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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Instituto De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA DANIEL AUGUSTO DE ALMEIDA ALVES ARRIBA LOS QUE LUCHAN! SINDICALISMO REVOLUCIONÁRIO E LUTA ARMADA. A TRAJETÓRIA DA FEDERAÇÃO ANARQUISTA URUGUAIA: 1963-1973 PORTO ALEGRE 2016 DANIEL AUGUSTO DE ALMEIDA ALVES ARRIBA LOS QUE LUCHAN! SINDICALISMO REVOLUCIONÁRIO E LUTA ARMADA. A TRAJETÓRIA DA FEDERAÇÃO ANARQUISTA URUGUAIA: 1963-1973 Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Enrique Serra Padrós. PORTO ALEGRE 2016 DANIEL AUGUSTO DE ALMEIDA ALVES ARRIBA LOS QUE LUCHAN! SINDICALISMO REVOLUCIONÁRIO E LUTA ARMADA. A TRAJETÓRIA DA FEDERAÇÃO ANARQUISTA URUGUAIA: 1963-1973 Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Enrique Serra Padrós. Aprovada em: 10 de Dezembro de 2014. BANCA EXAMINADORA, _______________________________ Prof. Dr. Enrique Serra Padrós (Orientador) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul _______________________________ Profª. Drª. Ana Maria Sosa Gonzalez Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL) _______________________________ Prof. Dr. Bruno Lima Rocha Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos) _______________________________ Prof. Dr. Gerson Fraga Universidade Federal da Fronteira do Sul (UFFS) Na figura de Alberto Pocho Mechoso a todos mortos e desaparecidos. A Olivar Caussade, El Viejo Pocho. A Raul Cariboni por seu legado intelectual. Aos que resistiram no cárcere, no exílio e na clandestinidade. Aos que cicatrizam as feridas, mantendo a chama acesa. AGRADECIMENTOS O presente trabalho é, em grande medida, resultado de um grande esforço coletivo uma vez que em muito colaboraram professores, amigos, companheiros e familiares. Faço questão de explicitar alguns agradecimentos a todos aqueles que direta ou indiretamente colaboraram nessa caminhada. Agradeço, em um primeiro momento, a toda minha família a distância, em especial aos meus pais, Dario e Olga, meus avós, Dario e Maria Nazareth e Antonio Antero, minha irmã, Eleonora e minha tia Mara, pelo contínuo estímulo ao estudo. À CAPES, pela importante bolsa auxílio. Aos companheiros e amigos de militância na Federação Anarquista Gaúcha (FAG)/ Coordenação Anarquista Brasileira (CAB) e da Resistência Popular. Aos amigos: Ademir, Airan, Anne, as Amandas, Andreza, Bárbara, Bocha, Bruna, Candida, Cris Castro, Claudio Dias, Douglas, Eduarda, Edzar, Eliete, Federico, Felipe Correa, Gabriel Amorim, Gabriela, Guilherme Runge, Graziano, Jhnonny, Joel, Karen, Kennia, Leonardo M., Lorena, Magno, Marcelo Cortes, Marcia, Odilon, Pig, Rodrigo, Rodrigo ‘Guigo’, Rudi, Tharcus, Vicente, Tzuzy, Raphael PH, Tiago. A Ale, Bruno, Evandro Couto, Patrícia, Rafael Viana e Viktor pelas importantes trocas de idéias e discussões em muito decisivas para o desfecho do trabalho. Pela Banda Oriental, um especial agradecimento pela calorosa recepção em Santa Catalina por Veronica, Camilo, Tania, Anahi, Maurício e toda a barra do Ateneo Pocho Rios e no Cerro por Juan Carlos Mechoso, China e Marina. Também a Mario, Nathaniel e demais companheiros da Agrupação Wellington Galarza/UNTMRA, a Sapo, Bruja, Daniel e Gustavo Sosa, Lizza e Zelmar. A Cacho, Juan Pilo e Julito pelas inúmeras conversações e troca de idéias a respeito da pesquisa na Imprenta Aragón. A Federação Anarquista Uruguaia (FAU) pela receptividade de sempre. Ainda na Banda Oriental agradeço a Universindo Rodrigues (in memoriam) e, nas pessoas de Carlos Custódio, Stela Saraiva e Ana Amorós ao Partido por la Victoria del Pueblo (PVP), pela colaboração com importantes contatos e materiais. Aos professores Rodolfo Porrini, Clara Aldrighi, Selva Chirico e Carlos Demasi do Centro de Estudios Interdiciplinarios Uruguayos assim como os funcionários Daniel e Alondra pela cordialidade e atenção nesse importante arquivo. A Laura Irigoyen, Alejandra Zimmer e Marina Cardozo pelas muitas colaborações em Montevidéu. Por fim, gostaria de manifestar um especial agradecimento a meu orientador, Enrique Serra Padrós, pelo rigorosa análise do texto, diversas sugestões e colaborações ao longo desse período. Sobretudo, pela camaradagem e confiança de sempre. O anarquismo é o viajante que vai pelas ruas da história, luta com os homens como são e constrói com as pedras que lhe proporciona sua época. (Camillo Berneri) Es preferible que te sientes así podremos descansar, la calle esta tan peligrosa a la hora que solés llegar. es que a partir de mis insomnios vos me empezaste a visitar y algo de alcohol hace milagros para sentir que estás acá. pero porqué hablo yo solo y nunca te puedo escuchar, si en este mundo todos tienen alguna historia que contar Es que me olvido que tu vienes desde otra muerte a visitar, que siempre cuida a tus vivos como cuidamos de vos. pero no es llevándote unas flores si no sabría a que lugar, a veces te pongo en carteles y hoy te quiero cobijar. la calle está tan peligrosa a la hora que soles llegar, si te preparo una cama quizás no tenga que marchar. es que me olvido que tu vienes desde otra muerte a visitar, que siempre cuida a tus vivos y que entiendes cuando una parte mía busca la alegría y la otra no sabe que hacer, hoy somos tus sobrevivientes que a veces te sienten volver. Es preferible que te quedes Así podremos descansar, Ya que los dos ahora sabemos A que se llama soledad. (Rubén Oliveira) RESUMO A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a incidência da Federação Anarquista Uruguaia (FAU) nas lutas sociais do Uruguai entre os anos 1968-1973. Fundada em 1956, a FAU se alimentou de uma grande influência de anarquistas como Malatesta e Bakunin, além de inúmeras experiências do movimento operário no país, como foi o caso dos sindicatos autônomos e os grêmios solidários. Posta na clandestinidade junto a outras organizações de esquerda em dezembro de 1967, a FAU seguiu desenvolvendo uma consistente atuação político-social. Nesse período, compreendido pela organização enquanto uma “ditadura constitucional”, ampliou de forma considerável seu raio de influência no movimento sindical e estudantil, conformando uma importante organização de massas, a Resistencia Obrero Estudiantil (ROE) além de impulsionar um campo de agrupações sindicais que sustentavam uma oposição de esquerda à política do Partido Comunista Uruguaio no movimento sindical, a Tendencia Combativa. Também participou ativamente no processo de unificação do movimento sindical, que culmina na conformação da Convención Nacional de Trabajadores (CNT). Além de galgar uma significativa expressão nas lutas de massas, a FAU também desenvolveu um pequeno, embora eficaz, aparato armado, a Organización Popular Revolucionaria 33 Orientales (OPR-33). Apesar de reivindicar expressamente a luta armada como via revolucionária, esta organização não abarcou nas teses do foquismo, que tanto influenciaram organizações no continente, sustentando um projeto de luta armada articulado e dirigido por uma organização política, com incidência de massas. A luta armada era compreendida, portanto, enquanto uma expressão de auto defesa e impulso das lutas de massas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Anarquismo. Luta Armada. Sindicalismo. Uruguai. Repressão. Organização Política. RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el análisis de la incidencia de la Federação Anarquista Uruguaya (FAU) en las luchas sociales de Uruguay entre los años 1968-1973. Fundada en 1956, la FAU se alimentó de una gran influencia de anarquistas como Malatesta y Bakunin, además de inúmeras experiencias del movimiento obrero en el país, como fue el caso de los sindicatos autónomos y los gremios solidarios. Puesta en la clandestinidad junto a otras organizaciones de la izquierda revolucionaria en diciembre de 1967, la FAU siguió desarrolando una consistente actuación político-social. En este periodo, comprendido por la organización mientras una “dictadura constitucional”, se amplió de forma considerable su rayo de influencia en el movimiento sindical y estudantil, conformando una importante organización de masas, la Resistencia Obrero Estudiantil (ROE) además de impulsar un campo de agrupaciones sindicales que sostenian una oposición de izquierda a la política de Partido Comunista Uruguaio en el movimiento sindical, la Tendencia Combativa. También participó activamente en el proceso de unificación del movimiento sindical, que culmina en la conformación de la Convención Nacional de Trabajadores (CNT). Además de lograr una significativa expresión en las lutas de masas, la FAU también desarrolló un pequeño, pero eficaz, aparato armado, la Organización Popular Revolucionaria 33 Orientales (OPR-33). Aunque reivindicara expresamente la lucha armada como vía revolucionaria, esta organización no abarcó en las tesis del foquismo, que tanto influyeron organizaciones en el continente, sosteniendo un proyecto de lucha armada articulado y dirigido por una organización política, con incidencia de masas. La lucha armada era comprendida, por lo tanto, como una expresión de auto defensa y impulso de las luchas de masas. PALAVRAS-CLAVE: Anarquismo. Lucha Armada. Sindicalismo. Uruguay. Represión. Organización Política. RESUME La présente dissertation a pour objectif d'analyser l'incidence de la Fédération Anarchiste Uruguayenne (FAU) dans les luttes sociales en Uruguay des années 1968 à 1973. Fondée en 1956, la FAU s'est
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