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Interação Trófica, Composição Química E Ultraestrutura De Ceras Epicuticulares Em Espécies De Euphorbiaceae

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Interação Trófica, Composição Química E Ultraestrutura De Ceras Epicuticulares Em Espécies De Euphorbiaceae LUIZ OLIVEIRA DA COSTA FILHO INTERAÇÃO TRÓFICA, COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA E ULTRAESTRUTURA DE CERAS EPICUTICULARES EM ESPÉCIES DE EUPHORBIACEAE Recife 2011 LUIZ OLIVEIRA DA COSTA FILHO INTERAÇÃO TRÓFICA, COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA E ULTRAESTRUTURA DE CERAS EPICUTICULARES EM ESPÉCIES DE EUPHORBIACEAE Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, do Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Vegetal. Profa. Dra. Jarcilene Silva de Almeida-Cortez Orientadora Prof. Dr. Antonio Fernando Morais de Oliveira Co-orientador Recife 2011 “Há dois tipos de sabedoria: a inferior e a superior. A sabedoria inferior é dada pelo quanto uma pessoa sabe e a superior é dada pelo quanto ela tem consciência de que não sabe”. Chico Xavier. "Um dia, quando olhares para trás, verás que os dias mais belos foram aqueles em que lutaste.” Sigmund Freud. Dedico: À minha família, em especial, Mônica, Ingrid e Yuri, que em muitas ocasiões me viam, mas não podiam me ter. Agradecimentos A Deus, pela oportunidade de mais esse pequeno passo no longo caminho evolutivo. Aos orientadores e amigos, Fernando Oliveira e Jarcilene Almeida-Cortez (Departamento de Botânica - UFPE), pela orientação e apoio. Aos professores Suzene Izídio (Departamento de Biologia – UFRPE), Eugênia Pereira (Departamento Ciências Geográficas – UFPE) e Nicácio Henrique (Departamento de Bioquímica – UFPE), pela amizade e contribuição oferecidas. À Bióloga Maíra Honorato pela contribuição, presteza e amizade ao longo da jornada. Às professoras Gladys Flávia e Débora Santos (Departamento de Botânica - USP), por viabilizarem parte das análises, bem como pela acolhida em São Paulo. Aos técnicos, João Virgílio (Departamento de Bioquímica - UFPE), João Amazonas (Herbário) e Francisco Rangel (CETENE) pelo competente apoio técnico. À Coordenadora do Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica do CETENE, Dra. Christina Peixoto pelo apoio. Às instituições e laboratórios que viabilizaram os experimentos (UFPE, UFRPE, USP, CETENE). À Associação de Guias do Vale do Catimbau pelo apoio de campo. Aos órgãos de fomento CNPq e FACEPE pelo apoio financeiro. À Secretaria de Educação do Estado de Pernambuco pela licença concedida para realização do curso. A todos que deram a sua contribuição, seja incentivando, apoiando, criticando, e, até mesmo duvidando do êxito do trabalho. LISTA DE FIGURAS CAPÍTULO 1 Figura 1 . Fisionomia das quatro áreas de coletas no PARNA do Catimbau ...................... 52 Figura 2 . Galhas foliares (a) e caulinares (b) em Croton adamantinus ; (c) galhas foliares em Croton argyrophyllus ; (d,e) galhas foliares em Croton grewioides e (f) galha foliar em C. heliotropiifolius . .............................................................................................. 55 Figura 3 . Galhas foliares em Cnidoscolus urens (a); galhas foliares em C. loefgrenii (b); galhas caulinares em C. vitifolius (c); galhas foliares (d) e caulinares (e) de C. quercifolius ; detalhe do ramo de C. pubescens (f) sem galha. ............................................ 55 Figura4 . Aspectos gerais de espécies de Jatropha spp sem galhas .................................... 55 Figura 5 . Análise de agrupamento de espécies de Euphorbiaceae do PARNA do Catimbau com e sem galhas. ............................................................................................... 56 CAPÍTULO 2 Figura 1 . Localização do Parque Nacional do Catimbau e áreas de coleta ........................ 67 Figura 2 . Fenograma baseado no perfil de n-alcanos entre 15 espécies de Euphorbiaceae obtido por Distância Euclidiana e UPGMA ............................................... 73 CAPÍTULO 3 Figura 1 . Superfícies epicuticulares foliares abaxial e adaxial de espécies de Croton evidenciando as ceras epicuticulares ................................................................................... 87 Figura 2 . Superfícies epicuticulares foliares abaxial e adaxial de espécies de Jatropha evidenciando as ceras epicuticulares ................................................................................... 88 Figura 3 . Superfícies epicuticulares foliares abaxial e adaxial de espécies de Cnidoscolus evidenciando as ceras epicuticulares .............................................................. 88 Figura 4 . Superfícies epicuticulares foliares abaxiais e adaxiais, respectivamente de Manihot dichotoma , Sapium sp. e Microstachys híspida ................................................... 89 Figura 5 . Superfície foliar abaxial e adaxial de Stilingia sp e Euphorbia heterophylla , respectivamente (a,b,c,d,e,f) ................................................................................................ 89 LISTA DE TABELAS CAPÍTULO 1 Tabela 1 . Ocorrência de galhas em 15 espécies de Euphorbiaceae estabelecidas no Parque Nacional do Catimbau ......................................................................................................... 53 CAPÍTULO 2 Tabela 1. Distribuição e abundância de n-alcanos epicuticulares foliares em espécies de Euphorbiaceae ocorrentes no Parque Nacional do Catimbau, Pernambuco-Brasil ... ....70 SUMÁRIO Agradecimentos Lista de figuras Lista de tabelas 1. Introdução ...................................................................................................................... 11 Literatura citada ................................................................................................................... 13 2. Fundamentação Teórica ................................................................................................ 16 2.1. Composição química das ceras cuticulares .................................................................. 16 2.2. Ceras epicuticulares vegetais e implicações quimiotaxonômicas ................................ 20 2.3. Micromorfologia das ceras epicuticulares vegetais ...................................................... 23 2.4. Ceras epicuticulares e interações com insetos .............................................................. 27 Referências bibliográficas ................................................................................................... 30 Capítulo 1: Galhas em espécies de Euphorbiaceae do semiárido brasileiro (Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau - PE, Brasil) .........................................................45 Resumo ................................................................................................................................ 46 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 47 Introdução ............................................................................................................................ 48 Material e métodos .............................................................................................................. 49 Resultados e discussão ........................................................................................................ 51 Conclusão ............................................................................................................................ 57 Referências bibliográficas ................................................................................................... 58 Capítulo 2: n-Alcanos cuticulares em algumas espécies de Euphorbiaceae do semi- árido (Pernambuco, Brasil): composição e aspectos quimiotaxonômicos .................... 62 Resumo ................................................................................................................................ 63 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 64 Introdução ............................................................................................................................ 65 Material e métodos .............................................................................................................. 66 Resultados e discussão ........................................................................................................ 69 Conclusão ............................................................................................................................ 74 Referências bibliográficas ................................................................................................... 75 Capítulo 3: Caracterização micromorfológica da superfície epicuticular foliar de espécies de Euphorbiaceae do semiárido (Vale do Catimbau - PE, Brasil) ................. 81 Resumo ................................................................................................................................ 82 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 83 Introdução ............................................................................................................................ 84 Material e métodos .............................................................................................................. 85 Resultados ........................................................................................................................... 86 Discussão ............................................................................................................................. 91 Referências bibliográficas ..................................................................................................
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