? now that I was wrong. Relief is one of Mr. JUDD. I yield to the gentleman Mr. SMITH of Ohio. They are ap­ the hardest instead of one of the easiest from ·wisconsin. parently getting it at the present time. matters on which to get cooperation be­ Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. What as­ The CHAIRMAN. The time of the cause food is a much more powerful surance have we that this transfusion is gentleman from Ohio has expired. weapon in dealing with a hungry man going to occur now? Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Chairman, I with­ than is a bayonet or even an execution Mr.· JUDD. I do not have any abso­ draw the point of order. squad. I believe we could have carried lute assurance of its success any more I hope this amendment will not pre­ out our 72 percent of the program far than I would if I administered a blood vail. It was recognized at the outset that better for all concerned if we had handled transfusion to a patient in need of it. UNRRA would necessarily have to draw it through an American organization over I have no positive assurance that the pa­ its personnel in the main from the United which we would have had control as well tient is going to live as a result of the States Government and from other mem­ as responsibilities. But we didn't do that. transfusion, bu~ I do have the certain ber governments. With this in mind, Now we have a situation which has knowledge that without the transfusion officials of OFRRO, the relief organiza­ changed in the last 6 months. First, the he has no chance whatever of living. tion of the United States Government war is over. If we had time to set up So we must provide this transfusion now which preceded UNRRA, had extensive another ag-ency and get it in full opera­ because there is every reason to expect conferences and communications with tion, an American agency to do our part that it will be life saving to literally mil­ the United States Civil Service Commis­ of the task and let the other nations or­ lions of people. sion for the purpose of ascertaining the ganize lil~:ewise, if they wish, to do their Mr. REED of New York. Mr. Chair­ benefits enjoyed by United States Gov­ share, I would urge that this be done. man, will the gentleman yield? ernment employees so that UNRRA could Then it would be done in the most effi­ ·Mr. JUDD. ·I yield to the g ~ntle man offer similar conditions of employment cient and effective way possible. But from New York. to Federal employees who wished to work there is not time. The war is over and Mr. REED of New York. If they kept for UNRRA. it will be this winter, these next few the food from reaching the black mar­ As a result of these conferences with months, which will be the most critical. ket, there would probably be enough to the United States Civil Service Commis- It would not do much good to get food carry them past the next harvest. 11594 CONGRESSIE>NAI.; RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 6 Mr. JUDD. I am not discouraged by Bradley, Pa. (}wYnne, Iowa. :Murray, Wil. Cravens Mason Schwabe, Mo. Brooks Hale Neely nworshak Mlller, Nebr. Schwabe, Okla. these reports of black-market opera· Brown, Ga. Hall, O'Brien, lll. Earthman NoiTell Scrivner tions. I am glad the 1·eports are out, Brumbaugh Edwin Arthur O'Brien, :Web. Ellls O'Hara. Shafer because they do not mean the situation Bryson Hancock O'Neal Gibson Phllllps Short Buck Hand O'Toole Hoffman Pittenger Smith, Ohio is getting worse. They mean it is getting Buckley Hare OUtland Johnson, Ill. Reed, N.Y. Stockman better. They indicate corrections and Bulwinkle Harlesa, Arlz. Pace Jones Rlch Sumner, III. tightening up and firings that were long Bunker Harness, Ind. Patman Knutson Rizley Vursell I less Burch Harris Patrick McGehee Robsion, Ky. Whitten overdue. would be wuch likely to Burgin Hart Patterson NOT VOTIN~6 vote for this appropriation if these re­ Butler Hartley Peterson, Ga. ports had not come out. They show that Byrne,N. Y. Hays Pfeifer Adams Gathings O'Konskl improvements are being made, that Camp Healy Philbin Allen, La. Gearhart Pet erl50n, Fla. Campbell Hebert Pickett Au.cbincloss Griffiths Reece, Tenn. those in charge of UNRRA are at last Canfield Hedrick Ploeser Barry Hagen Rivers really cleaning house. It is encouraging Carnahan Heffernan Plumley Boykin Hall, Roe, N.Y. rather than discouraging. Case, N. J. Hendricks Poage Bradley, Mich. Leonard W. Sasscer Case, S.Dak. Henry Powell Brehm Halleck Sharp Mr. SMITH of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, Chapman Herter Price, Fla. Brown, Ohio Havenner Simpson, Pa. will the gentleman yield? Chelf Heselton Price. Dl. Cannon, Fla. Hoeven Slaughter Mr. JUDD. I yield. Chenoweth Hess Pr:...St Cannon, Mo. Hope Stevenson Church Hill CL!nn, N.Y. Carlson Horan Sumners, Tex. Mr. SMITH of Ohio. The gentleman Clark Hinshaw Raba.ut Celler .Tack5on Talbot made the statement that it is either this Clason Hobbs Rabln Chiperfield Jensen Tibbett or nothing, I cannot agree with him Clements Hoch Rains Clippinger Keefe Traynor Cochran Holifield Ramey Co1l'ee Laa Vorys, Ohio on that point. If the gentleman studies Cole, Kans. Holmes, Mass. Ram.speck Colmer Lemke Weiss the relief procedures and the relief or­ Cole, N.Y. Holmes, Wash. Randolph CUrley Lewis White ganizations following the other war I be­ Combs Hook Rankin D'Ewa.rt Lyle Winst ead Cooley Howell Rayflel Dingell McGlinchey Win ter lieve he will come to the conclusion that Cooper H'aber Reed, Til. Domengeaux Maloney Wolcott we could in a very short time set up a Corbett Hull Rees. Kans. Doughton, Mundt Wood relief organization that would be better Courtney Izac Resa N.C. MuiTay, Tenn. Woodrum,Va. than what is being done now. Crawford Jarman Richards Fernandez Norton Crosser Jen.kius Rlley Mr. JUDD. May I say to the gentle• Cunningham Jennings Robertson, So the bill was passed. man that I ·have studied the relief pro­ Curtis Johnson, Cali!. N.Dak. The Clerk announced the following cedures used after· the other war and D'Alesandro Johnson, Ind. Robertson, Va. pairs: Daughton, Va. Johnson, Robinson, Utah consulted with the gentleman from Mas­ Davis Luther A. Rockwell Mr. Auchincloss for, with Mr. Wood against. sachusetts [Mr. IIER.TER] who was at the Dawson Johnson, Rodgers, Pa-. :Mr. Murray of Tennessee tor, with Mr. very center of that program. 1 became DeLacy Lyndon B. Roe, Md. White against. Delaney, Johnson, Okla. Rogers, Fla. C!:>nVinced, as is he, that it simply is not JamesJ. Jonkln&n Rogers, Mass. General pairs until further notice: practicable or even possible to set up an­ Delaney, Judd Rogers. N.Y. other organization now and get it going John J. Kea.n Rooney Mr. Havenner with Mr. Leonard W. Hall. Dickstein Kearney Rowan Mr. Lyle with Mr. Halleck. in time to save several millions of people Dirksen KP.e Russell Mr. McGlinchey With Mr. Stevenson. this winter. Dolliver Kefauver Ryter Mr. Jackson with Mr. Tibbott. The CHAIRMAN. Under the rule, the Dondero Kelley, Pa. Sabat h Mr. Co1fee with Mr. Mundt. Douglas, Calif. Kelly, m. Sadowski Committee rises. Douglas,m. Keogh Savage Mr. Maloney with Mr. Bradley of Michigan. Accordingly the Committee rose; and Doyle Kerr Sheppard Mr. Cannon of Missouri with Mr. Chiper- the Speaker having resumed the chair, Drewry Kilburn Sheridan :field. Mr. Durham Kilday Stkes Mr. Daughton of Nort h Carolina wit h Mr. SPARKMAN, Chairman of the Commit­ Eaton King • Simpson, Til. Brown of Ohio. tee of the Whole House on the State of Eberharter Kiuzer Smith, Maine Mr. Celler with Mr. Lewis. the Union, reported that that Committee Eiliott Kirwan Smith, Va. EllsWOrimarily. as members. Again I will take an example from the they must always do if they are sound, Cooperation then is a means of or­ Indiana Farm Bureau Cooperatives. upon the readiness of the consumers of ganizing the consumer buying power of Dissatisfied with the quality of lubricat­ that electricity to guarantee the repay­ the people in such a way that it can be ing oil which was being furnished by the ment of the loan and to seek ultimate employed by them to acquire an actual oil companies, the Farm Bureau Coop­ ownership in their own names of the ownership stake in the modern industrial eratives. in that State tried to get a law power lines and transmission systems. machine. What the cooperative really passed by the legislature to compel oil For the first time the cost of electricity does is to transfer what otherwise would companies to sell lubricating oil on the was brought within reach of American be an unnecessary profit-margin into an basis of known and stated specifications. farmers. And so because the principle investment on the part of the members They did not succeed in getting the law of cooperation was available to be used, of the cooperative in the ownership of passed, nor did they succeed in getting millions of American farm homes have their business. · any company to make its sales upon that been lighted up, millions of farm house­ One of the best illustrations of this basis. Accordingly, the Farm Bureau wives have had burdens of drudgery that I know of is to be found in what the Cooperatives built their own laboratory lifted from their shoulders, millions of Indiana Farm Bureau Cooperatives have and developed their own lubricating oil farmers have found their operation tre­ done in the field of petroleum and pe­ from their own petroleum produced by mendously simplified, and millions of troleum products. Some years ago the their own wells. They sold this oil at farmers' children have been able to read approximately 100~0 Indiana farmers standard going prices for lubricating oil. their school books under good electric who compose the Farm Bureau Coopera­ They devoted the savings, the difference lights when..otherwise these tbings would tives purchased a fleet of tank trucks for between the actual cost and going mar­ have been impossible. the delivery of gasoline and other oil ket selling price, to paying off the cost And, best of all, the time will come products to the farmers of that State. of their' laboratory so tha.t it might be­ when these rural electric systems will The savings effected, that is, the margin long debt-free to the people themselves. have been paid for, the Government loans between what the delivery of the gaso­ :And this margin, the margin between liquidated.. and when this portion at least line would otherwise have cost if it had real costs and infiated selling prices, of one of the most highly integrated busi­ , been furnished by the big oil companies proved enough to pay the entire cost of nesses, one of the most highly m-onopo­ -in the usual way and the amount that the laboratory and all of its equipment lized types of industrial power in all the it actually did cost when delivered by the in the short space of 9 months. And even world, will have had the ownership there­ cooperative trucks, was devoted to paying more important is the fact that because of spr~ad among millions of simple peo­ for the cost of the trucks. In 11 months of this exercise of the basic cooperative ple throughout the length and breadth all debts had been paid and the fleet of principle of furnishing the best possible of the United States. trucks belonged outright to 100,000 In­ product to the people, a better oil was Are cooperatives enemies of democracy diana farmers. They then proceeded to made available-one which increased the and freedom? Are they enemies of pri­ purchase some oil wells and some river life of machinery and added to the vate enterprise? No. Quite the -contrary barges and to lease some pipe lines in wealth, therefore, not only of the coop­ is obviously true. The cooperative is order to supply petroleum products from erative members, but of all of the other the one best hope of true economic free­ the southern portion of Indiana to other· people in these communities. dom; of true private enterprise, if you parts of the State. This whole distribu­ The economic world in which we live will, for the millions of common people tion system is now returning to the co­ is one dominated by huge aggregations around the world. It is the only way operative members $1 each year for of capital and tremendous concentra­ I know of in which they can own the every $1 they invested in it. These 100,- tion of machinery and industrial power. things they pay for. The great need of the people of our time 000 Indiana farmers own their local pe­ Against this background of what co­ troleum marketing associations and is to feel that some part at least of this operatives have meant, against these those associations in turn own . the pipe huge machine is theirs. True conserva­ facts which indicate what they c~n mean lines, the refineries, the oil wells, the tives, in the best sense of that word, will . in the future, let us now turn to one of barges, the tank trucks. fervently desire that this result be at­ the most discouraging stories of human tained. For the man to whGm something blindness and lack of vision that has ever Now all of the savings effected by this belongs is the man who best under­ splotched the pages of history. cooperative distribution system are re­ stands the importance of preservation of The farmers of America formed their turned at regular intervals to the pur- · the worth-while values of the past. It is cooperatives largely to deal with one of chasers of these petroleum products. not only the progressives, then, but also two problems. The first of these prob­ And when we consider the economic the conservatives who should hope for a lems was the inability of farmers at the problem as a whole, we can see the con­ growth of the cooperative movement. time of harvest to secure a fair and just tribution which the cooperatives make Now, the trouble with the present situ­ price for their crops when their only toward its solution. For this Itfdiana ation is that as a rule the great aggrega­ market was controlled by a few powerful Farm Bureau Cooperative petroleum tions of industrial and financial power middlemen. Before the coming of the system means that instead of these which dominate our economic life are cooperatives, the thousands of farmers farmers turning their money over to the actually opposed to extending their own all of whose crops would ripen at ap­ oil monopoly to swell the surpluses of businesses or increasing their own pro­ proximately the same time found their huge· companies in Chicago· or New duction. For such action might mean bargaining position as sellers so weak York banks, the savings from the effi­ that the particular commodity or serv­ that they received for their crops only cient cooperative system increase the ice which they have to sell would become a tiny percentage of what the consum­ purchasing power of every· rural com­ truly plentiful and not only give the de­ ers finally paid for the food represented munity in the State of Indiana, and thus gree of benefit to mankind of which it is thereby. In order to solve this problem, continue to be a part of the active de­ really capable, but also become cheaper many groups of American farmers mand on the part of rank and file people in price. formed cooperatives so that in effect one for the goOds and services which they The cooperative point of view is ex­ farmer or one farmer's agent could sell need. Every single person in those In­ actly the opposite. the crops of the whole group and thus diana communities profits by this re­ It was not very many years ago that secure something like a fair price for sult and every single manuJacturing the Power Trust told the farmers of the them. The other major cause of the for­ plant in the country and all the work­ United States of America that it was im­ mation of farmer cooperatives was the ers employed therein cterive some indi­ possible for electricity to be furnished inordinately high price o.f many staple rect benefit from this improved distri- to the farm homes of our country at less farm supplies, feed, fertilizer, and pe- 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11599 troleum products :for example. Farmers open up once again opportunity for fair where issued, whichever is greater-on found that by organizing themselves to competition on the part of all. the consideration for which the shares do business cooperatively they could in But the National Tax Equality Asso­ were issued. effect have one farmer or one farmer's ciation goes further. It appeals to all Fourth. The volume of business done agent make purchases of these supplies the taxpayers of the Nation on the with nonmembers must not exceed the in large quantities thus saving a portion ground that cooperatives are exempt volume of business done with members, of the exorbitant margins of profit for­ from taxes. Now the fact is that part­ and, as to purchasing activities, the vol­ merly charged by handlers and produc­ nerships and individually-owned busi­ ume of purchases made for nonmembers ers. Moreover, with a group of loyal co­ nesses are just as tax exempt as are who are not farmers shall not exceed 15 operative coowners of such a distribu­ farmer cooperatives. For in the case of percent of the total volume. tion system to depend upon as regular partnerships and individually owned Flfth. In the payment and crediting of customers it was possible for these coop­ businesses, no corporation taxes are paid patronage refunds, all patrons must be eratives to start in to manufacture feed, and the reason is that it is assumed that treated alike whether they be members fertilizer, and petroleum products and the individual owner of a business will, or nonmembers. Absolutely no prefer­ thus to establish a yardstick of real costs as an individual, pay taxes on his income ential treatment may be afforded mem­ of production. In this manner monopo­ anyway so that it is unnecessary and ber patrons over nonmember patrons in listic controls were broken down and the probably unfair to tax his business as a the payment, distribution, or crediting of entire community benefited, whether corporation as well. Cooperatives stand patronage refunds. they were members of the cooperative or in exactly the same position. Sixth. Reserves created from patron­ not. Now there were some people who Under the Constitution of our country age retains shall be limited to those re­ did not like this sort of thing. They were and under all of the tax laws of our quired by State law, or such as are rea­ the people who had found it highly profit­ Nation, that portion of the money which sonable for the transaction of the busi­ able through the years to exploit Ameri­ passes through the hands of a coopera­ ness of the association. The interest of can agricultm·e and American consum­ tive as a trustee for its member owners, each patron in retained capital reserves ers by, on the one hand paying an un­ and which the cooperative is legally shall be recognized and established by justifiably low price for farm products bound by its own charter as well as the appropriate entries on the association's and on the other charging unjustifiably law of the land, to pass on to its owner records. The liability of the association high prices to the cooperative farmers members in full, is not income to the co­ to the patrons for such retained reserves for their supplies. As the cooperatives operative at all, any more than money shall be clearly established. began to relieve the farmer's problems received by an employer which he pays Seventh. Proper records shall always it naturally cut into the business of some out to his workers under a profit-sharing be kept to show the patronage refunds of these people and so they C>rganized scheme is income to the employer or and credits of all patrons-members and what they called the National Tax Equal­ money received by any other business nonmembers alike-and also the interest ity Association with Mr. Ben C. McCabe which it divides with its customers on the of each patron in retained reserves. as president. Mr. McCabe, it so happens, basis of the volume of business done by Now, this tax exemption granted to is also president of the National Elevator them with that business. Any business . farmer cooperatives amounts to very, Co. of Minneapolis, Minn., and a large in the United States that wanted tc en­ very little indeed.· About 1 percent of dealer in grain which is one of the farm joy the same degree of tax exemption all the business of the United States is crops which cooperatives have begun to which cooperatives have can do so if it handled by all cooperatives put together handle. Moreover, according to the will bind itself legally and by its articles and of all the corporations and busi­ Muskegon Chronicle, Muskegon, Mich.: of incorporation to pay back to customers nesses in the Nation about 1% percent The board of directors of the National Tax in the form of patronage refunds the are cooperatives, 13 percent are corpo­ Equality Association is made up mostly of profit margin earned upon their busi­ rations, and 86% percent are individually representatives of businesses which likewise ness. Every member of a cooperative, owned businesses or partRerships. So it have come into direct competition with the no matter what kind it is, pays taxes as is important to get a perspective about developing farmer cooperative movement. an individual upon every dime of income this matter. Now the National Tax Equality As­ he receives as a result of his member­ The real truth is, however, that what sociation is not the only agency that has ship in the cooperative. He does this in the National Tax Equality Association is been attacking cooperatives, but it is exactly the same way that an owner after is to destroy every cooperative in probably the best example of the kind of an individually owned business or the United States by compelling the co­ of unfair and deceitful tactics which are partnership pays his taxes. Now there is operatives to pay taxes not only upon now being used against cooperatives and a certain percentage of farmer coopera­ any income that it·may have and retain which we may expect to be further tives, perhaps half of them, which does for reserves or that it may use for the used in the future. Under the guise qualify for a special tax exemption pro­ payment of return upon capital invest­ of tax equality this National Tax vided by Congress as a means of assist­ ment, but also upon money paid out in Equality Association has spread propa­ ing agriculture. These exemptions do patronage dividends to cooperative ganda throughout the Nation and par­ not apply to any cooperative excepting members or passed on to farmers as their ticulary to small businessmen to the farmer cooperatives, and in order to get share of the proceeds from the sale of a effect that a cooperative was un-Ameri­ the exemption, the farmer cooperative crop. Of course the National Tax can, a danger to private enterprise and must measure up to seven rigid stand­ Equality Association is trying to do some­ somehow or another all tied up with ards laid down in the law. Those stand- . thing in this case which simply cannot Government ownershir- of business and ards are as follows: be done in decency or equity or in ac­ industry. Of course the facts are exact­ First. Substantially all of the voting cordance with the law of the United ly the opposite. For if America stands membership control, or voting stock-if States, for none of this money belongs for anything, she stands for opportunity organized on a stock basis-must be to the cooperative at all but rather to for the common man; and the coopera­ owned by bona fide producers of agricul­ the members and it is only held in trust tive offers that common man his best tural products who market their farm for them for a brief period by the co­ chance to share in the ownership of the products, or purchase their farm sup­ operative. highly integrated business and industry plies, through the association. The National Tax Equality Association of today. Furthermore, cooperatives are Second. Basically, the organization, and others who work with it know full the opposite of Government ownership whether incorporated or unincorporated, well that if they could have their way because they offer the one best chance for must be a farmers, fruit growers, or like through a constitutional amendment or private individuals in our Nation to solve association, organized and operated on otherwise about the double taxation of their economic problems without reliance a competitive basis. As used here, the cooperative member's funds, coopera­ upon Government. And finally, cooper­ term "like" means "pertaining to agricul­ tives could not continue to operate as atives are one of the best defenses of ture, in all its branches." they do at present. What then would true private enterprise for the reason Third. If .an association is organized . the cooperatives do? This apparently is that they almost alone have proven able with capital shares, dividends thereon something that the National Tax Equal­ to stand across the path of monopolistic shall not exceed 8 percent per annum­ ity Association has never thought of. control of business and industry and or the legal rate of interest of the State· Because every cooperative has always 11600 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 6 been in a postion to undersell its com­ FOREIGN POLICY adopted in this country. I will add petitors if it wanted to; and this is pre­ Mr. MERROW. Mr. Speaker, during that we have the opportunity of cross­ cis~ly what they would do if a tax were the past summer it was my privilege to examining or questioning the heads of levied against patronage dividends. travel with a group of Representatives the . departments before our standing Cooperatives would then simply give who visited the European theater of op­ committees. However, I think the mat­ their members the financial advantages erations, the Mediterranean theater, the ter of foreign policy is so serious that of cooperation by selling to them at real Africa-Middle East theater, the Persian there should be-and I am going to ex­ cost-that is they would pass on to their Gulf Command, and the India-Burma plain my resolution in this speech-a member owners the benefits of cooper­ theater. We were in more than 30 select committee of the House whose ation in lower prices instead of waiting countries. As we traveled from capital to duty it is to make a thorough study and until the end of the year and giving capital and from nation to nation, the review of our foreign policy, with power them those benefits by means of pa­ topic most often discussed was the for­ to investigate the State Department and tronage dividends. Marketing coopera­ eign policy of the United States. In the Foreign Service. tives would sell farmers' crops in pools conversations on international relations The comment most frequently made but would have the checks made out to the question which I heard rmost fre­ not only abroad but within the borders each individual farmer in the first place quently was this: What is the foreign of the United States is that we have no instead of in businesslike fashion re­ policy of the United States? foreign policy. We hear an increasing ceiving only one check and then dividing Mr. RAMEY. , Mr. Speaker, will the number of statements concerning the the proceeds among the men who had gentleman yield? lack of a United States foreign policy. grown the crops. Mr. MERROW. I yield to the gen­ Mr. RAMEY. Mr. Speaker, will the The principle of cooperation is too gentleman yield further? strong-too fundamentally right, and too tleman from Ohio. Mr. RAMEY. I believe it was with Mr. MERROW. I yield. everlastingly necessary as an antidote to Mr. RAMEY. I noticed the gentleman our economic and social ills-to be de­ 10 others that we made this study. May I direct the attention of the gentle­ said that comments were heard that the stroyed by a device such as that sug­ United States has no foreign policy. May gested by the National Tax Equality As­ man from New Hampshire to the fact that we visited the parliaments in north­ I direct his attention to what we heard sociation. And if these people really in Oslo and in the capitals of two or want some competition which they can­ ern Ireland and in England and I be­ lieve the gentleman noticed that any three other countries over there. My not meet and which the cooperatives sense of what they said was that they have refrained from subjecting them to member of parliament could summon any representative of a department of did not say that we did not have any up to date, then all they have to do is to foreign QOlicy, they said, "Why do not press their present tactics. Then, in­ goverDLnent to come before the repre­ sentatives of the people and be cross­ you do like Britain? Why do not you ad­ deed, the competition of cooperatives vertise your foreign policy? Why do not would become a thing to be feared by examined in open forum. Now, you are a representative of the people. You are you say what yoitr policies of govern­ other types of business because the co­ ment are? We do not know. Our libra­ operative after all is in a far stronger elected. The people can hire· and :fire you every 2 years, but the heads of our ries are filled with British books, and so position essentially than any other type forth, but we have nothing from you. of business organization. governmental departments are ap­ The tragedy of the present situation pointees. They are not responsible to We do not get information." does not consist in the childish propa­ the people. To the appointive power Does the gentleman remember that ganda of the National Tax Equality As­ only. It seems to me it would only be being said to him, particularly in Oslo? SOl'.uttion. That tragedy arises from the proper that we have the right, as rep­ My sense of what they said, relating to fact that at the very moment when our resentatives of the people, to summon the OWl, was, "Why do you not have an countrY most needs the contribution the representatives of the State Depart­ office of information that lets other which only cooperatives can make to the ment or any other department here and countries know what your State Depart­ basic well-being of its people, the devel­ ask questions about their functions. ment and other departments are doing?" opment of their fundamental characters, Perhaps it is functioning properly. I Does the gentleman remember their us­ and the establishment of hope in their have no criticism of any department un­ ing these words, "You have the greatest hearts, there should be arising a pro­ til I know all the facts. The preamble country on earth, the most powerful, the gram of bitter misrepresentation and of of the Constitution of the United States most unselfish. Why do you not become profound intent to destroy the coopera­ starts out with "We, the people"-the the smartest?" tives, root and· branch. That this effort representatives of "We, the people" have Mr. MERROW. I remember that, and will not succeed, I am wholly confident. little opportunity to get information. I thank the gentleman. The general im­ That it should have ever been attempted After your study abroad, and after you pression, however, is that other powers is a sad commentary on the cupidity of denied yourself the opportl.Ulity to take have a definite foreign policy, but we do some human beings. a vacation and went over there and made not. Never before have cooperatives been a study, did not the results of that study One has only to mention this subject so needed as a means of solution to the lead you to the conclusion that there on any platform to provoke smiles and to problems of American farmers or as a should be opportunity for the people of elicit unfavorable remarks concerning means of restoring opportunity for own­ the United States to know everything our foreign relations and the operation ership and hence for a solid stake of the about the departments that they have of the Department of State charged with welfare of a free society for all the peo­ no choice in choosing? They can choose the execution of foreign policy. This ple. Never before, however, have co­ you for 2 years and watch your record. state of affairs is exceedingly alarming. operatives been subjected to so bitter an They cannot choose any department. The growing avalanche of adverse criti­ attack as at the present moment. Does not the gentleman believe the peo­ cism in connection with our foreign Let every man, therefore, who cares ple who choose you should have the right policy and the State Department causes about the future of his country learn the to say that you, their representative, us grave concern. In western Europe, true facts about what cooperatives really should have the power to ask them to in the Balkans, in the Middle East, and are and about what they really stand come in and answer questions? Maybe even in India, I heard many Americans for-let him realize that they are not the reason they criticize the State De­ make pleas for a firm, realistic foreign the enemies of small business but are, partment is that we have not had the policy on the p-art of the United States. on the other hand; the only instrumen­ opportunity to get knowledge. In this country, I have heard the same tality so far devised which_ can be un­ Mr. MERROW. I thenk the gentle­ pleas. I have heard many who have questionably successful in meeting mo­ man for his contribution. The British familiarity with foreign affairs ask for nopoly on its own ground and breaking system differs from ow·s. The Ministers more realism and less sentimentalism, its power. are asked questions on the floor of the for an objective policy, and for a definite The SPEAKER. Under previous or­ House of Commons. They are Members stand by this country. Repeatedly, we der of the House, the gentleman fTom of the House of Commons. There is hear the assertion that this power or New Hampshire (Mr. MERROW] is recog­ some merit to this system. I am not that power has a definite policy, that this nized for 20 minutes. convinced, however, that it should be state or that state knows exactly what it .1945 · CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11601 wishes, but the United States of America world is going to be grateful. The other States, whether or not· the House is sitting, is drifting in the postwar world without day, the gentleman from Tennessee [Mr. has recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such policy and without objectives. We are a PRIEST] said that scientifically we have hearings, to require the attendance of such witnesses and the production of such books, great and growing world power. If we gone so far, but if spiritual values do not papers, and documents, and to take such maintain our position of leadership, it is overcome scientific study, we are gone. testimony as it deems necessary. Subpenas essential to chart a definite course in the What did we do this afternoon? We may be issued over the signature of the comolex and tangled field of foreign demonstrated spirituality. Anything chairman of the committee or any member affa{rs. that was the result of material mental designated by him and may be served by any Any foreign policy to be effective must discipline was forgotten. We just gave. person designated by such chairman or have the support of the people. We in That is our demonstration of Christian­ member. this House are the representatives of the ity, or shall we say even more than that, ' This resolution provides that the people of the United States. We are the United States of America did for the committee conduct a comprehensive close to the people. We must stand for suffering world this afternoon what study of all phases of our foreign policy election every 2 years. This House has a David Livingstone died for. The Unit~d both political and economic including a definite responsibility in foreign affairs. States of America this afternoon did complete review of our interests in all We vote on the appropriation of billions more in charity in official action than parts of the world. This, I fully under­ of dollars to be spent in foreign countries. even the most charitable could believe. stand, is a heavy task but American It is the duty of this House to assist in Now, with that example before us this money has been spent and American lives resolving the chaotic condition which afternoon there is a test of the gratitude have been sacrificed in every section of exists in our foreign relations. We have of the world. The United States of this earth. Our interests are everywhere a large stake in world affairs. Our coun­ America only asks the world now, "Quit and they must ·be protected. The study try has invested billions of dollars and themselves like men and be strong"; proposed by my resolution includes a re­ has sacrificed thousands of lives in two that they follow our example; to have view of our policy in reference to each great world wars. The rapid movement real character and likewise be totally un­ country and in respect to each geo­ of events has put us in a position of lead­ selfish. Even UNRRA has assured the graphical region such as the Balkans, ership unique in history. It is essential Congress that every cent wjll go to help the· Middle East, the Far East, South for us to determine in what direction we others-that there will be no salary grabs America, etc. For example, we have pe­ wish to go. Mr. Speaker, if this House by and that no one will be exploited. Truly culiar problems in the Middle East and inaction fails to make a thorough study this is a Christian Nation. It was prac­ an entirely different set of problems in of the foregin policy of the United States ticed today. the Far East. Each section should be and fails to present its findings to the Mr. lV.LERROW. I think that this is a studied very carefully. people, we will, I fear, be guilty of doing splendid example of our generosity, but The resolution calls for an investiga­ a disservice to this Nation. On. the 29th this is only one part of the foreign policy. tion of the Department of State and the • of November, I introduced House Reso­ For tlle purpose of clarification, I am Foreign Service of the United States. lution 433 which if passed would create going to read my resolution: Constantly and repeatedly serious a select committee of 23 members to Resolved, That there is hereby created a charges are being made against the State study comprehensively our foreign policy. select committee to be composed of 23 Mem­ Department. One has only to·talk with This committee is to report every 90 days bers of the House of Representatives, to be Members of this House or with people and make its final report on January 2, appointed by the Speaker, one of whom he outside of the Congress to hear very 1947. I have purposely asked for a large shall designate as chairman. Any vacancy occurring in the members_hip of the commit­ grave accusations in the conduct of for­ committee because of the variety and the tee shall be filled in' the same manner in eign affairs by the State Department and complexity of the prcblems to be con­ which the original appointment was made. the foreign service. If these charges sidered. Tireless effort on the part of SEc. 2. (a) It shall be the duty of the com­ are as stated, then I am sure you will several subcommittees will be required in mittee to conduct- all agree that something must be done order to present a clear picture of our (1) A comprehensive study of all phases, and done immediately if the public wel­ internatior.al relations. I have asked for both economic and political, of the foreign fare is not to suffer irreparably. If the reports every 3 months because of the policy of the United States, including a com­ charges are unfounded, then it is the urgency of immediate action. Time is plete review of our interests in all parts of the world, such study to be made with re­ duty of the Congress to secure the cor­ ·exceedingly important. As we lay the spect to each foreign country and each geo­ rect information and make it available .foundations for the postwar world, it is graphical region, such as the Balkan States, to the people so that the work of the imperative that our action. be definite, the Middle East, Central and South America, Department can go on unhampered and clear, and realistic. and so forth; and free from the growing cloud of suspicion. Mr. RAMEY. Mr. Speaker, will the (2) An investigation of the Depa~tment of Since there is so much criticism of the gentleman yield? State and the foreign service of the United Department of State both in the Con­ Mr. MERROW. I yield. States. (b) Such study and investigation shall be gress and outside of the Congress, I feel Mr. RAMEY. You saw a demonstra­ made for the purpose of enabling the com­ that it is the solemn duty of the rep­ tion of the Congress in relation to for­ mittee to make such recommendations as it resentatives of the people to make a eign policy of the United States here to­ deems ad'visable with respect to-- thorough study of the activities of this day. You will remember Ambassador (1) The formulation and execution of · a Department. The second part of my Kirk mentioning it to you in Italy. He realistic over-all foreign policy for the United resolution states that the investigation said the United States just spells un­ States which will serve the best interests of shall be made for the purpose of ena­ selfishness. "The United States is just the United States; {2) Improvements in the operation and bling the committee to make such recom­ giving to the entire world without a administration of the Department of State mendations as it deems advisable with string tied to it." The United States and the foreign service of the United States; respect to, first, the formulation and ex­ soells Christianity in action. This is (3) Methods for securing accurate and up­ ecution of a realistic over-all foreign the policy of the United States: We give to-date information concerning world con­ to everybody; we help everybody; we ditions; and policy for the United States which will trust everybody; we look into the soul of (4) The communication of such informa­ serve the best interests of the United things. Now, that is our foreign policy. tion to the people of the United States. States. To end the existing confusion in We have demonstrated it right here this SEc. 3. Such recommendations shall be em­ reference to the foreign policy of the bodied in reports to the House (or to the Republic, this House can perform a tre­ afternoon. When the question was Clerk of the House, if the House is not in raised as to whether we should say some­ session) which shall be made by the com­ mendous service by making concrete thing about the freedom of the press mittee during the present Congress at in­ suggestions in respect to the formulation and not give where freedom of the press tervals of not more than 90 days-the first of a realistic policy which will serve the is not allowed, the Brown amendment report to be made within 90 days after the best interests of our country. It is time was voted down. The House said, "Why, date of the passage of this. resolution and the that we consider carefully our position the United States trusts everybody. We final report to be made on January 2, 1947. in world affairs and make absolutely cer­ · SEc. 4. For 1 purposes of carrying out this give to everybody. We are just un­ resolution the committee, or any subcom­ tain that our interests are ably rep­ selfishness in action. Th~,t is all.'' .mittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act resented abroad. Our first concern must And in return for the,t the only ques­ during the present Congress at such times ·be the welfare of the p~ople of the United tion involving our s~:~.fety is whether the and places within or o1:1tside the :United States. 11602 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 6 In the second place the investigation making definite recommendations to the· Third, as I have many times point.ed is for the purpose of improving the Congress on the development and exe­ out, the OPA interC$t is only in the price operation of the administration of the cution of a realistic, over-all foreign and not whether the housewife is able Department of State and the foreign policy for the United States of America. to find on the markets the things which service of the United States. This De­ LEAVE OF ABSENCE are under discussion. The OPA consid­ partment is in a key position. Charged ers that to be the problem of some other as it is with the conduct of foreign af­ By unanimous consent, leave of ab­ agency. fairs it ought to be the most effective sence was granted, as follows: Now, coming back to citrus prices, here arm of our Government. I have heard To Mr. BROWN of Ohio (at the request are the actual figures on citrus prices for many suggestions for improvement in­ of :Mr. McGREGOR) from 4 p. m. today the 2 weeks which have elapsed since cluding increasing the salaries of the through Tuesday, on account of official the ceilings were. removed. Remem­ members of the foreign service, bringing business. ber, these include the bounce, the jump, them home oftener to the United States, To Mr. HAVENNER . rs is inflation. Well, it looks appropriation for contingent expenses of the vide for the taxation of rolling ·stock of rail· so unless y::m support OPA on controlling Senate. road and other companies operated in the prices. BILLS PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDE.i."\lT District of Columbia, and for other purposes; FLOYD HANERNIK. without amendment (Rept. No. 1337) . Re­ Mr. ROGERS of New York, from the ferred to the Committee of the Whole House BERKEY, OHIO. Committee on Enrolled Bills, reported on the State of the Union. DEAR SIR: All we have been hearing for that that committee did on this day pre­ Mr. ELLIOTT: Joint Committee on the the last 4 years is inflation. Well, it looks sent to the President for his approval Disposition of Executive Papers. House Re­ as though we are on our way unless you bills of the House of the following titles: port No. 1338. Report on the disposition of support OPA on controlling prices. certain papers of sundry executive depart- SAM N APREIALA. H. R. 304. An act to amend the act author­ ments. Ordered to be printed. . izing postmasters in Alaska to administer Mr. RANDOLPH: Committee on the Pis~ 442 EAST HUDSON STREET, TOLEDO, OHIO. oaths and affirmations; trict of Columbia. S. 1152. An act to efi'ec· DEAR SIR: All we have been hearing for H. R. 1862. An act relating to the rank of tuate the purposes of the Servicemen's Re­ the last 4 years is inflation. Well, it looks chiefs of bureaus in the Navy Department, adjustment Act of 1944 in the District of as though we are on . our way unless you and for other purposes; Columbia, and for other purposes; without support OPA on controlling prices. H. R. 2518. An act to confer jurisdiction amendment (Rept. No. 1339). Referred to GEORGE NOSAL. upon the Court of Claims to hear, determine, the Committee of the Whole House on the and render judgment upon a certain claim State of the Union. TOLEDO, OHIO. of Eastern Contracting Co., a corporation, Mr. RANDOLPH: Committee on the District DEAR Sm: All we have been hearing for against the United States; of Columbia. S. 1212. An act to amend sec­ the last 4 years is inflation. Well, it looks H. R. 2930. An act for the relief of Dr. J . D. tion 12 of the act entitled "An act to provide as though we are on cur way unless you Whiteside ·and St. Luke's Hospital; and for the recording and releasing of liens by support price controlling. H. R. 3390. An act for the relief of the entries on certificates of title for motor ve· F. SIEMIENTHOWSKI. estate of Thomas McGarroll. hicles and trailers, and for other purposes," ADJOURNMENT approved July 2, 1940; without amendment (Rept. No. 1340). Referred to the Commit­ 149 EAST CENTRAL AVENUE, TOLEDO, OHIO. ' Mr. ROWAN. Mr. Speaker, I move DEAR SIR: Vote for OPA price control and tee of the Whole House on the State of the the Pepper-Murray 65-cent minimum-wage that the House do now adjourn. Union. bill. - The motion was agreed to; accordingly Mr. RANDOLPH: Comn1ittee on the Dis­ FRANK KoRNECZNY. (at 5 o'clock and 48 minutes p. m.) the trict of Columbia. H. R. 3995. A bill to House adjourned until tomorrow, Friday, extend the provisions of the act of July 14, December 7, 1945, at 12 o'clock noon. 1945, providing for an adjustment of salaries 2209 MULBERRY STREET, TOLEDO, OHIO. of the Metropolitan Police, the United States DEAR SIR: Please vote for OPA price con. Park Police, the White House Police, and the trol and Pepper-Murray 65-cent minimum· COMMITTEE HEARINGS members of the Fire Department of the Dis­ wage bill. COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY trict of Columbia, to pilots and marine engl. R. SCHATZER. neers of the Fire Department; without The Special Subcommittee on Bank~ amendment (Rept. No. 1341) : Referred to TOLEDO, OHIO. _ ruptcy and Reorganization of the Com­ .the Committee of the Whole House on the DEAR SIR: All we have been hearing for mittee on the Judiciary has scheduled a State of the Union. the last 4 years is inflation. Well, it looks 10 as though we are on out; way unless you hearing to begin at a. m. on Friday, Mr. SABATH: Committee on Rules. House support OPA on controlling prices. December 7, 1945, on the bill priations and m'dered w be printed. Congress up to and Including the Seventy­ and of the kindly light behind an the ninth Congress; to the Committee on Print­ sbadows. Whether joy or pain be our Su~ENSION OF DEPORTATION OF ALIENS mg. lot, fulfillment or disappointment, even A lett.er !rom the Attorney General, trans­ By Mr. RAMSPECK: though the waters roar and though the mitting, pursuant to law, a report reciting H. Res. «7. Resolution providing for the mountains are shaken into the seas, still the facts and pertinent provisions of law in eonsideration of H. R. 4100, a bill to extend may we be upheld by a,n encompassing tbe ca'SeS of two individuals whose deporta­ the existing contributory system of retire­ tion has been suspended for more than 6 ment benefits to elective officers of the United strength which is of Thee and by that months by Attorney General .Biddle, and a States :and heads of .executive departments; sustaining power enabled to face the rep()rt of the na.ses of 145 individuals whose to t he Committee on Rules. llght of any day or the terror of any deportation has been suspended for more night. In the dear Redeemer's name. than .6 months by the Commissioner of the Amen. Immlgr.ation and Naturalization Service PRIVATE BffiLS AND RESOLUTIONS THE JOURNAL under the authority vested in the Attorney General, together with a 'Statement of the Under cLause 1 of rule XXII, private On request of Mr. HILL, and by unani­ reason f to ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLU­ By Mr. PRICE of Florida; 109 H. R. 4.920. A bill fo:r the .relief of the estate limit the operati<>n of sections and TIONS PRESENTED 113 of the Criminal Code, and sections of Curtis Wilson, deceased; to the Committee The Secretary of the Senate reported on Clalms. 361, 365, and 366 of the Revised Statutes, and certain otber provisi-ons of law. that on Deeember '6. 1945. he presented to The message alSo announced that tbe the President of the United States the PETITIONS, ETC. House had agreed to the amendment o.f following enrolled bills anr contingent expen~es of the on Labor. the Speaker had affixed his signature to Senate.