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Unruly Records: Personal Archives, Sociotechnical Infrastructure, and Archival Practice

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Unruly Records: Personal Archives, Sociotechnical Infrastructure, and Archival Practice Title Page Unruly Records: Personal Archives, Sociotechnical Infrastructure, and Archival Practice by Chelsea Gunn BA, Carlow University, 2008 MLIS, Simmons University, 2012 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the School of Computing and Information in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2020 Committee Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION This dissertation was presented by Chelsea Gunn It was defended on July 27, 2020 and approved by Dr. Lara Putnam, Professor, Department of History Dr. Tonia Sutherland, Assistant Professor, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawai’i at Manoa Dr. Stacy Wood, Assistant Professor, School of Computing and Information Dissertation Director: Dr. Alison Langmead, Clinical Associate Professor and Director, Visual Media Workshop, History of Art and Architecture; Associate Professor, School of Computing and Information ii Copyright © by Chelsea Gunn 2020 iii Abstract Unruly Records: Personal Archives, Sociotechnical Infrastructure, and Archival Practice Chelsea Gunn University of Pittsburgh, 2020 Personal records have long occupied a complicated space within archival theory and practice. The archival profession, as it is practiced in the United States today, developed with organizational records, such as those created by governments and businesses, in mind. Personal records were considered to fall beyond the bounds of archival work and were primarily cared for by libraries and other cultural heritage institutions. Since the mid-20th century, this divide has become less pronounced, and it has become common to find personal records within archival institutions. As a result of these conditions in the development of the profession, the archivists who work with personal records have had to reconcile the specific characteristics of personal materials with theoretical and practical approaches that were designed not only to accommodate organizational records but to explicitly exclude personal records. These conditions have been further complicated by the continually changing technological landscape in which personal records are now created. As ownership of personal computers, access to the World Wide Web, and the use of networked social platforms have grown, personal records have increasingly come to be created, stored, and accessed within complex socio-technical systems. The infrastructures that support personal digital record creation today precipitate new methods and strategies, and an abundance of new questions, for the archivists who are responsible for collecting and preserving digital cultural heritage. iv This dissertation considers how both the history of excluding personal records in the archival profession and the socio-technical systems that support contemporary personal record creation impact archival practice today. This research considers archival approaches to working with personal records created within three environments: personal computers, the open web, and networked social platforms. Ultimately, this dissertation seeks to reevaluate the role that personal records have previously occupied, and to center the personal in archival practice today. v Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Significance of Study ...................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Research Questions ........................................................................................................ 7 1.3 Themes of Study ............................................................................................................. 8 1.3.1 Materiality ......................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Custody and Control ...................................................................................... 10 1.3.3 Publicity and Privacy ..................................................................................... 12 1.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.0 Research Design .................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Genre Archaeology ....................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 19 2.2.1 Historical and Thematic Analysis ................................................................. 21 2.2.2 Ethnography of Infrastructure...................................................................... 24 2.3 Data Sources ................................................................................................................. 26 2.3.1 Criteria for Inclusion...................................................................................... 28 2.3.2 List of Collections ........................................................................................... 30 2.4 The Researcher’s Perspective ...................................................................................... 31 2.5 Structure of the Dissertation ....................................................................................... 32 3.0 What are Personal Archives? .............................................................................................. 35 3.1 Personal Records in Archival Theory ........................................................................ 36 3.1.1 The Historical Manuscripts and Public Archives Traditions ..................... 37 vi 3.1.2 Motivations for Excluding Personal Records .............................................. 40 3.1.3 Converging Traditions: Bringing Personal Records into the Archives ..... 45 3.2 Defining (and Redefining) Personal Records Today ................................................. 48 3.3 Personal Digital Archives ............................................................................................ 54 3.3.1 Personal Digital Archiving ............................................................................. 57 3.4 Reimagining Personal and Organizational Categorizations .................................... 59 3.5 Ethical Issues in Personal Archives ............................................................................ 64 3.6 Personal Records as an Archival Genre ..................................................................... 68 4.0 Personal Records Bound to Local Digital Devices ............................................................. 71 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 72 4.2 Materiality ..................................................................................................................... 76 4.3 Custody and Control .................................................................................................... 87 4.4 Privacy and Publicity ................................................................................................... 97 4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 104 5.0 Personal Records on the World Wide Web ...................................................................... 111 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 112 5.2 Materiality ................................................................................................................... 117 5.3 Custody and Control .................................................................................................. 129 5.4 Privacy and Publicity ................................................................................................. 138 5.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 143 6.0 Personal Records in Networked Social Platforms ........................................................... 148 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 149 6.2 Materiality ................................................................................................................... 155 vii 6.3 Custody and Control .................................................................................................. 163 6.4 Privacy and Publicity ................................................................................................. 169 6.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 175 7.0 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 180 7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 180 7.2 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 181 7.3 Recommendations .....................................................................................................
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