)LUVWSXEOLVKHGLQ&]HFK5HSXEOLFE\3DVWLFKH)LOP]]V2ORPRXFZLWKWKH¿QDQFLDO support of the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. ISBN 978-80-87662-07-6 (1st English edition) ISBN 978-80-87662-06-9 (1st Czech edition) 2nd English edition, print-on-demand ISBN 978-80-87662-24-3 (colour) ISBN 978-80-87662-23-6 (reduced black & white version) Selection © Marie Meixnerová, 2014 Translation © Helena Fikerová, Barbora Greplová, Magda Hrabálková, Marie Meixnerová, 0LFKDHODâWDɣRYi &RYHU5DGLP0ČVtF PAF, z.s. and Link Editions, 2019 The print-on-demand version is printed and distributed by: Lulu.com www.lulu.com ISBN 978-80-87662-24-3 #mm Net Art—Internet Art in the Virtual and Physical Space of Its Presentation Internet art (Net art) is perceived as an important area of contemporary art that has become the subject of scholarly interest. In the course of its more WKDQWZHQW\¿YH\HDUKLVWRU\LWKDVFKDQJHGFRQVLGHUDEO\DQGWKHYDULRXV approaches of theoreticians, critics and authors towards Internet art have DOVRGHYHORSHG7KLVHQVXUHVWKDWDGH¿QLWHDQVZHUWRWKHTXHVWLRQÄ:KDWLV Net art?“ is impossible. Does Net art represent immaterial art that can only be displayed in the online environment? Does its name refer to the medium it uses, such as Video art or /DQGDUW GH¿QLWLRQE\PHGLXP ",VLWWKHDUWRIÄ1HWL]HQV³WKHLQKDELWDQWVRI WKH,QWHUQHW VRFLRFXOWXUDOGH¿QLWLRQ "'RHVLWFRQFHUQWKHFROOHFWLYHSURFHVV DUWZRUNVDQGVRFLDOVFXOSWXUHVPDGHHYHQEHIRUHWKHDGYHQWRIWKH:RUOG :LGH:HE"&DQZHLQFOXGHDWZHHWRUDVWHHOSLSHJDOOHU\LQVWDOODWLRQLQVSLUHG by the Internet under its heading? Is Net art synonymous with Net.art and networked art? Is it an art movement or an art form? Does Net art represent a historical period of contemporary art? This book aims to provide a starting SRLQWLQWKHVHDUFKIRUDQVZHUVWRWKHVHDQGVLPLODUTXHVWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKH existence of Internet art. The choice of essays in the anthology #mm Net Art—Internet Art in the Virtual and Physical Space of Its Presentation was based on my professional experience. As a curator, artist and author of theoretical articles and essays, I have been dealing with this phenomenon since 2011. The essays, manifests and theoretical and historical articles in this book are placed in context, and follow Net art from its technological and conceptual origins to the present-day, with the merging of virtual and physical worlds and the arrival of so-called Post-Internet art in gallery spaces. The book contains essays by Czech and foreign authors. It is, to a certain extent, a record of the technological and social transformations that have taken place in the areas of production and presentation of Internet art. Thematic chapters feature academic essays alternated with manifests and documents whose content is, in some cases, purely informative and illustrative. For the sake of this anthology, I’ve approached the Internet art DVDGHYHORSLQJDUWIRUP7KLVLVUHÀHFWHGLQWKHRUGHURIWKHHVVD\VZKLFK map the “chronological” stages of its “development”. 7KHDQWKRORJ\LVGLYLGHGLQWR¿YHWKHPDWLFVHFWLRQVWKDWDUHEDVHGRQLPSRUWDQW milestones in the history of Internet art: Web 1.0 .DWDUtQD 5XVQiNRYi Dieter Daniels, Marie Meixnerová); Net.art (net-dot-art) (Domenico Quaranta, Natalie Bookchin, Alexei Shulgin); Web 2.0 (Domenico Quaranta, Piotr Czerski, Brad Troemel, Artie Vierkant, Ben Vickers, Marie Meixnerová) and Post-Internet -HQQLIHU&KDQ*HQH0F+XJK 7KH¿IWKFKDSWHUVLPSO\ entitled Archiving, is devoted to archiving and the preservation of Internet DUW 'LHWHU 'DQLHOV *XQWKHU 5HLVLQJHU 0DWČM 6WUQDG 7KH DIWHUZRUG ZDV ZULWWHQE\WKH&]HFKWKHRUHWLFLDQDQGFXUDWRU/XPtU1\NO 7KHERRNFDQVHUYHDVDQLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHVSHFL¿FDUHDRIWKHWZHQWLHWKDQG WZHQW\¿UVWFHQWXU\DUWZRUOG7KHHVVD\VZHUHDOVRVHOHFWHGZLWKUHJDUGWRWKH H[SHUWUHDGHUWRZKRPWKHERRNRɣHUVQHZDQGDV\HWXQSXEOLVKHGLQIRUPDWLRQ and hopefully also a new perspective on the phenomenon of Net art. #mm Contents: Introduction Word ................................................................................................................... 7 1. Web 1.0—On the Internet, Nobody Knows You Are a Dog ................................... 11 Internet Art and Its Formats .DWDUtQD5XVQiNRYi...................................................................................... 14 A Note on the Older Generation of Czech Net Artists Marie Meixnerová, 2014 ......................................................................................... Internet Art: New Image Modes (Technology—Origins) .DWDUtQD5XVQiNRYi..................................................................................... 31 The Art of Communication: From Mail Art to E-mail Dieter Daniels, 1994 ................................................................................................ 36 Net Art before WWW: A Planetary Fellowship 7KH$UWLVWVRI1HW$UW*HQHUDWLRQDVD6SHFL¿F6XEFXOWXUH Marie Meixnerová, 2012 ......................................................................................... 41 2. Net.art – [...] J8~g#|\;Net. Art{-^s1 [...] ..................................................................... 49 The Legend of Net.art 'RPHQLFR4XDUDQWD...................................................................................... Introduction to net.art (1994–1999) Natalie Bookchin, Alexej Shulgin, March–April, 1999 ........................................... Nettime: Net.art—The Origin Alexej Shulgin, 1997 .................................................................................................. 62 :HE²%URXJKW8SRQWKH:HE:H7KLQN'LɣHUHQWO\....................................... The Art of the Netizens Domenico Quaranta, 2010 ...................................................................................... 69 We, the Web Kids Piotr Czerski, 2012 .................................................................................................. 74 Club Kids: The Social Life of Artists on Facebook Brad Troemel, Artie Vierkant, Ben Vickers, 2012 .................................................. 78 Facebook: Social Network as a Space For Art Marie Meixnerová, 2013/2014 ............................................................................... 4. Post-Internet—Stand for Nothing, Fall for Everything ........................................ 107 )URP%URZVHUWR*DOOHU\ DQG%DFN 7KH&RPPRGL¿FDWLRQRI1HW$UW± Jennifer Chan, 2012 ............................................................................................... 111 Notes on Post-Internet Jennifer Chan, 2014 .............................................................................................. 132 Post-Internet Gene McHugh, 2010 .............................................................................................. 5. Archiving—#404 Page Not Found ................................................................................ 149 Netpioneers 1.0 Dieter Daniels, Gunther Reisinger, 2010 .............................................................. Introduction to the Past and Present of the Web 0DWČM6WUQDG................................................................................................ Afterword ................................................................................................................................. 171 The Omnipresent Condition of Speculation /XPtU1\NO................................................................................................... 172 Biographies ............................................................................................................................ 177 Artists’ Websites .................................................................................................................. 183 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 189 Title Index .............................................................................................................................. 201 Name Index ........................................................................................................................... 207 Editor’s Note ......................................................................................................................... 214 11 1. Web 1.0 On the Internet, Nobody Knows You Are a Dog.1 #context #prehistory 1 Caption for the famous Peter Steiner’s New Yorker cartoon from 1993, the most reproduced New Yorker cartoon in the history of the magazine. Steiner, Peter. “On the Internet, Nobody Knows You’re a Dog.” New Yorker-XO\QSDJ3ULQW 12 ,Q SRSXODU WHUPLQRORJ\ WKH ,QWHUQHW DQG WKH :RUOG :LGH :HE DUH RIWHQ LQWHUFKDQJHDEOHWHUPVEXWLQIDFWWKH\DUHQRWV\QRQ\PRXV:::LVDVHUYLFH provided within an already existing network—the Internet—and web browsers, web servers and web pages rely on Internet protocols TCP/IP and HTTP. The EHJLQQLQJVRIWKH:RUOG:LGH:HEDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHWXUQRIWKHV and the name of the British programmer Tim Berners-Lee who created the ¿UVWSURSRVDOIRUDGLVWULEXWHGK\SHUWH[WV\VWHPDQGSURJUDPPHGWKH¿UVW web browser while working for CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear 5HVHDUFK 6XEVHTXHQWO\LQWKHVHUYLFHEHFDPHDYDLODEOHWRWKHSXEOLF and has been free since 1993.1 Moreover, at that time the graphical browser Mosaic was released.2,QWKHPLGGOHRIWKHVWKH¿UVWPRGHUQEURZVHUV followed: Opera (1994), Mozilla (former Netscape, 1994) and Internet Explorer 7KH,QWHUQHWZDVQRZHDVLO\PDQDJHDEOHDFFHVVLEOH XVHUIULHQGO\ KDG VSUHDGUDSLGO\DQGZDVEHFRPLQJDPDVVPHGLXP,QWKHREMHFWRUL HQWHG SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH -DYD HQDEOHG WKH ¿UVW DQLPDWLRQV RQ WKH Internet. The technological development outlined so far concerns the so-called :HEDSHULRGLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHZHEZKLFKZDVUHSODFHGE\:HE