An Inventory of Vhavenda Useful Plants.Pdf

SAJB-01923; No of Pages 33 South African Journal of Botany xxx (2018) xxx–xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

South African Journal of Botany

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb

An inventory of Vhavenḓa useful plants

K. Magwede a,b, B.-E. van Wyk b,⁎, A.E. van Wyk c,d a School of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Venḓa, P.O. Box 5050, 0950 Ṱhohoyanḓou, South Africa b Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, 2006, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa c Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, 0028 Hatﬁeld, Pretoria, South Africa d National Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa article info abstract

Available online xxxx An inventory and analysis of the general uses of plants by the Vhavenḓa, a cultural group who historically occupied the region known as Venḓa, currently referred to as the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa, are Edited by A Moteetee presented. Information on plant uses was gathered through a literature review and interviews conducted amongst Tshivenḓa-speaking rural communities in the Vhembe District. The aim of the study was to document Keywords: all Vhavenḓa useful plants, i.e., all plants of cultural and practical importance in fulfilling the everyday Venda ḓ needs of the people. A total of 574 plant species from 355 genera and 121 families was recorded. In addition Vhaven aethnobotany fi Checklist 897 vernacular names have been recorded, of which 224 (25%) is published here for the rst time. The list Useful plants includes 189 trees, 143 shrubs, 170 herbs, 44 climbers, 21 grasses, four sedges, one parasite and two epi- Traditional plant use phytes. The number of species in the main use categories are as follow: medicine (384), vegetables (128), Vhembe District edible fruits (123), firewood (101), craftwork (93), construction (91), magic (45), beverages (34), cordage Soutpansberg (31), ornamental (26), shade (22), fodder (16), birdlime or rubber (14), famine foods (11), snuff ingredient South Africa (11), edible caterpillars feeding on leaves (10), dyes and leather tanning (eight), live fence (seven), vege- ḓ Tshiven a table condiments (six) and fish poisons (six). Minor uses include edible seeds, edible cooked tubers, edible flower nectar, ritual purposes, edible gum, edible root tubers, edible rhizomes, edible gums, musical flutes, edible nuts, edible corn, edible leaf sap, soda for cooking vegetables, coffee substitutes, toothbrushes, polish, cosmetic oil, arrow poisons, insects repellents, soap substitutes, adhesives, toys and others. The top ten plant families i.e., those contributing the highest number of useful plant species are Fabaceae/Leguminosae (64 spp.), Asteraceae (33 spp.), Malvaceae s.l. (32 spp.), Apocynaceae s.l. (24 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (22 spp.), Poaceae (21 spp.), Rubiaceae (20 spp.), Solanaceae (20 spp.), Amaranthaceae (19 spp.) and Cucurbitaceae (18 spp.). The data is not only a contribution to the cultural heritage of the Vhavenḓa, but also of consider- able scientific and practical interest. It provides the basic information that researchers can use to compare historical and contemporary biocultural plant-use patterns in southern Africa, as well as in controlled future studies to test the efficacy/merits of specific uses. © 2018 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction vernacular names, life forms (i.e., trees, shrubs, herbs) and categories of use (i.e. medicine, food and crafts), but also provides the In southern Africa, the combination of botanical and cultural di- data necessary for regional and cultural comparisons in the future. versity has resulted in a complex regional mosaic of traditional Moreover, this information is a valuable resource of traditional plant use that has not yet been systematically documented knowledge that researchers can use in controlled studies to test the (De Beer and Van Wyk, 2011). Since no complete synthesis of efficacy/merits of specific uses. Vhavenḓa traditional plant use has yet been published, our aim The territory traditionally occupied by the Vhavenḓa(i.e.,the with this study was to compile a comprehensive inventory of useful Venḓa people) is the Vhembe District (the bulk of which comprises plants. This allows not only for a first analysis of the overall patterns the region historically referred to as “Venḓa”)oftheLimpopo of Vhavenḓa plant use in terms of species (taxonomic) diversity, Province, South Africa (Fig. 1). Although three main ethnic groups are present in the area (Vhavenḓa, Bapedi and Tsonga), only the Vhavenḓa, the largest of the three, was considered for this study. ḓ ⁎ Corresponding author. The four villages were chosen as historical Ven a settlements E-mail address: [email protected] (B.-E. van Wyk). where the overwhelming majority of residents are Vhavenḓa. The

Fig. 1. Map of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa, showing the four villages (marked with a star) where ethnobotanical surveys were conducted. These are Mafukani village in the Mutale municipality, Niani (Matshena village) in the Musina municipality, Tshaulu village in the Thulamela municipality and Vuvha village in the Makhado municipality. Figure prepared from maps supplied by the Municipal Demarcation Board (2016), Vhembe District Municipality GIS unit (with permission).

district includes most of the Soutpansberg, a mountain range that 2015), to ethnoveterinary medicine (Ramovha and Van Wyk, 2016; has been recognised as a local centre of floristic endemism, with an Ramovha, 2016), to trade (Tshisikhawe, 2002), antimicrobial activity estimated 3000 species of which about 45 species and infraspecific (Green et al., 2010; Magwede et al., 2014; Samie et al., 2005; Samie taxa are endemic to the centre (Van Wyk and Smith, 2001). The et al., 2009a, 2009b; Obi et al., 2002; Green et al., 2010), antifungal Vhembe District is covered mainly by vegetation of the Savannah activity (Steenkamp et al., 2007; Samie et al., 2010; Samie and Biome, made up of three dominant vegetation types namely, Nefefe, 2012; Samie and Mashau, 2013; Masevhe et al., 2015)and Soutpansberg Sandy Bushveld, Makuleke Sandy Bushveld and anti-HIV activity (Bessong et al., 2004, 2005, 2006). Some anecdotes Musina Mopane Bushveld (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006.Theregion on Vhavenḓa plant uses are also included in books on the South experiences hot and wet summers and cool (frost-free) dry winters. African flora but these mostly have Netshiungani (1981), Arnold The high species diversity and endemism add to the complexity of and Gulumian (1984) and Mabogo (1990) astheoriginalsourceof traditional plant use and plant-related cultural practises amongst information. Therefore, most of the information is scattered in differ- the Vhavenḓa(Mabogo, 1990). It was therefore expected that not ent publications, showing a need to consolidate all the information all of the useful plants of the region has yet been documented, de- into a comprehensive inventory of Vhavenḓaplantuse.Theinven- spite the inclusion of several species names in the important publica- tory presented here also includes a substantial number of unpub- tions of Stayt (1931), Netshiungani (1981), Arnold and Gulumian lished records based on own experience and recent ethnobotanical (1984), Van Warmelo (1989), Singo (1996) and especially Mabogo surveys. (1990). Various aspects of the Vhavenḓa ethnobotany have been included 2. Materials and methods in several studies, ranging from general ethnobotany (Stayt, 1931; Liengme, 1983; Mabogo, 1990; Singo, 1996; Maanda and Bhat, Information was collected through literature studies and formal 2010; Mahwasane, 2013) to ethnomedicine or ethnopharmacology interviews with a total of 66 participants from four villages, namely (Netshiungani, 1981; Arnold and Gulumian, 1984; Masevhe et al., Mafukani, Matshena, Tshaulu and Vuvha (Fig. 1). The first author

Table 1 Inventory of Vhavenḓa useful plants (indigenous and naturalised species only). Abbreviations for voucher specimens: KMV = Khathutshelo Magwede (University of Venḓa Herbarium); MMQ = Maanda Mbuyedzedzo Queen (University of Venḓa Herbarium); Ramovha (University of Venda Herbarium); LT = MT Linger (Thohoyandou Herbarium). Sources of information on Venḓa plant use (A in the last column): A1 = Arnold and Gulumian (1984);B1=Bvenura and Afolayan (2015);G1=Green et al. (2010); H1 = G Hemm - Venḓa herbarium specimen notes; K1 = Komape et al. (2014); L1 = Luseba and Tshisikhawe (2013); L2 = MT Linger – Venḓa herbarium specimen notes; M1 = Mabogo (1990);M2=Maanda and Bhat (2010);M3= Mahwasane et al. (2013);M4=Magwede et al. (2014);M5=Masevhe et al. (2015);M6=Mulaudzi et al. (2015);N1=Netshiungani (1981); O1 = Interview results and own observations; R1 = Rampedi (2010);R2=Ramovha and Van Wyk (2016);R3=Ramovha (2016);S1=Stayt (1931);S2=Singo (1996);S3=Steyn et al. (2001);S4=Steenkamp et al. (2007);S5= Samie et al. (2009b);S6=Semenya et al. (2012);V1=Van Warmelo (1989);V2=Van Rensburg et al. (2007);V3=Van der Walt (2009). General sources of information (B in the last column): B2 = Bromilow (2010);J1=Joffe and Oberholzer (2001);P1=Coates Palgrave (2002);V4=Venter and Venter (1996);V5=Van Wyk et al. (2002);V6=Van Wyk (2005);V7=Van Oudtshoorn (1992);V8=Van Wyk and Gericke (2000);V9=Van Wyk et al. (2008);V10=Van Wyk et al. (2009);V11=Van Wyk and Wink (2017);V12=Van Wyk and Van Wyk (2013); W1 = Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962);W2=Wink and Van Wyk (2008).

Family Botanical name Vernacular name Life form Part used Use category Uses * Naturalised aliens (V) = Tshivenḓa; (E) = English; Newly recorded A: Local (Vhavenḓa) uses (for cultivated aliens see (A) = Afrikaans uses in bold B: Uses recorded Table: 2); New species Newly recorded names in bold elsewhere records in bold

Acanthaceae Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R. nnyoyambudzi, lubikela (V) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 and S2 Br.; KMV398 Acanthaceae Dicliptera clinopodia Nees; lubikelashamba (V) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 KMV532 Achariaceae Kiggelaria africana L.; mufhaṱavhufa (V); red ivory, Tree Wood Construction A: O1 KMV454 spokewood (E); spekhout (A) B: V9 Agavaceae *Agave sisalana Perrine ex tshikwenga (V); sisal (E) Tree Leaf Craftwork and A: O1 Engelm.; KMV284 construction B: V8 and B2. Alliaceae Tulbaghia leucantha Baker; nyalamudavhi (V); veld onion, wild Herb Leaf and Vegetable A: O1 and H1 KMV377 garlic (E); fonteinknoffel (A) ﬂowers Amaranthaceae *Achyranthes aspera L. var. mukuluvhali (V); chaff ﬂower (E); Herb Leaf Medicine and A: M1, V3 and O1 aspera; KMV034 landklits (A) vegetable Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex vowa (V); pigweed (E); misbredie (A) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: B1 and O1 Thell.; KMV466 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus capensis Thell. vowa (V); smooth pigweed (E); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 subsp. capensis; KMV035 misbredie (A) Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus graecizans L. vowa (V); pigweed (E); misbredie (A) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: B1, V2 and O1 subsp. graecizans; KMV478 Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus hybridus L. Vowa, thebe, gango, Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M2, S2, B1, V2 and O1 subsp. cruentus (L.) Thell.; tshiubavhakololo (V); red B: V8 MMQ039 amaranth, common pigweed (E); gewone misbredie (A) Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus hybridus L. vowa (V); cape pigweed (E); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: S2 and O1 subsp. hybridus var. misbredie (A) erythrostachys Moq.; KMV468 Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus hybridus L. vowa (V); common pigweed (E); Herb Leaf or aerial Medicine, snuff A: M2, M1, S2, V2, S3 and subsp. hybridus var. hybridus; gewone misbredie (A) parts ingredient and vegetable O1 MMQ038 B: V8 and B2 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus praetermissus vowa (V); pigweed (E); misbredie (A) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 Brenan; KMV464 Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus spinosus L.; vowa, tshiṱhavhamisisi, Herb Whole plant Medicine and vegetable A: A1, M1, S1, M5, V2, S3 MMQ026 tshinyameila (V); spiny amaranth, and O1 thorny amaranth, thorny pigweed (E); misbredie (A) Amaranthaceae Amaranthus standleyanus vowa (V); pigweed (E); misbredie (A) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: S2, B1 and O1 Parodi ex Covas; KMV469 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus thunbergii L.; vowa (V); cape pigweed (E); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M1, S2, V2 and O1 MMQ013 kraanvoëlbossie (A) Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus tricolor L.; vowa (V); pigweed (E); misbredie (A) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 KMV465 Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus viridis L.; vowa, vowakholomo (V); pigweed Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1, B1, V2 and S2 KMV269 (E); skraalmisbredie (A) Amaranthaceae *Alternanthera sessilis (L.) vowamulambo, tshifumbe (V) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 and H1 DC.; KMV401 Amaranthaceae *Chenopodium album L.; ḓaleḓale (V); wild spinach, fat hen, Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M1, S2, V3 and O1 KMV229 common pigweed (E); seepbossie, B: V8 and B2 varkbossie, bloubossie (A) Amaranthaceae *Chenopodium murale L. var. makhuluwaḓaledale (V); Herb Leaf Medicine and vegetable A: O1 murale; KMV230 rounded-leaved fat hen, wheat B: V8 bush, goosefoot (E); gansevoet, koringbossie (A) Amaranthaceae Chenopodium sp.; KMV306 muthathathuri (V) Herb Whole plant Medicine A: M1 and O1 Amaranthaceae Cyathula natalensis Sond.; munamumuhulwane (V) Herb Fruit Medicine and magic A: O1 KMV499 Amaranthaceae Pupalia lappacea (L.) A.Juss. munamu (V); sweethearts, Herb Fruit Medicine A: O1 var. lappacea; KMV483 burweed (E); beesklits (A) Amaryllidaceae Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb; kholomo (V); bushman poison (E); Herb Whole plant Medicine A: O1 KMV036 boesmangifbol (A) B: V10, V5, W2, V4 and V8 Anacardiaceae Lannea discolor (Sond.) Engl.; muvhumbu, tshivhumbu, munii (V); Tree Fruit, bark Edible fruit, cordage A: A1, O1 and V1 KMV053 live-long (E); dikbas (A) and root and medicine B: V8, V12, V10, W1 and V9 Anacardiaceae Lannea edulis (Sond.) Engl. mutshutshungu (V); wild grape (E); Shrub Fruit and root Edible fruit and medicine A: O1 and V1

(continued on next page)

Table 1 (continued)

var. edulis; KMV402 wildedruif (A) B: W1, V8 and V10 Anacardiaceae Lannea schweinfurthii (Engl.) mulivhadza, muswoswoto, Tree Fruit, leaf, Edible fruit, craftwork, A: M1, A1, S4 and O1 Engl. var. stuhlmannii (Engl.) muaḓaba, muvhumbumudenya (V); bark, root and magic and medicine B: V8, V4, V12, V9, V4 Kokwaro; KMV037 false-marula (E); valsmaroela (A) root bark and V10 outgrowth Anacardiaceae *Mangifera indica L.; KMV442 munngo (V); mango (E); Tree Fruit, bark, Edible fruit, medicine A: O1 veselperske (A) root and wood and firewood B: V6 Anacardiaceae Ozoroa engleri R.Fern. & A. mudumbula, bandulakhali (V); Shrub Bark Medicine A: M1 Fern.; KMV410 dropping resintree (E); treurharpuisboom (A) Anacardiaceae Ozoroa reticulata (Baker f.) R. munungu, munungumaswi Tree Bark and root Medicine A: R3 Fern. & A. Fern.; Ramovha 133 Anacardiaceae *Schinus molle L.; KMV408 mubibiri (V); peppertree (E); Tree Leaf or whole Medicine, shade and A: O1 peperboom (A) plant ornamental Anacardiaceae Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) mufula (V); marula (E); maroela (A) Tree Fruit, seed, Edible fruit, cosmetic oil, A: M1, V1, R1, R2, R3, N1, Hochst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) bark and dried fruit skin burnt to make A1, S1, S2 and O1 Kokwaro; KMV038 wood mukango (cooking soda), B: W1, P1, V10, V4, V12, medicine,cordage,craftwork, V8, V6 and V9 firewood and construction Anacardiaceae Searsia chirindensis (Baker f.) mutshakutshaku, Tree Fruit, leaf, Edible fruit, medicine and A: O1 Moffett; KMV055 muvhaḓelaphanga (V); red currant bark, root and craftwork B: V12, V9, V4 and J1 (E); bostaaibos (A) wood Anacardiaceae Searsia lancea (L.f.) F.A. mushakaladza (V); karee (E); Shrub Fruit, leaf and Edible fruit, beverage, A: M1, N1, S1, A1 and O1 Barkley; KMV039 karee (A) wood medicine, craftwork, B: V8, J1, V9, P1 and V4 construction, and firewood Anacardiaceae Searsia leptodictya (Diels) T.S. muthathaba, mushakaladza (V); Shrub Fruit, leaf, Medicine A: O1 and A1 Yi, A.J.Mill. & J.Wen; KMV040 mountain karee, rock karee (E); bark and root klipkaree (A) Anacardiaceae Searsia magalismontana mutshakutshaku, tshidzimba (V); Shrub Fruit Edible fruit A: O1 (Sond.) Moffett subsp. coddii hard-leaved currant (E); (R. & A.Fern.) Moffett; hardeblaartaaibos (A) KMV422 Anacardiaceae Searsia pyroides (Burch.) mutshakutshaku, mushakaladza Shrub Fruit Edible fruit A: O1 Moffett var. pyroides; (V); river firethorn currant (E); B: V9 KMV457 taaibos (A) Anacardiaceae Searsia rogersii (Schönland) muṱhasiri (V); Roger's currant (E) Shrub Fruit and Edible fruit and firewood A: M1 and O1 Moffett; KMV054 wood Annonaceae Annona senegalensis Pers. muembe (V); wild custard-apple Shrub Fruit, leaf, Edible fruit, beverage, A: M1, V1, R1, S1, A1 and subsp. senegalensis; KMV041 (E); wildesuikerappel (A) bark, root and medicine, magic, cordage, O1 wood craftwork, construction, and B: W1, P1, V8 and V12 firewood Annonaceae Artabotrys brachypetalus mudzidzi, munnamutswu (V); large Climber Fruit, bark, Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1, V1, A1, S1 and O1 Benth.; KMV042 hook-berry (E); groot-haakbessie (A) root and wood magic and construction B: P1 Annonaceae Artabotrys monteiroae Oliv.; munnamutswu (V); red hookberry Climber Root Medicine A: A1, M1 and O1 KMV093 (E); rooihaakbessie (A) Annonaceae Hexalobus monopetalus (A. muhuhuma, muukhuma, Shrub Fruit, root and Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1, V1, A1, S4 and O1 Rich.) Engl. & Diels; KMV043 muhukhuma, munii, mushakame wood craftwork, construction and B: P1, V8 and V12 (V); shakama-plum (E); firewood shakamapruim (A) Annonaceae Xylopia odoratissima Welw. muvhulavhusiku (V); kalahari Tree Root and Medicine and firewood A: M1, A1 and O1 ex Oliv.; KMV044 bitterwood (E); kalahari-bitterhout wood (A) Aphloiaceae Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) mufhefhera (V); albino-berry (E); Tree Leaf, twig, Medicine and magic A: O1 Benn.; KMV449 albinobessie (A) bark and root Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.; mukulungwane (V); marsh Herb Leaf Medicine and vegetable A: O1 KMV216 pennywort (E); waternavel (A) B: V10, V11 and V8 Apiaceae *Cyclospermum leptophyllum lufhelele (V); fir-leafed celery (E) Herb Aerial parts Medicine A: M4 and O1 (Pers.) Sprague ex Britton & P.Wilson; KMV004 Apiaceae Heteromorpha arborescens muṱhaṱhavhanna (V); common Tree Leaf and root Medicine A: O1, M1, A1, R3, R2 and (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl. parsley-tree (E); kraaibos, N1 var. abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. wildepietersieliebos (A) B: V12, P1, W1, V10, V9, Rich.) H.Wolff; KMV403 J1 and V8 Apocynaceae Acokanthera oppositifolia musilili (V); bushmans's poison (E); Shrub Latex and Arrow poison and medicine A: A1, N1 and M1 (Lam.) Codd; KMV235 boesmansgif (A) root B: V12, V10, W2, W1, V5, P1, J1 and V11 Apocynaceae Adenium multiflorum tshivhuyana (V); impala lily (E); Shrub Whole plant Medicine, living fence and A: O1 Klotzsch; KMV122 impalalelie (A) ornamental B: J1, W1, W2 and V5 Apocynaceae Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex murungulu, tshirungulu, mutogwe Shrub Fruit, root or Edible fruit, beverage, A: O1, L1 and M1 Brenan; KMV045 (V); common num-num (E); whole plant medicine, and ornamental B: P1, R1 and V12 noemnoem (A) Apocynaceae Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl; murungulu, tshirungulu, Shrub Fruit and root Beverage and medicine A: M1, R1, A1 and O1

Table 1 (continued)

KMV094 mutogwemuhulwane (V); B: V12 and V4 climbing num-num (E); ranknoemnoem (A) Apocynaceae Carissa tetramera (Sacleux) murungulu (V); sand num-num (E) Shrub Fruit Beverage A: R1 Stapf; KMV217 Apocynaceae *Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. ḽiluvha, tshikhaṱhakhaṱhane, Herb Leaf and root Medicine A: A1, S6, M6 and O1 Don; KMV046 musalamarubini (V); Rose B: B2, V8, V11, V5, W2, periwinkle (E); soldateblom (A) O1 and V10 Apocynaceae Cryptolepis obtusa N.E.Br.; muṱanzwakhamelo, ṱhanamaswi Climber Leaf Vegetable A: O1 KMV420 (V); monkey rope (E); bobbejaantou (A) Apocynaceae Diplorhynchus condylocarpon muthowa (V); horn-pod tree (E); Shrub Leaf, root, Medicine, edible caterpillar A: O1 (Müll.Arg.) Pichon; KMV047 koorspeulboom (A) caterpillar and birdlime B: P1, V9 and V12 feeding on leaf and fruit latex Apocynaceae Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) mutshulwa, mubvafhisa (V); Herb Leaf Medicine A: V3, M1, M6 and O1 Aiton f. subsp. fruticosus; milkweed (E); melkbos (A) B: V8, V5 and W1 KMV061 Apocynaceae Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex makhuluwamuhatu (V); fever pod Shrub Bark, root and Medicine, birdlime, glue or A: O1, V1, R2, R3 and A1 G.Don; KMV049 (E); koorspeulboom (A) fruit latex adhesive B: V12, P1 and V8 Apocynaceae Landolphia kirkii Dyer ex mukumululo, muvhungo (V); rubber Climber Fruit, latex, Edible fruit, beverage, A: M1, V1, R1 and O1 Hook.f.; KMV056 vine (E); melktou (A) root and birdlime, medicine, magic, woody vine craftwork, and construction Apocynaceae *Nerium oleander L.; ḽiluvha (V); oleander, rose laurel Shrub Leaf, latex, Medicine and ornamental A: O1 KMV218 (E); selonsroos (A) bark or whole B: V11 and V5 plant Apocynaceae Pentarrhinum insipidum E. phulule (V); heart vine (E); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M1, O1, V1, S2, B1 and Mey.; MMQ015 donkieperske (A) M2 Apocynaceae Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) donzwamutuku (V); trellis vine Climber Leaf and latex Medicine A: V3 and O1 Chiov. subsp. daemia; (E); bobbejaankambro (A) KMV026 Apocynaceae Rauvolﬁa caffra Sond.; muṋadzi (V); quinine-tree (E) Tree Leaf, sap, bark Medicine, shade and A: O1, M1, A1, S4 and N1 KMV018 kinaboom (A) and wood craftwork B: V12, V10, V8, V9, P1, W1, V5 and V4 Apocynaceae Riocreuxia picta Schltr.; bwerepwere, berepere (V) Climber Leaf Vegetable A: O1 KMV496 Apocynaceae Riocreuxia torulosa Decne. mufungwi (V) Climbing Leaf Vegetable A: O1, S2, B1, S3 and V1 var. torulosa; KMV416 herb Apocynaceae Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. mutshiso, gona, muṱungu (V); Climber Root and bark Medicine A: M1, V1, R3 and O1 Br. subsp. suberosum Meve & caustic vine (E); spantou, melkbos, B: W1, V12 and V5 Liede; KMV404 melktou (A) Apocynaceae Secamone parvifolia (Oliv.) thundwa, lutundwa, mutanamaswi (V) Climber Stem vine Craftwork A: O1 and V1 Bullock; KMV048 Apocynaceae Stapelia gigantea N.E.Br.; muḓadzashango, tshiovholosi (V); Herb Root and leaf Medicine A: M1 and O1 KMV423 giant stapelia (E); grootaasblom (A) sap B: V8 Apocynaceae Strophanthus petersianus duluṅombe (V); corky stem Climber All plant parts Medicine A: O1 Klotzsch; KMV219 poison-rope (E); kurkstamgiftou (A) Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana elegans muhaṱu (V); toad-tree (E); Shrub Fruit, latex Edible fruit, snuff A: M1, O1, M5, R2, S4, R3 Stapf; KMV057 paddaboom (A) and root ingredient, mukango and A1 (cooking soda), birdlime B: V9, P1 and V12 and medicine Apocynaceae Telosma africana (N.E.Br.) nyendanyendane Climber Leaf Vegetable A: O1 N.E.Br.; KMV533 Apocynaceae Wrightia natalensis Stapf; musunzi (V); saddle-pod (E); Tree Root Medicine A: A1, M1, M5, V1, N1 KMV095 saalpeultjieboom (A) and O1 B: V12 and V9 Araceae Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) ndalunwepi, ndalunwafhi, Herb Leaf,rhizome Medicine and ornamental A: S1, O1, S4 and A1 Spreng.; KMV058 ṋdevheyatholo, or whole B: V8, V10, J1 and W1 tshitukanatshamagovhani (V); plant white arum lily (E); varklelie, witvarkoor (A) Araceae Zantedeschia albomaculata ndalunwepi, ndalunwafhi (V); Herb Root and Medicine and ornamental A: O1 (Hook.) Baill. subsp. spotted-leaved Arum (E); whole plant B: V8, W1 albomaculata; KMV537 kleinvarkoor, witvlekvarkoor (A) Arecaceae Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn.; mulala, mutshema (V); lala palm Tree Leaf, sap and Cordage, craftwork, A: M1, S1, N1, A1 and O1 KMV096 (E); lalapalm (A) stem pith beverage (wine) and B: V8, V9 and V12 medicine Arecaceae Hyphaene petersiana mulala, mutshema (V); northern lala Tree Fruit and leaf Edible fruit, beverage A: O1 Klotzsch ex Mart.; KMV059 palm (E); noordelike lalapalm (A) (wine) and craftwork B: V8, V9, V12, V6 and V9 Arecaceae Phoenix reclinata Jacq.; mutshevho (V); wild date palm (E); Tree Fruit, leaf or Edible fruit, beverage (wine), A: N1, M1 and O1

(continued on next page)

Table 1 (continued)

KMV097 wildedadelboom (A) whole plant craftwork, construction and B: V12, V8, J1 and V9 ornamental Araliaceae Cussonia spicata Thunb.; musenzhe (V); cabbage-tree (E); Tree Leaf, stem, Medicine, magic, A: A1, S1, O1 and M1 KMV060 kiepersol (A) root or whole ornamental and shade B: J1, V4, V8, W1 and V9 plant Araliaceae Schefflera umbellifera (Sond.) mukho (V); false cabbage-tree (E); Tree Bark and Medicine and craftwork A: M1, N1 and O1 Baill.; KMV098 valskiepersol (A) wood B: V12 and V9 Asparagaceae Asparagus buchananii Baker; lufhaladzamakole (V) Shrub Root or whole Medicine and magic A: M1, A1 and O1 KMV062 plant Asparagaceae Asparagus falcatus L.; govhakhanya,gundakhanga, Shrub Leaf and root Medicine A: M1, S4 and A1 KMV421 muhakatshaini (V); sickle thorn (E) Asphodelaceae Aloe arborescens Mill.; tshikhopha (V); krantz aloe (E); Shrub Leaf sap Medicine A: O1 KMV435 kransaalwyn (A) B: J1, V10 Asphodelaceae Aloe chabaudii Schönland var. tshikhopha (V); aloe (E); aalwyn (A) Herb Leaf Medicine A: A1 and O1 chabaudii; KMV032 B: V8 Asphodelaceae Aloe hahnii Gideon F.Sm. & tshikhopha (V); common soap aloe Herb Leaf and root Medicine A: O1, R3 and R2 R.R.Klopper; KMV436 (E); bontaalwyn (A) Asphodelaceae Aloe marlothii A.Berger; bindamutshe (V); mountain aloe Shrub Leaf, bark and Medicine A: M1, A1 and M1 KMV033 (E); bergaalwyn (A) root B: V12 Asphodelaceae Aloe sp.; KMV390 tshikhophatshiṱuku, tshitudzwi (V); Herb Leaf Medicine A: M1and O1 wateraalwyn (A) Asphodelaceae Aloe vossii Reynolds; KMV205 tshikhopha (V) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: L2 and S1 Asteraceae *Acanthospermum hispidum muvhavhanyane (V); bristly strabur Herb Aerial parts Medicine A: M4 DC.; KMV013 (E); donkieklits (A) Asteraceae Acmella caulirhiza Delile; tshishengelaphofu (V) Herb Leaf Medicine A: O1 and H1 KMV424 Asteraceae *Ageratum conyzoides L.; blueweed (E); bokkruid (A) Herb Leaf Medicine A: M3 KMV220 Asteraceae Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf. mubvamalofha, malofhane (V) Herb Root Medicine A: O1 subsp. pluriseta; KMV052 Asteraceae Athrixia phylicoides DC.; mutshatshaila, mubosotie (V); Herb Leaf and twig Medicine and beverage A: M1 and O1 KMV400 bushman's tea (E); boesmanstee (A) B: V8 and V10 Asteraceae *Bidens bipinnata L.; MMQ025 mushidzhidonga (V); spanish Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M2, S2, B1 and O1 blackjack (E); spaanse knapsekêrel (A) B: B2 and V8 Asteraceae *Bidens pilosa L.; KMV008 mushidzhi (V); blackjack, Herb Leaf Medicine and vegetable A: M1, S1, O1, S2, B1, S3 Bur-mangold, spanish needle (E); and M2 knapsekêrel (A) B: V8 and B2 Asteraceae Brachylaena discolor DC.; mufhaṱa (V); lowveld silver-oak Tree Bark, root, Medicine, craftwork, A: M1, N1 and O1 KMV063 (E); laeveldvaalbos (A) twig and construction, firewood B: V9 and V12 wood and fire-making Asteraceae Brachylaena huillensis O. mufhaṱathavha, tshifhaṱa (V); Tree Wood Construction, firewood A: O1 Hoffm.; KMV405 silver-oak (E); kusvaalbos (A) and fire-making B: V12 and J1 Asteraceae Brachylaena transvaalensis E. mufhaṱa (V); forest silver-oak (E) Tree Bark, twig Medicine, craftwork, A: M1 and O1 Phillips & Schweick.; KMV099 and wood construction, firewood B: V8 and fire-making Asteraceae Callilepis lancifolia Burtt phila (V) Herb Tuber Medicine A: O1 Davy; KMV529 Asteraceae *Galinsoga parviflora Cav.; nḓevhedzamphobo (V); yellow Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 KMV430 weed (E); knopkruid (A) Asteraceae Gerbera ambigua (Cass.) Sch. Iṱolandau (V); gerbera (E); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M1 Bip.; KMV065 botterblom (A) Asteraceae Gymnanthemum phaṱhane (V) Shrub Leaf Medicine A: R3 amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp.; Ramovha 164 Asteraceae Gymnanthemum coloratum pheṱhane (V); lowveld bitter tea Shrub Leaf, bark and Medicine A: M4, L1 and O1 (Willd.) H.Rob. & B.Kahn sens. (E); laeveld-bittertee (A) root B: V12 and P1 lat.; KMV002 Asteraceae Gymnanthemum myrianthum mululudza, mukombodza, Shrub Leaf and root Snuff ingredient and A: M1, V1 and O1 (Hook.f.) H.Rob.; KMV423 mubongabonga (V); eared medicine vernonia (E); bloubittertee (A) Asteraceae *Helianthus annuus L.; tshiteaduvha (V); sunflower (E); Herb Seed Edible seed A: O1 KMV507 sonneblom (A) B: V6 Asteraceae *Xanthium strumarium L.; gwanda (V); large cocklebur (E); Herb Fruit and root Medicine A: S6 and O1 KMV224 kankerroos (A) B: W2 Asteraceae Helichrysum kraussii Sch.Bip.; tshifulaṱhulo, tshilalaṱhulo, Shrub Root Medicine A: A1 and O1 KMV017 tshifhefhavhana, tshifhefhuwane, tshiputelaluvhuḓa (V); straw everlasting (E) Asteraceae Helichrysum nudifolium (L.) hottentot's tea (E); Herb Root Medicine A: M1 Less. var. nudifolium; KMV406 hottentotsteebossie (A) B: W1 and V10 Asteraceae Kleinia longiflora DC.; KMV222 mushavhavhakazi (V) Shrub Stem Medicine A: M1 and R3 Asteraceae Kleinia sp. tshifatafaṱane (V) Shrub Leaf Medicine A: M1

Table 1 (continued)

Asteraceae Kleinia sp. tshiṱanzisanngwa (V) Shrub Leaf Medicine A: M1 Asteraceae Linzia glabra Steetz; Ramovha phaṱhaphaṱhane (V) Herb Leaf Medicine A: R3 185 Asteraceae Macledium zeyheri (Sond.) S. tshiṱoni (V); doll's protea (E); Herb Flower or Medicine A: M1 Ortíz subsp. zeyheri; KMV064 jakkalsbossie (A) aerial parts Asteraceae Pechuel-Loeschea murundelaphunguwe (V); Shrub Root Medicine A: O1 leubnitziae (Kuntze) O. stinkbush (E); stinkbossie (A) Hoffm.; KMV489 Asteraceae *Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Luswielo, gaulo (V); khaki bush (E); Herb Whole plant Medicine A: M5, R3 Kuntze ex Thell.; KMV221 khakibos (A) B: V8 Asteraceae *Sonchus asper (L.) Hill subsp. shashe (V); annual sow-thistle, Herb Leaf Medicine and vegetable A: M2, S2, B1, S3 and O1 asper; MMQ008 common sow thistle, wild thistle B: B2 and W2 (E); doringsydissel (A) Asteraceae Sonchus nanus Sond. ex Harv.; tshikakalembe, tshikandamalembe Herb Leaf Vegetable A: V1 KMV494 (V); thistle (E); sydissel (A) Asteraceae *Sonchus oleraceus L.; shashe (V); common sowthistle Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M1, M2, B1, S3 and O1 KMV347 (E); gewone sydissel (A) B: V8 and B2 Asteraceae *Tagetes minuta L.; KMV001 mushashathuri, mukangambanzhe Herb Leaf or aerial Medicine and insect A: M4, A1, M5, V1, O1 (V); khakhi weed (E); kakiebos (A) parts leaf repellent and L1 B: B2 and V8 Asteraceae Tarchonanthus trilobus DC. muṱwari (V); broad-leaved Shrub Wood Construction and firewood A: O1 var. galpinii (Hutch. & E. camphorbush (E); Phillips) Paiva; KMV439 breëblaarkanferbos (A) Asteraceae Vernonia fastigiata Oliv. & ṱhanyi, ṱanyi, muṱhanyi, Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M1, M2, S2, B1, S3 and Hiern; MMQ029 tshidovholela (V); starstalk (E) O1 Basellaceae *Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Climber Whole Medicine A: M6 Steenis; KMV536 Bignoniaceae Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.; muvevha (V); sausage-tree (E); Tree Fruit, bark or Famine food, medicine, A: N1, O1, M1 and A1 KMV069 worsboom (A) whole plant ornamental and shade B: V12, V8, W1, V11, V4, P1, V9, J1 and V10 Bignoniaceae Markhamia zanzibarica (Bojer muḽakholomo (V); bell-bean (E); Tree Leaf Medicine and fodder A: M1, A1, N1 and O1 ex DC.) K.Schum.; KMV225 klokkiesboontjieboom (A) B: V12 and P1 Bignoniaceae Rhigozum obovatum Burch.; murenzhebani (V); karoo gold (E); Tree Flowers and Vegetable and firewood A: O1 KMV479 geelberggranaat (A) wood Boraginaceae Cordia sp. Ramovha 148 tshinzienzie (V) Shrub Leaf Medicine A: R3 Boraginaceae Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce murovherovhe, mutepe (V); puzzle Tree Fruit, root, Edible fruit, medicine, A: A1, R1, M1, R3 and O1 subsp. nervifolia Retief & A.E. bush (E); deurmekaarbos (A) wood or magic, construction, B: V4, V9, V12, P1 and J1 van Wyk; KMV406 whole plant firewood, fire-making, ornamental and shade Brassicaceae *Brassica rapa L. mutshaini (V); Chinese cabbage (E); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: V2 and O1 Sjinese kool (A) B: V8 and V6 Brassicaceae Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg muṱhobi, muvhombwe (V); Tree Fruit, leaf, Edible fruit, famine food A: N1, M1, and O1 & Gilg-Ben.; KMV409 shepherds-tree (E); witgat, root or whole and shade B: V12, V8, V9, P1, W1 matoppie (A) plant and V4 Brassicaceae Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) tshikuni, munnamutswu, Shrub Root Medicine and magic A: M1 Wild; KMV227 mudiatsiwana (V); leafless worm B: V8 bush (E); swartstormbos (A) Brassicaceae Capparis tomentosa Lam.; gwambazi, muobaḓali, muombaḓadzi, Shrub Root Medicine A: M1, A1, S1, V1, S4 and KMV076 luakhaboyi (V); woolly caperbush O1 (E); wollerige kapperbos (A) B: V8, V12, V10 and P1 Brassicaceae Cleome gynandra L.; KMV410 murudi, nimvi, munimvi (V); Herb Leaf Vegetable and medicinal A: M1, M2, S2, B1, V2, S3, African cabbage (E); oorpeultjie (A) V3 and O1 B: V8 Brassicaceae Cleome monophylla L.; muṱohoṱoho, muṱoṱombudzi (V); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M1, M2, S2, B1, V2, V3 MMQ021 Spider plant, Spindle flower, and O1 Spindlepod (E); rusperbossie (A) B: V8 Brassicaceae Maerua angolensis DC. subsp. mutambanamme, mupopane (V); Tree Leaf and bark Medicine A: O1, L1 and M1 angolensis; KMV300 bead-bean tree (E); B: V9 and V4 knoppiesboontjieboom (A) Brassicaceae Maerua cafra (DC.) Pax; mutapatila (V); bush-cherry, Tree Bark and root Medicine and magic A: M1 and A1 KMV301 spiderbush (E); witbos (A) B: V12 Brassicaceae Maerua edulis (Gilg & mutshalimela (V) Shrub Tuber Medicine A: O1 Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf; KMV528 Burseraceae Commiphora africana (A. mutaladzi (V); hairy corkwood (E); Tree Bark resin Medicine A: O1 Rich.) Engl. var. africana; harige kanniedood (A) KMV 399 Burseraceae Commiphora marlothii Engl.; mufhafha, mubobo (V); Tree Fruit, bark Edible fruit, medicine and A: M1 and O1 KMV072 paperbark corkwood (E); and root famine food B: V12 and V9 papierbaskanniedood (A) Burseraceae Commiphora mollis (Oliv.) muukhuthu (V); velvet-leaved Tree Wood or Craftwork, shade and live A: M1 and O1 Engl.; KMV074 corkwood (E); fluweelkanniedood (A) whole plant fence B: V9 and W1

(continued on next page)

Table 1 (continued)

Burseraceae Commiphora viminea Burtt mutonyombiḓi, mutalu (V); Tree Root Medicine A: N1, A1, O1 and M1 Davy; KMV073 zebra-bark corkwood (E); B: V9 sebrabaskanniedood (A) Cactaceae *Opuntia ficus-indica Mill.; muḓoro (V); sweet prickly pear (E); Shrub Fruit, leaf and Edible fruit, fodder, beverage A: M1, V1, S1, R1, A1 and KMV408 boereturksvy (A) root (wine) and medicine O1 B: V8, B2, V6 and V12 Cannabaceae *Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa; mbanzhe (V); dagga (E) Herb Flowers, fruit, Medicine A: O1 KMV226 seed, leaf and B: V8, V10, W2, V11 and twig B2 Canellaceae Warburgia salutaris (G. mulanga (V); pepper-bark tree (E); Tree Bark Medicine A: M1, O1, A1, R3 and N1 Bertol.) Chiov.; KMV075 peperbasboom (A) B: V9, V8, V10, V11, V12, P1, W1, V9 and V4 Celastraceae Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex luṱhadzi, mutie (V); bushman-tea, Tree Leaf and Beverage (tea), medicine, A: R1 and O1 Endl.; KMV302 khat (E); boesmanstee (A) wood craftwork and construction B: P1, V9 and W2 Celastraceae Elachyptera parvifolia malambakupikwa (V); sand Shrub Root Medicine and magic A: O1 (Oliv.) N.Hallé; KMV068 paddle-pod (E) Celastraceae Elaeodendron transvaalense mulumaṋamana, mukuvhazwivhi, Tree Fruit and bark Edible fruit and medicine A: A1, M1, M5, O1, S4, R3 (Burtt Davy) R.H.Archer; mukundadivhu (V); bushveld and N1 KMV079 saffron (E); bosveldsaffraan (A) B: V12, V10, W1, P1 and V9 Celastraceae Gymnosporia senegalensis tshiphandwa (V); confetti Shrub Root and Medicine, craftwork, magic A: M1, A1, O1 and S1 (Lam.) Loes.; KMV411 spikethorn (E); rooipendoring (A) wood and firewood B: V8 and V9 Celastraceae Gymnosporia tenuispina ntsatshilambe (V); bell spiketthorn Shrub Root Magic A: M1 and O1 (Sond.) Szyszył.; KMV304 (E) klokkiespendoring (A) Celastraceae Loeseneriella crenata luuvhu (V); valley paddle-pod (E); Shrub Flexible Construction A: M1 and O1 (Klotzsch) R.Wilczek ex N. valleispaanpeul (A) woody vine Hallé var. crenata; KMV350 Celastraceae Maytenus peduncularis mukwatule (V); Cape-blackwood Shrub Root and Medicine, birdlime and A: A1, V1 and O1 (Sond.) Loes.; KMV352 (E); Kaapse swarthout (A) wood craftwork B: V12 Celastraceae Maytenus undata (Thunb.) tshibvukahalwa, tshikwaṱukwaṱu (V) Shrub Wood Craftwork, construction and A: M1 and O1 Blakelock; KMV351 firewood B: W1, V12 and J1 Celastraceae Mystroxylon aethiopicum mugugunu, mukwatule, Tree Fruit, bark, Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1 and O1 (Thunb.) Loes. subsp. mukwatikwati (V); kooboo-berry root and wood magic, birdlime, craftwork B: V12, P1, V9 and V4 aethiopicum; KMV305 (E); koeboebessie (A) and firewood Celastraceae Pleurostylia capensis (Turcz.) murumelelwa (V); coffee-pear (E); Tree Root Magic A: M1 and O1 Loes.; KMV228 koffiepeer (A) Celastraceae Pristimera longipetiolata mutshiḽari, mukolomo, Shrub Root and Medicine A: M1, M5 and O1 (Oliv.) N.Hallé; KMV303 mutandambeulane, parasitic plant mutandambevhulane, mutswiputswipu (V); long-stalk paddle-pod (E); langsteelspaanpeul (A) Celastraceae Salacia rehmannii Schinz; dira, musasalwabwa, ntsatshilambe, Shrub Root Magic A: M1 and O1 KMV425 phaṱhatshimima, tavhatapano, tavhatapi (V); wildelemoentjie (A) Chrysobalanaceae Parinari curatellifolia Planch. muvhula (V); mobola-plum (E); Tree Fruit, bark Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1, N1, R1, A1, S4, R3 ex Benth; KMV456 grysappel (A) and wood craftwork, construction and and O1 firewood B: W1, V4, V8, V9 and P1 Chrysobalanaceae Parinari capensis Harv. tshivhulafhasi, tshivhulana (V); Shrub Fruit and root Edible fruit and medicine A: O1 subsp. capensis; KMV461 dwarf mobola-plum (E); B: V8 grysappeltjie (A) Clusiaceae Garcinia livingstonei T. muphiphi, mupimbi (V); lowveld Tree Fruit, flower, Edible fruit, beverage A: M1, N1, A1, S1 and O1 Anderson; KMV231 mangosteen (E) leaf, root and (wine), medicine, craftwork B: W1, V12, V8, R1, V9, sapling and construction V4 and P1 Combretaceae Combretum apiculatum Sond.; mugavhi (V); red bushwillow (E); Tree Wood Firewood and construction A: O1 and M1 KMV426 rooiboswilg (A) B: V9 and V8 Combretaceae Combretum collinum Fresen. muvuvha (V); bicoloured Tree Wood Firewood and construction A: M1 and O1 subsp. gazense (Swynn. & bushwillow (E); B: V9 Baker f.) Okafor; KMV307 tweekleurboswilg (A) Combretaceae Combretum erythrophyllum muvuvhu (V); river bushwillow (E); Tree Root and Medicine, construction and A: M1 and S1 (Burch.) Sond.; KMV457 riviervaderlandswilg (A) wood craftwork B: V10, V12, J1, V9 and V4 Combretaceae Combretum hereroense mudzwiri, mugavhi, musingidzi (V); Tree Fruit, root and Medicine, craftwork and A: M1 and O1 Schinz; KMV308 russet bushwillow (E); wood firewood B: V12, V9 and V4 kierieklapper (A) Combretaceae Combretum imberbe Wawra; mudzwiri, mugeri (V); leadwood Tree Root, wood or Medicine, ritual, A: M1, O1, R3 and N1 KMV422 (E); hardekool (A) whole plant construction, craftwork and B: W1, V9, V8, P1, V12 shade and V4 Combretaceae Combretum molle R.Br. ex G. mugwiti (V); velvet bushwillow Tree Leaf, bark, Medicine, craftwork, A: A1, M1, S4, R3 and O1 Don; KMV412 (E); fluweelboswilg (A) root and construction and firewood B: V9, V12, W1, V9, P1

Table 1 (continued)

wood and J1 Combretaceae Combretum mossambicense muḽandou (V); knobby climbing Climber Root Magic A: M1 (Klotzsch) Engl.; KMV309 bushwillow (E); knoppiesklimop (A) Combretaceae Combretum microphyllum mukopokopo, gopokopo, Shrub - Nectar, root Edible nectar, medicine A: A1, R2, S4, R3 and O1 Klotzsch; KMV413 bungaluselo (V); forest scrambling and wood and firewood B: V12 and V8 burning-bush (E) Combretaceae Combretum vendae A.E.van gopokopobani, lugwiti (V); Venda Shrub Root Medicine A: K1 and O1 Wyk var. vendae; KMV401 bushwillow (E); Vendaboswilg (A) Combretaceae Combretum zeyheri Sond.; mufhaṱelaṱhundu (V); large-fruit Tree Root, wood or Medicine, construction and A: M1, O1 and V1 KMV427 bushwillow (E); raasblaar (A) whole plant shade B: V12, V9, W1 and V4 Combretaceae Pteleopsis myrtifolia (M.A. nwanḓa (V); stink-bushwillow (E); Tree Bark and Cordage, construction and A: O1 Lawson) Engl. & Diels; stinkboswilg (A) wood firewood B: V12 KMV429 Combretaceae Terminalia prunioides M.A. muṱwari (V); purple-pod Tree Fruit and Beverage (tea), craftwork, A: O1, R2 and R1 Lawson; KMV019 cluster-leaf (E); sterkbos (A) wood construction and firewood B: V9 and P1 Combretaceae Terminalia sericea Burch. ex mususu (V); silver cluster-leaf (E); Tree Bark, root and Medicine, cordage and A: A1, O1, S4, R3 and M1 DC.; KMV414 vaalboom, geelhout (A) wood craftwork B: V9, V12, V8, J1, V10 and W1 Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L.; damba (V); Benghal commelina Herb Leaf or aerial Vegetable and fodder A: O1 and V3 KMV415 (E); Bengaalse wandelende jood (A) parts B: V7 Commelinaceae Commelina erecta L.; damba (V); blue commelina (E); Herb Leaf or aerial Vegetable and fodder A: O1 KMV232 blouselblommetjie (A) parts Convolvulaceae Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.; mukangambadzhe (V); blue haze (E) Herb Leaf Medicine A: M1 and O1 KMV310 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea dichroa Choisy; tshipokoṱo (V) Climber Leaf Vegetable A: O1 KMV531 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker muḓuhwi, mundalendale (V); wild Herb Leaf and Vegetable and edible A: M2, M1, V1, B1, S3 and Gawl. var. obscura; MMQ018 petunia (E); wildepatat (A) caterpillar on cooked caterpillar O1 leaf Convolvulaceae Ipomoea plebeia R.Br. subsp. muḓuhwi (V) Climbing Leaf and Vegetable and edible A: S2, B1 and O1 africana A.Meeuse; KMV470 herb caterpillar on cooked caterpillar leaf Convolvulaceae Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) tshibokoṱo (V) Creeping Leaf Vegetable A: O1 Griseb.; KMV077 herb Crassulaceae Kalanchoe brachyloba Welw. tshinyanyu, tshirindidza (V); Herb Leaf Medicine A: O1 and R3 ex Britten; KMV290 short-lobed kalanchoe (E) Cucurbitaceae Acanthosicyos naudinianus tshiphaswi, tshinyagu (V); wild Creeper Leaf Vegetable A: O1 (Sond.) C.Jeffrey; KMV503 watermelon (E); wildewaatlemoen (A) Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) mutshatsha (V); bitter melon (E); Herb Fruit and leaf Edible fruit and vegetable A: O1, V2 and S2 Matsum. & Nakai; KMV417 bitterappel (A) B: V8 and V6 Cucurbitaceae Coccinia rehmannii Cogn.; tshifhafhe (V); wild cucumber (E) Climber Leaf and root Vegetable and medicine A: V3 and O1 KMV091 tuber Cucurbitaceae Cucumis africanus L.f.; tshinyagu (V); wild cucumber (E); Herb Leaf and seed Vegetable and medicine A: M1, M2, S2 and O1 MMQ017 wildeagurkie (A) B: W1 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis anguria L. var. muṱhangavhavhe, tshiphaswi, Herb Leaf and seed Vegetable and medicine A: O1 longaculeatus J.H.Kirkbr.; tshinyagu (V); gooseberry gourd, B: V6 KMV311 gherkin (E); agurkie (A) Cucurbitaceae Cucumis metuliferus E.Mey. tshithangavhavhe, tshinyagu (V); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 ex Naudin; KMV437 african horned cucumber (E); B: V6 rooikomkommer (A) Cucurbitaceae Cucumis myriocarpus tshinyagu (V); wild cucumber (E); Herb Leaf and fruit Vegetable and medicine A: O1 Naudin subsp. myriocarpus; wildekomkommer (A) KMV400 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis zeyheri Sond.; tshinyagu, tshithangavhavhe, Herb Leaf and seed Vegetable and medicine A: O1, V3 and S2 KMV418 gumutsha (V); wild cucumber (E); wildekomkommer (A) Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria siceraria (Molin) muphapha, mukumbu (V); african Herb Leaf and fruit Vegetable, edible cooked A: O1, S1, S2, V2 and V1 Standl.; KMV411 calabash (E); marakka (A) fruit and craftwork B: V8, V9 and V6 Cucurbitaceae Momordica balsamina Wall.; tshibavhe, lukake (V); balsam apple Herb Leaf Vegetable and medicine A: M1, M2, S2, B1, V2, S3, KMV504 (E); aloentjie (A) V3 and O1 B: V8 Cucurbitaceae Momordica boivinii Baill.; mbandatshilale, nyapiringulule, Herb Leaf Medicine A: M1, V1 and O1 KMV312 tshifhafhe, tshilungamuṋo (V) Cucurbitaceae *Momordica charantia L.; lubavhe, tshibavhe, lugulusekene, Herb Leaf Medicine and vegetable A: O1, B1 and S2 KMV455 nngutshiphaswi (V); B: V6 balsam pear (E) Cucurbitaceae Momordica foetida nngu (V); gifappel (E); Herb Leaf Medicine and vegetable A: M1, M2, B1, S3 and O1 Schumach.; KMV506 gifappeltjie (A) Cupressaceae Widdringtonia nodiflora (L.) ṱhaululo (V); mountain cypress (E); Shrub Root and Medicine, magic and A: O1 and M1 Powrie; KMV419 bergsipres (A) wood construction

(continued on next page)

Table 1 (continued)

Cyperaceae Cyperus esculentus Vahl ex ngowe (V); yellow nut sedge (E); Sedge Corn Edible corn A: M1 and O1 Kunth; KMV236 geeluintjie (A) B: V6 Cyperaceae Cyperus latifolius Poir.; dzhesi (V) Sedge Leaf Craftwork and construction A: M1 and O1 KMV237 Cyperaceae Cyperus sexangularis Nees; muṱaṱe (V); star sedge (E); Sedge Leaf or whole Craftwork, construction and A: M1, S1 and O1 KMV313 matjiesgoed (A) plant ornamental Didiereaceae Portulacaria afra Jacq.; tshirindidza (V); elephant food (E); Shrub Leaf Medicine A: O1 KMV459 olifantskos, soetspekboom (A) Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) gambampengo, mukamba (V); Climber- Tuber Medicine A: O1 T.Durand & Schinz; KMV 460 wild yam (E) herb Ebenaceae Diospyros lycioides Desf. muṱhala (V); karoo blue bush, Shrub Fruit, twig, Edible fruit, toothbrush, A: R1, M1, A1, S1, R3 and subsp. lycioides; KMV012 bluebush star-apple (E); bloubos (A) bark and root medicine, and tanning dye O1 B: V9 Ebenaceae Diospyros mespiliformis musuma, mutsuma (V); Tree Fruit, root and Edible fruit, beverage, A: M1, N1, R2, R1, A1, R3 Hochst. ex A.DC.; KMV314 jackal-berry, african ebony (E); wood medicine, dye, craftwork, and O1 jakkalsbessie (A) construction and firewood B: W1, P1, V12, V9, V4 and V8 Ebenaceae Diospyros whyteana (Hiern) F. munyavhili, mwanḓa (V); bladder-nut Shrub Seed, leaf, Medicine and firewood A: M1, M5 and O1 White; KMV428 (E); bostolbos, swartbas (A) root and B: V4, V9 and J1 wood Ebenaceae Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gürke muṱangulenyele (V); blue guarri Shrub Fruit and root Edible fruit and medicine A: O1 subsp. crispa; KMV450 (E); bosghwarrie (A) B: V9 Ebenaceae Euclea divinorum Hiern; muṱangule (V); magic guarri (E); Shrub Fruit, Edible fruit, beverage, A: M1, R1 and O1 KMV238 towerghwarrie (A) caterpillars, edible caterpillar, craftwork, B: M1, W1, V12, V9 and bark, root and medicine and toothbrush P1 twig Ebenaceae Euclea linearis Zeyh. ex Hiern; luṱangule, muṱangulemusekene, Shrub Root and twig Medicine and toothbrush A: M1 KMV417 mukwatikwati (V); lance-leaved guarri (E); smalblaarghwarrie (A) Ebenaceae Euclea natalensis A.DC. subsp. muṱangulethavha, mungulenyele Tree Fruit, Edible fruit, edible A: A1, N1, O1 and M1 natalensis; KMV239 (V); hairyleaved guarri (E); caterpillar on caterpillar, dye, medicine B: V12, V8 and J1 bergghwarrie (A) leaf, bark, and toothbrush root and twig Equisetaceae Equisetum ramosissimum vhulungwane (V) Herb Whole plant Medicine A: M1 Desf. subsp. ramosissimum; KMV534 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha indica L. var. thaiyakhomba (V); indian girl (E) Herb Leaf or aerial Medicine A: O1 indica; KMV482 parts Euphorbiaceae Alchornea laxiflora Pax & K. mubvamalofha, murundamalofha Shrub Root Medicine A: O1 Hoffm.; KMV240 (V); Venda beadstring (E); Vendakralesnoer (A) Euphorbiaceae Croton gratissimus Burch. var. mufhorola, mukavhamahunguvhu, Tree Leaf, bark and Medicine and construction A: M1 and O1 gratissimus; KMV241 mushashaṋawa, nyapinduka, wood B: V12, V9 and W1 muthathakhumbi, mafinyingule, masunungule, nyasingiriṱane (V); lavender croton (E); laventelkoorsbessie (A) Euphorbiaceae Croton megalobotrys Müll. muruthu (V); fever-berry (E); Tree Fruit shells Medicine, magic and fish A: M1, V1, S1, N1, A1 and Arg; KMV318 grootkoorsbessie (A) and bark poison O1 B: V12, W1, V4, V9 and V8 Euphorbiaceae Croton pseudopulchellus nyasimbiṱane (V); small lavender Shrub Leaf and bark Medicine A: O1 Pax; KMV343 fever-berry (E); klein-laventelkoorsbessie (A) Euphorbiaceae Croton sylvaticus Hochst.; muḽathoho, mugubisa, Tree Bark Medicine A: O1 KMV358 muimavanda (V); forest B: V9 fever-berry (E); boskoorsbessie (A) Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia confinalis R.A. mukonde (V); lebombo euphorbia Tree Root and Medicine, birdlime and A: O1 Dyer; KMV463 (E); Lebombonaboom (A) latex fish poison Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cooperi N.E.Br. ex A. tshikondengala (V); bushveld Tree Root and Medicine, birdlime and fish A: S1, O1 and A1 Berger; KMV430 candelabra tree (E); noorsdoring (A) latex poison Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cupularis (Boiss.) muswoswo (V); dead-man's tree Shrub Leaf and latex Medicine A: M1, N1, L1, O1, V1, S1, L.C.Wheeler; KMV014 (E); dooimansboom (A) A1, R3 and M4 B: W1, W2 and V5 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia ingens E.Mey. ex mukonde, mukondevenda (V); Tree Bark, root and Medicine and birdlime A: O1, A1 and M1 Boiss.; KMV431 giant euphorbia (E); naboom (A) latex B: V8, J1, P1, W1 and V9 Euphorbiaceae *Euphorbia hirta L.; KMV319 tsheṋe (V); red milkweed, asthma Herb Aerial parts Medicine A: O1 weed (E); bloubekruip, rooimelkkruid (A) Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia tirucalli L.; muṱungu (V); rubber-hedge Tree Whole plant Medicine and live fence A: M1 and O1 KMV242 euphorbia (E); kraalmelkbos (A) B: V12, J1 and V9

Table 1 (continued)

Euphorbiaceae Erythrococca menyharthii tshinzie (V); northern red-berry Shrub Fruit and leaf Edible fruit and vegetable A: O1 (Pax) Prain; KMV432 (E); noordelike rooibessie (A) B: P1 Euphorbiaceae *Jatropha curcas L.; KMV437 mupfuredonga (V); physic nut, Shrub Latex, seed oil Medicine A: M4 and O1 big-purge nut (E); purgeerboontjie (A) and root B: V8, V10, W1, V5 and P1 Euphorbiaceae Jatropha latifolia Pax; tshipfure (V) Shrub Root Medicine A: O1 and R2 KMV502 Euphorbiaceae Jatropha spicata Pax; muxwatu (V); rock jatropha (E) Shrub Sap or latex Medicine A: O1 KMV490 Euphorbiaceae Jatropha zeyheri Sond.; thundamali, khwingwili (V); Herb Tuber Medicine A: O1 KMV320 verfbol (A) B: V8 Euphorbiaceae *Ricinus communis L. var. mupfure (V); castor-oil tree (E); Shrub Leaf, seed oil Medicine A: M1, S6, V1, R3 and A1 communis; KMV244 kasterolieboom (A) and root B: V10, V11, W2, V5 and B2 Euphorbiaceae Spirostachys africana Sond.; muonze (V); tamboti (E); Tree Seed oil, bark, Medicine and fish poison A: A1, M4, O1, M1, V1, R3 KMV024 tambotie (A) and wood and N1 B: V12, V8, V4, V9, W1, V5 and P1 Euphorbiaceae Tragia dioica Sond.; MMQ043 mbuwambuwane (V); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M2 and M1 brandnetel (A) Euphorbiaceae Tragia rupestris Sond.; tshitondovhe (V); brandnetel (A) Herb Flowers and Medicine A: M1 and O1 KMV409 fruit Fabaceae Afzelia quanzensis Oliv.; muṱokoṱa (V); pod-mahogany (E); Tree Fruit, bark, Snuff ingredient, mukango A: A1, O1, S4, R3 and S1 KMV440 peulmahonie (A) root, wood or (cooking soda), medicine, B: V12, V4 and V9 whole plant craftwork, firewood and shade Fabaceae Albizia adianthifolia muelela, muvhanḓangoma (V); Tree Leaf, bark, Fodder, medicine, A: M1, V1, A1 and O1 (Schumach.) W.Wight var. rough-barked flatcrown (E); root, wood or craftwork, construction, B: V12, V9, V10, V4, J1 adianthifolia; KMV441 platkroon (A) whole plant firewood, shade and and V8 ornamental Fabaceae Albizia anthelmintica (A.Rich.) muime, mupalakhwali, Tree Bark and root Medicine A: A1, R3 Brongn.; KMV322 mukuvhavhanḓinḓa (V); B: P1, V12, V10, V9 and worm-cure albizia (E); V8 wurmbasvalsdoring (A) Fabaceae Albizia brevifolia Schinz; mupalakhwali, mutsiḽari (V); rock Tree Fruit, leaf and Medicine A: O1, M1 and A1 KMV323 false-thorn (E); rotsvalsdoring (A) root B: W1 Fabaceae Albizia forbesii Benth.; mupfumbadzi (V); broad-pod Tree Bark and Cordage and firewood A: O1 KMV480 albizia (E); breëpeulvalsdoring (A) wood B: V12 Fabaceae Albizia tanganyicensis Baker f. mulelu, munungufhefhe (V); Tree Bark Medicine A: A1 and O1 subsp. tanganyicensis; paperbark false thorn (E); B: V4 and J1 KMV402 papierbasvalsdoring (A) Fabaceae Albizia versicolor Welw. ex muṱambapfunda, muvhambangoma Tree Bark, root and Medicine, cordage, soap A: M1, S4 and O1 Oliv.; KMV442 (V); large-leaved albizia (E); wood substitute and craftwork B: V12, V4, J1, V8 and V9 grootblaarvalsdoring (A) Fabaceae *Arachis hypogaea L.; KMV443 nḓuhu, nḓuhumange (V); ground Herb Seed or whole Edible seed, condiment and A: O1, S2 and V1 nut (E); grondboontjie (A) plant fodder B: V6 and V8 Fabaceae Bauhinia galpinii N.E.Br.; mutswiriri (V); pride-of-De Kaap Shrub Bark, root, Medicine, construction and A: M1, A1 and O1 KMV247 (E); vlam-van-die-vlakte (A) sapling or ornamental B: V8 and V4 whole plant Fabaceae Bolusanthus speciosus (Bolus) mukamba, muswingaphala (V); tree Tree Bark, root, Medicine, craftwork, A: O1, M1, L1 and V1 Harms; KMV248 wistaria (E); vanwykshout (A) wood or construction, shade and B: V4, V9, P1, V12 and J1 whole plant ornamental Fabaceae Burkea africana Hook.; mufhulu (V); wild-seringa (E); Tree Caterpillar, Edible caterpillar, medicine, A: M1, S1, V1, M5 and O1 KMV427 wildesering (A) bark and construction and firewood B: W1, P1, V12, V8, P1 wood and V9 Fabaceae *Caesalpinia decapetala luanakha (V); Mauritius-thorn (E); Shrub Fruit sap, seed Adhesive, glue, soap A: O1, V1 and S6 (Roth) Alston; KMV491 kraaldoring (A) or whole substitute, medicine and B: B2 and P1 plant live fence Fabaceae *Cajanus cajan (L.) Druce; munḓodzi (V); pigeon pea (E); Shrub Fruit Cooked edible seed A: M1, V1 and O1 KMV413 duiwe-ertjie (A) B: V8 and V6 Fabaceae Cassia abbreviata subsp. muṋembeṋembe, mulambadivhu, Tree Root Medicine A: M1, M4, R2, R3 and O1 beareana (Holmes) Brenan; muboma, mulumaṋama (V); B: P1, V12, W1, J1 and V9 KMV325 long-tail cassia (E); sambokpeul (A) Fabaceae Colophospermum mopane (J. mupani, muṱanari (V); mopane (E); Tree Caterpillar on Edible caterpillar, fodder, A: A1, N1, S1, R1, M1 and Kirk. ex Benth.) J.Leonard; mopanie (A) leaf, twig, bark, toothbrush, medicine, O1 KMV492 root and wood construction and firewood B: V9, V8, P1 and W1 Fabaceae Crotalaria capensis Baker; murundelatshotshi, mulambabea, Shrub Root Medicine A: M1 KMV444 nḓuhushango (V); ear rattle-pod (E) klapperpeul (A) Fabaceae Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. muuluri, muhuluri (V); zebrawood Tree Bark, root and Medicine and craftwork A: M1, O1, V1, A1, S4 and & Perr.; KMV249 (E); sebrahout (A) wood N1

(continued on next page)

Table 1 (continued)

B: V12, V8, P1 and W1 Fabaceae Dalbergia nitidula Guill. & musinḓe (V); purplewood flat-bean Tree Wood Construction and craftwork A: O1 and V1 Perr.; KMV466 (E); pershoutplatboontjie (A) B: V8 and W1 Fabaceae Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) murenzhe (V); sickle bush (E); Shrub Fruit, leaf, Fodder, magic, medicine, A: M1, O1, A1, S4 and O1 Wight & Arn. subsp. africana sekelbos (A) parasitic plant, cordage, construction, B: V12, V9, V4, P1, J1 and Brenan & Brummitt var. bark, root and craftwork and firewood V8 africana; KMV493 wood Fabaceae Elephantorrhiza burkei Benth.; gumululo, musesekufa, tshisesevhufa, Shrub Bark and Medicine A: A1, M5, O1, R2, R3 and KMV250 tshisesethavha, tshisesana, tuber L1 gumbathakha, gumbavhufa, B: P1 and V4 gumbaufa (V); sumach bean, elephant-root (E); basboontjie (A) Fabaceae Elephantorrhiza elephantina gumululo, musesekufa, tshisesana, Shrub Tuber Medicine A: M1, M4 and O1 (Burch.) Skeels; KMV021 gumbathakha (V); sumach bean, B: W1 and V10 dwarf elephant-root (E); elandsboontjie (A) Fabaceae Erythrina lysistemon Hutch.; muvhale (V); sacred coral-tree (E); Tree Leaf, bark or Medicine, live fence, A: M1, M4 and O1 KMV009 gewone koraalboom (A) whole plant ornamental and shade B: V12, V10, V9, P1, J1, V8 and V4 Fabaceae Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. muhoṱo (V); ana-tree (E); Tree Fruit, leaf, Fodder, medicine and A: M1 and O1 Chev.; KMV251 anaboom (A) bark and root shade B: V12, V9, V4 and W1 Fabaceae Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex muswiswa, mualigatsibi, Shrub Root Medicine and dye A: M1 and A1 A.Rich.; KMV445 mpindukwa (V); Natal indigo (E); B: V8 verfbossie (A) Fabaceae Millettia stuhlmannii Taub.; muangaila (V); panga-panga (E); Tree Root Medicine and magic A: M1, A1 and O1 KMV494 patryshout (A) B: V12 and V9 Fabaceae *Mimosa pigra L.; KMV361 mushona (V); giant sensitive Tree Leaf and root Medicine A: O1 tree (E) Fabaceae Mucuna coriacea Baker subsp. vhulada (V); hellfire bean (E); Climber Root Medicine A: M1 irritans (Burtt Davy) Verdc.; brandboontjie (A) KMV326 Fabaceae Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. mukundanḓou (V); cork-bush (E); Shrub Leaf, twig, Medicine and fish poison A: A1, O1, M1, S1, R3 and Chev. subsp. sericea; KMV252 kurkbos (A) bark and root N1 B: V8, W2, V9 and J1 Fabaceae Ormocarpum trichocarpum mugogodwane, mukundandou (V); Herb Leaf, fruit and Magic and toy A: M1 (Taub.) Engl.; KMV446 caterpillar pod (E); rusperboontjie (A) wood B: V9 Fabaceae Peltophorum africanum Sond.; musese (V); african-wattle (E); Tree Leaf, root, Medicine, cordage, A: M1, A1, O1, S1, S4 and KMV016 huilboom (A) bark and craftwork and firewood N1 wood B: V12, V4, V9, W1, J1 and V8 Fabaceae Philenoptera violacea mufhanda (V); apple-leaf (E); Tree Leaf, bark, Medicine, magic, craftwork A: O1, M4, V1, R2, R3 and (Klotzsch) Schrire; KMV020 appelblaar (A) root and and construction A1 wood B: V4, V12 and J1 Fabaceae Piliostigma thonningii mokolokoṱe (V); camels-foot (E); Tree Fruit, bark, Edible fruit, famine food, A: M1, A1, B1, S3 and O1 (Schumach.) Milne-Redh.; kameelspoor (A) leaf and root cordage and medicine B: V12, V4, W1 and V9 KMV253 Fabaceae Pterocarpus angolensis DC.; mutondo (V); Transvaal teak (E); Tree Fruit, bark, Medicine, magic, craftwork A: L1, M1, A1, R2, R3 and KMV010 kiaat (A) sap, root and and construction O1 wood B: V12, V9, W1, J1, V8 and V4 Fabaceae Pterocarpus rotundifolius muhaṱaha, mushushaphongwe (V); Tree Leaf, bark and Medicine, craftwork and A: O1, R3 and M5 (Sond.) Druce subsp. round-leaved bloodwood (E); wood general construction B: V4, V9, V12 and J1 rotundifolius; KMV447 dopperkiaat (A) Fabaceae Rhynchosia komatiensis murundamali (V) Climber Root Medicine A: R2 and R3 Harms; KMV015 Fabaceae Rhynchosia vendae C.H.Stirt.; musivha, liṱo, maṱo (V) Herb - Root tuber Medicine A: O1 KMV435 climber Fabaceae *Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) muḓuwishango (V); avaram (E) Shrub Leaf Medicine A: M5 Irwin & Barneby; KMV495 Fabaceae *Senna didymobotrya vhuṱungu, vhuṱunguhaṋowa, Shrub Aerial parts Medicine A: O1 (Fresenius) H.S. Irwin & mutsheketsheke (V); peanut butter Barneby; KMV254 cassia (E); grondboontjiebotter-cassia (A) Fabaceae Senna italica Mill. subsp. mutsheketsheke, muḓuwaḓuwane Shrub Leaf and root Medicine A: O1, M6, R3 and R2 arachoides (Burch.) Lock; (V); eland's pea (E); wilde ertjie (A) KMV492 Fabaceae *Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. mutsheketsheke, muyekeyeke (V); Herb Root Medicine A: M4 and M3 Irwin & Barneby; KMV403 coffeeweed (E) Fabaceae *Senna occidentalis (L.) Link; mutsheketsheke (V); Shrub Aerial parts Medicine A: O1 and R3 KMV467 stinking-weed (E) Fabaceae Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock; mulambadivhu, muṋembeṋembe, Shrub Fruit, bark Edible fruit and medicine A: M1, N1, A1, M5, L1, R2,

Table 1 (continued)

KMV404 gonela (V); monkey pod (E); and root M6, R3 and O1 apiespeul (A) B: V12 and P1 Fabaceae Senegalia ataxacantha (DC.) muluwa, tshikwalo (V); flame thorn Tree Root and Medicine, craftwork, A: M1, N1, V1, S1 and O1 Kyal. & Boatwr.; KMV438 (E); vlamdoring (A) wood construction and firewood B: V8 and V9 Fabaceae Senegalia burkei (Benth.) munanga (V); black monkey thorn Tree Leaf and Construction and firewood A: M1 and O1 Kyal. & Boatwr.; KMV245 (E); swartapiesdoring (A) wood B: V12 Fabaceae Senegalia caffra (Thunb.) murovhambaḓo (V); common hook Tree Leaf and Medicine, construction and A: M5 and O1 P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.; thorn (E); gewone haakdoring (A) wood firewood B: V12, V9 and V4 KMV465 Fabaceae Senegalia nigrescens (Oliv.) tshiṋangana, tshiṋangaphele (V); Tree Fruit and Fodder, construction and A: M1, and O1 P.J.H.Hurter; KMV321 knob thorn (E); knoppiesdoring (A) wood firewood B: V4, J1 and V9 Fabaceae Schotia brachypetala Sond.; mulubi, muṋunzwu, mulunzwu (V); Tree Nectar, bark, Edible flower nectar, A: M1, O1, A1, R2, R3 and KMV448 weeping boer-bean (E); wood or medicine, craftwork, N1 huilboerboom (A) whole plant firewood, shade and B: V12, V9, W1, P1 and ornamental V4 Fabaceae Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. mugunwa (V); frother, river bean Herb Leaf Soap substitute A: O1 and V1 subsp. sesban; KMV468 (E); rivierboontjie (A) Fabaceae Tylosema fassoglensis mutama (V); creeping bauhinia (E); Shrub Fruit shells Craftwork and medicine A: A1 and O1 (Kotschy) Torre & Hillc.; gemsbokboontjie (A) and root KMV496 Fabaceae Tephrosia zoutpansbergensis murumbulashedo (V) Shrub Root Medicine A: O1 Bremek.; KMV364 Fabaceae Vachellia erioloba (E.Mey.) musivhiṱha (V); camel thorn (E); Tree Wood or Craftwork, firewood and A: O1 P.J.H.Hurter; KMV426 kameeldoring (A) whole plant shade B: J1 and V8 Fabaceae Vachellia karroo (Hayne) muunga, mupfamutshena (V); Tree Gum, fruit, Edible gum, medicine, A: M1, A1 and O1 Banfi & Gallaso; KMV490 sweet thorn, white-thorn (E); wood or fodder, firewood, B: V12, V10, V4, J1, V8, witdoring, soetdoring (A) whole plant ornamental and shade V9 and W1 Fabaceae Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. musu, muswu, (V); scented-pod Tree Gum, fruit Edible gum, fodder, A: O1 Hurter & Mabb. subsp. (E); lekkerruikpeul (A) and wood firewood and construction B: V9 kraussiana (Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr.; KMV443 Fabaceae Vachellia rehmanniana musivhiṱha (V); silky thorn (E); Tree Bark and Cordage and firewood A: O1 (Schinz) Kyal. & Boatwr.; sydoring (A) wood B: V9 KMV445 Fabaceae Vachellia robusta (Burch.) muvumbangweṋa (V); robust Tree Bark, root and Medicine and firewood A: O1 Kyal. & Boatwr. subsp. thorn, brack thorn (E); brakdoring (A) wood robusta; KMV446 Fabaceae Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) musu, muswu, muungakhanga (V); Tree Gum, fruit, Edible gum, fodder, A: M1 and O1 Gallaso & Banfi subsp. umbrella thorn (E); tafelboom, bark, wood or cordage, construction, B: V4, J1 and V9 heteracantha (Burch.) Kyal. & withaakdoring (A) whole plant firewood and shade Boatwr.; KMV246 Fabaceae Vachellia xanthophloea muungangweṋa, munzhelenga (V); Tree Bark, root and Medicine and ornamental A: O1 and R3 (Benth.) P.J.H.Hurter; fevertree thorn (E); whole tree B: V9 KMV447 geeldoringboom, koorsboom (A) Fabaceae Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. muṋawa (V); cow pea (E) Herb Leaf and seed Medicine and vegetable A: M2, S2, B1, V2 and O1 subsp. unguiculata; MMQ027 B: V8 and V6 Fabaceae Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. tshiṋawana (V); wild cow pea (E) Creeper Leaf Vegetable A; O1 subsp. dekindtiana (Harms) Verdc.; KMV493 Fabaceae Vigna vexillata (L.) A.Rich. var. musivha, mukundulela, muṋawana Herb Tuber Famine food A: M1 vexillata; KMV256 (V); narrow-leaved wild sweetpea (E); wilde-ertjie (A) Fabaceae Zornia milneana Mohlenbr.; lukandululo (V); caterpillar bean (E) Herb Whole plant Medicine A: S5 KMV469 Fabaceae Xanthocercis zambesiaca mutshato (V); nyala tree (E); Tree Fruit, bark Famine food, medicine and A: M4, L1 and O1 (Baker) Dumaz-le-Grand; njalaboom (A) and wood construction B: P1, J1, V9 and V12 KMV022 Gentianaceae Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg; muenene, muphophamaḓi, gaululo Tree Leaf and bark Medicine A: M1 and A1 KMV275 (V); forest big-leaf (E); B: V12, V4 and V9 grootblaarboom (A) Gunneraceae Gunnera perpensa L.; KMV431 shamboḓavhadzimu (V); wild Herb Leaf, flower Vegetable, medicine and A: M1, R3 and O1 rhubarb (E); wilderabarber (A) stalks, stem magic B: V8, V12, W1 and J1 and rhizome Hernandiaceae Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. mudzhoudzhou (V); propeller-tree Tree Bark, latex Medicine A: A1, S4 and O1 subsp. africanus Kubitzki; (E); helikopterboom (A) and root B: V12 KMV 276 Hyacinthaceae Drimia sanguinea (Schinz) tshigaṋame (V); rooislangkop (A) Herb Bulb Medicine A: O1 Jessop; KMV277 B: V8 Hyacinthaceae Drimia sp. Ramovha 199 tshiganama (V) Herb Tuber Medicine A: R3 Hyacinthaceae Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) mathuvhazwoṱhe (V); pineapple Herb Tuber or Medicine and ornamental A: O1 Chitt.; KMV414 flower (E); wilde pynappel (A) whole plant B: V8, V10, W1 and J1

(continued on next page)

Table 1 (continued)

Heteropyxidaceae Heteropyxis natalensis Harv.; mudedede, munukhavhaloi, Tree Leaf, twig, Medicine and firewood A: O1, S1 and A1 KMV472 mutopitopi (V); lavender-tree (E); root and B: V12, J1, V10, V4, V9 laventelboom (A) wood and V8 Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis hemerocallidea thidigwane (V); star flower, african Herb Tuber Medicine A: O1 Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.; potato (E); sterblom (A) B: V10, V11 and V8 KMV278 Icacinaceae Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. muphophamaḓi, tshiphophamaḓi Tree Root and leaf Medicine A: O1 ex Arn. subsp. dimidiata; (V); white-pear (E); witpeer (A) B: P1 KMV488 Icacinaceae Pyrenacantha grandiflora bwere, mudzamanga, Climber Root Medicine and magic A: S1, M1 and O1 Baill.; KMV258 tshidzamanga, vuḽavhasheka (V) Icacinaceae Pyrenacantha kaurabassana galange (V) Creeper Tuber and leaf Medicine and vegetable A: O1 Baill.; KMV391 Iridaceae Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel phendephende (V); wild gladiolus, Herb Leaf and bulb Medicine A: A1, O1 and L1 subsp. dalenii; KMV497 African gladiolus, Natal lily (E); B: J1 wildeswaardlelie, papegaaigladiolus (A) Kirkiaceae Kirkia acuminata Oliv.; mubvumela (V); white seringa (E); Tree Bark Medicine A: O1 KMV455 witsering (A) B: V9 Lamiaceae Acrotome inflata Benth.; mpuyuyu (V); tumble Weed (E); Herb Leaf Medicine A: O1 and M1 KMV260 tolbossie (A) Lamiaceae Hoslundia opposita Vahl; Tshivhuvhudzi (V), butter berry (E) Herb Fruit and Edible fruit and vegetable A: O1 KMV530 leaves Lamiaceae Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br.; muṋunzu (V); wilde dagga, Herb Flower nectar Medicine and edible nectar A: O1 KMV291 narrow-leaved leonotis (E); and leaf B: V8, W1, V10 and J1 wildedagga (A) Lamiaceae Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm.f.) muṋunzu (V); minaret flower (E); Herb Nectar Edible nectar A: M1 and O1 Iwarsson; KMV450 rooidagga, wildedagga (A) Lamiaceae Ocimum americanum L. var. bunganyunyu (V); wild basil (E) Herb Leaf Medicine and insect A: A1, M1, V1, V3 and O1 americanum; KMV292 repellent Lamiaceae Plectranthus laxiflorus Benth.; bunganyunyu, sinḓambudzi (V); Herb Leaf Medicine and insect A: M1, A1 and O1 KMV297 citronella Spur-flower (E) repellent sitronellamuishondblaar (A) Lamiaceae Vitex ferruginea Schumach. mutsikidzi, mupfulupfumbu, Shrub Fruit Edible fruit A: O1 & Thonn.; KMV473 mupfumbupfumbu (V); plum fingerleaf (E); pruimvingerblaar (A) Lamiaceae Volkameria glabra (E.Mey.) munukhatshilongwe, mukwatikwati Tree Leaf, root and Medicine and construction A: A1, O1 and M1 Mabb. & Y.W.Yuan; KMV259 (V); smooth tinderwood (E); wood B: J1 stinkboom (A) Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis Thunb.; luangalala, luendatadulu (V); love Climber Aerial parts Medicine and magic A: M4, M1, L1, A1 and O1 KMV023 vine, false dodder (E); nooienshaar, and root vrouehaar (A) Loganiaceae Strychnos cocculoides Baker; mukudubu (V); corky Tree Fruit and Edible fruit and firewood A: O1 KMV434 monkey-orange (E); wood B: V9 kurkbasklapper (A) Loganiaceae Strychnos decussata (Pappe) mukangala (V); Cape-teak (E); Tree Bark and root Medicine and magic A: M1, O1, S1, S4 and A1 Gilg; KMV261 Kaapse kiaat (A) B: V12, V9 and P1 Loganiaceae Strychnos henningsii Gilg muvhavhanyane (V) Tree Leaf, bark and Medicine A: R3 Ramovha 128 root Loganiaceae Strychnos madagascariensis mukwakwa (V); black Tree Fruit, bark Medicine and firewood A: M1, N1, A1, M5 and O1 Poir.; KMV296 monkey-orange (E); swartklapper (A) and wood B: V12, V8, V9 and P1 Loganiaceae Strychnos potatorum L.f.; mukongovhoti (V); black Tree Bark Medicine A: M5 KMV451 bitter-berry (E); swartbitterbessie (A) B: V12 Loganiaceae Strychnos pungens Soler.; mukwakwa (V); spine-leaved Tree Fruit, leaf and Edible fruit, famine food A: O1 and M1 KMV299 monkey-orange (E); root and medicine B: V12, V8, P1 and V9 stekelblaarklapper (A) Loganiaceae Strychnos spinosa Lam. subsp. muramba (V); spiny Tree Fruit and Edible fruit, beverage, A: V1, M1, R1, S1 and O1 spinosa; KMV262 monkey-orange (E); groenklapper wood medicine, construction, B: M1, V8, V9 and O1 (A) craftwork and firewood Lophiocarpaceae Lophiocarpus tenuissimus tshitangwi (V); narrow-leaved Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 Hook.f.; KMV378 pondweed (E); fonteingras (A) Loranthaceae Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. & tshilungwane, vhulungwane Semi- Fruit Magic and birdlime A: M1 and O1 Zeyh.) Tiegh.; KMV274 tshilingwalingwane, parasite dzhakavhavhe (V); hairy mistletoe, wood flower (E); voëlent (A) Maesaceae Maesa lanceolata Forssk.; muunguri, mutibammela (V); false Tree Fruit, bark Edible fruit and medicine A: M1, O1, A1 and N1 KMV476 assegai (E); valsassegaai (A) and root B: V12 and P1 Malpighiaceae Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A. azwiili, tsimambe (V); lesser Climber Root Medicine A: M1, A1 and O1 Juss.) Szyszyl. subsp. pruriens; moth-fruit creeper (E) KMV295 Malpighiaceae Acridocarpus natalitius A. mavhofhe, mavhophe (V); Shrub Root Medicine A: O1 Juss var. natalitius; KMV495 mothfruit (E) Malvaceae *Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) mandande, delelemukhwayo (V); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M2, B1 and O1

Table 1 (continued)

Moench. var. esculentus; lady's finger, okra (E) B: V8 and V6 MMQ042 Malvaceae Adansonia digitata L.; muvhuyu (V); baobab (E); Tree Leaf, fruit, Vegetable, edible fruit, A: M1, N1, R1, A1, S1, B1, KMV070 kremetart (A) fruit shell and famine food, medicine, S3 and O1 bark cordage, craftwork, shade B: P1, V12, V8, V9, V6 and and ornamental W1 Malvaceae Corchorus asplenifolius deleleluṋanzwanowa (V); jute plant, Herb Leaf Vegetable A: B1, V2, S3 and O1 Burch.; KMV395 gusha (E); geelvaringblaartjie (A) Malvaceae Corchorus confusus Wild; deleleluṋanzwaṋowa (V); jute plant Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 and S2 KMV472 (E); varingblaartjie (A) Malvaceae *Corchorus olitorius L. var. delelelupfumo (V); jute plant (E) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: B1, V2 and O1 olitorius; KMV436 Malvaceae Corchorus sp. Ramovha 127 mutulwi, vhushule (V) Herb Root Medicine A: R3 Malvaceae *Corchorus tridens L.; delele (V); wild jute plant (E); wilde Herb Leaf Medicine and vegetable A: M1, M2, S2, B1, V2 and MMQ011 jute (A) O1. B: V8 Malvaceae *Corchorus trilocularis L.; delelemukula, delele (V) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: B1, V2, S3 and O1 KMV475 Malvaceae Dombeya rotundifolia tshiluvhari (V); wild-pear (E); Tree Bark, root and Medicine, cordage, A: O1, M1, R3 and R1 (Hochst.) Planch. var. wildepeer, drolpeer (A) wood craftwork and firewood B: V10, V4, J1, V9 and P1 rotundifolia; KMV363 Malvaceae Grewia bicolor Juss. var. murapfa, murabva, mutabva, Shrub Fruit, bark Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1, R2, R3 and O1 bicolor; KMV051 nyamuzwila (V); white-leaved and wood cordage, fire-making and B: P1 and V12 raisin (E); witblaarrosyntjie (A) firewood Malvaceae Grewia flavescens Juss.; muparatsheni, mizwilaminzhi, Shrub Fruit, root and Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1 and O1 KMV364 nyamuzwila, phunzunyeke, wood construction and firewood muparafeni, mumbudzi (V); sandpaper raisin (E); skurwerosyntjie (A) Malvaceae Grewia hexamita Burret; murabvapfene, gukhuna, gukuna, Shrub Fruit and Edible fruit, construction A: M1 and O1 KMV080 mukukuna (V); gaint raisin (E); wood and firewood B: P1, V12, V4 and V9 reuserosyntjie (A) Malvaceae Grewia microthyrsa K.Schum. mupfuka (V); sand raisin (E); Shrub Fruit, Edible fruit, edible A: M1, V1, A1 and O1 ex Burret; KMV087 sandrosyntjie (A) caterpillar, caterpillar, medicine, B: V12 root and construction and craftwork wood Malvaceae Grewia monticola Sond.; murabva, murapfa (V); silver raisin Tree Fruit and Edible fruit, medicine and A: O1 and R3 KMV453 (E); vaalrosyntjiebos (A) wood craftwork B: V9 Malvaceae Grewia occidentalis L. var. mulembu, mupunzunyeke (V); Shrub Fruit, leaf, Edible fruit, vegetable, A: M1, M2, S2, B1, S3 and occidentalis; MMQ005 cross-berry (E); kruisbessie, bark, root, medicine, construction, O1 assegaaibos (A) sapling and firewood and craftwork B: J1, P1, V4 and V9 wood Malvaceae Grewia villosa Willd. var. mupunzu (V); mallow raisin (E); Shrub Fruit, root and Edible fruit, medicine and A: M1, O1 and V12 villosa; KMV084 malvarosyntjie (A) sapling construction B: V12 Malvaceae Hermannia glanduligera K. manyamanye (V) Herb Root Medicine A: M1 Schum.; KMV367 Malvaceae Hibiscus nigricaulis Baker f.; mukhwayo (V) Herb Bark Cordage A: O1 KMV289 Malvaceae Hibiscus praeteritus R.A.Dyer; makhuluwamutudo (V) Shrub Leaf and bark Vegetable and cordage A: M1, V1 and O1 KMV283 Malvaceae Hibiscus trionum L.; MMQ012 delelemukhwayo, delelevhalemba Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M1, M2, S2 and O1 (V); bladder weed (E); terblansbossie (A) Malvaceae Hibiscus vitifolius L. subsp. muhwidzi, mutsembwane, Herb Root Medicine A: S1, A1, V1 and O1 vitifolius; KMV263 mutsembyane, musembane (V); vine-leaved hibiscus (E); wildestokroos (A) Malvaceae *Malva parviflora L. var. tshiteaḓuvha (V); kallow (E); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M1, M2, B1 and O1 parviflora; MMQ006b kiesieblaar (A) B: B2 Malvaceae *Malva sylvestris L.; MMQ06a tshiteaḓuvha (V); cheese weed, Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M2, B1 and O1 egyptian mallow (E) B: V11 Malvaceae Sida acuta Burm.f. subsp. delelemukula (V); taaiman (A) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 acuta; KMV439 Malvaceae Sida cordifolia L. subsp. muṱuḓo, delelemukula (V); flannel Herb Bark Medicine and cordage A: M1, V1, V3 and O1 cordifolia; KMV452 weed (E); hartblaartaaiman (A) B: B2 Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia L. subsp. delelemukula, ligelegele (V); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 and B1 rhombifolia; KMV473 common sida (E); taaiman (A) Malvaceae Sterculia rogersii N.E.Br.; mukakate (V); star-chestnut (E); Tree Bark Medicine and cordage A: O1 KMV481 sterkastaiing (A) Malvaceae Triumfetta annua L.; tshimbvumbvu, munamu (V) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 KMV086

(continued on next page)

Table 1 (continued)

Malvaceae Triumfetta pilosa Roth.; tshimbvumbvu, munamu (V) Herb Leaf Medicine A: A1 KMV081 Malvaceae Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. mulembu (V); burrweed (E) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 var. rhomboidea; KMV085 klitsbossie (A) Malvaceae Waltheria indica L.; KMV474 delelemukula (V); meidebossie (A) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: B1, S3 and O1 Meliaceae Ekebergia capensis Sparm.; muṱobvuma, muḓouma, Tree Caterpillar, Edible caterpillar, A: M1, A1 and O1 KMV264 muzhouzhou (V); Cape-ash (E); bark and medicine, shade and B: V12, V9, V4, W1 and essenhout (A) wood craftwork V10 Meliaceae Entandrophragma caudatum munzhounzhou (V); mountain Tree Fruit shell Toys A: M1 and O1 Sprague; KMV288 mahogany (E); bergmahonie (A) Meliaceae *Melia azedarach L.; KMV498 muserenga (V); Persian lilac, Tree Leaf, fruit Fodder, craftwork, A: M1, S6 and O1 syringa (E); sering (A) seed, root and medicine and construction B: W2, B2, V9 and V12 wood Meliaceae Trichilia dregeana Sond.; muṱuhu (V); forest Tree Bark and Medicine, fish poison and A: M1, A1, V9 and O1 KMV327 Natal-mahogany (E); wood craftwork B: V8, J1, V12, V10 and bosrooiessenhout (A) V9 Meliaceae Trichilia emetica Vahl subsp. mutshikili (V); Natal-mahogany Tree Bark, seed Medicine, vegetable A: M1, A1, O1, N1 and R1 emetica; KMV293 (E); rooiessenhout (A) arils and seed condiment, beverage (milky B: V12, V4, V9, P1 and oil liquid from seed arils), oil W1 and polish Meliaceae Turraea obtusifolia Hochst.; mbovane (V); small Shrub Leaf Medicine and insect A: L1 KMV265 honeysuckle-tree (E); repellent kleinkanferfoelieboom (A) Melianthaceae Bersama tysoniana Oliv.; sando (V); forest bersama (E); Tree Leaf, root and Medicine and magic A: M1 KMV328 boswitessenhout (A) parasite B: V12 and P1 Menispermaceae Cissampelos torulosa E.Mey. lukandululo, lukongolwanḓou, Climber Aerial parts Medicine A: M1, M5 and O1 ex Harv. & Sond.; KMV474 lubeleha, mupupuṅwa (V); kidney-leaf (E); davidjieswortel (A) Menispermaceae Cissampelos mucronata A. ndalunwapi (V) ivy-vine (E); Climber Root Medicine A: O1 Rich.; KMV453 davidjieswortel (A) Menispermaceae Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels; muzwingo (V); bushveld Climber Leaf and stem Vegetable and cordage A: O1 KMV484 moonseed creeper (E); vine bosveld-halfmaanranker (A) Molluginaceae Limeum viscosum (J.Gay) tshiṱopiṱopi (V); klosaarbossie (A) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 and S2 Fenzl subsp. viscosum var. kraussii Friedrich; KMV471 Monimiaceae Xymalos monospora (Harv.) tshipengo (V); lemonwood (E); Tree Wood Craftwork and A: O1 Baill.; KMV487 borriehout (A) construction Moraceae Ficus burkei (Miq.) Miq.; muumo (V); common wild fig. (E); Tree Fruit, latex Edible fruit, birdlime and A: M1, R1 and O1 KMV405 gewone wildevy (A) and medicine B: V4 semi-parasite Moraceae Ficus glumosa Delile; KMV329 tshikululu (V); african rock-fig, Tree Fruit and bark Edible fruit and medicine A: M1, J1 and O1 mountain fig. (E); berg-rotsvy, B: W1 bergvy (A) Moraceae Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq.; tshikululu, muumo (V); red-leaved Tree Fruit and bark Edible fruit and medicine A: M1 and O1 KMV451 fig. (E); rooiblaarvy (A) B: V9 Moraceae Ficus natalensis Hochst. subsp. muumo (V); wild fig tree, Natal fig Tree Fruit and Edible fruit and medicine A: O1 natalensis; KMV452 tree (E); wildevy, Natal-vy (A) latex B: V9 Moraceae Ficus sansibarica Warb. subsp. muṱambvu (V); knobbly fig. (E); Tree Fruit, latex, Edible fruit, birdlime, A: M1 and O1 sansibarica; KMV454 knoppiesvy (A) bark or whole medicine, ornamental and B: V4 and V9 plant shade Moraceae Ficus sur Forssk.; KMV475 muhuyungala, mugalangafhasi (V); Tree Fruit, leaf, Edible fruit, vegetable, A: O1, S4 and A1 broom-cluster (E); besemtrosvy (A) bark and birdlime, medicine, B: V4, V9 and V12 wood cordage, craftwork, firewood and fire-making Moraceae Ficus sycomorus L.; KMV455 muhuyulukuse, muṱole (V); Tree Fruit, leaf, Edible fruit, vegetable, A: M1, N1, A1, S4 and O1 sycamore fig. (E); trosvy (A) latex, bark, birdlime, medicine, B: W1, V12, V9 and V4 root and cordage, craftwork, wood firewood and fire-making Moraceae Maclura africana (Bureau) mupulumbu (V); african Shrub Fruit Edible fruit A: M1 and O1 Corner; KMV294 osage-orange (E); B: P1 and V12 afrikasoetlemoen (A) Moraceae *Morus alba L. var. alba; murebeila, mutebeila (V); Tree Fruit or whole Edible fruit and A: O1 KMV282 mulberry (E); moerbei (A) plant ornamental B: B2 and V6 Musaceae Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) mulolo (V); wild banana (E); Tree Fruit and leaf Famine food, cordage and A: O1, M1 and V1 Cheesman; KMV330 wildepiesang (A) craftwork B: J1 Myricaceae Morella pilulifera (Rendle) nemalondane (V) Tree Root Medicine A: R3 Killick; Ramovha 169 Myrothamnaceae Myrothamnus flabellifolius mafautshivuwa, mafavuka, Shrub Aerial parts Medicine A: M1 Welw.; KMV424 mukangambanzhe (V); resurrection B: V10 and W1 plant (E); bergboegoe (A) Myrsinaceae Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) tshiḓiḓiri (V); Cape-beech (E); Tree Bark and Medicine and craftwork A: M1, S4 and O1

Table 1 (continued)

Mez.; KMV286 Kaapse boekenhout (A) wood B: V12, V4, P1 and V9 Myrtaceae *Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex mubomo (V); blue gum tree (E) Tree Whole plant Medicine, construction, A: S6 and O1 Maiden; KMV267 ornamental, shade and firewood Myrtaceae Eugenia capensis (Eckl. & tshiṱawaṱawane (V) Shrub Fruit and Edible fruit A: O1 Zeyh.) Sond.; KMV440 wood Myrtaceae Eugenia natalitia Sond.; tshiṱawaṱawane, tshiṱulumembe, Shrub Fruit and Edible fruit, construction A: O1 and M1 KMV273 muṱulumembe (V); forest myrtle wood and craftwork (E); bosmirt (A) Myrtaceae *Psidium guajava L.; KMV425 mugwavha (V); guava (E); Tree Fruit, leaf, Edible fruit, medicine and A: A1 and O1 koejawel (A) root and firewood B: B2, V6, W1, V8 and V9 wood Myrtaceae Syzygium cordatum Hochst. muṱu (V); waterberry (E); Tree Fruit, leaf, Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1, N1, A1, S4 and O1 ex C.Krauss subsp. cordatum; waterbessie (A) root and construction and firewood B: W1, V12, V4, V8, J1, KMV477 wood V11, V10 and V9 Myrtaceae Syzygium gerrardii (Harv. ex mupone, muphone (V); forest Tree Fruit, bark Edible fruit, medicine, A: O1 Hook.f.) Burtt Davy; KMV285 waterberry (E); boswaterbessie (A) and wood construction and firewood B: V12, P1 and V8 Myrtaceae Syzygium guineense (Willd.) muṱumadi, muṱuphemba (V); Tree Fruit, bark, Edible fruit, beverage, A: M1, N1, R1 and O1 DC. subsp. guineense; bushveld waterberry (E); root and medicine and firewood B: W1, V12, V8 and V9 KMV268 bosveldwaterbessie (A) wood Myrtaceae Syzygium legatii Burtt Davy & muṱawi (V); mountain waterberry Tree Fruit and Edible fruit and firewood A: M1, V1 and O1 Greenway; KMV458 (E); bergwaterbessie (A) wood Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. muromboḓane, shamboḓa, Herb Leaf and root Medicine A: A1 and O1 var. caerulea (Savigny) shamboḓavhadzimu (V); blue Verdc.; KMV415 waterlily (E); blouwaterlelie (A) Ochnaceae Brackenridgea zanguebarica muṱavhatsindi (V); brackenridgea Shrub Bark and root Medicine and magic A: M1, S1, A1, S4 and O1 Oliv.; KMV331 (E); geellekkerbreek (A) B: V12 Ochnaceae Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC.; murambothavha (V); coldbark Tree Bark, root and Medicine, construction and A: A1 and O1 KMV270 ochna (E); kouebasrooihout (A) wood firewood Ochnaceae Ochna holstii Engl.; KMV088 tshipfure, tshipfurenyana (V); Tree Leaf and twig Medicine A: M4, L1 and O1 red-ironwood (E); rooiysterhout (A) Ochnaceae Ochna pulchra Hook.; tshiṱoni, tshiṱhoṱhonya (V); Shrub Wood Firewood and construction A: O1 KMV281 granite ochna (E); vervelboom, lekkerbreek (A) Olacaceae Ximenia americana L. var. muṱhanzwa, muṱhanzwaṱanzwane, Shrub Fruit, seed oil, Edible fruit, cosmetic oil, A: M1, R1, A1 and O1 microphylla Welw. ex Oliv.; muṱhanzwakhomu, bark and root medicine and magic B: P1, V12, V4, V8 and V9 KMV499 tshiṱhanzwaṱhanzwane, mutshilikhomu (V); blue sourplum (E); blousuurpruim (A) Olacaceae Ximenia caffra Sond. var. ḓadzwaṅombe, muṱhanzwa, Shrub Fruit, seed oil Edible fruit, beverage, A: M1, S1, A1, R1 and O1 caffra; KMV215 mutshili (V); large sourplum (E); and root cosmetic oil and medicine B: M1, V12, V8, P1 and V9 grootsuurpruim (A) Oleaceae Olea capensis L. subsp. enervis musiri (V); small Ironwood (E); Tree Root and Medicine, craftwork and A: A1 and O1 (Harv. ex C.H.Wright) I.Verd.; kleinysterhout (A) wood firewood B: V12 and V9 KMV200 Oleaceae Olea europaea L. subsp. muṱwari (V); wild olive (E); Tree Fruit, leaf, Medicine and firewood A: O1 africana (Mill.) P.S.Green; olienhout (A) bark and B: V9 KMV458 wood Oleaceae Schrebera alata Welw.; mulingwi (V); wing-leaved Tree Leaf and Medicine and craftwork A: A1 and O1 KMV459 wooden-pear (E); wood B: V9 vlerksteelhoutpeer (A) Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum reticulatum L.; tshiimangamulenzhe (V) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 and V1 KMV498 Orchidaceae Ansellia africana Lindl.; mphwe, ṱhahame (V); leopard Epiphyte Whole plant Medicine A: O1 KMV373 orchid (E); luiperdorgidee (A) Orchidaceae Mystacidium capense Schltr.; ṱhahame, mudziwatombo (V) Epiphyte Leaf Snuff ingredient A: H1 KMV478 Orobanchaceae Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze; vhuri (V); mealie-witchweed (E); Herb Whole plant Medicine A: M3 KMV371 mieliegif, rooiblombossie (A) Oxalidaceae Oxalis semiloba Sond. subsp. mukulungwane, tshishengela, Herb Leaf Medicine A: M1 and O1 semiloba; KMV486 tshoṱopiṱopi (V); Transvaal sorrel (E); Transvaalse suring (A) Passifloraceae Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl.; dundu, tshikuṱu (V); finger-leaved Climber Leaf, bark and Vegetable and medicine A: M1, M2, V1, A1, S1, B1, MMQ033 adenia, wild granadilla (E); root R3 and O1 bobbejaangif (A) B: V5 and W2 Passifloraceae Adenia gummifera (Harv.) bopha, beleha (V); monkey rope Climber Leaf, root and Vegetable, medicine and A: S1, V1, A1, M1, R3 and Harms var. gummifera; (E); slangklimop (A) stem vine cordage O1 KMV479 Passifloraceae Adenia spinosa Burtt Davy; tshivhuyudumbu (V); spiny Shrub Bark Medicine A: M1 and O1

(continued on next page)

Table 1 (continued)

KMV332 greenstem, elephant's foot (E); olifantsvoet (A) Passifloraceae *Passiflora edulis Sims; mufuranganḓela (V); granadilla, Climber Fruit and leaf Edible fruit and vegetable A: O1 KMV489 passion fruit (E); grenadella (A) B: V8 and V6 Pedaliaceae Dicerocaryum senecioides museṱo (V); devil's thorn (E) Herb Leaf Medicine, vegetable and A: L1, M2, M1, V3, B1, S3, (Klotzsch) Abels; MMQ023 duiweltjie, elandsdoring (A) soap substitute R3 and A1 B: V8 Phyllanthaceae Antidesma venosum E.Mey. ex mukhwalikhwali (V); forest Shrub Fruit, bark, Edible fruit, medicine and A: O1, A1 and J1 Tul.; KMV315 tassel-berry (E); tosselbessie (A) root and firewood B: J1, V4, V9 and V12 wood Phyllanthaceae Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) munzere (V); mitzeerie (E); Tree Fruit, bark, Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1, A1, S4 and O1 Baill.; KMV316 mitserie (A) root and construction and firewood B: W1, V12, V4 and V8 wood Phyllanthaceae Bridelia mollis Hutch.; mukumbakumba (V); velvet Tree Fruit and root Edible fruit, glue and A: M1, A1, S4, R3 and O1 KMV317 sweetberry (E); fluweelsoetbessie (A) medicine B: W1, V12, V8 and P1 Phyllanthaceae Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex muṱangauma, mavhelematshena Shrub Fruit, root and Edible fruit, beverage, A: M1, R1 and O1 Willd.) Voigt subsp. virosa; (V); whiteberry-bush (E); wood medicine, construction and B: V12 and P1 KMV243 witbessiebos (A) firewood Phyllanthaceae Hymenocardia ulmoides tshixeuxeu (V); red-heart tree (E); Tree Fruit and Edible fruit and general A: O1 B: V12 Oliv.; KMMV501 rooihartboom (A) wood construction Phyllanthaceae Pseudolachnostylis muṱonḓowa (V); kudu-berry (E); Tree Leaf, bark and Medicine and magic A: M1, A1, W1, R3 and O1 maprouneifolia Pax; KMV434 koedoebessie (A) root B: V12, P1, W1 and V9 Phytolaccaceae *Phytolacca octandra L.; muinki, vowa, thebe (V); inkberry Herb Aerial parts Vegetable and snuff A: M1, R3 and O1 KMV464 (E); inkbessie (A) especially leaf ingredient Picrodendraceae Androstachys johnsonii Prain; musimbiri (V); Lebombo-ironwood Tree Leaf and Medicine, fodder and A: M1 and O1 KMV429 (E); Lebombo-ysterhout (A) wood construction B: V8, V12, V9 and P1 Pinaceae *Pinus patula Schltdl. & mupaini (V); pine tree (E); Tree Leaf, root and Medicine, firewood and A: S6 and O1 Cham.; KMV280 treurden (A) wood construction Piperaceae Piper capense L.f. var. capense; mulilwe (V); wild peper (E); Shrub Bark Medicine A: A1, S4 and M1 LT 16 wildepeper (A) Pittosporaceae Pittosporum viridiflorum muṱanzwakhamelo (V); Tree Bark Medicine A: O1 Sims; KMV456 cheesewood (E); kasuur (A) B: V9 Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica L.; mufhisanomboro (V); ceylon Shrub Bark Medicine A: O1 KMV214 leadwort (E) Poaceae *Bambusa balcooa Roxb.; musengele (V); common bamboo Grass Stem Construction A: O1 KMV333 (E); gewone bamboes (A) B: B2 Poaceae Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. dadasenga (V) Grass Leaf stalk Construction A: O1 & Arn.) Stapf; KMV213 B: V7 Poaceae Cymbopogon marginatus Stapf funḓwi, fungwi, ndau, khonde (V) Grass Root Medicine A: A1 and V1 ex Burtt Davy; KMV461 Poaceae Cymbopogon nardus (L.) benzwa, tshula (V); giant Grass Leaf stalk Construction A: O1 and M1 Rendle; KMV462 turpentine grass (E) B: V8 and V7 Poaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.; tshiṱanzhela (V); couch grass, Grass Whole plant Medicine or ornamental A: M1, R3 and O1 KMV271 twitch grass (E); kweek (A) B: B2 and V7 Poaceae Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.; mufhoho (V); finger millet (E) Grass Grains Edible seed A: V1 and O1 KMV092 B: V6 Poaceae Hyparrhenia dregeana hatsi (V); tambuki grass (E); Grass Leaf stalk Construction A: O1 (Nees) Stapf ex Stent; rooigras, tamboekiegras (A) B: V8 KMV334 Poaceae Hyparrhenia dissoluta (Nees hatsi (V) Grass Leaf stalk Construction A: O1 ex Steud.) Clayton; KMV335 B: V7 Poaceae Hyparrhenia filipendula bungushule, dadasenga, musenga, Grass Leaf stalk Construction A: O1 (Hochst.) Stapf var. lufhe (V); thatching grass (E); B: V7 and V8 filipendula; KMV406 rooigras (A) Poaceae Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf; mulalangatemba, lufhe (V); Grass Leaf stalk Construction A: O1 KMV212 common thatching grass (E); B: B2, V7 and V8 boesmangras (A) Poaceae Hyparrhenia tamba (Steud.) hatsi (V); berggras (A) Grass Leaf stalk Construction A: O1 Stapf; KMV487 B: V7 and B2 Poaceae Oxytenanthera abyssinica musununu (V); holy Venda bamboo Grass Hollow stem Musical flutes and A: S1, M1, V1 and O1 Munro; KMV201 (E); heilige Venda-bamboes (A) craftwork Poaceae *Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. luvhele (V); African millet, pearl Grass Grain Porridge, fodder and A: O1 Br.; KMV202 millet (E); mannakoring (A) traditional beverage (beer) Poaceae Phragmites australis (Cav.) luṱanga (V); common reed (E); Grass Leaf stalk Construction and musical A: O1 and A1 Steud.; KMV418 fluitjiesriet (A) flutes Poaceae Phragmites mauritianus luṱanga (V); lowveld reed (E); Grass Root and leaf Medicine, construction, A: M1, S1, A1, R3 and O1 Kunth; KMV210 laeveld-fluitjiesriet (A) stalk craftwork and musical flutes Poaceae Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench makhaha (V); grain sorghum (E); Grass Grain and Food-porridge, fodder and V1, S1, S2 and O1 subsp. arundinaceum (Desv.) graansorghum (A) cane-stalk traditional beverage (beer) de Wet & Harlan; KMV202 Poacaeae Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) mushingidzhane (V); rat's tail Grass Leaf stalk Craftwork and A: M1 and O1

Table 1 (continued)

Robyns & Tournay; KMV211 dropseed (E); rotstertfynsaadgras (A) construction Poaceae Themeda triandra Forssk.; mudile (V); oat grass (E); rooigras (A) Grass Leaf stalk Construction A: O1 KMV336 B: V7 Polygalaceae Securidaca longepedunculata mpesu (V); violet-tree (E); Tree Leaf, bark and Medicine and cordage A: M1, A1, N1, S1 and O1 Fresen. var. longepedunculata; krinkhout (A) root B: V12, V10, V11, V9, P1 KMV209 and W1 Portulacaceae *Portulaca oleracea L.; makhuluwaluvhisi, tshitopitopi (V); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M1 and O1 KMV480 purslane (E) B: V8 and V6 Proteaceae Faurea saligna Harv.; KMV337 muṱango (V); willow beechwood Tree Bark, root and Medicine, craftwork and A: M1, A1, O1 and M5 (E); bosveldboekenhout (A) wood firewood B: V12, V9 and V8 Proteaceae *Macadamia integrifolia mutebvu (V); macadamia nut (E) Tree Nut Edible nut A: O1 Maiden & Betche; KMV509 B: V6 Proteaceae Protea caffra Meisn. subsp. tshidzungu, tshiḓiḓiri (V); common Tree Fruit and bark Medicine A: A1 and O1 caffra; KMV338 protea (E); gewone suikerbos (A) B: V12 Ranunculaceae Anemone transvaalensis thauyakhomba (V); blistering leaf Herb Leaf and root Medicine A: A1, O1 and M5 (Szyszyl.) Burtt Davy var. (E); brandblaar (A) transvaalensis; KMV488 Ranunculaceae Clematis brachiata Thunb.; tshiumbeumbe (V); traveller's joy Climber Leaf and stem Medicine and craftwork A: A1, M1, S1 and O1. KMV203 (E); klimop, lemoenbloeisels (A) vine B: J1 Rhamnaceae Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) muṋie, munyee, mukhukhuma (V); Tree Fruit, bark, Edible fruit, famine food A: M1, A1, R1 and O1. Hemsl; KMV339 brown ivory (E); bruinivoor (A) root and craftwork, beverage (beer), B: W1, V12 and V9 wood medicine, construction, dye, fire-making and firewood Rhamnaceae Berchemia zeyheri (Sond.) muṋieṋiane, muṋiedombo (V); red Tree Fruit, bark Edible fruit, famine food A: M1, R1 and O1 Grubov.; KMV484 ivory (E); rooi-ivoor (A) and wood craftwork, beverage (beer), B: W1, V12, V4, V8, J1 medicine, construction, dye, and V9 fire-making and firewood Rhamnaceae Helinus integrifolius (Lam.) mupupuma, mufhufhumwa (V); Climber Leaf, stem Soap substitute and A: M1, V1 and O1 Kuntze; KMV340 soap creeper, soap bush (E); and root medicine B: V8 seepbos (A) Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mucronata Willd. mukhalu, mutshetshete (V); buffalo Tree Fruit, leaf, Edible fruit, vegetable, A: M1, N1, A1, M4, S1 subsp. mucronata; KMV011 thorn (E); blinkblaar- bark, root, medicine, construction, and O1 wag-‘n-bietjie (A) wood and craftwork, firewood and B: W1, V12, V4, V8, J1 shoots fence and V9 Rosaceae Prunus africana (Hook.f.) mulalamaanga (V); red stinkwood Tree Bark and root Medicine A: O1 Kalkman; KMV485 (E); rooistinkhout (A) B: V9 Rosaceae *Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. muberegisi (V); peach (E); Tree Fruit, leaf and Edible fruit and medicine A: O1, M4, L1, S3, M6 and var. persica; KMV003 perskeboom (A) root V1 B: B2 Rosaceae Rubus pinnatus Willd.; muṋambala (V); wild bramble (E); Climber Fruit and root Edible fruit and medicine A: M1 and O1 KMV208 braambos (A) Rosaceae Rubus rigidus Mercier; muṋambala (V); wild bramble, (E); Climber Fruit Edible fruit and beverage A: O1 and R1 KMV349 wildebraam (A) B: V8 Rubiaceae Breonadia salicina (Vahl) muṱulume (V); matumi (E); Tree Bark, root and Medicine, construction and A: O1 and A1. Hepper & J.R. Wood; KMV354 mingerhout (A) wood firewood B: V12, V4 and P1 Rubiaceae Afrocanthium mundianum mutomboti (V); rock-alder (E); Shrub Fruit, leaf, Edible fruit, medicine, A: O1, M1, A1 and V1 (Cham. & Schltdl.) Lantz; klipels (A) root and construction, firewood and B: P1, V12 and V9 KMV344 wood craftwork Rubiaceae Canthium ciliatum (Klotzsch) mulumekhoḓa (V); hairy Shrub Fruit and Edible fruit and magic A: O1 and M1 Kuntze; KMV348 turkey-berry (E); fluweelklipels (A) thorn B: M1 and V12 Rubiaceae Canthium inerme (L.f.) muvhibvelashdani (V); turkey berry Shrub Fruit and Edible fruit, craftwork and A: O1 Kuntze; KMV449 (E); bokdrolbessie (A) wood firewood B: V9 Rubiaceae Cephalanthus natalensis Oliv.; murondo (V); strawberry-bush, Shrub Fruit and leaf Edible fruit and medicine A: O1, L1, R3 and M1 KMV483 quinine berry (E); witpruim (A) B: M1, P1 and V12 Rubiaceae Conostomium natalense ndilele (V); wild pentas (E) Herb Root Magic A: M1, S1 and O1 (Hochst.) Bremek. var. ovalifolium Bremek.; KMV419 Rubiaceae Fadogia tetraquetra K.Krause tshiḽiso, muḓifhakunene, Herb Fruit and root Edible fruit and medicine A: M1 and O1 var. tetraquetra; KMV341 murunzambilu (V) Rubiaceae Gardenia volkensii K.Schum. tshiralala (V); bushveld gardenia Tree Fruit, twig, Medicine, magic, ritual and A: M1, S1, N1, R3 and O1 subsp. spatulifolia (Stapf & (E); bosveldkatjiepiering (A) root and craftwork B: V12, J1, V9 and V4 Hutch.) Verdc.; KMV482 wood Rubiaceae Hyperacanthus amoenus murombe (V); spiny-gardenia (E); Tree Fruit, root and Edible fruit, beverage, magic A: M1, O1, S1 and R1 (Sims) Bridson; KMV342 doringkatjiepiering (A) wood and firewood Rubiaceae Lagynias dryadum (S.Moore) muzwilungala, muzwiluthavha (V); Shrub Fruit, root and Edible fruit, medicine, and A: M1 and O1 Robyns; KMV353 woodland pendent-medlar (E); sapling construction wildemispel (A) Rubiaceae Paederia bojeriana Hochst. sulesule (V) Climber Stemvine and Cordage and medicine A: O1 subsp. foetens (Hiern) Verdc.; leaf KMV384 Rubiaceae Pavetta lanceolata Eckl.; tshituku (V); weeping brides-bush Shrub Leaf and root Medicine A: A1

(continued on next page)

Table 1 (continued)

KMV345 (E); treurbruidsbos (A) Rubiaceae Pavetta schumanniana F. tshituku (V); poison brides-bush Shrub Leaf Edible leaf sap A: O1 Hoffm. ex K.Schum.; KMV393 (E); gifbruidsbos (A) Rubiaceae Psydrax livida (Hiern) mukavhamahunguvhu (V); Shrub Fruit and Edible fruit, craftwork and A: M1 and O1 Bridson; KMV207 green-twig quar (E); groenkwar (A) wood firewood Rubiaceae *Richardia brasiliensis Gomes; muḽegere (V); Mexican clover (E); Herb Whole plant Medicine A: M5 KMV346 Meksikaanse klawer, (A) Rubiaceae Rothmannia capensis Thunb.; murathamapfeṋe, mukudubu (V); Tree Fruit, root and Medicine, craftwork and A: A1, O1, M1, L1, N1, S4 KMV027 wild gardenia (E); wood firewood and M4. valskatjiepiering (A) B: P1, V12, V4, J1 and V9 Rubiaceae Tricalysia capensis (Meisn. tshifhanza (V); forest jackal-coffee Shrub Root and Medicine and firewood A: O1 ex Hochst.) Sim var. (E); bosjakkalskoffie (A) wood transvaalensis Robbr.; KMV298 Rubiaceae Tricalysia lanceolata (Sond.) mufhanza, tshitukutshaḓaka (V); Shrub Wood Craftwork and firewood A: O1 Burtt Davy; KMV407 jackal-coffee (E); jakkalskoffie (A) Rubiaceae Vangueria esculenta S. muzwilu (V) Shrub Fruits Edible fruits A: O1 Moore; KMV535 Rubiaceae Vangueria infausta Burch. muzwilu (V); velvet wild-medlar Tree Fruit, leaf, Edible fruit, beverage, A: M1, O1, A1, M5 and S1 subsp. infausta; KMV206 (E); grootmispel, wildemispel (A) root and medicine, magic, and B: V12, V8, J1, V4, P1 and wood firewood V9 Ruscaceae Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) savha (V); mother-in-law's tongue Herb Fruit and leaf Medicine, craftwork, A: M1 and O1 Druce; KMV420 (E); skoonma-se-tong (A) ornament and construction B: V8, V10 and J1 Rutaceae Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.; gwambadzi, mufhiso, muhaba, Climber Leaf and root Medicine A: A1 and O1 KMV460 tshikwangula (V); climbing-orange (E); ranklemoentjie (A) Rutaceae Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G. muhodwa, muumano, phaladzane Shrub Leaf, bark, Medicine, construction and A: A1, M1 and O1 Don; KMV481 (V); white-ironwood (E); root and craftwork B: V12, J1, V9 and P1 witysterhout (A) wood Rutaceae Zanthoxylum capense tshikhafushi, munungu (V); wild Shrub Root Medicine A: O1 (Thunb.) Harv.; KMV500 cardamon (E); kleinknophout (A) Rutaceae Zanthoxylum davyi (I.Verd.) munungu (V); forest knobwood Tree Bark, thorn Medicine A: M1, A1 and O1 P.G.Waterman; KMV380 (E); bosknophout (A) and root B: V4, V8, W1 and V9 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum humile (E.A. tshinungufhala, munungu (V); Shrub Root Medicine A: O1 Bruce) P.G.Waterman; knobwood (E); harige knophout (A) B: V12 KMV486 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill. & munungu (V) Tree Root Medicine A: R3 Perr.; Ramovha 142 Salicaceae Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & muṱunu (V); kei-apple (E); Shrub Fruit and Edible fruit, beverage, A: O1, R1, S1, A1 and M1 Harv.) Warb.; KMV470 kei-appel (A) thorn medicine and magic B: V12, J1, V9, O1 and M1 Salicaceae Dovyalis zeyheri (Sond.) mutshimba (V); apricot sourberry Shrub Fruit, bark Medicine and craftwork A: O1 and M5 Warb.; KMV257 (E); appelkoossuurbessie (A) and wood B: P1, V8 and V12 Salicaceae Oncoba spinosa Forssk. subsp. mutunzwu (V); snuff-box tree (E); Shrub Fruit, root, Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1, A1, N1, O1 and S1 spinosa; KMV428 snuifkalbassie (A) fruit shells or carftwork and ornamental B: V12, P1 and J1 whole plant Salicaceae Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) muvhambanguvho (V); thorn pear Tree Fruit Edible fruit A: O1 Harv.; KMV365 (E); doringrooipeer (A) Salicaceae Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) muhashaphande, muthethenya, Tree Leaf and Medicine, craftwork and A: M1, M5 and O1 Warb. subsp. grandifolia; mufhanza, tshilaphithi (V); wood firewood B: V12 KMV471 wild-mulberry (E); wildemoerbei (A) Salicaceae Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. muṋengeledzi (V); safsaf willow Shrub Leaf, bark, Medicine, magic, A: S1, A1, M1 and O1 woodii (Seemen) Immelman; (E); safsafwilger (A) root and fire-making and firewood B: V12, V10, V8, J1, V4 KMV381 wood and V9 Salvadoraceae Salvadora australis Schweick.; munḓamuka (V); narrow-leaved Shrub Leaf Medicine A: A1 and N1 KMV355 mustard-tree (E); B: P1, V12 and V9 smalblaarmosterdboom (A) Santalaceae Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & mpeta (V); rock tannin-bush (E); Shrub Root Medicine and magic A: V1, M5, M1, W1, S1, Steud.; KMV370 rotslooibas (A) A1, R3 and O1 Sapindaceae Cardiospermum corindum muphophopho (V); bushveld Climber Root Medicine A: O1 L.; KMV491 balloon Vine (E) Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. muṱhaṱhavhanna (V); sand-olive Shrub Leaf, root or Medicine, live fence and A: O1 and M5 angustifolia (L.f.) Benth.; (E); sandolien (A) whole plant ornamental B: V12 and V10 KMV360 Sapindaceae Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh.; murodolo, tshikavhavhe, Tree Fruit, seed oil, Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1 and O1 KMV379 muvunḓambaḓo (V); jacket-plum leaf, bark and beverage (wine), beverage B: W1, P1, V12, V8, J1, R1 (E); doppruim (A) wood (tea), craftwork and and V9 firewood Sapotaceae Englerophytum munombelo (V); stemfruit, milk Tree Fruit, bark, Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1, N1, R1, S2 and O1 magalismontanum (Sond.) plum (E); stamvrug (A) root, plant ritual, beverage (wine), B: W1, V12, V4, V8 and T.D.Penn.; KMV356 parasite and craftwork and firewood V9 wood Sapotaceae Manilkara mochisia (Baker) muṋambu (V); lowveld milk Tree Fruit and Edible fruit, construction A: O1

Table 1 (continued)

Gerstner; KMV394 berry (E) wood and firewood B: V9 Sapotaceae Mimusops zeyheri Sond.; mububulu, mutaladzi (V); Tree Fruit, root and Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1, V1 and O1 KMV078 red-milkwood (E); moepel (A) wood firewood and craftwork B: W1, V12, V4, V8, J1, R1 and V9 Solanaceae *Capsicum annuum L. var. phiriphiri (V); chilli pepper (E); Shrub Fruit, root and Medicine, condiment and A: M2, B1, R3 and O1 glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser rissie (A) leaf vegetable & Pickersgill; KMV476 Solanaceae *Capsicum frutescens L.; phiriphiri (V); chilli pepper, serrano Shrub Root, fruit Medicine, condiment and A: O1 KMV028 pepper (E); rissie (A) and leaf vegetable B: V11 and W2 Solanaceae *Datura ferox L.; KMV369 zavhazavha (V); Jimson weed, Herb Leaf Snuff ingredient A: O1 prickly-apple (E); stinkblaar (A) B: W2 Solanaceae *Datura stramonium L.; zavhazavha (V); Jimson weed, Herb Whole plant Medicine and snuff A: M1, S6, M6 and O1 KMV357 thorn-apple (E); stinkblaar (A) ingredient B: V10, V5, V8 and V11 Solanaceae *Lycopersicon esculentum muṱamaṱisi (V); tomato (E); Herb Fruit Edible fruit A: O1 Mill; KMV508 tamatie (A) B: V6 Solanaceae *Nicotiana tabacum; KMV372 fola (V); tobacco (E); tabak (A) Herb Leaf Snuff ingredient A: O1 and S1 B: V8, W2 and V11 Solanaceae *Nicandra physalodes (L.) tshirunnguḓane (V); apple of peru Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M2, B1 and O1 Gaertn.; MMQ048 (E); bitterappelliefie (A) Solanaceae *Physalis peruviana L.; murunguḓane (V); Cape gooseberry Herb Fruit and leaf Edible fruit and vegetable A: O1, M1 and R1 KMV029 (E); appelliefie (A) B: M1, V8 and V6 Solanaceae Solanum aculeastrum Dunal murulwa, mututulwa, shulwa, Shrub Fruit or whole Medicine and live fence A: M1, A1, S4 and O1 subsp. aculeastrum; KMV025 mushulwa (V); goat bitter-apple plant B: P1 and V12 (E); bokbitterappel (A) Solanaceae *Solanum americanum Mill.; muxe (V) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: V2 and O1 KMV375 Solanaceae Solanum campylacanthum mututulwa (V); poison apple (E); Herb Fruit and root Medicine A: M5, M1, S1, S4, M6 Hochst. ex A.Rich. subsp. gifappel (A) and A1 panduriforme (Drège ex Dunal) J.Samuels; KMV362 Solanaceae Solanum giganteum Jacq.; mututulwa (V); red bitter-apple, Shrub Fruit and leaf Medicine A: O1, R3 and L1 KMV376 healing-leaf tree (E); B: V12 and P1 geneesblaarboom, rooibitterbessie (A) Solanaceae Solanum lichtensteinii Willd.; mututulwa (V) Shrub Fruit juice Medicine A: R3 Ramovha 165 Solanaceae *Solanum mauritianum Scop.; mututulwa (V); bugtree (E); Shrub Fruit and leaf Medicine A: S6 and O1 KMV368 luisboom (A) Solanaceae *Solanum nigrum L.; MMQ049 xaxaḓi (V); common nightshade Herb Fruit and leaf Edible fruit, dye, medicine A: M1, M2, V1, V3, S2, B1, (E); nastergal(A) and vegetable V2 and O1 B: V8, V6 and B2 Solanaceae Solanum retroflexum Dunal; muxe (V); wonder berry, sobosobo Herb Leaf and fruit Vegetable, medicine and A: M2, V1, S2, V2 and O1 MMQ024 berry (E); nastergal (A) edible fruit B: V8 Solanaceae Solanum supinum Dunal var. mututulwa (V); toothache bush (E); Shrub Fruit and root Medicine A: M4 and O1 supinum; KMV007 tandpynbos (A) B: V8 Solanaceae *Solanum tuberosum L.; muḓabula (V); potato (E); Herb Tubers Edible tuber A: O1 KMV464 aartappel (A) B: V6 Solanaceae Withania somnifera (L.) musalamarubini (V); winter cherry Shrub Root Medicine A: M5 and O1 Dunal; KMV090 (E); geneesblaarbossie (A) B: V10, V11, W2 and V8 Stilbaceae Halleria lucida L.; KMV066 muḓula, murevhe (V); tree-fucsia Tree Fruit, root, Edible fruit, medicine, A: M1 and O1 (E); notsung, ouhout (A) wood and craftwork and firewood B: J1, V9, V4 and V12 twig Stilbaceae Nuxia floribunda Benth.; muḽanotshi (V); wild elder (E); Tree Bark and Medicine, craftwork, A: M1 and O1 KMV071 bosvlier (A) wood construction and firewood B: V12 and V9 Thymelaeaceae Passerina montana Thoday; mutsanana (V); mountain gonna Herb Leaf, sapling Construction and cordage A: M1 and O1 KMV374 (E); berggonna (A) and bark Thymelaeaceae Peddiea africana Harv.; gokodzalulimi, muhoholodza (V); Shrub Leaf and bark Medicine and cordage A: M1, O1 and V12 KMV366 poison-olive (E); gifolyf (A) B: W1, V12, W2 and V5 Turneraceae Tricliceras longepedunculatum iṱolandau (V) Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 (Mast.) R.Fern. var. longepedunculatum; KMV397 Typhaceae Typha capensis (Rohrb.) N.E. musama (V); bulrush (E); Sedge Rhizome and Edible rhizome and A: V1 and O1 Br.; KMV082 matjiesgoed, papkuil (A) bulrushes craftwork B: V8 and J1 Ulmaceae Celtis africana Burm.f.; mumvumvu, luvhambo (V); white- Tree Leaf, bark, Vegetable, medicine, magic A: O1, M1 and A1 KMV083 stinkwood (E); witstinkhout (A) branches, and craftwork B: P1, J1, V9, W1 and V4 sticks and wood Ulmaceae Trema orientalis (L.) Blume; mumvumvu, mukurukuru (V); Tree Twig and leaf Magic and vegetable A: M2, L1, B1 and O1 MMQ007 pigeon wood (E); hophout (A) B: V12 and V9 Urticaceae Laportea peduncularis dzaluma (V); river stinging nettle Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1, V1, B1, S3 and S2 (Wedd.) Chew subsp. (E); bosbrandnetel (A) peduncularis; KMV467

(continued on next page)

Table 1 (continued)

Urticaceae Obetia tenax (N.E.Br.) Friis; muvhazwi, gukhunya, thanga, Shrub Leaf and bark Vegetable and cordage A: M1, M2, S1, S2, B1, S4 MMQ022 muugana, muendanathavha, and O1 dyambila, zavhazavha (V); B: V12, W2 and V9 mountain nettle (E); bergbrandnetel (A) Urticaceae *Urtica dioica L.; MMQ002 dzaluma (V); common stinging Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M2, B1 and S1 nettle (E); gewone brandnetel (A) B: V8, V11 and V6 Urticaceae Pouzolzia mixta Solms; muṱhanzwa, mulambadivhu, Shrub Leaf, shoots, Vegetable, medicine, magic A: M2, M1, S2, B1, S3, R3 MMQ020 murovhaḓembe (V); soap nettle (E); bark and root and cordage and O1 seepnetel (A) B: V12 and V8 Urticaceae Pouzolzia parasitica (Forssk.) gwikwiṱimba, makhuluwadzaluma Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1, S2 and V1 Schweinf.; KMV382 (V); small stinging nettle (E); kleinbrandnetel (A) Velloziaceae Xerophyta retinervis Baker; tshikundanḓazi (V); black-stick lily, Shrub Whole plant Medicine A: A1 and V3 KMV089 monkey's tail (E); bobbejaanstert, B: V10 aapstert (A) Verbenaceae *Lantana camara L.; KMV387 tshidzimbambule, Shrub Whole plant Medicine, edible fruit and A: S6, A1 and O1 tshidzimbampoṱolo (V); cherry-pie, ornamental B: W2 common lantana (E); boesmandruiwe (A) Verbenaceae Lantana rugosa Thunb.; tshidzimbavhalisa, tshidzimba (V); Shrub Fruit and leaf Edible fruit and medicine A: M1, V3, A1 and O1 KMV386 bird's brandy, small lantana (E); klein lantana, voëlbrandewyn (A) Verbenaceae Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) musudzungwane, mukundamboho Shrub Leaf and root Beverage (tea), repellent A: A1, O1, B1 and M1 Spreng.; KMV050 (V); fever-tea (E); beukesbossie, and medicine B: V8, V10 and W1 koorsbossie (A) Verbenaceae Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce munamamutuku (V) Herb Leaf and fruit Vegetable and medicine A: O1 var. abyssinica (Jaub. & Spach) Moldenke.; KMV497 Violaceae Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) mafambaboriḽe (V); narrow-leaved Shrub Root Medicine A: M5 Baill. subsp. natalensis (Engl.) violet-bush (E); Grey-Wilson; KMV388 kleinblaarviootjiebos (A) Vitaceae Cissus quadrangularis L. var. malongekanye, tshiuvhulusi (V); Climber Stem vine Medicine A: M4, V3, R2, R3 and O1 quadrangularis; KMV006 veld grapes, cactus vine (E) B: V8 Vitaceae Cyphostemma sp.; KMV385 tshidzidzivhungo, Climber Fruit Edible fruit A: O1 tshikwetamukulo (V) Vitaceae Rhoicissus tomentosa (Lam.) khundwi, dyaṱhoho, Climber Fruit, root and Beverage, edible fruit and A: M1, V12, R1 and O1 Wild & R.B.Drumm.; KMV389 nḓirivhedzaḓaka (V); forest-grape tubers medicine B: V12, V10 and W1 (E); bosdruif (A) Vitaceae Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) mutumbulambudzana (V); Shrub Fruit, root and Edible fruit and medicine A: M1, J1, O1, A1, R3 and Wild & R.B.Drumm. subsp. bushman's grape (E); tubers V12 tridentata; KMV067 boesmansdruif (A) B: V12, J1 and V8 Zamiaceae Encephalartos transvenosus tshifhanga, tshitondolo, mutondolo Tree Bark, root and Medicine and glue A: O1 and V1 Stapf & Burtt Davy; KMV383 (V); modjadje cycad (E); sap B: V9 modjadjibroodboom (A) Zygophyllaceae Balanites maughamii Sprague; mudulu, mululu (V); green-thorn Tree Fruit, thorn, Edible fruit and medicine A: M1, S1 and O1 KMV223 (E); groendoring (A) bark and root B: V8, V12, V10, W1 and V9 Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris L.; KMV030 tseṱwana (V); devil-thorns (E); Herb Whole plant Medicine and vegetable A: M1, M2, B1 and O1 dubbeltjie (A) Zygophyllaceae Tribulus zeyheri Sond. subsp. tseṱo (V); devil-thorns (E); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: M1, M2, B1 and O1 zeyheri; KMV031 dubbeltjie (A)

grew up in one of the villages (Vuvha) and through family and highly seasonal). Using the rapid ethnobotanical appraisal method friends, was able to easily identify knowledgeable persons to partic- (Martin, 1995), initial surveys were conducted to compile a prelimi- ipate. The local chiefs or indunas were consulted prior to the com- nary checklist of useful plants. Participants were interviewed in the mencement of the survey and permission was granted for all four Venḓa language (called Luvenḓa or, more commonly, Tshivenḓa). villages. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics Committee In a second phase of the study, formal and structured interviews of the Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg (Protocol of were conducted using a photo album (flip-file) of all useful plants, 13 January 2015). Data were extracted from books, journal articles, following the matrix method of De Beer and Van Wyk (2011).Full unpublished university theses and field notes on herbarium details of this ongoing quantitative ethnobotanical survey will be specimens in the Ṱhohoyanḓou Herbarium. The survey was con- published elsewhere. Except for non-indigenous cultivated 25 ducted during all seasons, and for three years (2014 to 2017), in species (in Table 2) listed following International Plant Names order to study and photograph all useful plants (some of which are Index (IPNI), the inventory was compiled mainly according to the

Table 2 Inventory of cultivated plants used by the Vhavenḓa. Sources of information on Venda plant uses (in the last column): A1 = Arnold and Gulumian (1984);B1=Bvenura and Afolayan (2015);M1=Mabogo (1990);M2=Maanda and Bhat (2010);M5=Masevhe et al. (2015); O1 = Interview results and own observations; R1 = Rampedi (2010);S1=Stayt (1931); S2 = Singo (1996);V1=Van Warmelo (1989);V2=Van Rensburg et al. (2007).

Family Botanical name Vernacular name Life Part used Use category Uses Voucher specimens are deposited at the (V) = Tshivenḓa; (E) = English; form New use categories are Local (venda) University of Venda Herbarium. (A) = Afrikaans shown in bold uses sources *non-indigenous; **indigenous

Aizoaceae **Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L.Bolus subsp. lutele (V); sour fig. (E); suurvy (A) Herb Leaf and fruit Medicine and ornamental A: O1 edulis; KMV392 B: V6, J1, V10, V8 and V10 Alliaceae *Allium cepa L.; KMV515 nyala (V); onion (E); ui (A) Herb Bulb and leaf Vegetable ingredient or A: O1 condiment Alliaceae *Allium sativum L.; KMV204 khanakhana (V); garlic (E); knoffel (A) Herb Bulb Vegetable ingredient or A: O1 condiment Apiaceae *Daucus carota L.; KMV523 kherotsi (V); carrot (E); geelwortel (A) Herb Tuber Edible tuber A: O1 Araceae *Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott; MMQ028 mufhongwe (V); elephant's ear (E); Herb Leaf and root Vegetable and cooked A: M2, B1 and amadoembie (A) tuber edible tuber V1 Bromeliaceae *Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.; KMV517 tshienge (V); pineapple (E); Shrub Fruit Edible fruit A: O1 pynappel (A) Brassicaceae *Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala (DC.) mureipi, murodishia (V); collards Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 Schübler & Martens; KMV521 (E); boerkool (Afrikaans) Brassicaceae *Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.; KMV522 khavhishi (V); cabbage (E); kool, Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 kopkool (A) Caricaceae *Carica papaya L.; KMV324 mupapawe (V); pawpaw (E); Tree Fruit, seed, Vegetable, edible fruit A: A1, M1, O1 papaja (A) latex and root and medicine and M5 Chenopodiaceae *Beta vulgaris L.; KMV526 tshipinisi (V); swiss chard (E); Herb Leaf Vegetable A: O1 snybeet (A) Convolvulaceae *Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.; MMQ019 murambo (V); sweet potato (E); Herb Leaf and Vegetable and edible A: M2, V1, S2, patat (A) tubers cooked tuber B1 and O1 Cucurbitaceae *Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché; KMV233 magondoni, tshikomukomu (V); Herb Leaf and Vegetable A: O1 fig-leaf gourd (E) flowers Cucurbitaceae *Cucurbita maxima Duchesne; KMV234 thanga (V); winter squash, pumpkin Herb Leaf and Vegetable A: O1, B1, V2 (E); pampoen (A) flowers and S2 Cucurbitaceae *Cucurbita moschata Duchesne; KMV234 phuri, luranga, thanga (V); pumpkin Herb Leaf and Vegetable A: B1, V2 and (E); pampoen (A) flowers O1 Cucurbitaceae *Cucurbita pepo L.; MMQ014 phuri, luranga, thanga (V); pumpkin Herb Leaf, flowers Vegetable, edible cooked A: O1, B1, V2 (E); pampoen (A) and fruit fruit and medicine and M2 Cucurbitaceae *Luffa cylindrica M.Roem.; KMV412 shukuto (V); sponge gourd (E); Herb Leaf and fruit Vegetable A: O1 vadoekplant (A) Euphorbiaceae *Manihot esculenta Crantz; KMV433 mutumbula (V); cassava (E); Shrub Leaf and tuber Vegetable, medicine and A: M1 and O1 maniok (A) edible tuber Fabaceae *Phaseolus vulgaris L.; KMV512 muṋawa (V); common bean, kidney Climber Seed Edible seed A: O1 bean (E); groenboon (A) Fabaceae *Pisum sativum L.; KMV513 mueregisi (V); garden pea (E); Herb Seed Edible seed A: O1 ertjie (A) Lauraceae *Persea americana Mill.; KMV511 mugadaphele, muafukhada (V); Tree Fruit and Edible fruit and firewood A: O1 avocado (E); avokado (A) wood Malvaceae *Malvaviscus sp.; KMV462 delele (V); wax mallow (E) Shrub Leaf Vegetable A: O1 Moraceae *Ficus carica L.; KMV279 muhuyu (V); common fig-tree (E); Tree Fruit and latex Edible fruit and medicine A: O1 and M5 gewone vyeboom (A) Moringaceae *Moringa oleifera Lam.; KMV266 muringa (V); horse-radish tree (E); Tree All parts Medicine A: O1 peperwortelboom (A) Musaceae *Musa acuminata Colla; KMV510 muombva (V); banana; Tree Fruit and stem Edible fruit, medicine, snuff A: O1 piesangboom (A) pith ingredient and cook soda Musaceae *Musa paradisiaca L.; KMV287 muombva (V); banana tree (E); Tree Fruit and stem Edible fruit, medicine, snuff A: M1, A1 and piesangboom (A) pith ingredient and cook soda O1 Poaceae *Cymbopogon citratus Stapf; KMV463 mutie (V); lemon grass (E) Grass Stalk Beverage A: R1 Poaceae *Saccharum officinarum L.; KMV432 muovha (V); sugar cane (E); Grass Cane-stalk Edible juice A: O1 and V1 suikerriet (A) Poaceae *Zea mays L.; KMV433 mavhele (V); mealies (E); mielie (A) Grass Grain and leaf Porridge and fodder A: O1, S2 and stalk S1 Rosaceae *Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) munombelo (V); loquat (E); Tree Fruit and leaf Edible fruit and medicine A: O1 Lindl.; KMV416 lukwart (A) Rutaceae *Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck; KMV272 tshikavhavhe, mukavhavhe (V); Tree Fruit, leaf and Edible fruit, beverage-tea A: A1 and O1 lemon (E); suurlemoen (A) root and medicine Rutaceae *Citrus paradisi Macfad.; KMV468 mubambahosi (V); grapefruit (E); Tree Fruit Edible fruit A: O1 pomelo (A) Rutaceae *Citrus reticulata Blanco; KMV469 muṋarangisi, muṋerengisi (V); Tree Fruit Edible fruit A: O1 mandarin orange (E); nartjie (A) Rutaceae *Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck; KMV470 muswiri (V); orange (E); lemoen (A) Tree Fruit Edible fruit A: O1 Sapindaceae *Litchi chinenesis Sonn; KMV475 muḽitshisi (V); litchi (E); lietsjie (A) Tree Fruit Edible fruit A: O1 Solanaceae *Solanum betaceum Cav.; KMV359 muṱamaṱisi (V); tree tomato (E); Shrub Fruit Edible fruit A: O1 boomtamatie (A) Tropaeolaceae *Tropaeolum majus L.; MMQ046 bopa, lubopa (V); Indian cress, Herb Leaf Medicine and vegetable A: M2, B1 and monks cress (E); kappertjie (A) O1

Please cite this article as: Magwede, K., et al., An inventory of Vhavenḓa useful plants, South African Journal of Botany (2018), https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.12.013 24 K. Magwede et al. / South African Journal of Botany xxx (2018) xxx–xxx classifications adopted in latest list of the southern African flora pro- Gulumian (1984) and Mabogo (1990). The last-mentioned study vided online by the South African National Biodiversity Institute has been the first detailed ethnobotanical account, as is reflected in (SANBI, 2016). Species listed as naturalised aliens were included in the rapid increase in the number of recorded species in all use the main inventory (Table 1), but cultivated introduced species typ- categories. ical of the study area are listed separately (in Table 2). Afrikaans and Stayt was an anthropologist and lecturer in the Department of English vernacular names were taken from Smith (1966) and various Social Anthropology at the University of the Witwatersrand who other literature sources as listed in Tables 1 and 2. published the first substantial book on the Vhavenḓaculture.Van Warmelo was a government ethnologist who produced the first 3. Results and discussion comprehensive Tshivenḓa dictionary in 1989 (as a revision of his “Tshivenḓa-English Dictionary” published in 1937). Some of Van 3.1. Species (taxonomic) diversity Warmelo's detailed records and notes, housed at the University of Johannesburg – Doornfontein campus, were consulted for this re- An inventory of all recorded Vhavenḓausefulplantsispresented view. These notes provide fascinating opportunities for studying cul- in Tables 1 and 2. All indigenous and naturalised aliens are listed in tural changes that have occurred since 1929. For example, Capparis Table 1, and all popular introduced crop plants are given separately tomentosa was recorded as being used by many homesteads as live in Table 2. A total of 121 families, 355 genera and 574 species (infra- fences “to keep witches away”. It is noteworthy that this species is specific taxa counted as species) are used by the Vhavenḓa, of which still commonly used today for a similar purpose - the root is included 120 species (22%) are recorded for the first time as having ethnobo- as the main ingredient of medicine used for magical protection of tanical relevance. The 120 new species records (shown in bold in the homesteads. Netshiungani (1981) published a paper on the uses of first column of Table 1) here refer to species that have not previously indigenous trees in Venḓa and included 46 indigenous trees. Arnold been recorded for the Vhavenḓa cultural group. Of these, 99 are in- and Gulumian (1984) listed 151 plants in their “Pharmacopoeia digenous (18%) and 21 are naturalised aliens (3%). Overall, nearly of traditional medicine in Venda” including those published by 19% of the study area's estimated flora of 3000 species is used in Netshiungani (1981). A major contribution was that of Mabogo one way or another. Of the total 574 species, 461 (80%) are indige- (1990), who covered no less than 294 species, with information nous and 78 (14%) are naturalised aliens (Table 1). A selection of gathered from own experience and through basic ethnobotanical the most popular and commonly cultivated alien species is listed in survey work. It also included all previously published ethnobotanical Table 2, which includes 36 species (6%) of the total number of useful information. After 1990, several scientific papers were published by plants. various authors, usually dealing with only one (or a few) useful spe- A comparison of the major contributions to Vhavenḓa ethnobot- cies. Most of these studies attempted to test and validate therapeutic any is presented in Fig. 2. It shows the increase over time of the claims as presented in Mabogo (1990), with very few new species re- total number of useful plant species recorded by several authors, as cords added. well as the total number for medicinal plants, food plants and all Analyses of the data in Tables 1 and 2 can provide interesting other uses. The graph shows the rapid increase resulting from this insights into the main patterns of plant use. For example, Fig. 3 shows cumulative review. The large numbers of species given here support the top ten families of useful plants (i.e., those contributing the the notion that available data was scattered in the literature and that largest number of species to the inventory). It is noteworthy that no detailed analyses of Vhavenḓa plant use patterns were hitherto the Fabaceae/Leguminosae have 64 recorded species, nearly double possible. the number of next most important family, the Asteraceae (33 species). Earlier accounts of Vhavenḓa plant uses can be found in Stayt The remaining families in decending order are: Malvaceae s.l. (32 spe- (1931), Van Warmelo (1989), Netshiungani (1981), Arnold and cies), Apocynaceae s.l. (24 spp.), Euphorbiaceae s.str. (22 spp.), Poaceae

600 574

500

384 400

294 243 300 241 245

200 151 151 111 106 57 100 68 33 46 10 30 32 28 32 18 11 20 0 0 0 Stayt (1968) Van Warmelo Netshiungani Arnold and Mabogo (1990) This review (1989) (1981) Gulumian (1984) Total number of species Medicinal Food Other

Fig. 2. Numbers of species of Venḓa useful plants recorded by various authors.

Fig. 3. Families with the highest numbers of Venḓa useful plant species.

(21 spp.), Rubiaceae (20), Solanaceae (20 spp.), Amaranthaceae 3.2. Vernacular names (19 spp.) and Curcurbitaceae (18 spp.). The most important genera, as measured by the number of species The data presented (in Table 1) allow for an analysis of the number that are used, are shown in Fig. 4. The top 12 genera (all those with of vernacular names that have been recorded for Venḓa useful plants six or more useful species), include important food plants such as (Fig. 5 and Appendix 1). Each scientiﬁc name of the 574 useful species Amaranthus (12 species), important medicinal plants such as Solanum is followed by vernacular names in Tshivenḓa (V), and where available, (10 species), Aloe (six species), Euphorbia (six species) and craft plants at least one each in English (E) and Afrikaans (A). A total of 897 such as Albizia (six species). Tshivenḓa names are included, of which 238 are recorded here for the In general, and as expected, the most species-rich families and gen- ﬁrst time. Out of the total of 897 names, 109 names were found to be era features prominently amongst the top 10 families and top 12 genera used for more than one species: 84 names are used for two species as shown in Figs. 3 and 4. each, 17 names for three species each, three names for four species

12 12

10 10 10

8 8 77

666666 6

Fig. 4. Genera with the highest numbers of Venḓausefulplantspecies.

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0 Stayt Netshiungani Arnold and Van Warmelo Mabogo (1990) This review (1968) (1981) Gulumian (1984) (1989) Total number of species Total number of Tshivenda names Additional names recorded Extra names percentage

Fig. 5. Numbers of Tshivenḓa vernacular plant names recorded by various authors.

each, two names for five species each, two for six species and one name, very similar to muṋie, the name that is correctly used for Berchemia dis- known locally as vowa, for 13 species of Amaranthus. As a result, the color. The two names can therefore easily be confused with one another, total number of different names (i.e. names pronounced and/or spelt resulting in errors of identification. differently) drops to 738. Some vernacular names are invariable Fig. 5 shows the increase in the recorded number of vernacular throughout the traditional Vhavenḓa region, while others have local names since the publication of Stayt (1931). The earlier publications variations and thus contributed to the large number of new names re- (Stayt, 1931; Netshiungani, 1981) listed only a single name for each of corded. As pointed out by Van Warmelo (1989), there is a tendency the species, while Arnold and Gulumian (1984), Van Warmelo (1989), for the Tshivenḓa language to be conservative with consonants. At pres- Mabogo (1990) and this review show a general trend of an increasing ent, the young generation tends to be less conservative with consonants numbers of local names given to a single species. when pronouncing plant names. For example, Hexalobus monopetalus has at least five different Tshivenḓa names – muhuhuma, muukhuma, 3.3. Life forms muhukhuma, munii, mushakame (Van Warmelo, 1989). The original name appears to be muukhuma but nowadays most people refer to The data in Tables 1 and 2 also allow for an analysis of the life the plant as muhuhuma. The name mushakame is an example of a re- forms (habits) of Vhavenḓa useful plants. In tree-dominated biomes, gional variant, mostly used to the north of the Soutpansberg (Niani). the expectation is that trees would have the highest frequency The name munii is an old name for Hexalobus monopetalus but sounds and diversity of use (e.g. roots and bark as medicine, timber for

200 189

180 170

160 143 140

120

100

60 44 40 21 20 1 4 2 0 Parasite Sedges Epiphytes Grasses Climbers Shrubs Herbs Trees

Fig. 6. Numbers of Venḓa useful plant species in each of various life forms (habit types).

400 382

350

300

250

200

150 128 121 91 92 92 100 45 34 31 50 27 22 18 14 11 11 9 7 664 0

Fig. 7. Numbers of Venḓa useful plant species in each of various categories of use.

construction and firewood, fruits and seeds as food), resulting in Soutpansberg mountain range) now use Schinus molle medicinally for them being the dominant life form that is used. As shown in Fig. 6, treating coughs, colds and influenza by inhaling steam from boiled this appears to be true for Vhavenḓa useful plants. The largest num- leaves. These introduced plants became integrated into the local culture, ber of useful species are indeed trees (189), followed closely by a phenomenon highlighted by Semenya et al. (2012) amongst Pedi and herbs (170) and shrubs (143). Climbers (44 species) and grasses also by Dold and Cocks (2000) in the Eastern Cape Province of South (21 species) are also relatively important, reflecting the dominant Africa. biome (savannah). 4. General conclusions 3.4. Categories of use The inventory presented in this contribution is the first compre- Each of the useful plant species listed in Tables 1 and 2 was allocated hensive compilation of Vhavenḓa useful plants. The relatively large to one or more use categories as recorded for the Vhembe District only. numbers of new species records and new use records show that The resulting pattern is shown in Fig. 7. Vhavenḓa ethnobotany was hitherto incompletely recorded. The It is noteworthy that no fewer than 382 species are used medicinally, data and associated brief synthesis presented here give a glimpse considerably more than the 296 species used as sources of food (128 oftherichculturalheritageoftheVhavenḓa and highlights the di- vegetables, 121 edible fruits, 34 beverages, 11 famine foods and six con- versity of Vhavenḓa traditional plant use and its associated indige- diments). A total of 91 species are used as source of firewood, 92 as nous knowledge. source craftwork material, 92 providing construction material, 31 pro- The potential uses of the inventory include the following: (1) The viding fibre for cordage, 14 as source of rubber used to make birdlime, preservation of precious indigenous knowledge that run the risk of seven species used as source of dye or material used for leather tanning being lost due to the adoption of modern lifestyles; (2) A source of and six used as source of adhesives or glues. Ornamental and shade new ideas for scientific studies. The recorded uses from this inven- plants represent a relatively small use category, with a total of 49 spe- tory offers many ideas to be tested scientifically for the validation cies (27 species used only as ornamentals, 22 as shade plants) and of their effectiveness; (3) A source of information for conservation seven as live fences. There are numerous other use categories with authorities – to manage the biodiversity and sustainable use of the smaller numbers of species: fodder for livestock (18 species), snuff in- plant resources; (4) It provides a new source of information on spe- gredients (11 species), fish poisons (six species), sources of cooking cies with commercial potential; (5) The list can be used for future soda – for softening fibrous vegetables when cooking (six species), cof- comparative studies between cultures and regions, including the fee substitute (one species), toothbrushes (five species), cosmetic oils magical uses of plants, which is a prominent feature of Vhavenḓa (three species), arrow poisons (one species), insect repellents (five spe- plant use; (6) The Tshivenḓa names provide important clues about cies), soap substitutes (five species), toys (two species) and ritual uses the temporal and spatial origins of plant use practises that can be (three species). studied by historians and linguists. Out of the total of 574 plants, 113 are alien species, with 78 of those being naturalised and 36 cultivated as popular crop plants in Vhavenḓa Acknowledgements home gardens (Table 2). Alien plants were introduced mainly as fruits and vegetables, but also as ornamental plants and for various other pur- Financial and logistic support from the National Research Founda- poses. For example, Schinus molle,knownasmubibiri in Tshivenḓa, was tion of South Africa, the University of Johannesburg (NRF Grant Number introduced from South America and cultivated as both an ornamental 8442) and the University of Venda are gratefully acknowledged. We and shade plant (Van Wyk and Van Wyk, 2013) but later became also thank the research participants (interviewees) for generously shar- naturalised. People around Sinthumule (south of the Soutpansberg ing their time and knowledge, and Isaac Ramovha for kindly providing mountain range) and in the Nzhelele Valley (north-west of the us with an electronic copy of his doctoral thesis.

Appendix A Appendix 1 (continued) ḓ ligelegele Sida rhombifolia subsp. rhombifolia Malvaceae Alphabetical index of Tshiven a plant names ḽiluvha *Nerium oleader Apocynaceae ḽiluvha *Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae liṱo Rhynchosia vendae Fabaceae Tshivenḓa name Botanical name Family luakhaboyi Capparis tomentosa Brassicaceae luanakha *Caesalpinia decapetala Fabaceae *naturalised aliens and **non-naturalised luangalala Cassytha filiformis Lauraceae (cultivated) aliens lubavhe Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae azwiili Sphedamnocarpus pruriens subsp. pruriens Malpighiaceae lubeleha Cissampelos torulosa Menispermaceae bandulakhali Ozoroa engleri Anacardiaceae lubikela Asystasia gangetica subsp. micrantha Acanthaceae beleha Adenia gummifera var. gummifera Passifloraceae lubikelashamba Dicliptera clinopodia Acanthaceae benzwa Cymbopogon nardus Poaceae lubopa **Tropaeolum majus Tropaeolaceae berepere Riocreuxia picta Apocynaceae luendatadulu Cassytha filiformis Lauraceae bindamutshe Aloe marlothii Asphodelaceae lufhaladzamakole Asparagus buchananii Asparagaceae bopa **Tropaeolum majus Tropaeolaceae lufhe Hyparrhenia filipendula var. filipendula Poaceae bopha Adenia gummifera var. gummifera Passifloraceae lufhe Hyparrhenia hirta Poaceae bungaluselo Combretum microphyllum Combretaceae lufhelele *Cyclospermum leptophyllum Apiaceae bunganyunyu Ocimum americanum var. americanum Lamiaceae lugulusekene Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae bunganyunyu Plectranthus laxiflorus Lamiaceae lugwiti Combretum vendae var. vendae Combretaceae bungushule Hyparrhenia filipendula var. filipendula Poaceae lukake Momordica balsamina Cucurbitaceae bwere Pyrenacantha grandiflora Icacinaceae lukandululo Zornia milneana Fabaceae bwerepwere Riocreuxia picta Apocynaceae lukandululo Cissampelos torulosa Menispermaceae dadasenga Cymbopogon caesius Poaceae lukongolwanḓou Cissampelos torulosa Menispermaceae dadasenga Hyparrhenia filipendula var. filipendula Poaceae luranga **Cucurbita moschata Cucurbitaceae ḓ ṅ adzwa ombe Ximenia caffra var. caffra Olacaceae luranga **Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae ḓ ḓ ale ale *Chenopodium album Amaranthaceae luswielo *Schkuhria pinnata Asteraceae damba Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae luṱanga Phragmites australis Poaceae damba Commelina erecta Commelinaceae luṱanga Phragmites mauritianus Poaceae delele *Corchorus trilocularis Malvaceae luṱangule Euclea linearis Ebenaceae delele *Corchorus tridens Malvaceae lutele Carpobrotus edulis subsp. edulis Aizoaceae delele **Malvaviscus sp. Malvaceae luṱhadzi Catha edulis Celastraceae ṋ ṋ delelelu anzwa owa Corchorus confusus Malvaceae lutundwa Secamone parvifolia Apocynaceae ṋ delelelu anzwanowa Corchorus asplenifolius Malvaceae luuvhu Loeseneriella crenata var. crenata Celastraceae delelelupfumo *Corchorus olitorius var. olitorius Malvaceae luvhambo Celtis africana Ulmaceae delelemukhwayo *Abelmoschus esculentus var. esculentus Malvaceae luvhele *Pennisetum glaucum Poaceae delelemukhwayo Hibiscus trionum Malvaceae mafambaboriḽe Rinorea angustifolia subsp. natalensis Violaceae delelemukula Waltheria indica Malvaceae mafautshivuwa Myrothamnus flabellifolius Myrothamnaceae delelemukula Sida acuta subsp. acuta Malvaceae mafavuka Myrothamnus flabellifolius Myrothamnaceae delelemukula Sida cordifolia subsp. cordifolia Malvaceae mafinyingule Croton gratissimus var. gratissimus Euphorbiaceae delelemukula *Corchorus trilocularis Malvaceae magondoni **Cucurbita ficifolia Cucurbitaceae delelemukula Sida rhombifolia subsp. rhombifolia Malvaceae makhaha Sorghum bicolor subsp. arundinaceum Poaceae delelevhalemba Sida rhombifolia subsp. rhombifolia Malvaceae makhuluwaḓaledale *Chenopodium murale var. murale Amaranthaceae dira Salacia rehmannii Celastraceae makhuluwadzaluma Pouzolzia parasitica Urticaceae donzwamutuku Pergularia daemia subsp. daemia Apocynaceae makhuluwaluvhisi *Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae duluṅombe Strophanthus petersianus Apocynaceae makhuluwamuhatu Holarrhena pubescens Apocynaceae dundu Adenia digitata Passifloraceae makhuluwamutudo Hibiscus praeteritus Malvaceae dyambila Obetia tenax Urticaceae malambakupikwa Elachyptera parvifolia Celastraceae dyaṱhoho Rhoicissus tomentosa Vitaceae malofhane Aspilia pluriseta subsp. pluriseta Asteraceae dzaluma Laportea peduncularis subsp. peduncularis Urticaceae malongekanye Cissus quadrangularis var. quadrangularis Vitaceae dzaluma *Urtica dioica Urticaceae mandande *Abelmoschus esculentus var. esculentus Malvaceae dzhakavhavhe Erianthemum dregei Loranthaceae manyamanye Hermannia glanduligera Malvaceae dzhesi Cyperus latifolius Cyperaceae masunungule Croton gratissimus var. gratissimus Euphorbiaceae fola *Nicotiana tabacum Solanaceae mathuvhazwoṱhe Eucomis autumnalis Hyacinthaceae funḓwi Cymbopogon marginatus Poaceae maṱo Rhynchosia vendae Fabaceae fungwi Cymbopogon marginatus Poaceae mavhele **Zea mays Poaceae galange Pyrenacantha kaurabassana Icacinaceae mavhelematshena Flueggea virosa subsp. virosa Phyllanthaceae gambampengo Dioscorea dregeana Dioscoreaceae mavhofhe Acridocarpus natalitius var. natalitius Malpighiaceae gango *Amaranthus hybridus subsp. cruentus Amaranthaceae mavhophe Acridocarpus natalitius var. natalitius Malpighiaceae gaulo *Schkuhria pinnata Asteraceae mbandatshilale Momordica boivinii Cucurbitaceae gaululo Anthocleista grandiflora Gentianaceae mbanzhe *Cannabis sativa var. sativa Cannabaceae gokodzalulimi Peddiea africana Thymelaeaceae mbovane Turraea obtusifolia Meliaceae gona Sarcostemma viminale subsp. suberosum Apocynaceae mbuwambuwane Tragia dioica Euphorbiaceae gonela Senna petersiana Fabaceae mizwilaminzhi Grewia flavescens Malvaceae gopokopo Combretum microphyllum Combretaceae mokolokoṱe Piliostigma thonningii Fabaceae gopokopobani Combretum vendae var. vendae Combretaceae Securidaca longepedunculata var. govhakhanya Asparagus falcatus Asparagaceae mpesu Polygalaceae longepedunculata gukhuna Grewia hexamita Malvaceae mpeta Osyris lanceolata Santalaceae gukhunya Obetia tenax Urticaceae mphwe Ansellia africana Orchidaceae gukuna Grewia hexamita Malvaceae mpindukwa Indigofera arrecta Fabaceae gumbathakha Elephantorrhiza elephantina Fabaceae mpuyuyu Acrotome inflata Lamiaceae gumbathakha Elephantorrhiza burkei Fabaceae muaḓaba Lannea schweinfurthii var. stuhlmannii Anacardiaceae gumbaufa Elephantorrhiza burkei Fabaceae muafukhada **Persea americana Lauraceae gumbavhufa Elephantorrhiza burkei Fabaceae mualigatsibi Indigofera arrecta Fabaceae gumululo Elephantorrhiza elephantina Fabaceae muangaila Millettia stuhlmannii Fabaceae gumululo Elephantorrhiza burkei Fabaceae mubambahosi **Citrus paradisi Rutaceae gumutsha Cucumis zeyheri Cucurbitaceae muberegisi *Prunus persica var. persica Rosaceae gundakhanga Asparagus falcatus Asparagaceae mubibiri *Schinus molle Anacardiaceae gwambadzi Toddalia asiatica Rutaceae mubobo Commiphora marlothii Burseraceae gwambazi Capparis tomentosa Brassicaceae muboma Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareana Fabaceae gwanda *Xanthium strumarium Asteraceae mubomo *Eucalyptus grandis Myrtaceae gwikwiṱimba Pouzolzia parasitica Urticaceae mubongabonga Gymnanthemum myrianthum Asteraceae hatsi Hyparrhenia tamba Poaceae mubosotie Athrixia phylicoides Asteraceae hatsi Hyparrhenia dissoluta Poaceae mububulu Mimusops zeyheri Sapotaceae hatsi Hyparrhenia dregeana Poaceae mubvafhisa Gomphocarpus fruticosus subsp. fruticosus Apocynaceae Tricliceras longepedunculatum var. iṱolandau Turneraceae longepedunculatum mubvamalofha Aspilia pluriseta subsp. pluriseta Asteraceae Iṱolandau Gerbera ambigua Asteraceae mubvamalofha Alchornea laxiflora Euphorbiaceae khanakhana **Allium sativum Alliaceae mubvumela Kirkia acuminata Kirkiaceae ḓ khavhishi **Brassica oleracea var. capitata Brassicaceae mu abula *Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae ḓ kherotsi **Daucus carota Apiaceae mu adzashango Stapelia gigantea Apocynaceae kholomo Boophone disticha Amaryllidaceae mudedede Heteropyxis natalensis Heteropyxidaceae khonde Cymbopogon marginatus Poaceae mudiatsiwana Cadaba aphylla Brassicaceae ḓ khundwi Rhoicissus tomentosa Vitaceae mu ifhakunene Fadogia tetraquetra var. tetraquetra Rubiaceae khwingwili Jatropha zeyheri Euphorbiaceae (continued on next page)

Appendix 1 (continued) Appendix 1 (continued) mudile Themeda triandra Poaceae mukudubu Strychnos cocculoides Loganiaceae muḓoro *Opuntia ficus-indica Cactaceae mukudubu Rothmannia capensis Rubiaceae muḓouma Ekebergia capensis Meliaceae mukukuna Grewia hexamita Malvaceae muḓuhwi Ipomoea plebeia subsp. africana Convolvulaceae mukulungwane Centella asiatica Apiaceae muḓuhwi Ipomoea obscura var. obscura Convolvulaceae mukulungwane Oxalis semiloba subsp. semiloba Oxalidaceae muḓula Halleria lucida Stilbaceae mukuluvhali *Achyranthes aspera var. aspera Amaranthaceae mudulu Balanites maughamii Zygophyllaceae mukumbakumba Bridelia mollis Phyllanthaceae mudumbula Ozoroa engleri Anacardiaceae mukumbu Lagenaria siceraria Cucurbitaceae muḓuwaḓuwane Senna italica subsp. arachoides Fabaceae mukumululo Landolphia kirkii Apocynaceae muḓuwishango *Senna septemtrionalis Fabaceae mukundadivhu Elaeodendron transvaalense Celastraceae mudzamanga Pyrenacantha grandiflora Icacinaceae mukundamboho Lippia javanica Verbenaceae mudzhoudzhou Gyrocarpus americanus subsp. africanus Hernandiaceae mukundandou Ormocarpum trichocarpum Fabaceae mudzidzi Artabotrys brachypetalus Annonaceae mukundanḓou Mundulea sericea subsp. sericea Fabaceae mudziwatombo Mystacidium capense Orchidaceae mukundulela Vigna vexillata. var. vexillata Fabaceae mudzwiri Combretum hereroense Combretaceae mukurukuru Trema orientalis Ulmaceae mudzwiri Combretum imberbe Combretaceae mukuvhavhanḓinḓa Albizia anthelmintica Fabaceae muelela Albizia adianthifolia var. adianthifolia Fabaceae mukuvhazwivhi Elaeodendron transvaalense Celastraceae muembe Annona senegalensis subsp. senegalensis Annonaceae mukwakwa Strychnos madagascariensis Loganiaceae muendanathavha Obetia tenax Urticaceae mukwakwa Strychnos pungens Loganiaceae muenene Anthocleista grandiflora Gentianaceae mukwatikwati Euclea linearis Ebenaceae mueregisi **Pisum sativum Fabaceae mukwatikwati Mystroxylon aethiopicum subsp. aethiopicum Celastraceae mufhafha Commiphora marlothii Burseraceae mukwatikwati Volkameria glabra Lamiaceae mufhanda Philenoptera violacea Fabaceae mukwatule Maytenus peduncularis Celastraceae mufhanza Tricalysia lanceolata Rubiaceae mukwatule Mystroxylon aethiopicum subsp. aethiopicum Celastraceae ḽ mufhanza Trimeria grandifolia subsp. grandifolia Salicaceae mu akholomo Markhamia zanzibarica Bignoniaceae mufhaṱa Brachylaena transvaalensis Asteraceae mulala Hyphaene coriacea Arecaceae mufhaṱa Brachylaena discolor Asteraceae mulala Hyphaene petersiana Arecaceae mufhaṱathavha Brachylaena huillensis Asteraceae mulalamaanga Prunus africana Rosaceae mufhaṱavhufa Kiggelaria africana L. Achariaceae mulalangatemba Hyparrhenia hirta Poaceae mufhaṱelaṱhundu Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae mulambabea Crotalaria capensis Fabaceae mufhefhera Aphloia theiformis Aphloiaceae mulambadivhu Senna petersiana Fabaceae mufhisanomboro Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae mulambadivhu Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareana Fabaceae mufhiso Toddalia asiatica Rutaceae mulambadivhu Pouzolzia mixta Urticaceae ḽ mufhoho Eleusine coracana Poaceae mu andou Combretum mossambicense Combretaceae mufhongwe **Colocasia esculenta Araceae mulanga Warburgia salutaris Canellaceae ḽ mufhorola Croton gratissimus var. gratissimus Euphorbiaceae mu anotshi Nuxia floribunda Stilbaceae muḽathoho Croton sylvaticus Euphorbiaceae mufhufhumwa Helinus integrifolius Rhamnaceae ḽ mufhulu Burkea africana Fabaceae mu egere *Richardia brasiliensis Rubiaceae mulelu Albizia tanganyicensis subsp. tanganyicensis Fabaceae mufula Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra Anacardiaceae mulembu Triumfetta rhomboidea var. rhomboidea Malvaceae mufungwi Riocreuxia torulosa var. torulosa Apocynaceae mulembu Grewia occidentalis var. occidentalis Malvaceae mufuranganḓela *Passiflora edulis Passifloraceae mulilwe Piper capense var. capense Piperaceae mugadaphele **Persea americana Lauraceae mulingwi Schrebera alata Oleaceae mugalangafhasi Ficus sur Moraceae muḽitshisi **Litchi chinensis Sapindaceae mugavhi Combretum apiculatum Combretaceae mulivhadza Lannea schweinfurthii var. stuhlmannii Anacardiaceae mugavhi Combretum hereroense Combretaceae mulolo Ensete ventricosum Musaceae mugeri Combretum imberbe Combretaceae mulubi Schotia brachypetala Fabaceae mugogodwane Ormocarpum trichocarpum Fabaceae mululu Balanites maughamii Zygophyllaceae mugubisa Croton sylvaticus Euphorbiaceae mululudza Gymnanthemum myrianthum Asteraceae mugugunu Mystroxylon aethiopicum subsp. aethiopicum Celastraceae mulumaṋama Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareana Fabaceae mugunwa Sesbania sesban subsp. sesban Fabaceae mulumaṋamana Elaeodendron transvaalense Celastraceae mugwavha *Psidium guajava Myrtaceae mulumekhoḓa Canthium ciliatum Rubiaceae mugwiti Combretum molle Combretaceae mulunzwu Schotia brachypetala Fabaceae muhaba Toddalia asiatica Rutaceae muluwa Senegalia ataxacantha Fabaceae muhakatshaini Asparagus falcatus Asparagaceae mumbudzi Grewia flavescens Malvaceae muhashaphande Trimeria grandifolia subsp. grandifolia Salicaceae mumvumvu Celtis africana Ulmaceae muhaṱaha Pterocarpus rotundifolius subsp. rotundifolius Fabaceae mumvumvu Trema orientalis Ulmaceae muhaṱu Tabernaemontana elegans Apocynaceae muṋadzi Rauvolfia caffra Apocynaceae muhodwa Vepris lanceolata Rutaceae munamamutuku Priva cordifolia var. abyssinica Verbenaceae muhoholodza Peddiea africana Thymelaeaceae muṋambala Rubus pinnatus Rosaceae muhoṱo Faidherbia albida Fabaceae muṋambala Rubus rigidus Rosaceae muhuhuma Hexalobus monopetalus Annonaceae muṋambu Manilkara mochisia Sapotaceae muhukhuma Hexalobus monopetalus Annonaceae munamu Pupalia lappacea var. lappacea Amaranthaceae muhuluri Dalbergia melanoxylon Fabaceae munamu Triumfetta annua Malvaceae muhuyu **Ficus carica Moraceae munamu Triumfetta pilosa Malvaceae muhuyulukuse Ficus sycomorus Moraceae munamumuhulwane Cyathula natalensis Amaranthaceae muhuyungala Ficus sur Moraceae munanga Senegalia burkei Fabaceae muhwidzi Hibiscus vitifolius subsp. vitifolius Malvaceae muṋarangisi **Citrus reticulata Rutaceae muimavanda Croton sylvaticus Euphorbiaceae muṋawa **Phaseolus vulgaris Fabaceae muime Albizia anthelmintica Fabaceae muṋawa Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata Fabaceae muinki *Phytolacca octandra Phytolaccaceae muṋawana Vigna vexillata. var. vexillata Fabaceae mukakate Sterculia rogersii Malvaceae mundalendale Ipomoea obscura var. obscura Convolvulaceae mukamba Dioscorea dregeana Dioscoreaceae munḓamuka Salvadora australis Salvadoraceae mukamba Bolusanthus speciosus Fabaceae munḓodzi *Cajanus cajan Fabaceae mukangala Strychnos decussata Loganiaceae muṋembeṋembe Senna petersiana Fabaceae mukangambadzhe Evolvulus alsinoides Convolvulaceae muṋembeṋembe Cassia abbreviata subsp. beareana Fabaceae mukangambanzhe Myrothamnus flabellifolius Myrothamnaceae muṋengeledzi Salix mucronata subsp. woodii Salicaceae mukangambanzhe *Tagetes minuta Asteraceae muṋerengisi **Citrus reticulata Rutaceae mukavhamahunguvhu Psydrax livida Rubiaceae mungulenyele Euclea natalensis subsp. natalensis Ebenaceae mukavhamahunguvhu Croton gratissimus var. gratissimus Euphorbiaceae muṋie Berchemia discolor Rhamnaceae mukavhavhe **Citrus limon Rutaceae muṋiedombo Berchemia zeyheri Rhamnaceae mukhalu Ziziphus mucronata subsp. mucronata Rhamnaceae muṋieṋiane Berchemia zeyheri Rhamnaceae mukho Schefflera umbellifera Araliaceae munii Lannea discolor Anacardiaceae mukhukhuma Berchemia discolor Rhamnaceae munii Hexalobus monopetalus Annonaceae mukhwalikhwali Antidesma venosum Phyllanthaceae munimvi Cleome gynandra Brassicaceae mukhwayo Hibiscus nigricaulis Malvaceae munnamutswu Artabotrys brachypetalus Annonaceae mukolomo Pristimera longipetiolata Celastraceae munnamutswu Artabotrys monteiroae Annonaceae mukombodza Gymnanthemum myrianthum Asteraceae munnamutswu Cadaba aphylla Brassicaceae mukonde Euphorbia confinalis Euphorbiaceae munngo *Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae mukonde Euphorbia ingens Euphorbiaceae munombelo Englerophytum magalismontanum Sapotaceae mukondevenda Euphorbia ingens Euphorbiaceae munombelo **Eriobotrya japonica Rosaceae mukongovhoti Strychnos potatorum Loganiaceae munukhatshilongwe Volkameria glabra Lamiaceae mukopokopo Combretum microphyllum Combretaceae (continued on next page)

Appendix 1 (continued) Appendix 1 (continued) musenga Hyparrhenia filipendula var. filipendula Poaceae munukhavhaloi Heteropyxis natalensis Heteropyxidaceae musengele *Bambusa balcooa Poaceae munungu Zanthoxylum leprieurii Rutaceae musenzhe Cussonia spicata Araliaceae munungu Zanthoxylum humile Rutaceae muserenga *Melia azedarach Meliaceae munungu Zanthoxylum davyi Rutaceae musese Peltophorum africanum Fabaceae munungu Zanthoxylum capense Rutaceae musesekufa Elephantorrhiza elephantina Fabaceae munungu Ozoroa reticulata Anacardiaceae musesekufa Elephantorrhiza burkei Fabaceae munungufhefhe Albizia tanganyicensis subsp. tanganyicensis Fabaceae museṱo Dicerocaryum senecioides Pedaliaceae munungumaswi Ozoroa reticulata Anacardiaceae mushakaladza Searsia lancea Anacardiaceae muṋunzu Leonotis ocymifolia Lamiaceae mushakaladza Searsia leptodictya Anacardiaceae muṋunzu Leonotis leonurus Lamiaceae mushakaladza Searsia pyroides var. pyroides Anacardiaceae muṋunzwu Schotia brachypetala Fabaceae mushakame Hexalobus monopetalus Annonaceae munyavhili Diospyros whyteana Ebenaceae mushashaṋawa Croton gratissimus var. gratissimus Euphorbiaceae munyee Berchemia discolor Rhamnaceae mushashathuri *Tagetes minuta Asteraceae munzere Bridelia micrantha Phyllanthaceae mushavhavhakazi Kleinia longiflora Asteraceae munzhounzhou Entandrophragma caudatum Meliaceae mushidzhi *Bidens pilosa Asteraceae ḓ muoba ali Capparis tomentosa Brassicaceae mushidzhidonga *Bidens bipinnata Asteraceae ḓ muomba adzi Capparis tomentosa Brassicaceae mushingidzhane Sporobolus africanus Poaceae muombva **Musa acuminata Musaceae mushona *Mimosa pigra Fabaceae muombva **Musa paradisiaca Musaceae mushulwa Solanum aculeastrum subsp. aculeastrum Solanaceae muonze Spirostachys africana Euphorbiaceae mushushaphongwe Pterocarpus rotundifolius subsp. rotundifolius Fabaceae muovha **Saccharum officinarum Poaceae musilili Acokanthera oppositifolia Apocynaceae mupaini *Pinus patula Pinaceae musimbiri Androstachys johnsonii Picrodendraceae mupalakhwali Albizia anthelmintica Fabaceae musinḓe Dalbergia nitidula Fabaceae mupalakhwali Albizia brevifolia Fabaceae musingidzi Combretum hereroense Combretaceae mupani Colophospermum mopane Fabaceae musiri Olea capensis subsp. enervis Oleaceae mupapawe **Carica papaya Caricaceae musivha Rhynchosia vendae Fabaceae muparafeni Grewia flavescens Malvaceae musivha Vigna vexillata. var. vexillata Fabaceae muparatsheni Grewia flavescens Malvaceae musivhiṱha Vachellia erioloba Fabaceae mupfamutshena Vachellia karroo Fabaceae musivhiṱha Vachellia rehmanniana Fabaceae mupfuka Grewia microthyrsa Malvaceae musu Vachellia tortilis Fabaceae mupfulupfumbu Vitex ferruginea Lamiaceae musu Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana Fabaceae mupfumbadzi Albizia forbesii Fabaceae musudzungwane Lippia javanica Verbenaceae mupfumbupfumbu Vitex ferruginea Lamiaceae musuma Diospyros mespiliformis Ebenaceae mupfure *Ricinus communis var. communis Euphorbiaceae musununu Oxytenanthera abyssinica Poaceae mupfuredonga *Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae musunzi Wrightia natalensis Apocynaceae muphapha Lagenaria siceraria Cucurbitaceae mususu Terminalia sericea Combretaceae muphiphi Garcinia livingstonei Clusiaceae muswingaphala Bolusanthus speciosus Fabaceae muphone Syzygium gerrardii Myrtaceae muswiri **Citrus sinensis Rutaceae muphophamaḓi Anthocleista grandiflora Gentianaceae muswiswa Indigofera arrecta Fabaceae muphophamaḓi Apodytes dimidiata subsp. dimidiata Icacinaceae muswoswo Euphorbia cupularis Boiss Euphorbiaceae muphophopho Cardiospermum corindum Sapindaceae muswoswoto Lannea schweinfurthii var. stuhlmannii Anacardiaceae mupimbi Garcinia livingstonei Clusiaceae muswu Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana Fabaceae mupone Syzygium gerrardii Myrtaceae muswu Vachellia tortilis Fabaceae mupopane Maerua angolensis subsp. angolensis Brassicaceae mutabva Grewia bicolor var. bicolor Malvaceae mupulumbu Maclura africana Moraceae mutaladzi Mimusops zeyheri Sapotaceae mupunzu Grewia villosa var. villosa Malvaceae mutaladzi Commiphora africana var. africana Burseraceae mupunzunyeke Grewia occidentalis var. occidentalis Malvaceae mutalu Commiphora viminea Burseraceae mupupuma Helinus integrifolius Rhamnaceae mutama Tylosema fassoglensis Fabaceae mupupuṅwa Cissampelos torulosa Menispermaceae muṱamaṱisi *Lycopersicon esculentum Solanaceae murabva Grewia monticola Malvaceae muṱamaṱisi **Solanum betaceum Solanaceae murabva Grewia bicolor var. bicolor Malvaceae mutambanamme Maerua angolensis subsp. angolensis Brassicaceae murabvapfene Grewia hexamita Malvaceae muṱambapfunda Albizia versicolor Fabaceae muramba Strychnos spinosa subsp. spinosa Loganiaceae muṱambvu Ficus sansibarica subsp. sansibarica Moraceae murambo **Ipomoea batatas Convolvulaceae mutanamaswi Secamone parvifolia Apocynaceae ṱ murambothavha Ochna arborea Ochnaceae mu anari Colophospermum mopane Fabaceae murapfa Grewia monticola Malvaceae mutandambeulane Pristimera longipetiolata Celastraceae murapfa Grewia bicolor var. bicolor Malvaceae mutandambevhulane Pristimera longipetiolata Celastraceae ṱ murathamapfeṋe Rothmannia capensis Rubiaceae mu angauma Flueggea virosa subsp. virosa Phyllanthaceae ṱ murebeila *Morus alba var. alba Moraceae mu ango Faurea saligna Proteaceae ṱ mureipi **Brassica oleracea var. acephala Brassicaceae mu angule Euclea divinorum Ebenaceae ṱ Dichrostachys cinerea subsp. africana var. mu angulemusekene Euclea linearis Ebenaceae murenzhe Fabaceae ṱ africana mu angulenyele Euclea crispa subsp. crispa Ebenaceae ṱ murenzhebani Rhigozum obovatum Bignoniaceae mu angulethavha Euclea natalensis subsp. natalensis Ebenaceae ṱ murevhe Halleria lucida Stilbaceae mu anzwakhamelo Pittosporum viridiflorum Pittosporaceae ṱ muringa **Moringa oleifera Moringaceae mu anzwakhamelo Cryptolepis obtusa Apocynaceae murodishia **Brassica oleracea var. acephala Brassicaceae mutapatila Maerua cafra Brassicaceae ṱ ṱ murodolo Pappea capensis Sapindaceae mu a e Cyperus sexangularis Cyperaceae ṱ murombe Hyperacanthus amoenus Rubiaceae mu avhatsindi Brackenridgea zanguebarica Ochnaceae ṱ muromboḓane Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea Nymphaeaceae mu awi Syzygium legatii Myrtaceae murondo Cephalanthus natalensis Rubiaceae mutebeila *Morus alba var. alba Moraceae murovhaḓembe Pouzolzia mixta Urticaceae mutebvu *Macadamia integrifolia Proteaceae murovhambaḓo Senegalia caffra Fabaceae mutepe Ehretia rigida subsp. nervifolia Boraginaceae muṱhala Diospyros lycioides subsp. lycioides Ebenaceae murovherovhe Ehretia rigida subsp. nervifolia Boraginaceae muṱhangavhavhe Cucumis anguria var. longaculeatus Cucurbitaceae murudi Cleome gynandra Brassicaceae muṱhanyi Vernonia fastigiata Asteraceae murulwa Solanum aculeastrum subsp. aculeastrum Solanaceae muṱhanzwa Ximenia caffra var. caffra Olacaceae murumbulashedo Tephrosia soutpansbergensis Fabaceae muṱhanzwa Pouzolzia mixta Urticaceae murumelelwa Pleurostylia capensis Celastraceae muṱhanzwa Ximenia americana var. microphylla Olacaceae murundamali Rhynchosia komatiensis Fabaceae muṱhanzwakhomu Ximenia americana var. microphylla Olacaceae murundamalofha Alchornea laxiflora Euphorbiaceae muṱhanzwaṱanzwane Ximenia americana var. microphylla Olacaceae murundelaphunguwe Pechuel-Loeschea leubnitziae Asteraceae muṱhasiri Searsia rogersii Anacardiaceae murundelatshotshi Crotalaria capensis Fabaceae ḓ muthathaba Searsia leptodictya Anacardiaceae murungu ane *Physalis peruviana Solanaceae muthathakhumbi Croton gratissimus var. gratissimus Euphorbiaceae murungulu Carissa tetramera Apocynaceae muthathathuri Chenopodium sp. Amaranthaceae murungulu Carissa bispinosa Apocynaceae muṱhaṱhavhana Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia Sapindaceae murungulu Carissa edulis Apocynaceae muṱhaṱhavhanna Heteromorpha arborescens var. abyssinica Apiaceae murunzambilu Fadogia tetraquetra var. tetraquetra Rubiaceae muthethenya Trimeria grandifolia subsp. grandifolia Salicaceae muruthu Croton megalobotrys Euphorbiaceae muṱhobi Boscia albitrunca Brassicaceae musalamarubini *Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae muthowa Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae musalamarubini Withania somnifera Solanaceae mutibammela Maesa lanceolata Maesaceae musama Typha capensis Typhaceae mutie Catha edulis Celastraceae musasalwabwa Salacia rehmannii Celastraceae musembane Hibiscus vitifolius subsp. vitifolius Malvaceae (continued on next page)

Appendix 1 (continued) Appendix 1 (continued)

mutie **Cymbopogon citratus Poaceae muvhula Parinari curatellifolia Chrysobalanaceae muṱobvuma Ekebergia capensis Meliaceae muvhulavhusiku Xylopia odoratissima Annonaceae mutogwe Carissa bispinosa Apocynaceae muvhumbu Lannea discolor Anacardiaceae mutogwemuhulwane Carissa edulis Apocynaceae muvhumbumudenya Lannea schweinfurthii var. stuhlmannii Anacardiaceae muṱohoṱoho Cleome monophylla Brassicaceae muvhungo Landolphia kirkii Apocynaceae muvhuyu Adansonia digitata Malvaceae muṱokoṱa Afzelia cuanzensis Fabaceae muvumbangweṋa Vachellia robusta subsp. robusta Fabaceae muṱole Ficus sycomorus Moraceae muvunḓambaḓo Pappea capensis Sapindaceae mutomboti Afrocanthium mundianum Rubiaceae muvuvha Combretum collinum subsp. gazense Combretaceae mutondo Pterocarpus angolensis Fabaceae muvuvhu Combretum erythrophyllum Combretaceae mutondolo Encephalartos transvenosus Zamiaceae muxe *Solanum americanum Solanaceae muṱonḓowa Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Phyllanthaceae muxe Solanum retroflexum Solanaceae mutonyombiḓi Commiphora viminea Burseraceae muxwatu Jatropha spicata Euphorbiaceae mutopitopi Heteropyxis natalensis Heteropyxidaceae muyekeyeke *Senna obtusifolia Fabaceae muṱoṱombudzi Cleome monophylla Brassicaceae muzhouzhou Ekebergia capensis Meliaceae mutsanana Passerina montana Thymelaeaceae muzwilu Vangueria esculenta Rubiaceae mutsembwane Hibiscus vitifolius subsp. vitifolius Malvaceae muzwilu Vangueria infausta subsp. infausta Rubiaceae mutsembyane Hibiscus vitifolius subsp. vitifolius Malvaceae muzwilungala Lagynias dryadum Rubiaceae mutshaini *Brassica rapa Brassicaceae muzwiluthavha Lagynias dryadum Rubiaceae mutshakutshaku Searsia pyroides var. pyroides Anacardiaceae muzwingo Cocculus hirsutus Menispermaceae mutshakutshaku Searsia chirindensis Anacardiaceae mwanḓa Diospyros whyteana Ebenaceae mutshakutshaku Searsia magalismontana subsp. coddii Anacardiaceae ndalunwafhi Zantedeschia albomaculata subsp. albomaculata Araceae mutshalimela Maerua edulis Brassicaceae ndalunwafhi Zantedeschia aethiopica Araceae mutshato Xanthocercis zambesiaca Fabaceae ndalunwapi Cissampelos mucronata Menispermaceae mutshatsha Citrullus lanatus Cucurbitaceae ndalunwepi Zantedeschia albomaculata subsp. albomaculata Araceae mutshatshaila Athrixia phylicoides Asteraceae ndalunwepi Zantedeschia aethiopica Araceae mutsheketsheke *Senna occidentalis Fabaceae ndau Cymbopogon marginatus Poaceae mutsheketsheke *Senna didymobotrya Fabaceae nḓevhedzamphobo *Galinsoga parviflora Asteraceae mutsheketsheke Senna italica subsp. arachoides Fabaceae ṋdevheyatholo Zantedeschia aethiopica Araceae mutsheketsheke *Senna obtusifolia Fabaceae ndilele Conostomium natalense var. ovalifolium Rubiaceae mutshema Hyphaene coriacea Arecaceae nḓirivhedzaḓaka Rhoicissus tomentosa Vitaceae mutshema Hyphaene petersiana Arecaceae nḓuhu *Arachis hypogaea Fabaceae mutshetshete Ziziphus mucronata subsp. mucronata Rhamnaceae nḓuhumange *Arachis hypogaea Fabaceae mutshevho Phoenix reclinata Arecaceae nḓuhushango Crotalaria capensis Fabaceae mutshikili Trichilia emetica subsp. emetica Meliaceae nemalondane Morella pilulifera Myricaceae mutshiḽari Pristimera longipetiolata Celastraceae ngowe Cyperus esculentus Cyperaceae mutshili Ximenia caffra var. caffra Olacaceae nimvi Cleome gynandra Brassicaceae mutshilikhomu Ximenia americana var. microphylla Olacaceae nngu Momordica foetida Cucurbitaceae mutshimba Dovyalis zeyheri Salicaceae nngutshiphaswi Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae mutshiso Sarcostemma viminale subsp. suberosum Apocynaceae nnyoyambudzi Asystasia gangetica subsp. micrantha Acanthaceae mutshulwa Gomphocarpus fruticosus subsp. fruticosus Apocynaceae ntsatshilambe Gymnosporia tenuispina Celastraceae mutshutshungu Lannea edulis var. edulis Anacardiaceae ntsatshilambe Salacia rehmannii Celastraceae mutsikidzi Vitex ferruginea Lamiaceae nwanḓa Pteleopsis myrtifolia Combretaceae mutsiḽari Albizia brevifolia Fabaceae nyala **Allium cepa Alliaceae mutsuma Diospyros mespiliformis Ebenaceae nyalamudavhi Tulbaghia leucantha Alliaceae mutswiputswipu Pristimera longipetiolata Celastraceae nyamuzwila Grewia bicolor var. bicolor Malvaceae mutswiriri Bauhinia galpinii Fabaceae nyamuzwila Grewia flavescens Malvaceae muṱu Syzygium cordatum subsp. cordatum Myrtaceae nyapinduka Croton gratissimus var. gratissimus Euphorbiaceae muṱuḓo Sida cordifolia subsp. cordifolia Malvaceae nyapiringulule Momordica boivinii Cucurbitaceae muṱuhu Trichilia dregeana Meliaceae nyasimbiṱane Croton pseudopulchellus Euphorbiaceae muṱulume Breonadia salicina Rubiaceae nyasingiriṱane Croton gratissimus var. gratissimus Euphorbiaceae muṱulumembe Eugenia natalitia Myrtaceae nyendanyendane Telosma africana Apocynaceae mutulwi Corchorus sp. Malvaceae phaladzane Vepris lanceolata Rutaceae muṱumadi Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense Myrtaceae phaṱhane Gymnanthemum amygdalinum Asteraceae mutumbula **Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae phaṱhaphaṱhane Linzia glabra Asteraceae mutumbulambudzana Rhoicissus tridentata subsp. tridentata Vitaceae phaṱhatshimima Salacia rehmannii Celastraceae muṱungu Sarcostemma viminale subsp. suberosum Apocynaceae phendephende Gladiolus dalenii subsp. dalenii Iridaceae muṱungu Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae pheṱhane Gymnanthemum coloratum Asteraceae muṱunu Dovyalis caffra Salicaceae phila Callilepis lancifolia Asteraceae mutunzwu Oncoba spinosa subsp. spinosa Salicaceae phiriphiri *Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum Solanaceae muṱuphemba Syzygium guineense subsp. guineense Myrtaceae phiriphiri *Capsicum frutescens Solanaceae mututulwa Solanum lichtensteinii Solanaceae phulule Pentarrhinum insipidum Apocynaceae mututulwa *Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae phunzunyeke Grewia flavescens Malvaceae mututulwa Solanum campylacanthum subsp. panduriforme Solanaceae phuri **Cucurbita moschata Cucurbitaceae mututulwa Solanum giganteum Solanaceae phuri **Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae mututulwa Solanum supinum var. supinum Solanaceae sando Bersama tysoniana Melianthaceae mututulwa Solanum aculeastrum subsp. aculeastrum Solanaceae savha Sansevieria hyacinthoides Ruscaceae ḓ muṱwari Tarchonanthus trilobus var. galpinii Asteraceae shambo a Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea Nymphaeaceae ḓ muṱwari Terminalia prunioides Combretaceae shambo avhadzimu Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea Nymphaeaceae ḓ muṱwari Olea europaea subsp. africana Oleaceae shambo avhadzimu Gunnera perpensa Gunneraceae muugana Obetia tenax Urticaceae shashe *Sonchus asper subsp. asper Asteraceae muukhuma Hexalobus monopetalus Annonaceae shashe *Sonchus oleraceus Asteraceae muukhuthu Commiphora mollis Burseraceae shukuto **Luffa cylindrica Cucurbitaceae shulwa Solanum aculeastrum subsp. aculeastrum Solanaceae muuluri Dalbergia melanoxylon Fabaceae sinḓambudzi Plectranthus laxiflorus Lamiaceae muumano Vepris lanceolata Rutaceae sulesule Paederia bojerianasub sp. foetens Rubiaceae muumo Ficus burkei Moraceae ṱanyi Vernonia fastigiata Asteraceae muumo Ficus natalensis subsp. natalensis Moraceae tavhatapano Salacia rehmannii Celastraceae muumo Ficus ingens Moraceae tavhatapi Salacia rehmannii Celastraceae muunga Vachellia karroo Fabaceae ṱhahame Ansellia africana Orchidaceae muungakhanga Vachelliatortilis Fabaceae ṱhahame Mystacidium capense Orchidaceae muungangweṋa Vachellia xanthophloea Fabaceae thaiyakhomba Acalypha indica var. indica Euphorbiaceae muunguri Maesa lanceolata Maesaceae ṱhanamaswi Cryptolepis obtusa Apocynaceae muvevha Kigelia africana Bignoniaceae thanga **Cucurbita moschata Cucurbitaceae muvhaḓelaphanga Searsia chirindensis Anacardiaceae thanga **Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae muvhale Erythrina lysistemon Fabaceae thanga **Cucurbita maxima Cucurbitaceae muvhambangoma Albizia versicolor Fabaceae thanga Obetia tenax Urticaceae muvhambanguvho Scolopia zeyheri Salicaceae ṱhanyi Vernonia fastigiata Asteraceae ḓ muvhan angoma Albizia adianthifolia var. adianthifolia Fabaceae ṱhaululo Widdringtonia nodiflora Cupressaceae muvhavhanyane Strychnos henningsii Loganiaceae thauyakhomba Anemone transvaalensis var. transvaalensis Ranunculaceae muvhavhanyane *Acanthospermum hispidum Asteraceae thebe *Phytolacca octandra Phytolaccaceae muvhazwi Obetia tenax Urticaceae thebe *Amaranthus hybridus subsp. cruentus Amaranthaceae muvhibvelashdani Canthium inerme Rubiaceae muvhombwe Boscia albitrunca Brassicaceae (continued on next page)

Appendix 1 (continued) Appendix 1 (continued)

thidigwane Hypoxis hemerocallidea Hypoxidaceae tshiputelaluvhuḓa Helichrysum kraussii Asteraceae thundamali Jatropha zeyheri Euphorbiaceae tshiralala Gardenia volkensii subsp. spatulifolia Rubiaceae thundwa Secamone parvifolia Apocynaceae tseṱo Tribulus zeyheri subsp. zeyheri Zygophyllaceae tshirindidza Kalanchoe brachyloba Crassulaceae tseṱwana Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae tshirindidza Portulacaria afra Didiereaceae tsheṋe *Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae tshirungulu Carissa bispinosa Apocynaceae tshibavhe Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae tshirungulu Carissa edulis Apocynaceae tshibavhe Momordica balsamina Cucurbitaceae tshirunnguḓane *Nicandra physalodes Solanaceae ṱ tshiboko o Jacquemontia tamnifolia Convolvulaceae tshisesana Elephantorrhiza elephantina Fabaceae tshibvukahalwa Maytenus undata Celastraceae tshisesana Elephantorrhiza burkei Fabaceae tshiḓiḓiri Rapanea melanophloeos Myrsinaceae tshisesethavha Elephantorrhiza burkei Fabaceae tshiḓiḓiri Protea caffra subsp. caffra Proteaceae tshidovholela Vernonia fastigiata Asteraceae tshisesevhufa Elephantorrhiza burkei Fabaceae tshidzamanga Pyrenacantha grandiflora Icacinaceae tshishengela Oxalis semiloba subsp. semiloba Oxalidaceae tshidzidzivhungo Cyphostemma sp. Vitaceae tshishengelaphofu Acmella caulirhiza Asteraceae tshidzimba Searsia magalismontana subsp. coddii Anacardiaceae tshitangwi Lophiocarpus tenuissimus Lophiocarpaceae tshidzimba Lantana rugosa Verbenaceae tshiṱanzhela Cynodon dactylon Poaceae tshidzimbambule *Lantana camara Verbenaceae tshiṱanzisanngwa Kleinia sp. Asteraceae tshidzimbampoṱolo *Lantana camara Verbenaceae tshiṱawaṱawane Eugenia capensis Myrtaceae tshidzimbavhalisa Lantana rugosa Verbenaceae ṱ ṱ tshidzungu Protea caffra subsp. caffra Proteaceae tshi awa awane Eugenia natalitia Myrtaceae tshienge **Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae tshiteaduvha *Helianthus annuus Asteraceae tshifatafaṱane Kleinia sp. Asteraceae tshiteaḓuvha *Malva sylvestris Malvaceae tshifhafhe Coccinia rehmannii Cucurbitaceae tshiteaḓuvha *Malva parviflora var. parviflora Malvaceae tshifhafhe Momordica boivinii Cucurbitaceae tshithangavhavhe Cucumis zeyheri Cucurbitaceae tshifhanga Encephalartos transvenosus Zamiaceae tshithangavhavhe Cucumis metuliferus Cucurbitaceae tshifhanza Tricalysia capensis var. transvaalensis Rubiaceae tshiṱhanzwaṱhanzwane Ximenia americana var. microphylla Olacaceae tshifhaṱa Brachylaena huillensis Asteraceae tshiṱhavhamisisi *Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae tshifhefhavhana Helichrysum kraussii Asteraceae ṱ ṱ tshifhefhuwane Helichrysum kraussii Asteraceae tshi ho honya Ochna pulchra Ochnaceae tshifulaṱhulo Helichrysum kraussii Asteraceae tshitondolo Encephalartos transvenosus Zamiaceae tshifumbe *Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae tshitondovhe Tragia rupestris Euphorbiaceae tshigaṋame Drimia sanguinea Hyacinthaceae tshiṱoni Macledium zeyheri subsp. zeyheri Asteraceae tshiganama Drimia sp. Hyacinthaceae tshiṱoni Ochna pulchra Ochnaceae tshiimangamulenzhe Ophioglossum reticulatum Ophioglossaceae tshitopitopi *Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae tshikakalembe Sonchus nanus Asteraceae tshiṱopiṱopi Limeum viscosum subsp. viscosum var. kraussii Molluginaceae tshikandamalembe Sonchus nanus Asteraceae tshitudzwi Aloe sp. Asphodelaceae tshikavhavhe Pappea capensis Sapindaceae tshikavhavhe **Citrus limon Rutaceae tshitukanatshamagovhani Zantedeschia aethiopica Araceae tshikhafushi Zanthoxylum capense Rutaceae tshituku Pavetta schumanniana Rubiaceae tshikhaṱhakhaṱhane *Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae tshituku Pavetta lanceolata Rubiaceae tshikhopha Aloe vossii Asphodelaceae tshitukutshaḓaka Tricalysia lanceolata Rubiaceae tshikhopha Aloe chabaudii var. chabaudii Asphodelaceae tshiṱulumembe Eugenia natalitia Myrtaceae tshikhopha Aloe hahnii Asphodelaceae tshiubavhakololo *Amaranthus hybridus subsp. cruentus Amaranthaceae tshikhopha Aloe arborescens Asphodelaceae tshiumbeumbe Clematis brachiata Ranunculaceae tshikhophatshiṱuku Aloe sp. Asphodelaceae tshikomukomu **Cucurbita ficifolia Cucurbitaceae tshiuvhulusi Cissus quadrangularis var. quadrangularis Vitaceae tshikondengala Euphorbia cooperi Euphorbiaceae tshivhulafhasi Parinari capensis subsp. capensis Chrysobalanaceae tshikululu Ficus glumosa Moraceae tshivhulana Parinari capensis subsp. capensis Chrysobalanaceae tshikululu Ficus ingens Moraceae tshivhumbu Lannea discolor Anacardiaceae tshikundanḓazi Xerophyta retinervis Velloziaceae tshivhuvhudzi Hoslundia opposita Lamiaceae tshikuni Cadaba aphylla Brassicaceae tshivhuyana Adenium multiflorum Apocynaceae tshikuṱu Adenia digitata Passifloraceae tshivhuyudumbu Adenia spinosa Passifloraceae tshikwalo Senegalia ataxacantha Fabaceae tshixeuxeu Hymenocardia ulmoides Phyllanthaceae tshikwangula Toddalia asiatica Rutaceae ṱ ṱ tshikwaṱukwaṱu Maytenus undata Celastraceae tsho opi opi Oxalis semiloba subsp. semiloba Oxalidaceae tshikwenga *Agave sisalana Agavaceae tshula Cymbopogon nardus Poaceae tshikwetamukulo Cyphostemma sp. Vitaceae tsimambe Sphedamnocarpus pruriens subsp. pruriens Malpighiaceae tshilalaṱhulo Helichrysum kraussii Asteraceae vhulada Mucuna coriacea subsp. irritans Fabaceae tshilaphithi Trimeria grandifolia subsp. grandifolia Salicaceae vhulungwane Equisetum ramosissimum subsp. ramosissimum Equisetaceae tshilingwalingwane Erianthemum dregei Loranthaceae vhulungwane Erianthemum dregei Loranthaceae tshiḽiso Fadogia tetraquetra var. tetraquetra Rubiaceae tshilungamuṋo Momordica boivinii Cucurbitaceae vhuri Striga asiatica Orobanchaceae tshilungwane Erianthemum dregei Loranthaceae vhushule Corchorus sp. Malvaceae tshiluvhari Dombeya rotundifolia var. rotundifolia Malvaceae vhuṱungu *Senna didymobotrya Fabaceae tshimbvumbvu Triumfetta annua Malvaceae vhuṱunguhaṋowa *Senna didymobotrya Fabaceae tshimbvumbvu Triumfetta pilosa Malvaceae vowa Amaranthus thunbergii Amaranthaceae ṋ tshi angana Senegalia nigrescens Fabaceae *Amaranthus hybridus subsp. hybridus var. ṋ vowa Amaranthaceae tshi angaphele Senegalia nigrescens Fabaceae erythrostachys ṋ tshi awana Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana Fabaceae *Amaranthus hybridus subsp. hybridus var. tshinungufhala Zanthoxylum humile Rutaceae vowa Amaranthaceae hybridus tshinyagu Cucumis anguria var. longaculeatus Cucurbitaceae vowa *Amaranthus dubius Amaranthaceae tshinyagu Cucumis africanus Cucurbitaceae tshinyagu Cucumis myriocarpus subsp. myriocarpus Cucurbitaceae vowa *Amaranthus graecizans subsp. graecizans Amaranthaceae tshinyagu Acanthosicyos naudinianus Cucurbitaceae vowa Amaranthus praetermissus Amaranthaceae tshinyagu Cucumis metuliferus Cucurbitaceae vowa Amaranthus standleyanus Amaranthaceae tshinyagu Cucumis zeyheri Cucurbitaceae vowa *Amaranthus tricolor Amaranthaceae tshinyameila *Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae vowa Amaranthus capensis subsp. capensis Amaranthaceae tshinyanyu Kalanchoe brachyloba Crassulaceae vowa *Phytolacca octandra Phytolaccaceae tshinzie Erythrococca menyharthii Euphorbiaceae vowa *Amaranthus hybridus subsp. cruentus Amaranthaceae tshinzienzie Cordia sp. Boraginaceae tshiovholosi Stapelia gigantea Apocynaceae vowa *Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae tshipengo Xymalos monospora Monimiaceae vowa *Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae tshipfure Jatropha latifolia Euphorbiaceae vowakholomo *Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae tshipfure Ochna holstii Ochnaceae vowamulambo *Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae tshipfurenyana Ochna holstii Ochnaceae vuḽavhasheka Pyrenacantha grandiflora Icacinaceae tshiphandwa Gymnosporia senegalensis Celastraceae xaxaḓi *Solanum nigrum Solanaceae tshiphaswi Cucumis anguria var. longaculeatus Cucurbitaceae zavhazavha Obetia tenax Urticaceae tshiphaswi Acanthosicyos naudinianus Cucurbitaceae tshiphophamaḓi Apodytes dimidiata subsp. dimidiata Icacinaceae zavhazavha *Datura ferox Solanaceae tshipinisi **Beta vulgaris Chenopodiaceae zavhazavha *Datura stramonium Solanaceae tshipokoṱo Ipomoea dichroa Convolvulaceae

References Samie, A., Nefefe, T., 2012. Antifungal activity of essential oils from southern African medicinal plants against five Fusarium species. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6, Arnold, H.J., Gulumian, M., 1984. Pharmacopoeia of traditional medicine in Venda. 465–478. J. Ethnopharmacol. 12, 35–37. Samie, A., Obi, C.L., Bessong, P.O., Lall, N., 2005. Activity profiles of fourteen selected me- Bessong, P.O., Chikwelu, L.O., Igumbor, E., Andreola, M.L., Litvak, S., 2004. In vitro activity dicinal plants from rural Venda communities in South Africa against fifteen clinical of three selected South African medicinal plants against human immunodeficiency bacterial species. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 12, 1443–1451. virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 3, 555–559. Samie, A., Housein, A., Lall, N., Meyer, J.J.M., 2009a. Crude extracts of, and purified com- Bessong, P.O., Chikwelu, L.O., Andreola, M.-L., Rojas, L.B., Pouysegu, L., Igumbor, E., Meyer, pounds from, Pterocarpus angolensis, and the essential oil of Lippia javanica: their J.J.M., Quideau, S., Litvak, S., 2005. Evaluation of selected South African medicinal in-vitro cytotoxicities and activities against selected bacteria and Entamoeba plants for inhibitory properties against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 re- histolytica. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 103, 427–439. verse transcriptase and integrase. J. Ethnopharmacol. 99, 83–91. Samie, A., Obi, C.L., Lall, N., Meyer, J.J.M., 2009b. In-vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial ac- Bessong, P.O., Rojas, L.B., Chikwelu, L.O., Tshisikhawe, M.P., Igumbor, E., 2006. Further tivities, against clinical isolates of Campylobacter species and Entamoeba histolytica,of screening of Venda medicinal plants activity against HIV type 1 reverse transcriptase local medicinal plants from the Venda region, South Africa. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. and integrase. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5, 526–528. 103, 159–170. Bromilow, C., 2010. Problem Plants and Alien Weeds of South Africa. Briza Publications, Samie, A., Tambani, T., Harshfield, E., Green, E., Ramalivhana, J.N., Bessong, P.O., 2010. Pretoria. Antifungal activity of selected Venda medicinal plants against Candida krusei Bvenura, C., Afolayan, A.J., 2015. The role of wild vegetables in the household food security and Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from South African AIDS patients. Afr. in South Africa: a review. Food Research International Journal 76, 1001–1011. J. Biotechnol. 9, 2965–2976. Coates Palgrave, M., 2002. Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of Southern Africa. 3rd ed. Random SANBI, 2016. South African National Biodiversity Institute. Botanical Database of Southern House Struik, Cape Town. Africa (BODATSA) http://newposa.sanbi.org/, Accessed date: 9 October 2017. De Beer, J.J.J., Van Wyk, B.-E., 2011. An ethnobotany survey of the Agter-Hantam, Northern Semenya, S.S., Tshisikhawe, M.P., Potgieter, M.T., 2012. Invasive alien species: a case study Cape Province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 77, 741–754. of their use in Thulamela local municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Sci. Res. Dold, A.P., Cocks, M.L., 2000. The medicinal use of some weeds, problem plants and alien Essay 7, 2363–2369. plants in the Grahamstown and Peddie districts of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. S. Singo, M.N., 1996. A Survey of the Indigenous Relishes of the VhavenḓaandTheirAgricul- Afr. J. Sci. 96, 467–473. tural Potential. University of Pretoria, MSc Thesis. Green, E., Samie, A., Obi, C.L., Bessong, P.O., Ndip, N.R., 2010. Inhibitory properties of se- Smith, C.A., 1966. Common names of South African plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Sur- lected South African medicinal plants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. vey of South Africa 35. Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 130, 151–157. Stayt, H., 1931. The Bavenda. Frank Cass and Co. Ltd., London. Joffe, P., Oberholzer, T., 2001. Creative Gardening With Indigenous Plants: A South African Steenkamp, V., Fernandes, A.C., Van Rensburg, C.E.J., 2007. Screening of Venda medicinal Guide. 2nd ed. Briza Publications, Pretoria. plants for antifungal activity against Candida albicans.S.Afr.J.Bot.73,256–258. Komape, N.P.M., Aderogba, M., Bagla, V.P., Masoko, P., Eloff, J.N., 2014. Anti-bacterial and Steyn, N.P., Olivier, J., Winter, P., Nesamvuni, C., 2001. A survey of wild, green, leafy veg- anti-oxidant activities of leaf extracts of Combretum vendae (Combretaceae) and the iso- etables and their potential in combating micronutrient deficiencies in rural popula- lationofananti-bacterialcompound.Afr.J.Tradit.Complement.Altern.Med.11,73–77. tions. S. Afr. J. Sci. 97, 276–278. Liengme, C.A., 1983. A survey of ethnobotanical research in southern Africa. Bothalia 14, Tshisikhawe, M.P., 2002. Trade of Indigenous Plants in the Northern Province, Venda Re- 621–629. gion: Their Ethnobotanical Importance and Sustainable Use. MSc Thesis. University of Maanda, M.Q., Bhat, R.B., 2010. Wild vegetable use by Vhavenḓa in the Venda region of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa. Limpopo Province, South Africa. Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany Van der Walt, R., 2009. Wild Flowers of the Limpopo Valley. Published by the author, 79, 189–194. Musina, South Africa. Mabogo, D.E.N., 1990. Ethnobotany of the Vhavenḓa. MSc thesis. University of Pretoria. Van Oudtshoorn, F., 1992. Guide to Grasses of Southern Africa. 2nd ed. Briza Publications, Magwede, K., Tshisikhawe, M.P., Luseba, D., Bhat, R.B., 2014. Ethnobotanical survey of me- Pretoria. dicinal plants used in treatment of ticks. International Journal of Experimental Botany Van Rensburg, W.S.J., Van Averbeke, W., Slabbert, R., Faber, M., Van Jaarsveld, P.J., Van 83, 155–165. Heerden, I., Wenhold, F., Oelofse, A., 2007. African leafy vegetables in South Africa. Mahwasane, S.T., Middelton, L., Boaduo, N., 2013. An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous Water SA 33, 317–326. knowledge on medicinal plants used by the traditional healers of the Lwamondo Van Warmelo, N.J., 1989. Venda Dictionary. J. L. van Schaik, Pretoria. area, Limpopo province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 88, 69–75. Van Wyk, B.-E., 2005. Food Plants of the World. Briza Publications, Pretoria. Martin, G.J., 1995. Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual. Chapman and Hall, London. Van Wyk, B.-E., Gericke, N., 2000. People's Plants: A Guide to Useful Plants of South Africa. Masevhe, N.A., McGaw, L.J., Eloff, J.N., 2015. The traditional use of plants to manage candi- Briza Publications, South Africa. diasis and related infections in Venda, South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 168, 364–372. Van Wyk, A.E., Smith, G.F., 2001. Regions of Floristic Endemism in Southern Africa: A Re- Mucina, L., Rutherford, M.C., 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. view With Emphasis on Succulents. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, Pretoria. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Van Wyk, B., Van Wyk, P., 2013. Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa. 2nd ed. Random Mulaudzi, R.B., Ndhlala, A.R., Van Staden, J., 2015. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of a House Struik, Cape Town. traditional herbal remedy used to treat gonorrhoea in Limpopo province, South Van Wyk, B.-E., Wink, M., 2017. Medicinal Plants of the World. 2nd ed. Briza Publications, Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 97, 117–122. Pretoria. Municipal Demarcation Board, 2016. http://www.demarcation.org.za/site/, Accessed Van Wyk, B.-E., Van Heerden, F., Van Oudtshoorn, B., 2002. Poisonous Plants of South date: 15 December 2017. Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria. Netshiungani, E.N., 1981. Notes on the uses of indigenous trees in Venda. Journal of Den- Van Wyk, B., Van Wyk, P., Van Wyk, B.-E., 2008. Photo Guide to Trees of Southern Africa. drology 1, 12–17. Briza Publications, Pretoria. Obi, C.l., Potgieter, N., Randima, L.P., Mavhungu, N.J., Musie, E., Bessong, P.O., Mabogo, Van Wyk, B.-E., Van Oudtshoorn, B., Gericke, N., 2009. Medicinal Plants of South Africa. D.E.N., Mashibye, J., 2002. Antimicrobial activities of five plants against some medic- 2nd ed. Briza Publications, Pretoria. inally significant bacteria. S. Afr. J. Sci. 98, 25–28. Venter, F., Venter, J.-A., 1996. Making the Most of Indigenous Trees. 2nd ed. Briza Publica- Ramovha, L.I., 2016. Ethnoveterinary Plant Medicines of the Vhavenḓa. PhD thesis. Uni- tions, Pretoria. versity of Pretoria. Watt, J.M., Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G., 1962. Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Ramovha, L.I., Van Wyk, A.E., 2016. Ethnoveterinary practices of the Vhavenḓa, South Eastern Africa. E and S, Livingstone, London. Africa, in the treatment of redwater (mali) in cattle. Indilinga: African Journal of Wink, M., Van Wyk, B.-E., 2008. Mind-Altering and Poisonous Plants of the World. Briza Indigenous Knowledge Systems 15, 314–327. Publications, Pretoria. Rampedi, T.I., 2010. Indigenous Plants in the Limpopo Province: Potential for Their Bever- age Production. PhD thesis. University of South Africa, Pretoria. Samie, A., Mashau, F., 2013. Antifungal activities of fifteen South African medicinal plants against five Fusarium species. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 7, 1839–1848.

Please cite this article as: Magwede, K., et al., An inventory of Vhavenḓa useful plants, South African Journal of Botany (2018), https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.12.013