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ARTISTIC, LITERARY, and LEGAL PERCEPTION of the SEA in CASTILE-LEON, 1248-1450 by MICHAEL ANTHONY FURTADO A

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ARTISTIC, LITERARY, and LEGAL PERCEPTION of the SEA in CASTILE-LEON, 1248-1450 by MICHAEL ANTHONY FURTADO A ISLANDS OF CASTILE: ARTISTIC, LITERARY, AND LEGAL PERCEPTION OF THE SEA IN CASTILE-LEON, 1248-1450 by MICHAEL ANTHONY FURTADO A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of History and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2011 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Michael Anthony Furtado Title: Islands of Castile: Artistic, Literary, and Legal Perception of the Sea in Castile- Leon, 1248-1450 This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of History by: Lisa Wolverton Chairperson Robert Haskett Member David Luebke Member David Wacks Outside Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research and Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2011 ii © 2011 Michael Anthony Furtado iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Michael Anthony Furtado Doctor of Philosophy Department of History September 2011 Title: Islands of Castile: Artistic, Literary, and Legal Perception of the Sea in Castile- Leon, 1248-1450 Approved: _______________________________________________ Lisa Wolverton, Ph.D Before Spain encountered the Americas, it first encountered the sea. This dissertation explores the roots of that encounter by examining perceptions of the sea in late medieval Castile-Leon reflected in art, literature, and law. It analyzes the changing attitudes of the Castilians towards the sea through an examination of its perceived place in their world, underscoring the complexity of Castilian attitudes toward the dangers and opportunities presented by the marine environment. Conceptual separation and union serve as the two foundational concepts employed for the analysis of evidence from each of the three genres under examination. Each genre highlights in various ways either the strong contrast drawn between land and sea or their seeming union conceptually. These complexities are manifest in a broad variety of sources, from collections of miracle tales to fifteenth century romances. Analysis of legal distinctions between land and sea reveal significant differences in perception regarding the nature of each environment and the rights and responsibilities of Castilians acting in either. iv Findings include that artistic sources reveal that a fearful attitude toward the sea accentuated by helplessness before its power dominated thirteenth century imagery, contrasting with the greater unity of land and sea reflected in miniatures from fifteenth century sources. A similar pattern of separation and union emerges in the literary evidence, where fear of the loss of agency when traveling at sea in early sources gives way to fifteenth century examples that praise its value. A comparison of the laws contained in the Siete Partidas with the late medieval records of the Cortes of Castile-Leon reveals that while the Castilian monarchs tended to consider the sea as firmly outside of their realm throughout the majority of the period of this study, strategic necessity led to an inexorable growth in the importance of the sea in the affairs of the kingdom generally. Together, the evidence supports the conclusion that by the mid-fourteenth century the view of the sea as other, typical of all early Castilian sources, gave way to a fifteenth century perspective that welcomed it in many respects, laying the foundation for the development of a great maritime empire. v CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Michael Anthony Furtado GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene Lane Community College, Eugene Oregon DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy, Medieval European History, 2011, University of Oregon Master of Arts, Medieval European History, 2004, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts, History, 2002, University of Oregon AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Medieval Iberia Late Medieval Castile-Leon Mentality and Perception of the Natural World Chivalry and Knighthood PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Department of History Adjunct Instructor, University of Oregon, Eugene 2011 Graduate Teaching Fellow, Department of History, University of Oregon, Eugene 2002 - 2011 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Oregon Humanities Center Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship, 2009-10 Joseph K. Starr Scholarship, 2008-9 Leon Culbertson Scholarship, 2007-8 Program for Cultural Cooperation between Spain‘s Ministry of Culture and United States Universities Grant, 2006. Sasakawa Young Leaders Fellowship Fund Graduate Fellowship for International Research, 2006 vi Thomas T. Turner Memorial Fund Award, 2006. University Club of Oregon Foundation Fellowship, 2006 Columbia University Council for European Studies Fellowship, 2006 Ray Kaegler Scholarship, 2006-7 Maria C. Jackson/General George A. White Scholarship, 2005-6 Leon Culbertson Scholarship, 2005-6 Edwin K. Starr Scholarship, 2002-3, 2003-4 Summa Cum Laude, Phi Beta Kappa, University of Oregon, 2002 vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a great debt to many individuals for their assistance in the preparation of this dissertation. I wish to begin where I ought, by expressing my most sincere appreciation to Professor Lisa Wolverton, my teacher, advisor, mentor, and friend throughout my graduate training, for the inestimable value of her guidance, insight, and steadfast commitment to my success in the preparation of this dissertation. I would also like to thank Professor David Luebke, for his friendship and support from the inception of this project through to its conclusion; Professor Robert Haskett, whose cheerful support and gracious extension of collegiality throughout my years of graduate training left a lasting impression upon me; to Professors Karl Appuhn and Erin Rowe for their support, encouragement, and helpful suggestions during the formative stages of the work; to Professor Teofilo Ruíz for his helpful suggestions and guidance; to Professor Manuel González Jiménez, whose insight and encouragement were greatly appreciated; and special thanks to Professor David Wacks, whose insightful comments and rigorous editing prompted many necessary changes and additions to the final manuscript. I would also like to thank those organizations whose generous grant support of this dissertation made its completion possible: the Program for Cultural Cooperation between Spain‘s Ministry of Culture and United States Universities for their generous pre-dissertation research support; the Sasakawa Young Leaders Fellowship for International Research and Columbia University Council for European Studies fellowship, whose generous funding made research in Spain possible; and the Oregon Humanities Center Dissertation Fellowship, which greatly assisted in moving the draft to completion. To one and all, my sincere, heartfelt thanks. viii For Evie ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 II. IMAGES OF THE SEA: THE VISUAL PERSPECTIVE ................................... 29 Sources .............................................................................................................. 35 Las Cantigas de Santa Maria ........................................................................ 36 El Libro del Cavallero Cífar ......................................................................... 44 A Note on the Analysis ................................................................................ 50 Worlds Apart: Images of Land and Sea .............................................................. 50 Embracing the Deep..................................................................................... 55 Loss of Agency ............................................................................................ 67 Unwilling Travelers ............................................................................... 76 Treachery ............................................................................................... 85 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 90 III. FROM DIVINE TO DETERMINED: THE LITERARY PERSPECTIVE ........ 95 Sources .............................................................................................................. 99 Thirteenth Century ....................................................................................... 100 Crónica de Alfonso X............................................................................. 103 Las Cantigas de Santa Maria .................................................................. 105 El Libro del Cavallero Cífar ................................................................... 106 Fourteenth Century ...................................................................................... 107 Crónica de Alfonso XI ........................................................................... 107 x Chapter Page Crónica del rey don Pedro. ..................................................................... 110 El Conde Lucanor .................................................................................. 111 Fifteenth Century ......................................................................................... 112 El Victorial ............................................................................................ 112 Pero Tafur .............................................................................................
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