DOCSLIB.ORG

North Bay Oaks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
North Bay Oaks North Bay Oaks Mediterranean Forests/Woodlands Types: Chaparral, Mixed Evergreen Forest, Oak Woodlands Chaparral: sclerophyllous shrubs, poorly developed soils (serpentine), southern exposure/ridges Mixed Evergreen Forest: evergreen conifers and hardwoods (many sclerophyllous), deep, organic soils, northern aspect Oak Woodlands: different Quercus spp. dominance based on soils and aspect Sclerophyllous Leaves hard & waxy, common in Med. evergreens er Harding grass here New World Oaks Distribution of Quercus species in the New World Area Number of Species Number of Endemics New World 219 219 Mexico 140 81 Central America 25 8 Mexico/Canada/US 194 186 United States 89 46 California 21 (32 taxa) 7 Sonoma County 10 0 Pepperwood 9 0 Oak Species, Varieties, and Hybrids in California by Lineage Group (Subgenus) Life Form Red Oaks (Erythrobalanus) *Quercus agrifolia Coast Live Oak ET Quercus agrifolia var. oxyadenia (var. in S. Cal and Baja) ET Quercus ilex1 Holly Oak (native to Med.) ET *Quercus kelloggii California Black Oak DT Quercus parvula var. parvula Santa Cruz Island Oak ES *Quercus parvula var. shrevei Shreve Oak ET *Quercus parvula var. tamalpaisensis Tamalpais oak ES *Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Dwarf Interior Live Oak ES *Quercus wislizeni var. wislizeni Interior Live Oak ET Intermediate Oaks (Protobalanus) Quercus cedrosensis Cedros Island Oak ET *Quercus chrysolepis Canyon Live Oak, Golden Oak, Maul Oak ET *Quercus vaccinifolia Huckleberry Oak ES Quercus palmeri Palmers Oak ES Quercus tomentella Island Oak ET White Oaks (Lepidobalanus) *Quercus berberidifolia Scrub Oak ES *Quercus douglasii Blue Oak DT *Quercus durata var. durata Leather Oak ES Quercus durata var. gabrielensis San Gabriel oak ES *Quercus garryana var. breweri Brewer’s Oak DS *Quercus garryana var. garryana Oregon or Garry Oak DT *Quercus garryana var. semota DS *Quercus lobata Valley Oak DT *Quercus sadleriana Deer Oak ES Quercus cornelius-mulleri Muller’s Oak ES Quercus dumosa Nuttall’s Scrub oak ES Quercus engelmanii Engelmann or Mesa Oak ET Quercus john-tuckeri Tucker’s Oak ES Quercus pacifica Pacific Oak ES Quercus turbinella Shrub Live Oak ES Quercus X acutidens X acutidens (Hybrid of Q. cornelius-mulleri & Q. engelmannii) ETorS Quercus X alvordiana Alford Oak (Hybrid of Q. douglasii & Q. john-tuckeri) ETorS Quercus X macdonaldii MacDonald Oak (Hybrid of Q. berberidifolia & Q. lobata) DT Lifeform: E = Evergreen, D = Deciduous, T = Tree, S = Shrub * Occurs in northwest California 1 non-native species Three Major Oak Sub-genera in California Red Oaks White Oaks Intermediate Oaks California Red Oaks 5 species: 4 trees and 1 shrub Scaly acorn caps Leaf margins with teeth 2 year acorn maturation Hybrids exhibit reduced fertility 4 tree species in North Bay: black oak, coast live oak (1 year acorn), Shreve Oak and interior live oak (not common) Coast Live Oak Interior Live Oak Interior Live Oak stem gall Black Oak Chase oak (Coast L. x Black) Oracle Oak (Black x Interior) Shreve Oak California White Oaks 13 species: 4 trees and 9 shrubs Bumpy acorn caps Leaf margin smooth (trees) or toothed (shrubs) 1 year acorn maturation Hybrids fertile- interesting intermediates and “swarms” 5 species plus hybrids in North Bay- valley, Oregon and blue oaks (trees); leather and California scrub (shrubs) Valley Oak Valley Oak Oregon Oak Blue Oak Epling oak (Oregon x Blue) “Swarm” Epling oak (Oregon x blue) “The acorn shape is Oregon oak-like. The leaf contours are blue oak-like. The specimen is evidence of hybridization in oaks.” Chaparral Leather Oak Oregon Oak x Leather Oak California Scrub Oak © 2008 Keir Morse California Intermediate Oaks 5 species: 3 trees and 2 shrubs Variable acorn caps Leaf margin smooth or toothed 1 year acorn maturation Hybrids ?? 1 species in North Bay- canyon live oak Canyon Oak Oak Management Issues Douglas-fir encroachment Invasive species Grazing impacts Sudden Oak Death Oak phenology and climate change impacts Fire, species response and long-term impact on community structure Some Annadel Douglas-fir Encroachment Resources Hand Pulling of Seedlings and Saplings Cool Ground Fire in Woodlands Conclusions and Recommendations, McBride, 2011 Although the management of Douglas-fir invasion can be deemed successful, it is apparent from the field data that Douglas-fir seedlings continue to become established in the under story of oak dominated woodlands. Prescribed burning is not recommended as a method for controlling Douglas- fir invasion unless it can be practiced on frequency simulating the frequency of burning by Native Americans in European pre-settlement time (6-20 years; Finny and Martin, 1992). An experimental program of prescribed burning of several scattered small areas (<1ha) of oak woodland is proposed to test the efficacy and cost effectiveness of small scale prescribed burning as a means of controlling the Douglas-fir invasion. This pattern of burning will more likely simulate the pattern used by the Native Americans. Sudden Oak Death, C L Oak CA Bay, foliar host SOD in coast live oak Oak Phenology and Climate Change Steve Barnhart SRJC Professor and Pepperwood Academic Director Emeritus [email protected] .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How to Look at Oaks
    How to Look at Oaks Species name: __________________________________________ Growth habit: tree or shrub Bark type on mature trees: scaly and papery or smooth and furrowed gray or black Foliage: Evergreen or deciduous Leaves Leaf margins: entire (smooth) lobed toothed Leaf edges from the side: wavy fat concave Lobe tips: rounded (not spiny) or spine-tipped Leaf underside: hairless or with small tufs of hairs or covered with hairs color: _______________ Leaf upper surface: dull or shiny hairless or covered with hairs color: _______________ Acorns Time to maturity: one year or two years Acorn shape: oblong elongated round tip: pointed or rounded Acorn size: length: ___________ width: ___________ Acorn cup: deep or shallow % of mature acorn covered by cup: Acorn cup shape: cap saucer bowl cup Acorn cup scales: thin, papery, leafike or thick, knobby, warty Scale tips: loose or pressed tightly to each other Acorn inner surface: densely fuzzy or hairless Based on the features above, is this a: Red/Black Oak White Oak Intermediate Oak Other Notable Features: Characteristics and Taxonomy of Quercus in California Genus Quercus = ~400-600 species Original publication: Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 994. 1753 Sections in the subgenus Quercus: Red Oaks or Black Oaks 1. Foliage evergreen or deciduous (Quercus section Lobatae syn. 2. Mature bark gray to dark brown or black, smooth or Erythrobalanus) deeply furrowed, not scaly or papery ~195 species 3. Leaf blade lobes with bristles 4. Acorn requiring 2 seasons to mature (except Q. Example native species: agrifolia) kelloggii, agrifolia, wislizeni, parvula 5. Cup scales fattened, never knobby or warty, never var.
    [Show full text]
  • Foamy Bark Canker - a New Disease Found on Oaks in the Foothills by Scott Oneto, Farm Advisor, University of California Cooperative Extension
    Foamy Bark Canker - A New Disease found on Oaks in the Foothills By Scott Oneto, Farm Advisor, University of California Cooperative Extension Some recent finds in El Dorado and Calaveras County have landowners concerned over their oaks. There is no question that the ongoing drought has played a significant role in the mortality of pines throughout the state. Now the oaks are showing a similar demise. A new canker disease, termed foamy bark canker has been found in multiple locations throughout the region. The disease was first identified in Europe around 2005 and was later identified in Southern California in 2012. Since its discovery in Southern California, declining coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) trees have been found throughout urban landscapes across Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, Santa Barbara, Ventura and Monterey counties. Over the past year, the disease was found further north in Marin and Napa counties. This summer the fungus was isolated from interior live oaks (Quercus wislizeni) off Hwy 49 in El Dorado County and more recently from interior live oaks at a golf course in Calaveras County. The disease is spread by the western oak bark beetle (Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis). Native to California, the small beetle (about 2 mm long) is reported throughout California from the coast to the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Interior live oak with foamy bark canker. Photo by Scott Oneto, UC and Cascade Range. It is common on various oaks, including coast live oak, Regents. interior live oak, California black, and Oregon white oak, but has also been reported on tanoak, chestnut and California buckeye.
    [Show full text]
  • Birds on San Clemente Island, As Part of Our Work Toward the Recovery of the Island’S Endangered Species
    WESTERN BIRDS Volume 36, Number 3, 2005 THE BIRDS OF SAN CLEMENTE ISLAND BRIAN L. SULLIVAN, PRBO Conservation Science, 4990 Shoreline Hwy., Stinson Beach, California 94970-9701 (current address: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, New York 14850) ERIC L. KERSHNER, Institute for Wildlife Studies, 2515 Camino del Rio South, Suite 334, San Diego, California 92108 With contributing authors JONATHAN J. DUNN, ROBB S. A. KALER, SUELLEN LYNN, NICOLE M. MUNKWITZ, and JONATHAN H. PLISSNER ABSTRACT: From 1992 to 2004, we observed birds on San Clemente Island, as part of our work toward the recovery of the island’s endangered species. We increased the island’s bird list to 317 species, by recording many additional vagrants and seabirds. The list includes 20 regular extant breeding species, 6 species extirpated as breeders, 5 nonnative introduced species, and 9 sporadic or newly colonizing breeding species. For decades San Clemente Island had been ravaged by overgrazing, especially by goats, which were removed completely in 1993. Since then, the island’s vegetation has begun recovering, and the island’s avifauna will likely change again as a result. We document here the status of that avifauna during this transitional period of re- growth, between the island’s being largely denuded of vegetation and a more natural state. It is still too early to evaluate the effects of the vegetation’s still partial recovery on birds, but the beginnings of recovery may have enabled the recent colonization of small numbers of Grasshopper Sparrows and Lazuli Buntings. Sponsored by the U. S. Navy, efforts to restore the island’s endangered species continue—among birds these are the Loggerhead Shrike and Sage Sparrow.
    [Show full text]
  • 4.3 Biological Resources
    4.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES DRAFT EIR NEWMAN RIDGE PROJECT APRIL 2012 4.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES INTRODUCTION The Biological Resources chapter of the EIR evaluates the biological resources that occur within the Newman Ridge Project (proposed project) area. Existing plant communities, wetlands, wildlife habitats, and potential for special-status species and communities are discussed for the project site. The information contained in this analysis is primarily based on a Biological Resources Report1 (See Appendix F) and a Delineation of Potential Jurisdictional Waters of the United States2 (See Appendix G), both prepared by Vollmar Natural Lands Consulting. The impacts already identified in the Initial Study that was prepared for the proposed project (See Appendix A) as having no impact (conflict with any local policies or ordinances protecting biological resources, such as a tree preservation policy or ordinance; conflict with the provisions of an adopted Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural Community Conservation Plan, or other approved local, regional, or state habitat conservation plan) are not further addressed within this chapter. The impacts identified as potentially significant in the Initial Study are addressed below in this chapter. It should be noted that this chapter addresses impacts related to biological resources of the Edwin Center North Alternative as well as the proposed project. Information for the Edwin Center North Alternative analysis and discussion is primarily based on a biological resources addendum and a preliminary assessment of potential jurisdictional wetlands prepared 3,4 by Vollmar Natural Lands Consulting (See Appendix P). EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The following sections describe the regional setting of the site, including the Edwin Center North Alternative, as well as the existing biological resources occurring in the proposed project area.
    [Show full text]
  • A Trip to Study Oaks and Conifers in a Californian Landscape with the International Oak Society
    A Trip to Study Oaks and Conifers in a Californian Landscape with the International Oak Society Harry Baldwin and Thomas Fry - 2018 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Aims and Objectives: .................................................................................................................................................. 4 How to achieve set objectives: ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Sharing knowledge of experience gained: ....................................................................................................................... 4 Map of Places Visited: ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Itinerary .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Background to Oaks .................................................................................................................................................... 8 Cosumnes River Preserve ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Previously Unrecorded Damage to Oak, Quercus Spp., in Southern California by the Goldspotted Oak Borer, Agrilus Coxalis Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) 1 2 TOM W
    THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 84(4):288–300, (2008) Previously unrecorded damage to oak, Quercus spp., in southern California by the goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus coxalis Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) 1 2 TOM W. COLEMAN AND STEVEN J. SEYBOLD 1USDA Forest Service-Forest Health Protection, 602 S. Tippecanoe Ave., San Bernardino, California 92408 Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] 2USDA Forest Service-Pacific Southwest Research Station, Chemical Ecology of Forest Insects, 720 Olive Dr., Suite D, Davis, California 95616 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. A new and potentially devastating pest of oaks, Quercus spp., has been discovered in southern California. The goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus coxalis Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), colonizes the sapwood surface and phloem of the main stem and larger branches of at least three species of Quercus in San Diego Co., California. Larval feeding kills patches and strips of the phloem and cambium resulting in crown die back followed by mortality. In a survey of forest stand conditions at three sites in this area, 67% of the Quercus trees were found with external or internal evidence of A. coxalis attack. The literature and known distribution of A. coxalis are reviewed, and similarities in the behavior and impact of this species with other tree-killing Agrilus spp. are discussed. Key Words. Agrilus coxalis, California, flatheaded borer, introduced species, oak mortality, Quercus agrifolia, Quercus chrysolepis, Quercus kelloggii, range expansion. INTRODUCTION Extensive mortality of coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia Ne´e (Fagaceae), Engelmann oak, Quercus engelmannii Greene, and California black oak, Q. kelloggii Newb., has occurred since 2002 on the Cleveland National Forest (CNF) in San Diego Co., California.
    [Show full text]
  • Santa Catalina Island1
    Oak Restoration Trials: Santa Catalina 1 Island Lisa Stratton2 Two restoration trials involving four oak species have been implemented as part of a larger restoration program for Catalina Island. In 1997 the Catalina Island Conservancy began an active program of restoration after 50 years of ranching and farming activities on the island. The restoration program includes removing feral goats and pigs island-wide and converting 80 acres of old hayfields in Middle Canyon to native plant communities. This conversion presented the opportunity to implement experimental restoration trials to test the efficiency and efficacy of a variety of restoration techniques. The primary challenges to restoration in these areas include bison disturbance, deer browsing, long dry seasons and disturbed, weed saturated soils (e.g., Avena fatua, Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Phalaris aquatica (Harding grass) and incipient populations of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) and Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco). In 1999, an island scrub oak seedling trial (Quercus pacifica) was initiated to compare three different watering treatments: 1) a commercial time-release product, Driwater, 2) monthly deep-pipe watering and, 3) unwatered controls. This trial is also a factorial design that includes a native soil component. Soil from beneath mature oaks, potentially containing spore from the oak ectomycorrhizal associate, was added to half the holes at planting time. After two years the seedlings receiving the monthly watering supplements in the deep pipes were significantly taller (p<0.001) than either the no water or Driwater product treatments (45 inches vs. 33 and 29 respectively). Survivorship was higher for the deep pipe treatment (98 percent vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Mapping of Eastman and Hensley Lakes and Environs, Southern Sierra Nevada Foothills, California
    Vegetation Mapping of Eastman and Hensley Lakes and Environs, Southern Sierra Nevada Foothills, California By Sara Taylor, Daniel Hastings, Jaime Ratchford, Julie Evens, and Kendra Sikes of the 2707 K Street, Suite 1 Sacramento CA, 95816 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Those Who Generously Provided Support and Guidance: Many groups and individuals assisted us in completing this report and the supporting vegetation map/data. First, we expressly thank an anonymous donor who provided financial support in 2010 for this project’s fieldwork and mapping in the southern foothills of the Sierra Nevada. We also are thankful of the generous support from California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW, previously Department of Fish and Game) in funding 2008 field survey work in the region. We are indebted to the following additional staff and volunteers of the California Native Plant Society who provided us with field surveying, mission planning, technical GIS, and other input to accomplish this project: Jennifer Buck, Andra Forney, Andrew Georgeades, Brett Hall, Betsy Harbert, Kate Huxster, Theresa Johnson, Claire Muerdter, Eric Peterson, Stu Richardson, Lisa Stelzner, and Aaron Wentzel. To Those Who Provided Land Access: Angela Bradley, Ranger, Eastman Lake, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bridget Fithian, Mariposa Program Manager, Sierra Foothill Conservancy Chuck Peck, Founder, Sierra Foothill Conservancy Diana Singleton, private landowner Diane Bohna, private landowner Duane Furman, private landowner Jeannette Tuitele-Lewis, Executive Director, Sierra Foothill Conservancy Kristen Boysen, Conservation Project Manager, Sierra Foothill Conservancy Park staff at Hensley Lake, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers i This page has been intentionally left blank. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page I.
    [Show full text]
  • SUFA Enews Winter 2021
    Winter 2021 SunnyvaleSUFA Urban ENews Forest Advocates Welcome to the Winter 2021 issue of the Sunnyvale Urban Forest Advocates (SUFA) newsletter. This quarterly newsletter will keep you informed about how you can participate in SUFA's efforts to increase the tree canopy in Sunnyvale through education, tree plantings, and advocacy. Tree on the Street Interview In our November 2020 newsletter we introduced a new series featuring common Sunnyvale street trees with information about the trees presented in an interview format. These are trees you’ll see as you walk or bike through Sunnyvale neighborhoods or parks. Last time we spoke with a gingko. This time we’re talking with a true California native – the coast live oak. SUFA: Thank you for being willing to be interviewed by Sunnyvale Urban Forest Advocates. First, can I get your full name? CLO: Sure. I’m Quercus agrifolia. That’s Latin and tricky to pronounce, so you can just call me coast live oak. SUFA: You’re a bit of a California icon are you not? CLO: Oh, you bet! Coast live oaks are proud California natives – going back 20 million years, give or take. We’re found from Mendocino County to northern Baja California. Cities such as Oakland and Thousand Oaks are named after us. The Spanish settlers in California called us encina and, this is interesting - the City of Sunnyvale originally wanted to be called either Murphy or Encinal (oak grove) and Sunnyvale's first grammar school was named Encina, so we are proud Sunnyvale natives also. So, indeed, we are quite iconic but sadly, not iconic enough to be the California state tree apparently.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conservation and Restoration of the Mexican Islands, a Successful Comprehensive and Collaborative Approach Relevant for Global Biodiversity
    Chapter 9 The Conservation and Restoration of the Mexican Islands, a Successful Comprehensive and Collaborative Approach Relevant for Global Biodiversity Alfonso Aguirre-Muñoz, Yuliana Bedolla-Guzmán, Julio Hernández- Montoya, Mariam Latofski-Robles, Luciana Luna-Mendoza, Federico Méndez-Sánchez, Antonio Ortiz-Alcaraz, Evaristo Rojas-Mayoral, and Araceli Samaniego-Herrera Abstract Islands are biodiversity hotspots that offer unique opportunities for applied restoration techniques that have proven to bring inspiring outcomes. The trajectory of island restoration in Mexico is full of positive results that include (1) the removal of 60 invasive mammal populations from 39 islands, (2) the identifica- tion of conservation and restoration priorities, (3) the active restoration of seabird breeding colonies through avant-garde social attraction techniques, (4) the active restoration of integrated plant communities focusing on a landscape level, (5) applied research and science-based decision-making for the management of inva- sive alien species, (6) the legal protection of all Mexican islands, and (7) biosecurity and environmental learning programs to ensure outcomes are long lasting. Still, there are many complex challenges to face in order to achieve the goal of having all Mexican islands free of invasive mammals by 2030. Keywords Islands · Mexico · Restoration · Eradication · Biosecurity · Seabirds A. Aguirre-Muñoz · Y. Bedolla-Guzmán · J. Hernández-Montoya M. Latofski-Robles · L. Luna-Mendoza · F. Méndez-Sánchez (*) A. Ortiz-Alcaraz · E. Rojas-Mayoral · A. Samaniego-Herrera Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Islas, A. C, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 177 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Quercus Agrifolia Noah Marthinsen -California Native
    Quercus agrifolia Noah Marthinsen -California Native -Awesome Plant, does some very cool things. -Used as food source, capital punishment, political symbol and temporary residences in Berkeley, CA for thousands of years. Classification Fagaceae - Beech family (with Fagus, Castanea, Lithocarpus, etc) Quercus - Oak genus (600+ species; important genus historically and economically) Lobatae- Subsection of Red Oaks (also includes kelloggii, palustris, shumardii, etc) Identification Acorns- Slender reddish-brown acorns 2-4 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide borne on each season’s growth Cupule covers ~1/4, has appressed scales. Green when immature, matures in 7-8 months Leaves- Dark green, oval-obovate Spiny margins, convex, axillary hair on leaf vein Bark- Smooth grey bark, can become deeply fissured, and resemble carving. Older trees can be quite gnarly. Oak flowers? -Yes! (wind pollen) -Flowers in early- mid spring. - Imperfect flowers: male catkins are 5- 10 cm, female flowers less conspicuous, but give rise to acorns (better way of IDing Oaks) Structure • Potentially epic architecture – Training or not? • Can also be hedged (ugly) • My favorite thing about oaks. Habitat & Culture • California Endemic- range from Mendocino to Baja – Coast to Sierra Nevada foothills- up to 1500 m • Sunset Zones 7-9, 14-24 (includes every single non- desert or non-alpine zone in California) • Best close to coast (but not ON coast) – Stabilizing temperatures, salt-air tolerant, coastal fog helps with dry summers… • Prefers well-drained soils, such as coastal hills and plains – Very tenacious and spreading root system. Oak Woodland • Dominant in Coast Live Oak Woodland ecosystem type – w/ Aesculus californicum, Umbellularia californicum, Heteromeles arbutifolia, • Classic California Landscape Cultivation • Popular as landscape, park and street tree.
    [Show full text]
  • Heteromeles Arbutifolia (Lindl.) M. Roemer NRCS CODE: Subfamily: Maloideae Family: Rosaceae (HEAR5) Photos: A
    I. SPECIES Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindl.) M. Roemer NRCS CODE: Subfamily: Maloideae Family: Rosaceae (HEAR5) photos: A. Montalvo Order: Rosales Subclass: Rosidae Class: Magnoliopsida Fruits (pomes) in late fall and winter. A. Subspecific taxa None recognized by Phipps (2012, 2016) in Jepson Manual or Jepson e-Flora. B. Synonyms Photinia arbutifolia (Ait.) Lindl.; Crataegus arbutifolia Ait. (McMinn 1939) Heteromeles (Lindl.) M. Roemer arbutifolia var. arbutifolia ; H. a. var. cerina (Jeps.) E. Murray; H. a. var. macrocarpa (Munz) Munz; H. salicifolia (C. Presl) Abrams (Phipps 2016) (but see I. F. Taxonomic issues). C. Common name toyon, California Christmas berry, California-holly (Painter 2016); Christmas berry (CalFlora 2016). D. Taxonomic relationships Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular and morphological data confirm thatPhotinia is the most closely related genus (Guo et al. 2011). Photinia differs in having 20 stamens, fused carpels, and stone cells in the testa as well as occurring in summer-wet environments (Phipps 1992). E. Related taxa in region None. There is only one species of Heteromeles. The closely related Photinia is primarily tropical (Meyer 2008) and not in California. Toyon's taxonomic stability may be in part related to its reproductive mode (Wells 1969). F. Taxonomic issues The three varieties of H. arbutifolia listed above in cell I. B. are currently recognized in the USDA PLANTS (2016) database. G. Other One of the most widely distributed California shrubs. Also widely planted and well-known for its bright red fruits in winter. McMinn (1939) noted it had been planted widely in parks and gardens since about 1914. From the Greek words 'heter' for different and 'malus' for apple (Munz 1974).
    [Show full text]