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Kriptologija U Teoriji I Praksi U Prvoj Polovici Dvadesetog Stoljeća

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Kriptologija U Teoriji I Praksi U Prvoj Polovici Dvadesetog Stoljeća View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repozitorij Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu' at University of Zagreb SVEU ČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET ODSJEK ZA INFORMACIJSKE I KOMUNIKACIJSKE ZNANOSTI Ak. God. 2017./2018. Luka Pa đen Kriptologija u teoriji i praksi u prvoj polovici dvadesetog stolje ća Diplomski rad Mentor: dr. sc. Vjera Lopina Zagreb, 2018. Sadržaj Sažetak .............................................................................................................................. 2 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 3 1. Uvod.............................................................................................................................. 4 2. Kriptologija - tisu ćljetna znanost .................................................................................. 5 3. Kriptologija kroz povijest do po četka 20. stolje ća........................................................ 8 3.1. Stari vijek ................................................................................................................ 8 3.2. Srednji vijek ............................................................................................................ 9 3.3. Od Srednjeg vijeka do po četka 20. stolje ća .......................................................... 10 4. Kriptologija uo či Drugog svjetskog rata..................................................................... 11 4.1. Prvi svjetski rat...................................................................................................... 11 4.2. Prvi elektromehanički kriptografski strojevi......................................................... 14 4.3. Situacija na po četku Drugog svjetskog rata.......................................................... 17 5 Elektromehani čki strojevi Sila Osovine....................................................................... 18 5.1. Enigma .................................................................................................................. 18 5.2. T-52 ....................................................................................................................... 27 5.3. Lorenz SZ.............................................................................................................. 29 5.4. Red ........................................................................................................................ 31 5.5. Purple .................................................................................................................... 32 6. Elektromehani čki strojevi Saveznika.......................................................................... 33 6.1. Typex..................................................................................................................... 34 6.2. Sigaba.................................................................................................................... 36 6.3. Combined Cipher Machine ................................................................................... 39 7. Ostale vrste tajne komunikacije .................................................................................. 40 8. Kriptoanaliza prve polovice 20. stolje će..................................................................... 42 8.1. Kriptoanaliza u Drugom svjetskom ratu ............................................................... 43 9. Utjecaj na suvremenu kriptologiju.............................................................................. 50 10. Zaključak................................................................................................................... 53 11. Literatura................................................................................................................... 54 1 Sažetak Kriptologija, ta vrlo kompleksna i stara znanost, od svojih najranijih po četaka bila je interdisciplinarna, i služila se dostignu ćima drugih znanosti kako bi razvila nove na čine sigurne komunikacije. Matematika, logika i fizika samo su neke od znanosti koje su pomogle u teoretskom napretku kriptologije, koja je svoju najve ću revoluciju doživjela potpomognuta modernim elektri čnim i mehani čkim inženjerstvom pomo ću kojeg su konstruirani prvi elektromehani čki enkripcijski strojevi, a koji su tako đer otvorili put suvremenom ra čunalstvu. Drugi svjetski rat je najbolje dokumentiran i istražen dio povijesti kriptologije, a to vrijeme svjedo čilo je i prakti čnim implementacijama razli čitih teorija ove znanosti. Kriptografija i kriptoanaliza obje su doživjele vrlo velike promjene u periodu Drugog svjetskog rata, a izumi korišteni u tom vremenu postali su temeljem budu ćeg razvoja kriptologije. Znanstvenici kao što su Alan Turing, Arthur Scherbius, Marian Rejewski i William Tutte samo su neki od najpoznatijih stru čnjaka tog vremena, a bez njihovih zasluga današnja bi znanost zasigurno bila puno siromašnija. Klju čne rije či: kriptologija, Drugi svjetski rat, Enigma, kriptoanaliza, kriptografija, Alan Turing 2 Abstract Cryptology, an old and complex science, was from the very beginning composed of different scientific disciplines and used the achievements of other sciences to develop new methods of secure communication. Mathematics, Logic, and Physics are a few out of many sciences that helped develop Cryptology, which in the end lived through its greatest revolution based on modern electrical and mechanical engineering, used to construct the first electromechanical cypher machines that also opened the way to the modern Computer science. The Second World War was the most documented and investigated part of Cryptology's history, and those times have also witnessed the practical implementations of different cryptological theories. Cryptography and cryptanalysis both witnessed great changes during the Second World War period, and the inventions used during that time became the basis of the later advancement of Cryptology. Scientists such as Alan Turing, Arthur Scherbius, Marian Rejewski and William Tutte are just a few of the great people who worked during that period, but without their efforts modern science as a whole would surely not be as great and advanced as it is today. Klju čne rije či: Cryptology, Second World War, Enigma Cryptanalysis, Encryption, Alan Turing 3 1. Uvod Kriptologija je znanost koja, iako stara nekoliko tisu ćlje ća, u suvremenom svijetu nimalo ne gubi svoju važnost, štoviše, mogli bismo re ći da je postala važnija nego ikad. Kriptologija svoju primjenu danas pronalazi u širokom spektru ljudske djelatnosti, od bankarstva, informatike (hardvera i softvera), vojne industrije, pa sve do ekonomije, u vidu osiguravanja kriptovaluta. Me đutim, kriptologija kakvu je poznajemo danas, po čela se formirati tek po četkom prošlog stolje ća, zaslugama nekoliko klju čnih znanstvenika koji su posjedovali izvanredne matemati čke vještine, a koje su im omogu ćile da zapo čnu razvoj složenih algoritama koji su stvorili pravu revoluciju u podru čju kriptologije. Ovaj rad bavit će se upravo tim periodom prve polovice prošlog stolje ća, a istražit će klju čne teorijske pretpostavke i njihovu prakti čnu realizaciju do kraja Drugog svjetskog rata, kao i slikovitu povijest koja je dovela do tih spoznaja. Kako su za revoluciju u podru čju kriptologije u proteklom stolje ću zaslužna upravo ratna zbivanja, naglasak će tako đer biti na brojnim elektromehani čkim izumima koji su korišteni u ratne svrhe, a predstavljali su ve ć spomenutu realizaciju razli čitih teorija. Algoritmi razvijeni u ovom periodu poslužili su kao odsko čna daska za razvoj modernih sustava šifriranja, a želimo li se baviti suvremenim algoritmima, bilo bi vrlo korisno upoznati se i s poviješ ću koja je dovela do njihova razvoja. 4 2. Kriptologija - tisu ćljetna znanost Kako će se sljede ća poglavlja baviti temama za koje je potrebno znati osnovne pojmove kojima se ova znanost bavi, valjalo bi ih najprije obrazložiti. Kriptologija je znanost koja obuhva ća širok spektar razli čitih djelatnosti, stoga je teško izvesti sveobuhvatnu definiciju koja bi odgovarala svim metodama i djelatnostima ove kompleksne znanosti. Jednostavne definicije ponekad su ujedno i najbolje, a jedna od njih koju donosi Oxford Dictionary kaže da je kriptologija "postupak prou čavanja kodova, ili umije će njihova pisanja i odgonetavanja" 1. Sama rije č "kriptologija" dolazi od kombinacije gr čkih rije či kryptos (zakriti, skriti) i logos (govor, rije č). Iz prethodno spomenute definicije odmah se može zaklju čiti da je osnova kriptologije, ali i glavni predmet njena izu čavanja - kôd. Kodovi dolaze u raznim oblicima, a predstavljaju dogovorenu metodu kojom se poruka napisana čitljivim tekstom (jasnopisom) pretvara u ne čitljiv, skriven oblik (zakritak). Ovaj proces koji se odvija korištenjem koda naziva se zakrivanje (šifriranje, enkripcija) poruke, a obrnuti proces, kojim se ne čitljiva poruka pretvara u čitljivu naziva se raskrivanje (dešifriranje, dekripcija) poruke 2. Postoje dvije vrste raskrivanja poruke - jedna se odvija uz posjedovanje klju ča (raskrivanje), dok se druga odvija bez posjedovanja klju ča i naziva se kriptoanalizom 3. Klju č je u kriptologiji naziv za informaciju koja onome koji tu informaciju posjeduje otkriva kakvom je metodom originalna poruka zakrivena, što mu omogu ćuje raskrivanje poruke 4 . Osim ovakve podjele, nerijetko se pojavljuje i podjela na kriptografiju i kriptoanalizu kao glavne dvije grane kriptologije.
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