Zootaxa 3841 (3): 339–363 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3841.3.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FCBA5D0D-AA6B-4CB9-9104-6D682F7A9802

Nomenclatural changes, new country records and range extensions of (Coleoptera, ) from

JENS PRENA1, JIANI YANG2, LI REN1, ZHILIANG WANG1, NING LIU1 & RUNZHI ZHANG1,3 1Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China 2School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Thirteen relatively frequently collected species of baridine weevils from mainland China were mapped to improve our understanding of biogeographic patterns and distributional ranges of Baridinae in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions. This simple case study showed that taxonomists tend to underestimate the spatial scope required in regional investigations and descriptive works often resulting in widespread species being described numerous times. Several apparently uncom- mon species with uncertain relationships, known previously only from moderately high latitudes in the Palaearctic region, showed Oriental affinities. In each region, species may occur over many thousands of kilometers not only in East-West but also in North-South directions. New synonyms are Mimophilus Faust (=Baridiomorphus Voss), Acythopeus inflatiro- stris Vos s (=Acythopeus proximus Voss), albisquama Zaslavskij (=Baris ljaodunensis Zaslavskij), Mimophilus tragicus Faust (=Baridiomorphus conicollis Voss), Moreobaris deplanata (Roelofs) (=Acythopeus patruelis Voss), Baris pilosa Roelofs (=Baris blennus Marshall, =Baris piliventris Zaslavskij, =Baris pygidialis Voss, =Baris suvorovi Reitter), Baris artemisiae (Panzer) (=Baris corvina Voss), Pellobaris melancholica (Roelofs) (=Paracythopeus collaris Voss), Pteridobaris maritima (Roelofs) (=Baris quinquecarinata Zaslavskij) and Ulobaris kuchenbeisseri Hartmann (=Baris pseudospitzyi Zaslavskij, =Baris ussuriensis ussuriensis Zaslavskij, =Baris ussuriensis chinganensis Zaslavskij). New combinations are Athesapeuta gracilis (Voss) (from Eumycterus Schönherr), Athesapeuta inornata (Voss) (from Baris Germar) and Nespilobaris inflatirostris (Voss) (from Acythopeus Pascoe). Baridius vestitus Perris (not Boheman) and Baris pygidialis Hustache (not Voss) are newly recognized primary homonyms. A lectotype is designated for Moreobaris deplanata. Twenty-four species are recorded newly from China.

Key words: weevils, distribution, life history, Palaearctic, Oriental

Introduction

The currently available information on Chinese baridine weevils is scarce and fraught with problems. The French missionary J. P. A. David (1826–1900) apparently was the first to collect specimens in remote parts of China during the 1860s and 70s. A few others were collected somewhat later in exploritory expeditions under N. M. Prževalskij, G. N. Potanin and B. Széchenyi. This and other material from more accessible regions was described by European coleopterists but generally remained poorly known. Baridines from China did not enter the scientific literature before Deyrolle & Fairmaire (1878). In the 20th Century, E. Voss was the most prolific student of the group in the region and described a total of 28 species (Voss 1932, 1934, 1937, 1939, 1941, 1953, 1956, 1958). Numerous of his specimens were collected in the (Fujian Province) in 1937/38 by J. Klapperich and 1946 by Tschung Sen, while those of his early papers came from various European collections, such as Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt and the G. Frey Collection. Voss rarely provided meaningful comparisons with already described species so the identities of his species often remained unknown. Moreover, the type material retained by him and Klapperich is difficult to find or has been destroyed. Voss lost his first collection by bombing in April 1945

Accepted by R. Anderson: 12 Jun. 2014; published: 28 Jul. 2014 339 (E. Voss, in litt. to A. Howden) while numerous paratypes he retained afterward were reported missing when his second collection came to Hamburg (Weidner 1976, 1979). Klapperich dispersed much of his private collection after he left the Koenig Museum Bonn in 1952 (Lucht 1988) and the weevil types were no longer in his possession when he died in 1987 (W. Schawaller, in litt.). A very useful recent publication by Ulmen et al. (2010) documents the types presently housed at the Koenig Museum but there is still no complete overview about other repositories. Our own search revealed that apparently all missing Chinese weevil types of the Klapperich Collection went to Stockholm. These problems are aggravated further by the still prevailing lack of biological and distributional data on Asian weevils in general. Even many modern studies fail to integrate regionally obtained results with existing published information, admittedly a difficult task given the vast size of the continent and the complexity of many taxonomic problems. Isolated descriptions have led to species name proliferation especially when species are widespread, and it can be extremely challenging to untangle a taxonomically unwieldy group that lacks adequate biogeographic information. In the present study, we provide an overview of some widespread and relatively frequently collected species from mainland China. Our rationale is that these examples will give some guidance on the regional scope needed in future studies of this group. They also may be useful in the planning of fieldwork that targets other, less well-known species.

Material and methods

The study is based primarily on the weevil collection housed in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. Most specimens were collected during the past 50 years, but some date back as far as the late 1910s. Also included is material of the Chinese-Russian expeditions to Yunnan in 1955–57. To this we added data from the literature and major museum collections as indicated under each species. All records were databased and geographic coordinates of collecting sites were determined mostly by the second author with GoogleEarth. In the next step, distributions were explored with GoogleEarth and species with significantly extended ranges were selected for this study. A few were excluded because of ongoing revisions (i.e., Limnobaris Bedel, Malvaevora Zaslavskij and Parallelodemas Faust by the present authors, Anthinobaris Morimoto & Yoshihara by S. Davis & H. Kojima). The maps presented in this paper were generated with PanMap and the GTOPO30 data set of the US Geological Survey, EROS data center (Pangea.de). The boundary between the Palaearctic and Oriental regions was taken from Hoffmann (2001) and depicts the southern limit of his transitional zone. Other biogeographers placed this boundary further south (e.g., Udvardy 1975) or north (e.g., Chen et al. 2008), but this generally does not conflict with the conclusions made in our study. The following codens are used to refer to collections in the text:

AKMB Alexander Koenig Museum, Bonn, Germany; BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; EAGM Ecole d’Agriculture, Montpellier, France; HBU Hebei University Entomological Collection, Hebei, China; HNHM Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest; INHS Illinois State Natural History Survey, Champaign, U.S.A.; IZCAS Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; KEIU Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; KUEC Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; MNHN Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; MSNG Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria”, Genoa, Italy; NHMB Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland; NHRS Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden; NKMB Naturkundemuseum, Berlin, Germany; RBINS Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; SDEI Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany; SFFM Senckenberg Naturforschendes Museum, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; SNMC Slovenské Národné Muzeum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic;

340 · Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press PRENA ET AL. SNSD Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen, Dresden, Germany; USNM Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., U.S.A.; UUZM Uppsala University, Sweden; ZAFU Zhejiang A & F University, Zhejiang, China; ZIN Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; ZSM Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany.

We made an effort to locate and document type material, but many syntypes are dispersed and more may be found elsewhere.

Results

Our collection-based survey indicates that at least 160 species of baridine weevils occur in China. Many are represented in collections by only a few specimens, but there is already good coverage of the entire country. We selected thirteen relatively commonly found species from this material and document them in greater detail in the following section. New country records are given in the second section.

Acythogaster babaulti (Hustache) (Figs. 1, 17)

Acythopeus babaulti Hustache 1928: 17. Four syntypes from Bajaura, Himachal Pradesh, India (MNHN, SNSD); one examined. Transferred to Acythogaster by Heller (1940).

Diagnosis. The flat, triangularly projected elytral apices (Fig. 1) are diagnostic for A. babaulti and this was the chief reason why Heller (1940) placed this species in a separate genus. In all other respects, it is a typical member of the diverse, cucurbit-associated Acythopeus Pascoe complex. Distribution. The species has been known from India, Vietnam and Hong Kong (Hustache 1928; Heller 1940; Morimoto & Yoshiha 1996). It is reported here for the first time from the Chinese administrative areas of Tibet, Xinjiang and Yunnan (Fig. 17). All collections but one are from the Oriental region. Biology. Unknown. Material examined. CHINA. Tibet: Motuo, Xizang, 28.vii.1977 (IZCAS 1); Yayang, Mêdog town, 19.viii.2006 (IZCAS 4). Yunnan: Jingdong, Pu'er, 25.v.1956 (ZIN 1); Menghun, Xishuangbanna, 31.v.1958, 9.vi.1958 (IZCAS 2); Meng'a, Xishuangbanna, 16.viii.1958 (IZCAS 1); Mengla, Xishuangbanna, 24.v.1959 (IZCAS 3); Xiaomengyang, Xishuangbanna, 25.x.1957 (IZCAS 2). Xinjiang: Wushi, 15.vi.1957, 25.x.1957 (IZCAS 2). VIETNAM. Thanh Hoa: Phuc-Son (DEIC 1, SNSD 1). “Tonkin”: 30.iii.1937 (IZCAS 2), without date (SNSD 2).

Athesapeuta albisquama (Zaslavskij), new combination (Figs. 2, 18)

Baris albisquama Zaslavskij 1956: 349. Two syntypes from Beijing, China (ZIM); examined. Erroneously placed in Anthinobaris by Prena (2011). Baris ljaodunensis Zaslavskij 1956: 350. Holotype from Sju-Ian [Suqian], Ljaodun [Laodun], China (ZIM); examined. Erroneously placed in Anthinobaris by Prena (2011). New synonymy.

Diagnosis. Athesapeuta Faust includes species with a long first desmomere, relatively smooth and slender rostrum, large pygidium without transverse carina, porrect mandibles and thick sclerite in the internal sac. Athesapeuta albisquama is 3.9–5.5 mm long and may be recognized by the color pattern, in particular the bare rhombic fleck on the elytral disk (Fig. 2). However, the genus has many morphologically similar species in this size range and needs revision. The similar Athesapeuta inornata (Voss) comb. n. (here transferred from Baris Germar) is smaller and occurs in Yunnan.

BARIDINAE FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 341 FIGURES 1–4. Dorsal and lateral habitus images. 1, Acythogaster babaulti, 4.1 mm, Medog (Tibet). 2, Athesapeuta albisquama, 3.9 mm, Beijing. 3, Baris artemisiae, 3.6 mm, Beijing. 4, Baris pilosa, 3.8 mm, Yalujiang (Heilongjiang).

342 · Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press PRENA ET AL. Distribution. The species is known from the Chinese administrative areas of Beijing, Guangxi, Ljaodun and Shanxi (Fig. 18). Notes. Baris albisquama and B. ljaodunensis were described based on subtle differences in vestiture, which do not hold when more material is included. Their distinctness was already questioned by Zaslavskij (1956). We transfer the species to Athesapeuta Faust based on Morimoto & Yoshihara (1996) and the characteristic endophallic sclerite. Zena Pascoe is likely to be a senior synonym of Athesapeuta but we have not seen the type species, Z. cynethioides Pascoe. Biology. The life history of A. albisquama is unknown. The closely related A. oryzae Marshall has been reported as a “serious pest of rice” (Marshall 1916), but pest status and host association have not been confirmed by other sources. Pajni (1989) reported A. vinculata Faust, another closely related species, from rice. We observed the latter species in a rice field and, in large numbers, on Cyperus in adjacent wasteland but did not find the larvae. The only confirmed plant associations for species of Athesapeuta are sedges: Cyperus for Athesapeuta cyperi Marshall, Carex for A. amoena Voss and A. gracilis (Voss) comb. n. (here transferred from Eumycterus), and an unidentified sedge for A. ulvae Zimmerman (Marshall 1928; Zimmerman 1942; J. Prena, unpubl. data). Material examined. CHINA. Beijing: Beijing, VIII/1907 (ZIN 2). Guanxi: Yangshuo, Guilin, 14.vii.1992 (IZCAS 1). Ljaodun: Suqian, 3.–4.vii.1901 (ZIN 1). Shanxi: Taibaishan National Forest Park, 30.v.1952 (IZCAS 1); Wugong, Xianyang, 1960s (IZCAS 2).

Baris artemisiae (Panzer) (Figs. 3, 17)

Curculio artemisiae Panzer 1794: 10. Lectotype male (designated by Prena 2008), Braunschweig, Germany (NKMB); examined. Transferred to Baris by Germar (1824). Curculio artemisiae Herbst 1795: 101 (not Panzer 1794). Lectotype objective synonym of C. artemisiae Panzer (designated by Prena 2008). Rhynchaenus absinthii Lepeletier & Serville 1825: 296. Probably based on contemporary opinion and not on type material. Synonymized with B. artemisiae by Prena (2011). Baridius rufitarsis Motschulsky 1860: 157. Syntypes from Russian Far East without precise locality (ZIN). Synonymized with B. artemisae by Faust (1881) [verified by B. Korotyaev, May 2013, in litt.]. Baris corvina Voss 1934: 80. Holotype not located and here considered as destroyed, described from “Sko-Trin” in Manchuria. Interpretation of species based on description and specimen in SDEI identified by Voss (see notes below). New synonymy.

Diagnosis. Baris artemisiae is a non-descript, black, elongate species (Fig. 3) that is the type species for Baris Germar, a diverse complex of currently 476 nominal species. Hong et al. (2011) considered the Artemisia- associated Baris ezoana Kôno as distinct from B. artemisiae, because the male has different genitalia and a more deeply depressed first ventrite, but they had very little material for comparison. Several similar but undescribed species are in CAS and ZAFU but their host plants are unknown. The genus will need considerable work before the various species can be separated with confidence. East Asian B. artemisiae usually are not as black as European specimens. Distribution. This species is widespread in the temperate and subtropical zones of Europe and Asia (Prena 2011) and extends over a range of ca. 11000 km. It is reported here for the first time from Mongolia. In China, B. artemisiae has been found in Beijing, , Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi and Xinjiang (Fig. 17). Notes. The type of Baris corvina Voss could not be located and might have been destroyed with Voss’ private collection in April 1945. The detailed but uninformative description does not reveal the identity of this species. One specimen (SDEI) from “Erzendjanzsy” [=Yuquan, Heilongjiang] identified by Voss around 1941 as B. corvina is B. artemisiae. At that time, the type of B. corvina probably was still in his collection and available for direct comparison. Voss (1934) speculated about a possible similarity to B. auliensis Reitter (an unrecognized synonym of another Artemisia-associated Baris species that obviously was unknown to him), and a neotype should be designated in a future revision of this difficult species group. Biology. The weevil appears on Artemisia species (Asteraceae) in late May to June, in Europe usually on A. vulgaris, in China on an unidentified species. Eggs are laid in the lower stem, from where the larva bores down to the root to pupate. Adults feed on stem and foliage (Perris 1877; Scherf 1964). Hoffmann (1955) claimed the species has two generations per year but this seems doubtful.

BARIDINAE FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 343 Material examined. CHINA. Beijing: numerous sites, 29.v.1948, 11.vii.1950, 6.vi.2008 (2x) (IZCAS 4). Guizhou: Kuankuoshui Natural Reserve, Suiyang, 3.vi.2010 (IZCAS 1); Xishui Sanchahe, 29.v.2000 (IZCAS 1). Hebei: Little Wutai Mountain, Beitai, 12.–16.vii.1964 (IZCAS 3); Little Wutai Mountain, Nantai, 5.vii.1964 (IZCAS 1); Wulin Mountain, 4.vi.1981 (IZCAS 1); Yudaokou, Weichang, 13.vi.2004 (IZCAS 1); Yuxian, Zhangjiakou, 23.vi.2009 (HBU 1). Heilongjiang: Dabaishu, Daxing'anling, 18.vii.1970 (IZCAS 1); Helan Mountain, Haerbin, 18.vi.1944 (IZCAS 1); Hulin, 12.–14.vi.1971 (IZCAS 3); Mao'er Mountain, 8.–11.vi.1941 (IZCAS 2); Wumin River, Yichun, 29.v.1950 (IZCAS 1); Yuquan, Acheng, 23.vi.1940 (SDEI 1), 15.vi.1941 (IZCAS 4). Henan: Taiping Town, Xishan, 17.vii.1998 (IZCAS 1). Jilin: Changbai Shan, Dongwo, 9.vi.2013 (IZCAS 1). Liaoning: Changtu Quantou, 13.vi.1963 (IZCAS 1); Tongyuanbao, Fenghuang City, VI/1963 (IZCAS 1). Shandong: Yao Village, Taian, 7.vi.1979 (IZCAS 1). Shaanxi: Houzhenzi, Qinling, 2.v.2008 (IZCAS 1); Luyashan National Natural Protection Area, 2.vii.2011 (HBU 1); Shangshawo, Foping, Qinling, 5.vii.2008 (IZCAS 1); Wutai Moutain, Zhenhai Temple, 10.vi.1964 (IZCAS 1). Xinjiang: Azubai, Aletai, 6.viii.1960 (IZCAS 1); Ertai, Qinghe, 30.vi.1960, 2.vii.1960 (2x) (IZCAS 3); Kuitun, 5.vi.2001 (IZCAS 1); Ulanbuy, Urumqi, 2.vi.1957 (IZCAS 1). JAPAN: Hokaido Pref.: Misumai, Sapporo, 30.vi.1989 (JPPC 1). Niigata Pref.: Teradomari, 21.v.1996 (JPPC 1). MONGOLIA. Bugat, 6.vii.1960 (IZCAS 1); Tereldsch, Chentej Mts., 9.vi.1979 (MNKB 2); Jarantaj, 40 km W Bulgan, 3.vii.1964 (MNKB 1). RUSSIA. Amurskaya Oblast: Kundur, 1.–10.vii.1991 (MNKB 2). Chitinskaya Oblast: Urljuk 30 km NW, 16.vii.1983 (NKMB 1). Irkutskaya Oblast: Irkutsk, 16.vi.1983 (MNKB 1), 7.vii.1989 (JPPC 3). Novosibirskaya Oblast: Bugotak, Toguchin District, 6.vii.1960 (IZCAS 1). Primorsky Kraj: Ussuriysk, 3.–14.vii.1993 (NKMB 3). Sakha: Yakutsk, 4.–6.vi.1905 (MNKB 1). SOUTH KOREA. Incheon (MNKB 1).

Baris pilosa Roelofs (Figs. 4, 19)

Baris pilosa Roelofs 1875: 182. Two syntypes from Japan without precise locality (BMNH, RBINS); not examined. Baris suvorovi Reitter 1910: 201. Two syntypes from Transbaikal (HNHM); examined. Transferred with doubt to Pharcidobaris by Zherikhin (1997). New synonymy. Baris pygidialis Voss 1937: 271 (not Hustache 1951). Holotype, sex not determined, Yunling Mountains, Sichuan (SFFM); examined. New synonymy. Baris blennus Marshall 1948: 458. Sixteen syntypes from Kambaiti, Myanmar (BMNH, NHRS); six examined. New synonymy. Baris piliventris Zaslavskij 1956: 366. Holotype female, Kamen'-Rybolov, Khanka Lake, Primorsky Kraj, Russia (ZIN); examined. Transferred to Pharcidobaris by Legalov (2010). New synonymy.

Diagnosis. Baris pilosa has a sexually dimorphic pygidium, a coarsely punctate pronotum and widely spaced squamiform setae on odd-numbered interstriae. Specimens with reduced vestiture, known under the names B. menthae in Japan and B. shaowuensis in China, are maintained here provisionally as distinct; the former with considerable doubt. Notes. The species is widespread in E Asia. The nominal population from Japan appears indistinguishable from specimens of the Asian mainland except for subtle differences in vestiture. Reitter (1910), Voss (1937), Marshall (1948) and Zaslavskij (1956) named the species without adequate comparison to material from other regions. The name B. piliventris has been applied to small, slightly reddish individuals sporadically found in the northern range. The generic placement of the Baris pilosa complex is unresolved. We do not recognize any closely related species in the Holarctic region, even though many occur there on the same plant family. Baris pilosa ranges into the Oriental region and more research is needed to determine whether its sister group occurs in the Palaeotropics or in the New World. The tentative transfer of Baris suvorovi to Pharcidobaris by Zherikhin (1997) is unconvincing and we maintain its senior synonym provisionally in Baris sensu lato. Species of Pharcidobaris are associated with Cucurbitaceae (J. Prena & Wang Z., unpubl. data) and appear more closely related to the “Athesapeuta” sculpticollis Voss complex than to “Baris” pilosa. Distribution. The species is known from China (Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan), Japan, Myanmar, North Korea, Russia, South Korea and Vietnam (Fig. 19). Biology. Baris pilosa and the nearly glabrous B. menthae are stem-borers of Mentha arvensis (Lamiaceae) in

344 · Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press PRENA ET AL. Japan (Kôno 1937). Adult weevils have been collected also from Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae) in Japan and South Korea (Morimoto 1984; Hong et al. 2000, 2011). Host associations in China are unknown. Material examined. CHINA. Beijing: Badaling, 20.vi.1963 (IZCAS 1). Chongqing: Jinfo Mountain, Nanchuan, 13.vi.2010 (IZCAS 1). Fujian: Chong'an Xincun, 25.vii.1945, 14.v.1960, 19.v.1960, 25.v.1960, 30.vi.1960, 18.vii.1960, 10.viii.1960 (IZCAS 7). Guizhou: Leigong Mountain, Fangxiang Village, Leishan, 6.iv.2005 (IZCAS 1). Hebei: Wulingshan, Xinglong, 5.vii.1963 (IZCAS 3). Heilongjiang: Mao'er Mountain, 8.vi.1941 (IZCAS 1); Yalujiang, 13.vii.1941 (IZCAS 1); Yuquan, Acheng, 15.vi.1941 (IZCAS 1). Henan: Little Wutai Mountain, Jingangtai, Shang City, 22.vii.2005 (IZCAS 1); Little Wutai Mountain, Wangwushan, Jiyuan, 29.vii.2003 (IZCAS 1); Sanhuang Stockaded Village, , 17.vii.2002 (IZCAS 1); Shaolin Temple, Gao Village, 16.vii.2002 (IZCAS 1); Wulin Mountain, Shaolin Temple, Dengfeng, 17.vii.2002 (IZCAS 1). Hubei: Longmen River, Xing Mountain, 11.v.1994 (IZCAS 1). Jiangxi: Little Wutai Mountain (IZCAS 2). Liaoning: Anshan, Qiantou, 9.vi.1963 (IZCAS 1); Changtu, Qiantou, 14.-15.vi.1963 (IZCAS 4). Shandong: Yao Village, Taian, 7.vi.1979 (IZCAS 1). Shanxi: Little Wutai Mountain, Linxian, 22.vii.2003 (IZCAS 1). Sichuan: Yonghong Village, Mabian, 22.vii.2004 (IZCAS 1); Yunling Mountains (SFFM 1). Tibet: Mêdog, 22.viii.2006 (IZCAS 1). Yunnan: Mao'er Mountain, Meng Hun, Xishuangbanna, 18.v.1958 (IZCAS 1); Mao'er Mountain, Shibali, Lishadi Town, 8.–10.viii.2005 (IZCAS 2); Tacheng, Diqing, 7.viii.2008 (HBU 1). JAPAN. Ranzan Town, Sugaya, Saitama Pref., 10.vi.1997 (JPPC 1). MYANMAR. Kachin: Kan Pai Ti, 15.–24.v.1934 (BMNH 6). RUSSIA. Primorsky Kraj: Kamen'-Rybolov, 28.vi.1908 (ZIN 1); Tumen River, 30.vii.1913 (ZIN 1); Vladivostok (SNSD 1). VIETNAM. Hoa Binh: Dabac, 18.x.1990 (ZIN 1).

Cosmobaris scolopacea (Germar) (Figs. 5–8, 20)

Baris scolopacea Germar 1819: 132. Holotype from Hungary without specified collecting site (repository unknown). Transferred to Baridius by Schönherr (1836), to Aulobaris by Heyden et al. (1883), to Cosmobaris by Casey (1920), to Melaleucus by Legalov et al. (2010), to Baris by Ramesha & Ramamurthy (2012). Baridius coloratus Boheman [in Schönherr] 1836: 700. Holotype from E shore of Caspean Sea, Kazakhstan or Turkmenistan (NHRS); examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Germar (1842). Baridius pallidicornis Boheman [in Schönherr] 1836: 702. Holotype from Tauria [Crimea], Ukraine (NHRS); examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Heyden et al. (1906). Baridius parvulus Boheman [in Schönherr] 1836: 701. Holotype from Kislar [Kizlyar in Dagestan], Russia (NHRS); examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Germar (1842). Baridius vestitus Perris 1858: 143 [not Bohemann 1836: 718]. Syntypes from Arcachon and Cape Ferret, France (EAGM?); not examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Stein (1868). New homonymy. Baris orientalis Roelofs 1875: 184. Syntypes from Japan and Hong Kong (BMNH, RBINS); not examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Prena (2011). Cosmobaris americana Casey 1920: 344: Syntypes from Rhode Island and Pennsylvania (USNM); examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Gilbert (1964) [overlooked or not accepted by subsequent authors] and by Prena (2011). Baridius carnerii Pic 1922: 30. Syntypes from Mex [Al Maks], Egypt (MNHN, NHMB, USNM); two examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Hustache (1932). Baris lebedevi Roubal 1929: 56. Two syntypes from Čardžui [Türkmenabat], Turkmenistan (SNMC); not examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Prena (2011). Cosmobaris sionilli Hayes 1936: 28. Holotype male, Starved Rock, Illinois, U.S.A. (INHS); not examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Gilbert (1964). Cosmobaris squamiger Hayes 1936: 27. Holotype male, Hardin, Illinois, U.S.A. (INHS); not examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Gilbert (1964). Baris borkhsenii Zaslavskij 1956: 357. Holotype male, near “Tepsju”, Bukcheong County, North Korea (ZIN); not examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Prena (2011) and with B. orientalis by Hong et al. (2011).

Diagnosis. Cosmobaris scolopacea is understood here as a phenotypically plastic taxon (see notes below). Conspicuous vestiture and slender gestalt (Fig. 5–8) are helpful for recognition, but attention should be paid to an undescribed allopatric species in Yunnan and the somewhat stouter C. discolor (Boheman) from Africa, Asia minor, Australia (introduced) and Cyprus. Very small specimens can be disproportionately more slender and usually have uniform vestiture. Some Smicronyx have a similar scale pattern but smaller mesepimera, basally connate claws and ventrites with straight sutures.

BARIDINAE FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 345 FIGURES 5–8. Dorsal and lateral habitus images of regional populations of Cosmobaris scolopacea. 5, Beijing, 3.2 mm. 6, Beijing, 2.9 mm. 7, Beijing, 2.8 mm. 8, Kuitun (Xinjiang), 3.3 mm.

346 · Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press PRENA ET AL. Distribution. The species complex occurs from the Iberian Peninsula to Japan and has a continuous range throughout N China (Fig. 20). In North America, it was introduced to Pennsylvania in the 1880s (Casey 1892) and to California in the late 1930s (Van Dyke 1950). The two introduced populations dispersed rapidly, merged in the 1960s or 70s at the latest and reached Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Québec in Canada (McNamara 1991; Webster et al. 2012). Notes. We retain this species in Cosmobaris and ignore the unexplained placements in Melaleucus Chevrolat by Legalov et al. (2010) and Baris Germar by Ramesha & Ramamurthy (2012). An amalgamation with Melaleucus is partially justified and, in fact, was implicitly made in the original description of Cosmobaris, but Melaleucus in the sense of Legalov et al. (2010) is polyphyletic. Cristofaro et al. (2013) found evidence for genetically distinct subpopulations in the C. scolopacea complex, in particular that specimens from the American E and W coasts (known as C. americana) are genetically identical to each other but different from S European and Central Asian specimens. Their material did not include specimens from E Asia, which usually are recognized as C. orientalis (Roelofs), so the relationship of the latter to the nominotypical European form and the enigmatic American invader remained unknown. Authors have justified the validity of C. orientalis with allopatry and differences in vestiture (e.g., Hong et al. 2011), but vestiture is affected by temperature and humidity during metamorphosis and allopatry is not confirmed by our data (Fig. 20). Our preliminary analysis of specimens from Beijing and Jiangsu showed that their cox1 barcode region agrees with that of American specimens (M.-C. Bon, in litt.), thus providing evidence for an Asian origin of the 1880s and 1930s incursions to the United States. However, a comprehensive comparison of representative material from the entire range is needed to determine the names, ranks, distributions as well as morphological, biological and genetic differences of the various subpopulations. Biology. Adults weevils have been found on numerous Amaranthaceae, such as Achyranthes japonica, Amaranthus cannabinus, A. hybridus, A. retroflexus (all Amaranthoideae), Beta vulgaris, B. cicla (Betoideae), Atriplex halimus, A. thunbergiifolia, Chenopodium album, Halimione portulacoides (all Chenopodioideae), Kali collina, K. tragus and K. turgida (Salsoloideae). Several eggs are laid in the stem around July/August. The conspicuously yellow larva overwinters in the root and pupates therein in late spring (Hustache 1932; Gilbert 1964; Scherf 1964; Nikulina 2000). The weedy nature of the rapidly spreading C. album might have contributed to the wide dispersal of the weevil. Material examined. CHINA. Beijing: numerous sites, 13.vii.1958, 5.vi.1963 (2x), 27.vi.1963, 8.vii.1963 (2x), 1.viii.1963, 23.v.1964, 22.vii.1964 (2x), 20.–22.viii.1964 (2x), 12.v.1980 (75x), 7.vii.1980 (2x), 2.viii.1980, 15.vi.2008, 23.v.2010 (2x), 8.vii.2013 (5x), 21.viii.2013 (numerous larvae) (IZCAS 98). Fujian: Huangkeng, Jianyang, 21.vi.1960 (IZCAS 1); Kuiqi, Fuzhou, 8.iii.1960 (IZCAS 1). Gansu: Baitashan, Lanzhou, 17.vi.1962 (IZCAS 1); Gaolan, 4.vii.1951 (IZCAS 1); Jiuquan, 25.vii.1962 (IZCAS 1). Heilongjiang: Haerbin, 2.vii.1950 (IZCAS 1). Inner Mongolia: Huerhaote, 17.vii.1961 (IZCAS 1), 13.v.1995 (USNM 9); Pishan oil factory, 8.vi.1959 (IZCAS 1); Zhongtan, 11.vi.1960 (IZCAS 1). Jiangsu: Yinjiang bridge, Jiangdu Distr., Yangzhou, 6.viii.2013 (KEIU 2). Jilin: Xinlitun, Liuhe, 8.viii.2013 (KEIU 1); Shaanxi: Changmaotan, Yulin Dingbian, 10.vi.1987 (IZCAS 1); Laoxiancheng, Zhouzhi, Qinling, 2.vi.2008, 27.vi.2008 (IZCAS 2). Sichuan: Ganjiachao, 5.vii.191984 (IZCAS 1). Xinjiang: Anningqu, Urumchi, 19.vii.2005 (IZCAS 4); Dasixiang, Shache, 20.vii.1987 (IZCAS 1); Front Desert, Shihui Yao, 25.vii.2006 (IZCAS 2); Fukanglin, Hui Pref., 22.vii.2005 (IZCAS 1); Jingtian, Talimu, 20.vii.2005 (IZCAS 2); Kuitun, Ili Kazakh Pref., 3.vii.1998 (IZCAS 2); Lingyuanxi, Wulumuqi, 18.viii.2005 (IZCAS 1); Qixiaxi, Asuke, 22.vii.1959 (IZCAS 1); Shihezi, 20.vii.2005 (IZCAS 3); Tacheng, 10.ix.1960 (IZCAS 1); Xinhe, Asuke, 4.vii.2001 (IZCAS 1); Uygur, Changji, 21.–27.viii.1958 (IZCAS 10); Uygur, Wujiaqu, 20.vii.2005 (IZCAS 10). Zhejiang: Fengyang Mountain, Lanju Luao Village, 30.vii.2008 (IZCAS 1); Jincheng town, Gongchen Mtn., Lin'an City, 6.viii.2012 (IZCAS 1). KAZAKHSTAN. Almaty, Sugatinski Valley, VII/1965 (USNM 9). RUSSIA. Novosibirskaya Oblast: Karasuk, 28.vi.1998 (USNM 1). TAJIKISTAN. Tigrovaja Balka Reserve, lower Vakhsh (USNM 3). UZBEKISTAN. Karakalpak, Kakta Kupir, 30.vi.1965 (USNM 2); Karakalpak, Nukus-Chimbai, 19.vi.1965 (USNM 4); N Bukhara, 14.vi.1965 (USNM 2).

BARIDINAE FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 347 Mimophilus tragicus Faust (Figs. 9, 21)

Mimophilus tragicus Faust 1894: 312. Syntypes from Carin Cheba [Karen Hills], Myanmar (BMNH, MSNG, SFFM, SNSD); six examined. Baridiomorphus conicollis Voss 1965: 110. Holotype from “India or.” (NHRS); not examined, see notes below. New synonymy.

Diagnosis. The two known species of Mimophilus are relatively easy to recognize because of large size, elongate shape and color pattern (Fig. 9). Males have dentate metafemora and larger ventrodistal tibial spines than females, whereas this sexual dimorphism is unknown in species of similar genera, such as Anthinobaris Morimoto & Yoshihara. Other useful diagnostic characters are basally subconnate claws and straight cutting edge of the mandible. Mimophilus tragicus differs from M. personatus Faust by less conspicuous vestiture and smaller male protibial spine (Faust 1894). It should be noted that M. personatus is known only from a few specimens collected in Myanmar (Faust 1894), India (Pajni 1989) and Thailand (JPPC), and the above mentioned morphological differences need further study and confirmation. Notes. Voss (1965) described Baridiomorphus conicollis based on a single specimen standing in the NHRS under Faust’s manuscript name “Barinomorphus conicollis”. The genus name had been used meanwhile by Morimoto (1962), therefore the change to Baridiomorphus. We have not examined this specimen, but the description matches perfectly a specimen with the original manuscript name in the Faust Collection (SNSD), except that it has seven rather than six desmomeres as claimed by Voss. However, such a miscount occurred already in Pertorcus Voss (Prena et al. 2014). Baridiomorphus conicollis is a new synonym of Mimophilus tragicus, and Baridiomorphus a new synonym of Mimophilus. Distribution. The species has been known from Myanmar (Faust 1894) and is reported here for the first time from S China (Guangxi, Yunnan), NE India, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam (Fig. 21). Biology. We observed specimens climbing and mating on culms of the tall grass Thysanolaena latifolia (Poaceae) in late September 2013 but did not find larvae or their galleries. Material examined. CHINA. Guangxi: Beidou, Napo, 22.vi.2000 (IZCAS 1); Damingshan Protected Area, Hanjiang, Nanning, 24.v.2011 (IZCAS 1); Fangcheng, Fulong, 24.viii.1998 (IZCAS 1); Fangcheng, Tongzhong Village, 5.vii.2000 (IZCAS 3); Hongqi Forestry Center, Shangsi, 29.v.1999 (IZCAS 1). Yunnan: Bulang, Menghai, 28.iv.2011 (IZCAS 1); Caiyanghe, Simao, Pu'er, 28.vii.2007 (HBU 1); Cheli, 22.iv.1957, 27.iv.1957 (ZIN 2); Jinxiu, Yonghe, 12.v.1999 (IZCAS 1); Longling, Baoshan, 19.v.1955 (IZCAS 1); Luxi, 5.v.1980 (IZCAS 1); Jingdong, Pu'er, 31.v.1956 (ZIN 2), 5.viii.2006 (HBU 1); Jinggu, 13.v.1957 (ZIN 1); Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, 2.viii.2006 (HBU 1); Nabanhe Nature Reserve, Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, 20.vi.2012 (IZCAS 1); Menga, Xishuangbanna, 2.v.1958 (21x), 8.viii.1958 (IZCAS 22); Menghun, Xishuangbanna, 9.v.1958 (IZCAS 13); Mengla, Xishuangbanna, 24.v.1959 (IZCAS 5); Longyindai, Xishuangbanna, 19.ix.2013 (IZCAS 1); Mengliang, Jinggu, Pu'er, 3.v.1957 (ZIN 1); Menglunzhen, Mengla, Xishuangbanna, 8.viii.2007 (HBU 1); Mengsong, Xishuangbanna, 24.iv.1958 (IZCAS 2); Mengzhe, Xishuangbanna, 4.vi.1958 (IZCAS 2); Simao, Pu'er, 23.v.1957 (ZIN 1); Tongbiguan, Yingjiang, Dehong, 15.v.2009 (ZAFU 2); Xishuangbanna, Jinghong, 25.vi.1958 (IZCAS 1). INDIA. Assam: without site (MNKB 1). Meghalaya: Khasi Hills (SNSD 1); West Garo Hill region, TURA, 29.v.1996 (JPPC 5). LAOS. Houa Phan: Ban Saluei to Phou Pane Mt., 10.v.–16.vi.2009 (NHMB 1). Louang Namtha: 20 km NW Louang Namtha, 5.v.1997 (JPPC 15). Phongsaly: Phongsaly, 28.v.–20.vi.2003 (NHMB 2). Xieng Khouang: Ban Na Lam to Phou Sane Mt., 30 km NE Phonsavan, 10.v.–30.v.2009 (NHMB 4); Phonsavan to Phu Padaeng, 30.–31.v.2009 (NHMB 5). MYANMAR. Kaya, Kayin or Sha: Carin Cheba [Karen Hills], 900–1100 m, V XII/1888 (SFFM 2, SNSD 4). THAILAND. Nan: Nan, IX/X.1992 (JPPC 2). Phetchaburi: Kaeng Krachan N. P., 30.vii.–5.viii.1996 (ZIN 1). VIETNAM. Vinh Phuc: Tam Dao N. P., 13.–27.vi.2011 (JPPC 2). “Tonkin”: Manson Mts. (NKMB 1, SNSD 1).

Moreobaris deplanata (Roelofs) (Figs. 10, 22)

Baris deplanata Roelofs 1875: 183. Lectotype female, designated here, Japan without precise locality, Roelofs Collection

348 · Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press PRENA ET AL. (RBINS). Transferred from Baris to Moreobaris by Morimoto & Yoshihara (1996). Acythopeus patruelis Voss 1958: 84. Holotype Kuatun [Guadun], Fujian, China (NHRS); not examined, ID based on description and PT in AKMB. New synonymy.

Diagnosis. Moreobaris deplanata is small (2.8–4.0 mm), dark brown to black and relatively inconspicuous. Species of Moreobaris generally have a basally slightly constricted profemur (like Nespilobaris), a characteristically grooved prosternum, a curved rostrum without a basal hump and the thoracic sterna form an almost continuous plane. These generic characters are not always readily visible in small species, such as M. deplanata, but almost all males in this genus have conspicuous folds, tubercles or spines immediately in front of the procoxae. The genus is relatively diverse and several described species are currently placed in Baris and Acythopeus. A few other small species occur in the subtropical zones of the Asian mainland but have a much shorter rostrum than M. deplanata. Morimoto & Miyakawa (1985) recognized two very similar species in Japan. Notes. We received three syntypes from the Roelofs Collection (RBINS) and designated the one with attached identification label as lectoype. The other two are Pellobaris melancholica (Roelofs) and Moreobaris cf. repandirostris (Zaslavskij). Further syntypes of the Lewis Collection are in the BMNH. Two R. Hiller specimens in the NKMB are Psilarthroides czerskyi (Zaslavskij) but probably not syntypes. Voss (1958) described Acythopeus patruelis from Fujian without comparing it to material from other regions. The specimens from Japan and the Asian mainland are morphologically identical and placed here in synonymy. Distribution. The species has been reported from Japan (Roelofs 1875), the Korean Peninsula (Nakayama 1929) and China (Chu & Sung 1935). We have seen specimens from the Chinese administrative areas of Fujian, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Zhejiang. Biology. Moreobaris deplanata is associated with Morus alba and M. australis (Moraceae). Eggs are laid under the cork layer of branches in March/April, when the temperature rises above 15 °C. The larva feeds on cambium and pupates after ca. six weeks. Newly eclosed adults remain either in their pupal cell or overwinter under plant debris. The weevil feeds on buds, leaf petioles and new growth, and it is considered a major pest in E Asia (Paik & Paik 1976; Hill 1987; Zhen et al. 1990). Material examined. CHINA. Fujian: Guadun, 5.vi.1937, 7.iv.1938 (AKMB 2). Jiangsu: Fengxian, 1.vi.1983 (IZCAS 2); Nanjing, 1934 (IZCAS 1); Tan-Yang, 7.v.1919 (IZCAS 1); Shanghai, 28.iv.1937 (AKMB 1); Shanghai, no date (IZCAS 1). Sichuan: Luding, Ganzi, vii.2009 (IZCAS 1). Zhejiang: Agricultural University Hangzhou, 1.viii.1973 (IZCAS 8); Linhai, 1.iv.1988 (IZCAS 54); Qiliting,Tianmushuyuan, 29.vi.2006 (IZCAS 1); West Tianmu Moutains, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 20.vii.1998 (IZCAS 1), 19.vi.2012 (ZAFU 2); Zhenjiang City, Institute of Sericulture, X/1988 (IZCAS 9). JAPAN. Ishiuawa Pref., Ichiose Makusan, 7.viii.1973 (IZCAS 1); Kochi Pref., 9.iv.1955 (CWOB 1). Without precise locality (MNKB 1, RBINS 1).

Pellobaris melancholica (Roelofs) (Figs. 11, 18)

Baris melancholica Roelofs 1875: 181. Syntypes from Japan without precise locality (BMNH, NKMB, RBINS); one examined. Transferred to Didothis by Morimoto (1962), to Paracythopeus by Morimoto (1983), to Pellobaris by Morimoto & Yoshihara (1996). Paracythopeus collaris Voss 1958: 86. Holotype Kuatun [Guadun], Fujian, China (NHRS); not examined, ID based on 2 PT in AKMB and HNHM. New synonymy.

Diagnosis. Species of Pellobaris generally have a distinct premucro, a prosternal depression, subconnate claws and often a sutural locking device that protrudes distally beyond the elytral apex. Male P. melancholica have a wider, laterally somewhat angular pronotum than females. We have seen two other species from China with different body proportions and elytral apices, neither of them having a dimorphic pronotum. Notes. Voss (1958) apparently was unaware of the sexually dimorphic pronotum of B. melancholica and described the male as P. collaris. Distribution. The species has been found in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, probably Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan), Japan, Russia and South Korea.

BARIDINAE FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 349 FIGURES 9–12. Dorsal and lateral habitus images. 9, Mimophilus tragicus, 7.8 mm, West Garo Hills (India). 10, Moreobaris deplanata, 3.9 mm, Linhai (Zhejiang). 11, Pellobaris melancholica, 3.7 mm, Taipingshien (Anhui). 12, Psilarthroides czerskyi, 2.9 mm, Zhouzhi Houzhenzi (Shanxi).

350 · Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press PRENA ET AL. Biology. Available life history data are fragmental and inconsistent. Takahashi (1930) reported P. melancholica as a pest of Vitis vinifera [Common Grape Vine; Vitaceae]. Weevils appeared in early June and laid eggs in new shoots, which turned black and were aborted. Feeding occurred also on Vitis ficifolia. However, there are no further original reports on economic damage and the weevil may attack cultivated grapes only occasionally. Morimoto (1984) reported feeding on Actinidia arguta [Hardy Kiwi; Actinidiaceae] and Pyrus [pear; Rosaceae]; Egorov et al. (1996) observed specimens on Acer barbinerve [Ussuri Maple; Sapindaceae] and Fallopia sacchalinense [Giant Knotweed; Polygonaceae]. Material examined. CHINA. Anhui: Taipingshien, X/1932 (JPPC 2). Fujian: Guatun, 5.iv.1946, 10.ix.1946 (AKMB 2), 10.ix.1946 (HNHM 1); Shaowu, 6.iv.1938 (AKMB 1), 7.v.1945 (BPBM 1); Chong'an Xincun, 29.v.1960, 30.iv.1965 (IZCAS 2). Guizhou: Kuankuoshui Nat. Res., Xiangguang Village, Zunyi Suiyang, 4.vi.2010 (IZCAS 1). Henan: Huaguoshan, Yiyang, Luoyang, 2.viii.2006 (IZCAS 1). Hunan: Mang Mountain Forest Park, Zhangyi, 19.vii.2008 (IZCAS 1). Shaanxi: Miaotaizi, 19.viii.2013 (IZCAS 1); Pingheliang, 13.viii.2013 (IZCAS 1). Sichuan: Yajiang river, 27.v.2009 (IZCAS 1). “” without further data (IZCAS 1). JAPAN. Yamagushi Pref.: Hagi (NKMB 1); without data (NKMB 1, RBINS 1). RUSSIA. Primorsky Kraj: Vladivostok (SNSD 1).

Psilarthroides czerskyi (Zaslavskij) (Figs. 12, 21)

Baris czerskyi Zaslavskij, 1956: 365. Holotype male, Tumen River, Primorsky Kraj, Russia (ZIN); not examined. Transferred to Psilarthroides by Hong et al. (2000). Baris (Labiaticola) laferi Egorov, 1978: 158. Holotype male, Sukhodol, Shkotovsky Rayon, Primorsky Kraj, Russia (ZIN); not examined. Synonymized with P. czerskyi by Hong et al. (2000). Baris humuli Morimoto & Miyakawa, 1985: 42. Holotype male, Tokyo, Japan (KUEC); not examined. Synonymized with P. czerskyi by Hong et al. (2000).

Diagnosis. Psilarthroides czerskyi (Fig. 12) is a small (2.0–3.5 mm), elongate, glabrous species with paired prosternal pits, slender legs and subconnate claws. A few undescribed species with these traits have a smaller pronotum and occur generally in S China. Psilarthrus coracinus Marshall is larger, has indistinct prosternal pits, basally separate claws and occurs further south (Yunnan, Tibet, Myanmar). Females have a much longer rostrum than males and may be mistaken for a different species. Males have a median process on the fifth ventrite that locks the pygidium. Distribution. The species has been reported from the Russian Far East (Zaslavskij 1956), Japan (Morimoto & Miyakawa 1985), South Korea (Morimoto & Lee 1992) and NE China (Prena 2011). We document here its occurrence in Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Shaanxi, Shandong and Zhejiang (Fig. 21). Biology. The species is associated with Humulus japonicus1 (Cannabaceae) throughout its range (Morimoto & Miyakawa 1985; Hong et al. 2000; own observations). Associations with the introduced Humulus lupulus and the closely related Cannabis sativa are unknown at present. Adults appear shortly after the emergence of the plant during May or early June and feed on fresh growth. All weevils found in late August were fully sclerotized and do not appear to belong to the new generation. We found two larvae in galls at internodes but their cox1 sequence did not match. Other gall inducers on the same plant were the ceutorhynch Cardipennis sulcithorax (Hustache) and the tortricid moth Grapholita delineana (Walker). Material examined. CHINA. Anhui: Hefei, 13.v.1991 (IZCAS 1). Beijing: numerous sites, 16.vii.1961, 2.viii.1980 (3x), 30.vii.2006 (4x), 26.vii.2007, 14/15.vi.2008 (9x), 30.v.2010 (9x), 8.vii.2013, 12.vii.2013 (3x), 17.vii.2013, 21.viii.2013 (3x) (IZCAS 35). Chongqing: Huayingshan, 5.vii.1998 (JPPC 1). Fujian: Guangze, 13.viii.1937 (AKMB 2); Shaowu, 10.v.1937 (2x), 12.v.1937 (AKMB 3). Gansu: Jiuquan, 21.vii.1962 (IZCAS 1). Hebei: Little Wutai Mountain, Yangjiaping, Wei County, 20.viii.2005 (IZCAS 5). Heilongjiang: Yuquan, Acheng, 30.vi.1941 (IZCAS 1). Henan: Jinglonggong, Fengqiu, Xinxiang, 17.vii.2007 (HBU 1); Shangbali, Hui County, 27.vii.2006 (IZCAS 1). Jiangsu: Yinjiang Bridge, Jiangdu District, Yangzhou, 6.viii.2013 (KEIU 2). Jilin:

1. There is ongoing controversy among botanists whether the more senior Humulus scandens is the valid name for this plant.

BARIDINAE FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 351 Fenggong, 27.vi.1963 (IZCAS 1). Shaanxi: Foping Longcaoping, Qinling, 3.vii.2008 (IZCAS 1); Houzhenzi, Qinling, 1.v.2008 (IZCAS 2); Laoxiancheng, Zhouzhi, Qinling, 27.vi.2008 (IZCAS 1); Mengyuan, 8.viii.1972 (IZCAS 1); Niubeiliang National Forest Park, 15.vii.2013 (IZCAS 1); Pingheliang, 13.viii.2013 (IZCAS 3); Wugong, VI/1957 (IZCAS 1); Yicheng, Linfen, 27.vii.2012 (IZCAS 1); Zhouzhi Houzhenzi, Qinling, 23.vi.2008 (IZCAS 6). Shandong: Pingyi, Linxi, 13.v.2007 (HBU 1). Zhejiang: Chanyuan Temple, West Tianmu Moutain, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 2.vii.2009 (IZCAS 1); Hangping, Yantou, 3.vii.2006 (IZCAS 1); Jiayelu, Nanxun District, 7.vii.2012 (IZCAS 1); Jili Village, Nanxun District, 7.vii.2012 (IZCAS 1); Lin'an City, 23.vii.2012, 6.viii.2012 (IZCAS 2); Sanbushi, Yantou town, 26.vii.2005 (IZCAS 2); Zhongjie village, Jindong District, 13.vii.2012 (IZCAS 1); Changzenglu, Nanxun District, 8.vii.2012 (IZCAS 1). JAPAN. Tochigi Pref.: Fujioka Town, 17.v.1998 (JPPC 1). Kanagawa Pref.: Kanagawa, 8.vii.1906 (MNKB 1); Yokohama, 14.viii.1906 (MNKB 1). Tokyo Pref.: Tokyo (MNKB 2). RUSSIA. Primorsky Kraj: Chernigovka (USNM 2); Mramornaya, Chasan Rayon, 16.–18.viii.1993 (MNKB 2).

Pteridobaris maritima (Roelofs) (Figs. 13, 20)

Baris maritima Roelofs 1875: 181. Syntypes from Japan, without further collecting data (BMNH, NKMB, RBINS); one examined. Transferred to Pteridobaris by Morimoto & Yoshihara (1996). Baris quinquecarinata Zaslavskij 1956: 351. Holotype male, “Pekin”, without further collecting data (ZIN); examined. New synonymy.

Diagnosis. Species of Pteridobaris Morimoto & Yoshihara have one distinct and several small denticles on the ventral side of the femora, most conspicuously on the profemur; most other Oriental genera with armed femora have single or paired denticles. Pteridobaris maritima (Fig. 13) has five dorsal carinae on the rostrum, which are absent in a similar, undescribed species from Hainan, China (HBU, IZCAS). Morimoto & Yoshihara (1996) mentioned six undescribed species from Taiwan, the Philippines, Thailand and Malaya. Notes. Zaslavskij (1956) distinguished B. quinquecarinata from B. maritima based on the dorsally carinate rostrum. We examined the types and found no difference, although the carination can be more subtle in females. Distribution. The species occurs in S China (Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hong Kong), Japan and Vietnam (Fig. 20). The record from Beijing (Zaslavskij 1956) is unconfirmed. Biology. Nothing is known about the life history of Pteridobaris species except that P. maritima and an undescribed species have been collected from ferns (Morimoto & Yoshihara 1996). The only other known baridines associated with ferns are species of the New World genera Lamprobaris Champion and Lissobaris Champion (A. Howden, J. Prena, unpubl. data). Material examined. CHINA. Beijing: “Pekin”, without collecting data (ZIN 1). Fujian: Buyun Village, Shanghang, 31.v.2004 (IZCAS 1); Huangkeng Guilin, Jianyang, 14.iv.1960 (IZCAS 1); Jianyang,12.v.1965 (IZCAS 1); Xingcun, Wuyishan, Nanping, 21.iv.2009 (ZAFU 1). Guangxi: Daming Mountain Natural Reserve, 25.–26.v.2011 (IZCAS 3); Dongzhong Forest Farm, Fangcheng, Fangchenggang, 9.iv.2002 (HBU 1); Hongqi Forestry Centre, 18.iii.1998 (IZCAS 3); Napo Baihe, 7.iv.1998 (IZCAS 2); Napo Defu, 4.iv.1998 (IZCAS 5); Xialeizhen, Daxin, Chongzuo, 31.iii.1998 (IZCAS 1). Guizhou: Xishui Sancha River, 29.v.2000 (IZCAS 1). Hong Kong: Mui Wo, Lantau Island, 13.iv.2013 (IZCAS 1); Tai Mo Shan, 15.iv.2013 (IZCAS 4). Shanghai: (SNSD 1). JAPAN. Without locality data (NHMB 1, NKMB 1, SNSD 1). VIETNAM. Tinh Vinh Phuc: Tam Dao, 12.vi.1994, 19.v.1995 (ZIN 2). “Tonkin”, Manson Mts. (MNKB 3).

Nespilobaris inflatirostris (Voss), new combination (Figs. 14, 17)

Acythopeus inflatirostris Voss 1941: 893. Holotype female, Tienmuschan, China (NHMB); examined. Acythopeus proximus Voss 1958: 82. Holotype Kuatun [Guadun], Fujian, China (NHRS); not examined, ID based on 2 PT in AKMB. New synonymy.

352 · Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press PRENA ET AL. Diagnosis. The basal hump on the rostrum in combination with a paired dorsal vitta (Fig. 14) make N. inflatirostris relatively conspicuous in the Chinese weevil fauna. Very large males have flat, subcordate elytra with a laterally protruding edge and an anteriorly extremely tubular prothorax; they look exasperatingly different than females and small males. Moreover, the rostrum of very small males can be disproportionally short while the scape is normal. Several species with a similar color pattern occur in the Philippines and Indonesia. Notes. Voss (1958) described small, almost parallel-sided specimens with a deviating male rostrum as a distinct species, Acythopeus proximus, but intermediate forms to A. inflatirostris indicate that this is a single, polymorphic species. We transfer the species to Nespilobaris Morimoto & Yoshihara because of the basally constricted profemur and the basally deeply sulcate rostrum. The genus is widespread in the Old World (including Africa and Australia) and may have a more senior, overlooked name. Distribution. The species has been found in China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Zhejiang) and Laos (Fig. 17). Biology. Unknown. Material examined. CHINA. Anhui: Taipingshien, X/1934 (JPPC 2). Fujian: Daanyuan, Wuyishan, 24.–27.iv.2013 (IZCAS 1); Guadun, 28.iii.1946, 6.x.1946 (AKMB 2), 2.iv.1946 (HNHM 1); 27.4º N 117.4º E [Shaowu or near], 29.iv.1938 (AKMB 1). Guizhou: Zhiyuyou, Fanjingshan, Huixiangping, 2.viii.2001 (IZCAS 1). Zhejiang: Fengyangshan, 2.vii.2008 (IZCAS 1); Longwangshan, Anji, 7.iv.1996 (IZCAS 1); Tienmushan, 21.v.1936 (IZCAS 1); West Qianqintang, Hangzhou, 6.–7.viii.2008 (IZCAS 3); West Tianmushan, Sanmuping, 30.vii.1998 (IZCAS 1). LAOS. Houa Phan: Ban Saluei to Phou Pane Mt., 10.v.–16.vi.2009 (NHMB 1).

Ulobaris kuchenbeisseri Hartmann (Figs. 15, 22)

Ulobaris kuchenbeisseri Hartmann 1899: 51. Three syntypes from Tientsin [Tianjin], China (SNSD); examined. Baris pseudospitzyi Zaslavskij 1956: 367. Holotype male, Sidemi Peninsula, Primorsky Kraj, Russia (ZIN); images studied. New synonymy. Baris ussuriensis ussuriensis Zaslavskij 1956: 367. Holotype male, Verkhne-Mikhaylovska, Primorsky Kraj, Russia (ZIN); images studied. New synonymy. Baris ussuriensis chinganensis Zaslavskij 1956: 367. Two syntypes from Zalantun, Heilongjiang, China (ZIN); not examined. New synonymy.

Diagnosis. Ulobaris kuchenbeisseri belongs to a diverse and widespread complex of morphologically similar but variable weevil species associated with Amaranthaceae (now including Chenopodiaceae of previous classifications). Their third tarsal segment is barely wider than the second and many have a premucro. In this complex of currently nine genera, U. kuchenbeisseri may be recognized by relatively small size (3.5–4.7 mm), glabrous integument, often with reddish-brown elytral spots (Fig. 15), apically indistinctly tubular prothorax and simple, dorsally non-sulcate rostral base. Notes. Legalov (2010) synonymized B. ussuriensis with B. pseudospitzyi but overlooked the more senior name U. kuchenbeisseri. We maintain this species in Ulobaris Reitter because the generic limits of the Amaranthaceae- associated barids need further study. Another senior genus name is based on a misidentified type species (B. Korotyaev, in litt.) and the next-available name, just as Ulobaris, is based on a single, apomorphic species. Distribution. The species occurs in China (Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tianjin), the Korean Peninsula (Egorov et al. 1996) and the Russian Far East (Zaslavskij 1956) (Fig. 22). Biology. Adult weevils were collected from Beta vulgaris and Chenopodium album (Amaranthaceae) (label data, IZCAS). Material examined. CHINA. Beijing: Cuihu Wetland Park, Changping, 8.vii.2013 (IZCAS 1); Yuanmingyuan, 4.vii.1972 (IZCAS 1); Zhongguancun, 13.ix.1979, 20.ix.1979 (8x), 4.iii.1980, 20.iii.1980 (5x) (IZCAS 1). Hebei: Baile, Wei County, 17.v.1964 (IZCAS 1); Tanghai, 10.iv.1989 (IZCAS 2). Heilongjiang: Haerbin, 16.v.1950, 30.v.1950 (IZCAS 2); Qishi, 1.v.1983 (IZCAS 1). Inner Mongolia: Lin River, Lang Shan, 23.v.1962 (IZCAS 4); Wulanchabu, VI/1963 (IZCAS 1); Zhongtan, Wulateqianqi, 11.vi.1968 (IZCAS 1). Tianjin: Tianjin, ca. 1895 (SNSD 2).

BARIDINAE FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 353 FIGURES 13–16. Dorsal and lateral habitus images. 13, Pteridobaris maritima, 4.3 mm, Hong Kong. 14, Nespilobaris inflatirostris, 4.5 mm, West Qianqintang (Zhejiang). 15, Ulobaris kuchenbeisseri, 3.7 mm, Beijing. 16, Ulobaris loricata, 5.1 mm, Azuoqi Helanshan (Inner Mongolia).

354 · Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press PRENA ET AL. FIGURES 17–18. Map of mainland China and surrounding countries showing distribution of Acythogaster babaulti, Baris artemisiae, Nespilobaris inflatirostris, Athesapeuta albisquama and Pellobaris melancholica.

BARIDINAE FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 355 FIGURES 19–20. Map of mainland China and surrounding countries showing distribution of Baris pilosa, Ulobaris loricata, Cosmobaris scolopacea and Pteridobaris maritima.

356 · Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press PRENA ET AL. FIGURES 21–22. Map of mainland China and surrounding countries showing distribution of Psilarthroides czerskyi, Mimophilus tragicus, Moreobaris deplanata and Ulobaris kuchenbeisseri.

BARIDINAE FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 357 Ulobaris loricata (Boheman) (Figs. 16, 19)

Baridius loricatus Boheman [in Schönherr] 1836: 716. Two syntypes from Caucasus (NHRS, UUZM); one examined. Transferred from Baris to Ulobaris by Reitter (1895). Baridius crinipes H. Brisout 1870: 45. Syntypes from Sarepta and Caucasus (probably MNHN and ZSM); not examined. Synonymy with B. loricatus by Heyden et al. (1883).

Diagnosis. Ulobaris loricata (Fig. 16) can be recognized by flat, fringed fore legs and a small third tarsite. Distribution. The species has been known from Central Asia, SE Europe and Mongolia (Prena 2011) and is reported here for the first time from China (Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang) (Fig. 19). Biology. Larva and adult are oligophagous on a range of Amaranthaceae, including Amaranthus albus, A. blithoides, A. retroflexus, Atriplex sibirica, Bassia hyssopifolia, B. scoparia, Beta vulgaris, Ceratocarpus arenarius and Kali turgidus (Kabakhchi 1938; Aleeva 1953; Brunner 1957; Korotyaev et al. 2005; unpubl. label data). Aleeva (1953) considered U. loricata as one of the three main pests of sugar beet in Kazakhstan, particularly on dry, sandy soil. The latter habitat is needed because the weevil digs more than 20 cm deep into the ground, vertically along the root, to avoid high daytime temperatures. It feeds mostly on the root during the day and mostly on the stalk at night. Eggs are laid in the root between late May and early September. Even though some beet roots may have over 100 larvae, infestations are not obvious at least in the beginning. Larvae and already eclosed adults overwinter in the root and the new generation starts to emerge in late April. Pteromalid wasps of the genera Anisopteromalus Ruschka and Stenoselma Delucchi parasitize the larva (M. N. Nikolskaja in Aleeva 1953; Dzhanokmen & Ertevtsyan 1990). Material examined. CHINA. Gansu: Heihemiaopu, Minqin, Wuwei, vii.2008 (HBU 1); Jiuquan, 16.viii.1959 (IZCAS 1). Inner Mongolia: Little Wutai Mountain, Wulateqianqi, 7.vii.1978 (IZCAS 1); Little Wutai Mountain, Erlian, 16.vii.1971 (IZCAS 3); Song Mountain, Halawu Valley, 1.viii.2010 (IZCAS 2); Wulu Village, Huhehaote, 1960 (IZCAS 1). Ningxia: Helan Mts., Ningxia Agricultural College, 1963 (IZCAS 1); Langpiliang, 18.vii.1989 (IZCAS 1); Little Wutai Mountain, Xinglong, Haiyuan, 1987 (IZCAS 1); Yinchuang, 28.vi.1985 (IZCAS 2). Xinjiang: Awati, Pi Mountain, 5.viii.2006 (IZCAS 1); Fukang, Beishawo, 18.v.–13.vii.2007 (IZCAS 1); Fukang Observatory, 4.vi.2007, 10.vi.2007 (2x), 1.vii.2007 (IZCAS 4); Luotuoquanzi, Yandun, 24.vii.2006 (IZCAS 9). KAZAKHSTAN. Akmola: Astana (HNHM 1, SNSD 2). Almaty: Masak (HNHM 14). Jambyl: Taraz (HNHM 2, SNSD 10). Kyzylorda: Zhilek (NHMB 2). MONGOLIA. Ömnögovi: Flaming Cliffs, 3.vii.1994 (CWOB 1). TURKMENISTAN. Ahal: Tejen (NHMB 2, SNSD 27). Mary: Dzhu-Dzhu-klu (NHMB 4); Krasnoe Znamja (NHMB 2); Mary (HNHM 1, NHMB 4). UZBEKISTAN. Bukhara: Bukhara (NHMB 5, SNSD 12).

New country records from China

Athesapeuta cyperi Marshall: Jiangxi Athesapeuta vinculata Faust: Yunnan Aulacobaris kaszabi (Korotyaev): Inner Mongolia Baris albosparsa (Faust): Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan Baris anxia (Faust): Yunnan Baris memnonia (Boheman): Xinjiang Baris speculifera (Faust): Yunnan Dinobaris longirostris Marshall: Hainan Dolichaulax longirostris Marshall: Yunnan Elasmobaris alboguttata (Brisout): Xinjiang Elasmobaris annularis (Faust): Xinjiang Labiaticola rectirostris (Faust): Xinjiang Limnobaris elliptica (Marshall): Yunnan Limnobaris t-album (Linnaeus): Xinjiang Mecobaris subcylindrica (Faust): Yunnan Mimophilus tragicus Faust: Guangxi, Yunnan

358 · Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press PRENA ET AL. Moreobaris repandirostris (Zaslavskij): Shanxi Nespilobaris accidirostris (Zaslavskij): Heilongjiang, Henan Parallelodemas docile Faust: Yunnan Parallelodemas vicinum Faust: Yunnan Psilarthrus coracinus Marshall: Tibet, Yunnan Psilarthrus dentipes Marshall: Yunnan Squamobaris aurea Pajni, Kohli & Kumar: Yunnan Ulobaris loricata (Boheman): Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ninxia, Xinjiang

Discussion

Our collection-based survey of baridine weevils from mainland China provides an unerring picture of the current taxonomic situation of this group in the region. Instability of names, isolated studies with narrow regional focus and generally inadequate taxonomic resources are the order even for detrimental and morphologically conspicuous species. Only a few studies, such as Morimoto & Yoshihara (1996) and Hong et al. (2000, 2011) treated the subfamily comprehensively but also helped to proliferate errors. The most recent catalog (Prena 2011) listed 37 species for the study area. The Chinese record given therein for Limnobaris babai Chujo & Morimoto applies to Limnobaris basalis (Voss), Aulacobaris longicollis (Faust) was listed erroneously for Mongolia instead of Inner Mongolia and several other names are synonymized in the present study. Our updated tally for mainland China includes 64 validly named species (54 of them with vouchers in IZCAS) and slightly over 100 unidentified species. The identities of Acythopeus furcaticornis Voss, A. latefasciata Voss and Baris maderi Voss remain unresolved at present but their types appear to be preserved in Swedish and Austrian collections, respectively. The steadily growing representation of regional weevils in IZCAS fills a major gap in the national research infrastructure and is expected to improve ongoing studies on economically important species. The latter is needed badly because the pest status of some frequently cited species appears rather doubtful while others, even though widespread and with confirmed pest status in neighboring regions, are unrecorded. One of the currently greatest shortcomings is the lack of representative biogeographic information, in particular from the transitional zones of the principal biogeographic regions. Many of the species documented herein were known previously only from a few collections, mostly from around the Eastern Sea (Japan, Korean Peninsula, Russian Far East). Baris pilosa and Psilarthroides czerskyi are examples for species with significantly extended North-South ranges. The former species is a particularly good example for underestimated spatial scales, because its two morphological forms have been named repeatedly without inclusion of material from other subregions. Such oversight of previously named taxa is by no means specific to the study region. However, the commonality of taxa with Oriental affinity present at relatively high latitudes in E Asia requires particular attention. Monotypic genera tend to be overlooked or misinterpreted in general, but even more so when they do not seem to be part of the biogeographic region under study. Examples of genera which were erected because of unrecognized biogeographic affinities are Calyptopygus Marshall, Pertorcus Voss and Squamobaris Pajni, Kohli & Kumar. Others, like Moreobaris Morimoto & Yoshihara, a diverse and widespread genus with Oriental affinity, were misinterpreted by subsequent authors because characteristic representatives from their principal realm had not been recognized and generic concepts were based on species with suppressed character expression. Distributional data have remained scarce even for the better-surveyed near-shore regions of E Asia. In several instances we were unable to distinguish with certainty between series collected around the Eastern Sea and the mainland bordering the Sea (Jiangsu to Fujian). From the latter area in particular, E. Voss described numerous species without noticeable expertise of the regional fauna, not recognizing even the common and widespread pest species. The fact that more or less all studies on Asian Baridinae continued to suffer under inadequately narrow regional approaches is alarming and interferes particularly with routine inspections of traded crops like beet, cabbage, cucurbits, grapes, hops, mulberry and rice. Another salient problem is the discrepancy between the enormous East-West extension of Eurasia and the traditionally narrow regional focus of descriptive studies. Species and species complexes with transpalaearctic ranges, such as Baris analis (Olivier), B. artemisae, Cosmobaris scolopacea and Limnobaris dolorosa (Goeze), exhibit various degrees of morphological and genetic heterogeneity, and specimens with deviating color and scale

BARIDINAE FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3841 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press · 359 patterns attained an unfortunate popularity with taxonomists in the early 20th Century. Researchers now have the methodology and opportunity to substantiate or rebut the formal distinction of regional taxa. However, basic knowledge of distributional ranges and occurrences are needed before such studies can be planned and conducted successfully. Our results underline that the taxonomic problems inherent to the diverse but understudied groups of organisms are transregional and cannot be solved locally. Even though significant amounts of work and funding went into taxonomic and phylogenetic research in recent time, declining and inadequately staffed museum facilities take their toll and annihilate much of the gained momentum.

Acknowledgments

This study was conducted within the framework of a professorship for senior international scientists awarded by the Chinese Academy of Sciences to the first author (2012T1S0025), with the overall objective to develop a taxonomic infrastructure for research on economically important weevils. Funds by NSFC programs 31210103909, 31172130 and J1210002 allowed obtaining ecological and molecular data of target species from different regions of China. We thank Dirk Ahrens (Bonn), Max Barclay (London), Lutz Behne (Müncheberg), Marie-Claude Bon (Montferrier le Lez), Olaf Jäger (Dresden), Martin Fikáček (Prague), Andrea Hastenpflug-Vesmanis (Frankfurt a. M.), Peter Hlaváč (Prague), Huang Junhao (Zhejiang), Boris Korotyaev (St. Petersburg), Pol Limbourg (Brussels), Youssef Omar (Assiut), Eva Sprecher-Uebersax (Basel), Győző Szél (Budapest), Joachim Willers (Berlin), Bert Viklund (Stockholm) and Hiraku Yoshitake (Tsukuba), who all helped with specimens, literature or otherwise. Ding Liang, Li You, Jiang Chunyan, Zhang Menglei (all Beijing), Pan Bo (Menglun), Charles O’Brien (Green Valley), Muhammad Haseeb (Tallahassee), Miguel Alonso-Zarazaga (Madrid) and Han Kyunduk (Seoul) were able companions in the field and contributed biological observations, plant identifications and/or specimens. An Yuan, Wang Jie, Jiang Chunyan and He Xu databased label data. Charles O’Brien and Robert Anderson commented on earlier versions of the manuscript. All contributions were much appreciated.

References cited

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