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L'agenda Des Droits En Uruguay

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L'agenda Des Droits En Uruguay Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris ECOLE DOCTORALE DE SCIENCES PO Programme doctoral en Science politique Mention « Sociologie politique comparée » L’Agenda des droits en Uruguay La mise sur agenda et l’adoption des lois sur l’IVG, le mariage égalitaire et la régulation du cannabis en Uruguay (2012-2013) Luis Miguel RIVERA-VÉLEZ Mémoire dirigé par Yves SUREL, Professeur de science politique à l’Université de Paris II Soutenu le 27 mai 2015 Jury : M. Olivier DABÈNE, professeur, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris Mme Virginie GUIRAUDON, directrice de recherche, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris Mme Florence HAEGEL, professeure, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris Mme Kathy ROUSSELET, directrice de recherche, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris 2 Luis M. RIVERA-VELEZ – « L’Agenda des droits en Uruguay» - Mémoire IEP de Paris – 2015 REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à exprimer ma gratitude envers tous ceux qui ont soutenu ce travail de recherche, tout particulièrement M. Yves Surel. La motivation et l’envie pour la recherche sont peut-être le meilleur apprentissage que vous avez pu me transmettre. Egalement, j’aimerais exprimer ma gratitude envers M. Olivier Dabène, qui ne cesse de nous encourager dans la découverte de cette Amérique latine que j’aime tant. Gracias a todos aquellos uruguayos que me dedicaron un poco de tiempo y sin los cuales esta investigación no hubiese sido posible. Gracias a los amigos, gracias a la familia, y a Fred por la dedicación.Y sobre todo, merci les filles et merci le garçon. Luis M. RIVERA-VELEZ – « L’Agenda des droits en Uruguay» - Mémoire IEP de Paris – 2015 3 SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS .................................................................................................................. 3 SOMMAIRE .............................................................................................................................. 4 LISTE DES TABLEAUX ET DES ENCADRÉS ..................................................................... 6 LISTE DES SIGLES ET DES ABREVIATIONS ..................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 8 A. Etat de la littérature : l’exception uruguayenne ................................................................. 12 B. Cadre théorique ................................................................................................................... 15 C. Problématique et hypothèse de travail ................................................................................ 21 D. Retour sur l’enquête de terrain ........................................................................................... 22 CHAPITRE 1 : LA CONSTRUCTION D’UN PROBLÈME PUBLIC À TRAVERS LA CONVERGENCE DES DEMANDES ....................................................................... 25 A. Une histoire commune de répression ................................................................................. 25 1. Le régime dictatorial ............................................................................................... 26 2. Répression et contestation en démocratie ................................................................ 28 B. L’apparition du référentiel des droits dans les secteurs de reproduction, des minorités sexuelles et des drogues ........................................................................................ 31 1. Demande sur la reconnaissance des unions entre personnes de même sexe ............ 31 2. Demande pour la libéralisation des drogues ........................................................... 33 3. Demande pour la légalisation de l’avortement ........................................................ 35 C. La création d’une demande transversale pour l’élargissement des droits ........................ 37 1. Le changement de référentiel global ........................................................................ 38 2. Une nouvelle demande sociale en termes de droits : Ovejas Negras et Proderechos ...................................................................................................................................... 41 3. Répétition générale, Scène 1 : la loi de l’avortement de 2006 ................................. 44 4. Répétition générale, Scène 2 : la loi de caducité ...................................................... 46 Conclusion du chapitre ............................................................................................................ 48 CHAPITRE 2 : LA CRÉATION ET L'INSCRIPTION SUR L’AGENDA POLITIQUE DE L’AGENDA DES DROITS .................................................................. 49 A. Trois coalitions contestataires distinctes, mais non éloignées ............................................ 50 1. Le renouvellement de la coalition contestataire pour le droit de la femme à avorter ...................................................................................................................................... 51 2. Une vraie coalition contestataire pour le mariage égalitaire autour de Ovejas Negras ...................................................................................................................................... 53 3. La coalition contestataire pour la libéralisation du cannabis : entre consommateurs et supporteurs ? ............................................................................................................ 56 B. L’espace de la cause des droits et la création de l’agenda de droits .................................. 59 1. L’espace de la cause des droits ................................................................................ 60 2. La stratégie de l’espace de la cause des droits : l’agenda des droits ....................... 63 3. Le répertoire d’action de l’espace de la cause des droits ......................................... 66 C. Le relais politique de l’agenda des droits et la création des vraies coalitions de cause .... 72 1. Une sixième proposition de loi en faveur de l’IVG ................................................. 73 4 Luis M. RIVERA-VELEZ – « L’Agenda des droits en Uruguay» - Mémoire IEP de Paris – 2015 2. Le texte de loi pour le mariage égalitaire : entre réforme et adaptation du Code civil ...................................................................................................................................... 74 3. L’autoproduction de cannabis : une initiative de loi pluri-partisane ....................... 75 Conclusion du chapitre ............................................................................................................ 78 CHAPITRE 3 : LA PRISE DE DÉCISION, UNE LOGIQUE TRANSVERSALE ? . 79 A. Les limites de la transversalité ............................................................................................ 80 1. Les difficultés de la loi sur l’avortement ................................................................. 80 2. La priorisation de la question du cannabis par le gouvernement ............................. 83 B. La médiation comme stratégie des parlementaires du FA .................................................. 85 1. L’IVG : entre droit des femmes et santé publique ................................................... 86 2. Le mariage égalitaire et les difficultés procédurales ................................................ 90 3. La loi du cannabis : régulation, droits et santé publique. ......................................... 94 C. La prise de décision: une adéquation globale-sectorielle ? ............................................. 100 1. La transversalité comme projet de société : le travail des acteurs pragmatiques et la dilution du référentiel des droits ................................................................................ 101 2. L’impossible globalisation de l’action publique ? ................................................. 103 Conclusion du chapitre .......................................................................................................... 107 CONCLUSION GENERALE ......................................................................................... 108 A. L’agenda des droits uruguayen .......................................................................................... 108 B. L’Uruguay : un cas d’école de la sociologie de l’action publique ? ................................ 110 C. Changement national, changement global : des perspectives d’approfondissement ........ 111 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................ 114 Annexe 1: Le système politique et partisan uruguayen ......................................................... 115 Annexe 2 : Calendrier législatif combiné des lois sur l’IVG, le mariage égalitaire et la régulation du cannabis ........................................................................................ 117 Annexe 3 : Chronologie comparative des trois lois ............................................................... 119 Annexe 4 : Liste des entretiens et des échanges .................................................................... 120 Annexe 5 : Liste des organisations civiles actives pour la promotion d’au moins une des lois en 2010 ................................................................................................................ 121 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ........................................................................................................... 123 Luis
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