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Provenance Characteristics of the Brumunddal Sandstone in the Oslo Rift 1

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Provenance Characteristics of the Brumunddal Sandstone in the Oslo Rift 1 NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Provenance characteristics of the Brumunddal sandstone in the Oslo Rift 1 Provenance characteristics of the Brumunddal sandstone in the Oslo Rift derived from U-Pb, Lu-Hf and trace element analyses of detrital zircons by laser ablation ICMPS Tom Andersen, Ayesha Saeed, Roy H. Gabrielsen & Snorre Olaussen Andersen, T., Saeed, A., Gabrielsen, R.H. & Olaussen, S.: Provenance characteristics of the Brumunddal sandstone in the Oslo Rift derived from U-Pb, Lu-Hf and trace element analyses of detrital zircons by laser ablation ICMPS. Norwegian Journal of Geology, vol. 91, pp 1-19. Trondheim 2011. ISSN 029-196X. The 800 m thick Brumunddal sandstone is partly an eolian, partly a fluvial sandstone deposited in a fault-bounded basin in the northern part of the Oslo Rift in Permian time.The sandstone is the youngest rift-related deposit in the northern part of the Oslo Rift. Well rounded detrital zircons are common accessory mineral grains in the sandstone. U-Pb dating of detrital zircon from a sample of the Brumunddal sandstone by LAM-ICPMS gives a range of ages from (rare) late Archaean ages to Permian (283±4 Ma). The age and initial εHf pattern of zircons in the sediment match the main rock- forming events in Fennoscandia from Archaean to Phanerozoic time. This kind of diverse provenance was most likely obtained by repeated recycling of clastic sediments of Fennoscandian origin, with Silurian, continental sandstones as the most probable direct precursors. Trace element distributions show a conspicuous absence of patterns with the high level of U and Th enrichment typical of zircon from granitic rocks. This is consistent with a complex transport and redepositional history: High U-Th, metamict zircons were selectively removed by abrasion during repeated transport-deposition-erosion cycles. In addition to recycled material, Caledonian syn-orogenic intrusions and Permian intermediate to felsic plutonic rocks in the Oslo Rift itself were minor, but still significant sources of detrital zircon. Tom Andersen & Roy H. Gabrielsen, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1047 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway (tom.andersen@geo. uio.no). Ayesha Saeed, GEMOC, Macquarie University, NSW-2109, North Ryde, Australia. Snorre Olaussen, The University Centre in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway Introduction petro genetic history and compositional characteristics of the magmatic or metamorphic rock(s) in which they The Brumunddal sandstone (informal name) is the formed, i.e. of the protosource (e.g. Fedo et al. 2003, uppermost preserved member of the late Paleozoic, rift- Kinney & Maas 2003, Belousova et al. 2002, 2006). As related, volcanosedimentary succession in the northern the youngest pre-Quaternary sedimentary deposit in the part of the Oslo Rift. It was deposited on a substrate of northern part of the Oslo Rift, this sandstone may have rhomb porphyry lava, and is preserved in a ca. 6.5 km by sampled a range of Precambrian and Paleozoic proto- 2.5 km, downfaulted block, the Narud halfgraben (Fig. sources in the Fennoscandian Shield, the Caledonian 1). The Brumunddal sandstone consists of red and yel- nappes and within the Oslo Rift itself. However, detrital low, cross-bedded, eolian dune deposits and fluvial chan- zircons in a sedimentary rock may have been recycled nel and floodplain deposits (Rosendal 1929, Larsen et al. through one or more intermediate reservoirs by erosion 2008). Its maximum depositional age is constrained by and redeposition of older sedimentary rocks (e.g. Røhr a Rb-Sr mineral isochron age of the underlying rhomb et al. 2010). porphyry lava at 279±9 Ma (Sundvoll et al. 1990). The absence of overlying, datable rocks leaves the younger In this paper, we present the results of an analytical study limit for the age of deposition unconstrained. Larsen et applying laser ablation inductively coupled mass spec- al. (2008) regarded the sandstone as a remnant of graben trometry (LAM-ICPMS) and electron microprobe anal- fill that formed during the main rifting stage of the Oslo ysis to detrital zircon in the Brumunddal sandstone. Rift, which is characterized by widespread plateau lavas Data include single-zircon U-Pb ages, Lu-Hf isotope intercalated by continenal deposits. ratios and trace element distribution patterns, which provide new insights into the sources and recycling pat- Through the U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope systems and trace terns of clastic material in Fennoscandia in late Paleozoic element distribution patterns, detrital zircon grains time, and which help to refine the position of the sand- in a sandstone retain a robust memory of the age, stone within the evolutionary history of the Oslo Rift. 2 T. Andersen et al. NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Figure 1 a) Simplified geological map of the southern part of the Rendal graben segment in the Oslo Graben, Norway (after Høy and Bjørlykke 1980). Legend: i: Brumunddal sandstone (Mauset Fm), ii-iv: Permian lavas and volcaniclastic sediments (Bjør- geberg Fm.), v: Bruflat Fm. (Upper Silurian), vi: Ekre shale (Silurian). vii: Pentamerus limestone (lower Silurian), viii: Mjøsa limestone (middle Ordovician), ix: Fluberg Fm (middle Ordovician), x: Cambrian shale and sandstone, xi: Ringsa- ker quartzite (Neoproterozoic). The broken line is an inferred, unexposed fault. b) Main geological features of the Oslo Rift, after Larsen et al. (2008). Legend: SG Skagerrak Graben, VG: Vestfold Graben, AG: Akershus Graben, RG: Rendal Graben. 1: Mesoproterozoic basement, 2: Hedemark Basin (Neoproterozoic). 3: Cam- brian to Silurian sedimentary rocks, 4: Permo-Carboniferous volcanic and sedimentary rocks. 5: Permian intrusive rocks. 6: Central volcanoes (cauldrons), 7: Transfer zones, 8: Brittle faults. The red rectangle marks the position of Fig. 1a. c) The outline of the Oslo Rift system, the preserved parts of the Permian deposits (red and deep purple; after Larsen et al. 2008) and its relation to the tectonostratigraphic units mentioned in the text: Legend: C: Caledonian nappes, H: Hedemark Basin (Neoproterozoic), D: Dala-Trysil basin (Mesoproterozoic). TIB: Transscandinavian Igneous Belt (Late Paleoprotero- zoic). O: Orsa sandstone (Silurian), Ö: Öved sandstone (Silurian). On-shore lower Paleozoic sediments in the Oslo Rift are shown in pale blue. To evaluate the potential of post-Caledonian continental also analysed U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes in detrital zircons sediments outside of the rift area as intermediate reposi- from a sample of the Silurian continental sandstone from tories for detritus in the Brumunddal sandstone, we have Orsa in central Sweden. NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Provenance characteristics of the Brumunddal sandstone in the Oslo Rift 3 Geological background 1a). The fill of the Narud halfgraben is subdivided into two formations, namely a lower 250 m thick volcanic The late Paleozoic Oslo Rift (Fig. 1) encompasses four unit, the (Bjørgeberget formation) of Early Permian age separate graben units. The southernmost unit (the (Sundvoll et al. 1990), and the upper, conformable c.750 Skagerrak Graben) is entirely situated offshore and fea- m thick undated Brumunddal sandstone unit, which has tures a symmetrical geometry. In contrast, the three on- been suggested by Eliassen et al. (in prep.) to be renamed shore units (Vestfold, Akershus and Rendalen grabens) the “Mauset formation” (Fig. 2). are half-grabens of contrasting polarities. The graben units are separated by NNW-SSE- and NNE-SSE-strik- The Bjørgeberg formation rests unconformably on folded ing transfer zones (Fig. 1b). Volcanic rocks and batho- Cambro-Silurian sediments and consists of four rhomb liths dominate the the Vestfold and Akershus grabens, porphyry lava flows (RPx-u; Rosendal 1928), inter- whereas the Rendalen Graben is devoid of batholiths. calated with up to 30m thick, volcanoclastic conglomer- Still, some lava flows exist here, albeit minor in volume ates and sandstones. The conglomerates consist entirely as compared to the southern graben units (Larsen et al. of rhomb porphyry lava clasts while the sandstones 2008). contain 63-65% quartz, 30-32 % feldspar (mostly plagio- clase) and 4-6% lava fragments and hence classify as an The rift evolution can be divided into several distinct arkosic arenite. The volcanoclastic rocks are interpreted stages (Ramberg and Larsen 1978, Neumann et al. 2004, as alluvial fans derived from evolving basin-bounding Larsen et al., 2008). The proto-rift stage is characterized fault escarpments or local highs. Deposition of these fans by alluvial and minor marine deposits of Pennsylvanian took place either in interludes between extrusive activity, age, the Asker Group (Olaussen et al., 1994, Larsen et or represent contemporaneous, lateral variations of the al. 2008). Volcanism during the main rifting stage pro- volcanic-sedimentary sequence (Eliassen et al. in prep.). duced basaltic lava (B1) which form thick sequences in the Vestfold Graben, thinning northwards and to The Mauset formation (informally the Brumunddal sand- zero around Oslo. These lavas are of late Carboniferous stone) is dominated by red and yellow sandstones with to earliest Permian age (300 ± 1Ma, Corfu & Dahlgren subordinate mudstones and carbonates. The rocks of the 2008). Graben subsidence continued and large volumes Mauset formation can be subdivided into three units. of rhomb porphyry lava (latite) and minor basalt erupted The lowermost unit (c. 200 m thick) consists of red sand- through large fissure volcanoes. Also, thick volcanoclas- stone with a mineralogical
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